2003 Cep. 5. Bbln. (N? - cyberleninka.ru file2003 becthmk cahkt-i7etepgyptckoto yhhbepcnteta cep. 5....

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2003 BECTHMK CAHKT-I7ETEPGYPTCKOTO YHHBEPCNTETA Cep. 5. Bbln. 4 (N? 29) E.A. Epacosa 3KOJIOTM3A~~ lTPOM3BOACTBA KAK YCJIOBME KOHKYPEHTOCIIOCOIGHOCTM HA MMPOBbLX PbIHKAX KOHK~~~HTOC~OCO~HOCT~ npOki3BOfiCTBa B OTAenbHbIX CTpaHaX M HX npOnyKL(MM Ha MMPOBbIX PbIHKaX B HaCTOIIIl(ee BpeMR HaXOnUTCII B np11~0fi 3aBMCMMOCTU OT p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ K k i M pem~sau~w s~onor~~ec~oii crpaTeraM KoMnaHuu, OT TOTO, HacKonbKo nocnenoBa-renbHo MMM PeLLIamTCR np06neMbl 3KOnOrM3aaMtr npOM3BOnCTBa M YMeHblllaIOTCR HeTaTMBHble lIOCneACTBMII 3KOJlOTMYeCKMX PMCKOB. BM~CT~ C TeM KOHKYPeHTHbIe npeHMYUeCTBa T a ~ 0 f i CTPaTerUki Ollpe.4enRK)TCR ki YpOBHeM O~OCHOB~HMII M PeUIeHMR npo6ne~ 3awMTbI ~Kp~XalOIl(efi CpeAbl B HaUMOHaJlbHblX M MemYHaPOAHbIX 3KOJIOTMYeCKMX OpTaHM3a4MIIX, OpraHaX 3aK0~0fla~enb~0fi M ~C~~nHki~enb BJIaCTM OTnenbHbIX rOCynapCTB M BenyUMX MeHcsyHapOnHbIX 3KOHOMMreCKMX M I'J'MaHMTaPHbIX opra~a3asa11x. B na~~ofi CTaTbe lIpeAnpkiHIITa n0nbITKa KPaTKOrO CkiCTeMaTM3MPOBaHHOTO O ~ O ~ L ~ ~ H Me~YHapOAHbIX ki HaIJIMOHaJlbHbIX peLLIeHMfi, HallpaBneHHbIX B KOHeYHOM CYeTe Ha 3KOnOrM3aUMEO lTpOM3BO.4CTBa. Heo6xon~~oc~b B HaL(1lOHaJlbHbIX M KOJIJIeKTMBHLlX Me.HCAYHaPOAHblX Mepax no 3KOJlOTM3aUMM nPOM3BOACTBa M Me>KAYHaPOAHOTO TOBaPHOrO 06~e~a B ~oJIHo~~ Mepe OCO3HaHa CTpaHaMM MMpa CpaBHUTenbHO HenaBHO - B KOHue 60-x - HaYZiJIe 70-x rODOB XX B. O~H~KO nOCTaTOYH0 ~LICTPO B MMPOBOM COO~U~CTB~ CJIOXMJIaCb UenaII CMCTeMa MexnyHapoAHblx sKonorwqecKMx opra~~3aa~fi: BC~MH~H~R KOMHCCMII no o~pyxamuek cpene M Pli3BkiTHIO (WCED), BceMkip~blfi ~POM~IUI~~HH~I~~ COBeT no 0~pyXaKluefi CpeAe (WICE), Koanuu~rr B n0JIAepXKy ~KOJIO~M~~CKO~ OTBeTCTBeHHOCTki KOM~~HM~~ (CERES), KOHC~~~T~TUBH~I~~ KOMMTeT no npo6ne~a~ 6~3~eca tr 0~pyxaKlLUefi CpenbI (ACBE), rpynna rATT no sKonorurecKuM MepaM u ~ewy~apon~ofi Toprome (EMIT group), KOMHT~T BTO no Toprome w o~pyxamwefi cpene I? np. ~OCKOJI~KY 3KOJIOrW3aUMR 3KOHOMMKH ~pe6ye~ OrPOMHblX 3aTpaT, CO3AaH UeJIb~fi PIIA CIIeUkiaJlbHbIX 0pra~M3auMfi, C~OCO~CTB~~O~MX npkiBneYeHMW CpeACTB Ha UenM 3aUIITbI o~pyXaml.4efi CpeAbI, MOAePHW3aUMM nPOM3BOnCTBeHHbIX T~xHoJIoI'M~~ M pa3BHTUII 6e30nac~ofi TOprOBJIM: fi06aJIb~b1fi 3~onorllrec~~fi ~OHA Pa3BMBaKlIl(UXCR PbIHKOB (GEEMF), Ce~epo- AM~~HK~HCKH~ 3~0JIorMqecKMfi ~OHA (NAEF), CK~HAMH~BCK~R 3KonorMYecKaH GMH~HCOB Kopnopasm (NEFCO) M ,ap.' EPACOBA Ene~a AH~TO~~~BH~ - KaHn. 3KOH. HayK, AOUeHT Ka@e~pbl ~upoeoR 3KOHOMUKM Cn6I-y. B 1982 r. OKOHIIMIIa MH)~(~H~PHO ~KOHOMMY~CKW~~ YHUBePCHTeT H El 1990 r. - aCnMpaHTypy 3KOHOMMVeCKOrO 4 a ~ y J I b ~ e ~ a no CfleUManbHOCTM ((Mwpo~oe XO~RL?CTBO U MeXAyHapOnHble 3KOtlOMUVeCKUe OTHOuJeHUR)). C@epa HaYqHbIX MHTepeCOB - flp06ne~bl KOHK~~~HT~C~OCO~HOCTM ~KC~O~THO~ np0A)KUWM ki HaUMOH&lbHO~O nPOM3BOAClBa, MCXAYHaPOAHaR CTaHBa~U3aUMR flpOAyKUHH M YCnyr, ~ e X ~ y H a p 0 a H b l f i MapKeTUHr. A~rop CBblWe 50 HaYqHblX ny6nw~a~1uti. 0 E.A. Epacoea, 2003

Transcript of 2003 Cep. 5. Bbln. (N? - cyberleninka.ru file2003 becthmk cahkt-i7etepgyptckoto yhhbepcnteta cep. 5....

2003 BECTHMK CAHKT-I7ETEPGYPTCKOTO Y H H B E P C N T E T A Cep. 5 . B b l n . 4 (N? 2 9 )

E.A. Epacosa

3 K O J I O T M 3 A ~ ~ lTPOM3BOACTBA KAK YCJIOBME KOHKYPEHTOCIIOCOIGHOCTM HA MMPOBbLX PbIHKAX

K O H K ~ ~ ~ H T O C ~ O C O ~ H O C T ~ npOki3BOfiCTBa B OTAenbHbIX CTpaHaX M HX npOnyKL(MM H a

MMPOBbIX PbIHKaX B HaCTOIIIl(ee B p e M R HaXOnUTCII B np11~0fi 3aBMCMMOCTU OT p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ K k i M

p e m ~ s a u ~ w s ~ o n o r ~ ~ e c ~ o i i c r p a T e r a M K o M n a H u u , OT TOTO, H a c K o n b K o n o c n e n o B a - r e n b H o MMM

PeLLIamTCR n p 0 6 n e M b l 3KOnOrM3aaMtr npOM3BOnCTBa M YMeHblllaIOTCR HeTaTMBHble lIOCneACTBMII

3KOJlOTMYeCKMX PMCKOB.

B M ~ C T ~ C T e M KOHKYPeHTHbIe n p e H M Y U e C T B a T a ~ 0 f i CTPaTerUki Ollpe.4enRK)TCR ki YpOBHeM

O ~ O C H O B ~ H M I I M PeUIeHMR npo6ne~ 3 a w M T b I ~ K p ~ X a l O I l ( e f i C p e A b l B HaUMOHaJlbHblX M

M e m Y H a P O A H b I X 3KOJIOTMYeCKMX OpTaHM3a4MIIX, O p r a H a X 3 a K 0 ~ 0 f l a ~ e n b ~ 0 f i M ~ C ~ ~ n H k i ~ e n b H ~ f i

BJIaCTM O T n e n b H b I X r O C y n a p C T B M B e n y U M X MeHcsyHapOnHbIX 3KOHOMMreCKMX M I'J'MaHMTaPHbIX

opra~a3asa11x. B n a ~ ~ o f i C T a T b e l IpeAnpkiHIITa n 0 n b I T K a KPaTKOrO CkiCTeMaTM3MPOBaHHOTO O ~ O ~ L ~ ~ H H R

M e ~ Y H a p O A H b I X ki HaIJIMOHaJlbHbIX peLLIeHMfi, H a l l p a B n e H H b I X B KOHeYHOM CYeTe H a

3KOnOrM3aUMEO lTpOM3BO.4CTBa.

H e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o c ~ b B HaL(1lOHaJlbHbIX M KOJIJIeKTMBHLlX Me.HCAYHaPOAHblX M e p a x no 3KOJlOTM3aUMM nPOM3BOACTBa M Me>KAYHaPOAHOTO TOBaPHOrO 0 6 ~ e ~ a B ~ o J I H o ~ ~ M e p e OCO3HaHa

CTpaHaMM MMpa C p a B H U T e n b H O H e n a B H O - B K O H u e 60-x - HaYZiJIe 70-x rODOB XX B.

O ~ H ~ K O nOCTaTOYH0 ~ L I C T P O B MMPOBOM C O O ~ U ~ C T B ~ CJIOXMJIaCb U e n a I I CMCTeMa

M e x n y H a p o A H b l x s K o n o r w q e c K M x o p r a ~ ~ 3 a a ~ f i : B C ~ M H ~ H ~ R KOMHCCMII no o~pyxamuek cpene M

Pli3BkiTHIO (WCED), B c e M k i p ~ b l f i ~ P O M ~ I U I ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ COBeT no 0 ~ p y X a K l u e f i C p e A e (WICE), Koanuu~rr B n0JIAepXKy ~ K O J I O ~ M ~ ~ C K O ~ OTBeTCTBeHHOCTki K O M ~ ~ H M ~ ~ (CERES), K O H C ~ ~ ~ T ~ T U B H ~ I ~ ~ KOMMTeT no n p o 6 n e ~ a ~ 6 ~ 3 ~ e c a tr 0 ~ p y x a K l L U e f i C p e n b I (ACBE), rpynna rATT no s K o n o r u r e c K u M M e p a M u ~ e w y ~ a p o n ~ o f i T o p r o m e (EMIT group), KOMHT~T BTO no T o p r o m e w o~pyxamwefi cpene I? np.

~ O C K O J I ~ K Y 3KOJIOrW3aUMR 3KOHOMMKH ~ p e 6 y e ~ OrPOMHblX 3 a T p a T , CO3AaH U e J I b ~ f i PIIA

CIIeUkiaJlbHbIX 0 p r a ~ M 3 a u M f i , C ~ O C O ~ C T B ~ ~ O ~ M X npkiBneYeHMW CpeACTB H a UenM 3 a U I I T b I

o~pyXaml.4efi CpeAbI, MOAePHW3aUMM nPOM3BOnCTBeHHbIX T ~ x H o J I o I ' M ~ ~ M pa3BHTUII 6e30nac~ofi TOprOBJIM: f i 0 6 a J I b ~ b 1 f i 3~onor l l r ec~~f i ~ O H A Pa3BMBaKlIl(UXCR PbIHKOB (GEEMF), Ce~epo- A M ~ ~ H K ~ H C K H ~ 3 ~ 0 J I o r M q e c K M f i ~ O H A (NAEF), C K ~ H A M H ~ B C K ~ R 3 K o n o r M Y e c K a H G M H ~ H C O B ~ R K o p n o p a s m (NEFCO) M ,ap.'

EPACOBA E n e ~ a A H ~ T O ~ ~ ~ B H ~ - KaHn. 3KOH. HayK, A O U e H T K a @ e ~ p b l ~upoeoR 3KOHOMUKM C n 6 I - y . B 1982 r . OKOHIIMIIa M H ) ~ ( ~ H ~ P H O -

~ K O H O M M Y ~ C K W ~ ~ YHUBePCHTeT H El 1990 r . - a C n M p a H T y p y 3KOHOMMVeCKOrO 4 a ~ y J I b ~ e ~ a no CfleUManbHOCTM

( ( M w p o ~ o e XO~RL?CTBO U M e X A y H a p O n H b l e 3KOtlOMUVeCKUe OTHOuJeHUR)). C@epa HaYqHbIX MHTepeCOB - f l p 0 6 n e ~ b l

K O H K ~ ~ ~ H T ~ C ~ O C O ~ H O C T M ~ K C ~ O ~ T H O ~ np0A)KUWM ki HaUMOH&lbHO~O nPOM3BOAClBa , MCXAYHaPOAHaR C T a H B a ~ U 3 a U M R

flpOAyKUHH M Y C n y r , ~ e X ~ y H a p 0 a H b l f i M a p K e T U H r . A ~ r o p C B b l W e 50 HaYqHblX n y 6 n w ~ a ~ 1 u t i .

0 E . A . E p a c o e a , 2003

~ ~ Z ~ H M J ~ ~ M M HTO npeAyCMaTpMBaloTCH 3 K 0 ~ 9 O f M r e C K H e MePOnPMRTMR B c@epc IlpOMBBOJCTBa M TlPM 0CJ'UeCTB;leHHM 3 K C n O p T a H MMnOpTa O I l p e A e n e H H b l X TOBapOB. ~ O R B M ~ M C ~ M

GLICTPO PiUBMBatOTCR n p e A n p H R T M R , n p O i 4 3 B O A R u M e C n e I l M W J b H y m 3KOJIOrMYeCKyW TeXHAKY.

OcoGoe 3Hi lqeHMe n p u o 6 p m d m ~ p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ ~ a M n p M M e H e H M e 3KOJIOrH.ieCKMX CTaHAapTOB M

C ~ P T M @ M K ~ ~ U M R nPOAYK4HM H a COOTBeTCTBMe T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H M H M 3KOnOrMM. B O ~ H M K ~ W T H

COBepLUeHCTByWTCR H a q H O H U b H b I e M M e m Y H a p O f l H b I e CMCTeMbl ~ K O J I O T M Y ~ C K O ~ ~ CTaHAaPTM3allMM

M C ~ P T H @ W K ~ ~ A M . ~ P W O P W T ~ T H ~ I ~ n03MqIIM B 3TOM OTHOUIeHMM 3aHMMaeT IS0 - MeXAj 'HaPOAHaR

OpraHH3aUHR no CTaHnapTM3aUHM, K O T O p m pa3pa6a~b l~ae~ CMCTeMbI MeXAj'HaPOAHblX CTaHAaPTOB

ISO-9000 M ISO- 14000. ISO-14000 H e n o c p e n c T s e H H o o n p e n e n R e T 3 K o n o r M r e c K M e c . ra tmapTHb!e T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H R K

npOAyKUHbi, B ~ I X O A X ~ ~ ~ H a MHPOBbIe T O B a P H b I e PbIHKM, I4 T ~ ~ ~ o B ~ H M I ~ K 3KOnOrM.ieCKOMy

MeHeJXMeHTy H ayAMTy. TO ~ ~ ~ C T B M T ~ J I ~ H O CMCTeMa, B KOTOPYIo BXOART PYKOBOARUMe

YCTaHOBKll no O n p e n e J l e H H m YPOBHR ~ K O ~ O T M ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ ~ @ @ ~ K T M B M O C T H ~ ~ ~ A I I ~ M R T M ~ ( c ~ a t ~ 9 a p T b l

ISO- 140 14), no o u e H K e n o ~ a 3 a ~ e n e g s ~ o n o r ~ r e c ~ o i i f i e r r e n L f r o c T M n p e ~ n p n n ~ w i i M

o p r a ~ ~ 3 a u ~ i (ISO-1403 I), orrewe s~onorw~ec~o t i c o c ~ a ~ n ~ m u ~ e i H a B c e x c T a a w R x X M ~ H ~ H H O ~ O

UMKJla llpO,L(yKqHM (ISO- 14040), no CMCTeMe 3KOJIOrHYeCKOrO M e H e f l X h f e H T a (ISO- 1400 1) M ape2 M e > ~ n y ~ a p o ~ t I b l e CTaHAapThI ISO-9000 no CMCTeMaM KOHTPOJIR 3a KaYeCTBOhf DPOAYKUMM

PaCCYMTaHbI H a KOPPeKTMpOBKY HaIJHOHaJIbHblX 3KOnOrMWCKHX CTaHAapTOB M H a

COBepUeHCTBOBaHMe y c n 0 ~ M f i M ~ X A Y H ~ P O A H O ~ ' ~ o ~ ~ ~ o B J I M .

M H O ~ M ~ HaUHOHa-UbHbJe CMCTeMbI O ~ R S ~ T ~ J I ~ H O E H A O ~ P O B O ~ ~ H O ~ c ~ ~ T H $ M K ~ u M M

IIpOAyKUMM M YCJIyr H a COOTBeTCTBMe 3KOJlOrMYeCKMM T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H M I I M OCHOBbJBaIOTCR IlpeXAe BCerO H a CTaHAapTaX ISO-9000 M ISO- 14000.

C ~ U J ~ C T B ~ ~ T yXe AOBOnbHO MHOI-0 MHOI.OCTOPOHHMX M fiBYCTOPOHHMX M e ~ y H a P O A H b I X

cornarue~ui3 M AOI-OBOPOB no ~ T I I M 11 A P Y ~ H M B o n p o c a M s ~ o n o r ~ ~ e c ~ o i ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ C H O C T M .

T ~ K , K O M M T ~ T BTO no T o p r o s n e M 0 ~ p y X a t 0 U e i i C p e D C 3aHHMaeTCR yCTaHOBneHMeM

COOTHOLUeHMIl MeXiAy npMHqMIlaMM H 3aAaYaMM T O ~ ~ O B O ~ IIOJIMTMKM C T p a H M I I O J ~ O X ~ H M R M M

; M e m y H a p o n H b l x AO~OBOPOB M cornaure~uii no oxpaae o~pyxamruefi c p e n b r . R y c n o B H x x

I - J I O ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ U M M 3KOHOMMKM 0 6 0 c T p e ~ M 1 1 KOHKYPeHqMM H a BHYTPeHHMX M MMPOBbIX TOBaPHbIX

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