A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS …de Santa Catrina – Curso de Letras – Língua...
Transcript of A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS …de Santa Catrina – Curso de Letras – Língua...
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA
GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS/INGLÊS E LITERATURA CORRESPONDENTE
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS TRANSLATION/TRADUÇÃO
AND TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR IN A BILINGUAL CORPUS: PARATEXTS AND
INTRODUCTIONS OF ACADEMIC BOOKS ON TRANSLATION STUDIES IN BRAZIL
EDELWEISS VITOL GYSEL
Trabalho de conclusão de curso submetido à Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina em
cumprimento parcial dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de
BACHAREL EM LETRAS
Florianópolis
November, 2009
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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS TRANSLATION/TRADUÇÃO
AND TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR IN A BILINGUAL CORPUS: PARATEXTS AND
INTRODUCTIONS OF ACADEMIC BOOKS ON TRANSLATION STUDIES IN BRAZIL
Trabalho de Conclusão de
Curso (TCC) para a disciplina
LLE5090 do Departamento de
Língua e Literatura Estrangeira do
Centro de Comunicação e
Expressão da Universidade Federal
de Santa Catrina – Curso de Letras
– Língua Inglesa e Literaturas,
como requisito parcial para a
obtenção do título de Bacharel em
Letras – Língua Inglesa e
Literaturas.
BANCA EXAMINADORA:
__________________
Prof. Dra. Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos
Orientadora e Presidente
__________________
MSc. Lilian J. Fleuri
Co- orientadora
_________________
MSc.Elaine Espindola
Florianópolis
November, 2009.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am truly thankful to all the special people who were at my side helping me directly
or indirectly throughout my undergraduate years.
First I would like to thank my advisor Prof. Dr Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos for
believing in me. Her guidance and wise decisions were crucial for this work.
I sincerely thank my co- advisor Prof. Lilian J. Fleuri for her irreplaceable presence
during the final months. Her knowledge, creative ideas, and objective view inspired me and
made this monograph come true.
A special thank to Phd. José Luiz Meurer (In Memoriam) who, with his great
knowledge, taught me the first steps in Systemic Functional Linguistics.
I also thank the member of the examination board, MSc. Elaine Espindola, for
accepting my invitation.
I thank my friend Rafael Matielo for your support and laughs. He made the difficult
times seem much easier.
I thank my friends Fernanda, Eliane, Karen and Mari. I thank them for being there
whenever I needed and for the precious moments we had together.
I really thank my dad Arnaldo and my mom Nancy for making me one of their
priorities. Their emotional, psychological, spiritual, and practical support were essential. Mom
and dad, you are the best parents ever!
I also thank my brother Leonardo for all his practical support helping me when I
needed, and my sister Leila for all the encouragement she always gave me.
I thank my kids Philipp and Matteo - the sunshine of my life!
Special thanks to my other half and the love of my life Lukas. Lukas, I don‘t know
what I would do if I didn‘t have you. I love you forever!
And last but not least I want to thank God, my holy father, for the strength when times
were difficult but also for the joy of accomplishing these years of study.
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ABSTRACT
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LEXICAL ITEMS TRANSLATION/TRADUÇÃO
AND TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR IN BILINGUAL CORPUS: PARATEXTS AND
INTRODUCTIONS OF ACADEMIC BOOKS ON TRANSLATION STUDIES IN BRAZIL
EDELWEISS VITOL GYSEL
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA
2009
Supervising Professor: Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos
Co-advisor: Lilian J. Fleuri
Abstract: This study is carried out at the interface among Systemic Functional Linguistics
(SFL), which sees language as a modeling system of realities. Working at the interface
between SFL, Translation Studies (TS) and Corpus Based Methodologies and aims at
analyzing excerpts of the combined corpus consisting of the introductions to Translators
Through History, Scandals of Translation, Becoming a Translator, Contemporary Translation
Theories, and After Babel (hereafter textualizations), their translations into Brazilian
Portuguese, Os Tradutores na História, Escândalos da Tradução, Construindo o Tradutor,
Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução, e Depois de Babel (hereafter retextualizations), and
their paratexts in English and in Brazilian Portuguese. This study focuses on the clause as the
unit of analysis and looks at the Ideational profile of the Participants selected for analysis,
namely translation/tradução and translator/tradutor in both textualizations and
retextualizations, with a view to identifying emerging patterns in the texts and paratexts. The
results show that translation is more frequently construed as a Participant being impacted by
an action in Material Processes and translator as Actor in the same kind of Process in the
textualization, which construes a representation associated to Material Processes of doing,
creating, and transforming and the active role of ‗translator‘ in the source context. Tradução
is more frequently construed as a Participant also being impacted by an action, not only in
Material Processes but also in Relational Processes and tradutor is more frequently construed
as an active Participant in Material and Relational Processes in the retextualization. The
configuration emerging from the analysis shows that the translator’s identification is as
important as his actions and has an impact upon his environment, as manifested in the
retextualization.
Keywords: text analysis and translation; representation of ‗translation/tradução‘ and
‗translator/tradutor‘; combined corpus.
Nº of pages: 49
Nº of words: 11.882
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RESUMO
ANALISE COMPARATIVA DOS ÍTENS LEXICAIS TRANSLATION/TRADUÇÃO E
TRANSLATOR/TRADUTOR EM CORPUS BILINGUE: PARATEXTOS E INTRODUÇÕES
DE LIVROS ACADÊMICOS NA ÁREA DE ESTUDOS DA TRADUÇÃO NO BRASIL
EDELWEISS VITOL GYSEL
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA
2009
Professora Orientadora: Maria Lúcia Vasconcellos
Co-orientadora: Lilian J. Fleuri
Resumo: Este estudo se insere na interface entre a Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (SFL) -
que vê a língua como um sistema semiótico, modelador de realidades - Estudos da Tradução
(TS) e as metodologias dos Estudos Baseados em Corpus, e tem como objetivo a análise de
exertos do corpus combinado constituído de Translators Through History, Scandals of
Translation, Becoming a Translator, Contemporary Translation Theories, e After Babel e
suas respectivas traduções para o português brasileiro (PB), Os Tradutores na História,
Escândalos da Tradução, Construindo o Tradutor, Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução, e
Depois de Babel. Este estudo tem como foco a oração como unidade de análise e examina,
por meio das categorias do Sistema da Transitividade, em seu componente experiencial, o
Perfil Ideacional construído para os Participantes selecionados para análise
―translation/tradução‖ e "translator/tradutor" nos textos e paratextos, com vistas a identificar
os padrões emergentes nas textualizações (textos em inglês) e nas retextualizações (textos em
português brasileiro) e os novos significados construídos no processo de retextualização. A
pesquisa evidenciou que há maior frequência de translation como Participante sendo
impactado por uma ação em Processos Materiais, e de translator como Ator nesse mesmo tipo
de Processo nas textualizações, os quais constroem uma representação vinculada a Processos
Materiais de fazer, transformar e agir num papel ativo do tradutor no contexto de saida. Nas
retextualizações, tradução é mais frequente como Participante também sendo impactado por
uma ação não só nos Processos Materiais mas também Relacionais. A configuração
emergente da análise evidencia que a identificação do tradutor na representação no contexto
de chegada é tão importante como sua ação e seu impacto sobre seu meio .
Palavras-chave: análise textual e tradução; representação de ‗translation/tradução‘ e
‗translator/tradutor‘; corpus combinado.
Nº de páginas: 49
Nº de palavras: 11.882
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 11
2. Theoretical Framework 15
2.1 The concept of Text Analysis and Translation 16
2.2 Corpus Based Studies 18
2.3 Systemic Functional Linguistics 19
2.4. The Clause as the unit of analysis 20
3. Methodology 24
3.1 Data Source 24
3.2 Procedures for aligning the data 25
3.3 Analytical Procedures 26
4. Data Analysis and Discussion of the Findings 26
4.1. Analysis of the Data 26
4.2. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Translators through
History/ Os Tradutores na História 28
4.3. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Scandals of Translation/
Escândalos da Tradução 30
4.4. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Becoming a Translator/
Construindo o Tradutor 33
4.5. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses Contemporary
Translation Theories/ Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução 36
4.6. Back Covers‘ and Introductions Analyses After Babel/
Depois de Babel 38
4.7. Discussions of the Findings 39
5. Conclusions 40
5.1 Final Remarks 40
5.2 Limitations of the Study 46
5.3 Suggestions for further Research 47
6. References 47
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: Areas in Translation Research. (WILLIAMS, J. & CHESTERMAN, A., 2002, p. 6-8)
FIGURE 2: Theoretical and methodological framework: exploring interfaces among complementary
paradigms (Fleuri; Pagano e Vasconcellos, 2009, forthcoming)
FIGURE 3: The Transitivity System (Halliday, 1994, p. 108)
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Typological Classification of the Parallel Corpus under Study
Table 2: Examples of different Process types
Table 3: The five titles in English and in Portuguese
Table 4: Types of Participants, Processes, and Circumstances
Table 5: Clauses containing the lexical item ―translator/tradutor‖ in the English and Portuguese back
covers of Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História
Table 6: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of
Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História
Table 7: Clauses containing the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖ in the
English and Portuguese back covers of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução
Table 8: Types of Processes in textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução
e tradutor) of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução
Table 9: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução and tradutor) of
Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução
Table 10: Clauses containing the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖ in the
textualization and retextualization of Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor
Table 11: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization ( tradução e tradutor) of
Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor
Table 12: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução and tradutor) of
Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor
Table 13: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of
Contemporary Translation Theories/ Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
Table 14: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of After
Babel/ Depois de Babel
Table 15: Results of the findings regarding the differences between textualization and retextualization
of all five books.
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ABBREVIATIONS
TATS– Textual Approaches to Translation Studies
SFL – Systemic Functional Linguistics
TS – Translation Studies
ST – Source Text
TT – Target Text
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APPENDIXES
Appendix 1: Textual information from the back cover of Translators Through History.
Appendix 2: Textual information from the back cover of Os tradutores na história.
Appendix 3: Textual information from the back cover of Scandals of translation.
Appendix 4: Textual information from the back cover of Escandalos da tradução.
Appendix 5: Textual information from the back cover of Becoming a translator.
Appendix 6: Textual information from the back cover of Construindo o tradutor.
Appendix 7: Textual information from the back cover of Contemporary Translation Studies.
Appendix 8: Textual information from the back cover of Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução.
Appendix 9: Textual information from the back cover of After Babel.
Appendix 10: Textual information from the back cover of Depois de Babel.
Appendix 11: Introduction of Translators through History
Appendix 12: Introduction of Os Tradutores na História
Appendix 13: Introduction of Scandals of Translation
Appendix 14: Introduction of Escândalos da Tradução
Appendix 15: Introduction of Becoming a Translator
Appendix 16: Introduction of Construindo o Tradutor
Appendix 18: Introdiction of Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
Appendix 17: Introduction of Contemporary Translation Theories
Appendix 19: Afterword of After Babel
Appendix 20: Afterword of Depois de Babel
Appendix 21: Table of contextual information about Translators through History and Tradutores na
História
Appendix 22: Table of contextual information about Scandals of Translation and Escândalos da
Tradução
Appendix 23: Table of contextual information about Becoming a Translator and Construindo o
Tradutor
Appendix 24: Table of contextual information about Contemporary Translation Theories and Teorias
Contemporâneas da Tradução
Appendix 25: Table of contextual information about After Babel and Depois de Babel
Appendix 26: Translators through History‘s covers– English and Portuguese
Appendix 27: Scandals of Translation‘s covers– English and Portuguese
Appendix 28: Becoming a Translator‘s covers – English and Portuguese
Appendix 29: Contemporary Translation Theories‘ covers– English and Portuguese
Appendix 30: After Babel‘s covers– English and Portuguese
Appendix 31: Translators Through History – Back cover‘s analysis
Appendix 32: Translators Through History – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 33: Os tradutores na história – Back cover‘s analysis
Appendix 34: Os tradutores na história – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 35: Scandals of translation – Back cover‘s analysis
Appendix 36: Scandals of translation – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 37: Escandalos da tradução – Back cover‘s analysis
Appendix 38: Escandalos da tradução – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 39: Becoming a translator – Back cover‘s analysis
Appendix 41: Construindo o tradutor – Back cover‘s analysis
Appendix 40: Becoming a translator – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 42: Construindo o tradutor – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 43: Contemporary Translation Theories – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 44: Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução – Introduction‘s analysis
Appendix 45: After Babel – Afterword‘s‘s analysis
Appendix 46: Depois de Babel – Afterword‘s analysis
Appendix 47: Table with examples of meanings of Token and Value roles
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1. INTRODUCTION
Man acts as if he were the shaper and master of language,
while it is language which remains mistress of man.
Martin Heidegger, 1954
In times of globalization1 not only the importance but also the performance of
translation has become the focus of debates and theories around the world: Authors such as
Lawrence Venutti (1998), Jean Delisle (1995), and Edwin Gentzler (2001) raise relevant
issues regarding translation and the act of translating. Difficulties and doubts are evidenced
and shared; therefore strategies and solutions are being elaborated for the problems emerging
in the field of Translation Studies, which, as an established academic field, has, in recent
years, acquired visibility as regards its influence in every space where languages and cultures
are in contact. As an undergraduate English student and translator, my interest in this area
motivated this specific subject of analysis.
The present project is part of the undergraduate completion requirements at
Letras/UFSC. It is affiliated with Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMG, and
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina – UFSC, being a part of the project developed by my
advisor, Prof. Maria Lucia B. de Vasconcelos2, within the context of a joint project between
the two universities.
The topic I chose for my monograph is concerned with Translation Studies as an
established area of investigation and is linked to what researchers in Brazil (cf. Grupo de
Pesquisas – CNPq) call ―Abordagens Textuais da tradução‖ [Textual approaches to
1 The term ―globalization‖ is mentioned here as Ashcroft, Griffiths, and Tiffin (2007) define: ―Globalization is
the process of the world becoming a single place.‖ As Pym (2003) completes: ―Globalization as an economic
process with certain consequences for the social role of translation.‖ And explained by Vasconcellos (2004), ―A
focus on globalization is a promising route to the reflection on issues of asymmetries, difference and identity in
translation.‖ 2 Project number 348a22e459f5d30e83257503, called „Abordagens Textuais aos Estudos da Tradução‖,
coordinated by Profs. Maria Lucia Barbosa de Vasconcelos and Célia Maria Magalhães.
12
Translation], and is described on the site of X ENTRAD – X ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE
TRADUTORES [http://www.iti.org.uk/ice/uploadedFiles/730_10 ENTRAD] as follows:
In providing translation researchers with a ‗map‘ or ‗point of orientation‘ to
translation studies, Williams and Chesterman (2002) list ‗translation and text
analysis‘ as one of the twelve research subareas of the discipline. This subarea
encompasses source text analysis, comparison of translations and source texts,
comparison of translated and non-translated texts and annotated translation, all
of them interfacing with some form of contrastive text analysis and contrastive
stylistics. In this vein, Textual approaches to translation (TAT) concentrates
research attention on the investigation of meaning as manifested in the
language of translation. It thus sides with Malmkjaer‘s (2005, see back cover)
perspective in which ‗meaning is seen as a temporary relationship between
participants in language events and translation as a creative activity that
contributes to such events‘. In addition, TAT is interested in research that
reflects upon textual models of language in their approach to translation. The
specific theory of language it draws upon is Systemic functional Linguistics
(SFL), as proposed by Halliday since the late sixties ―(...) a point of contact, a
crossroads, or a ‗third place‘, where different social practices meet in the
shaping of oral or written exchanges‘ (2007, p. 141). The contribution of
corpus based translation studies to TAT - Textual Approaches to Translation -
is also taken into account since corpus methodologies researches to access a
large amount of data which in turn make the relations of languages in use – as
instantiated in texts standing in a translation relationship – visible.
In this sense, my study will be placed within Williams and Chesterman‘s (2002)
second research sub area: ―comparison of translations and their source texts‖; in a second
moment, an investigation will be undertaken with a view to observing whether or not the
introductory sections of the specific books confirm what their particular paratexts3 have
promised, in terms of representations of both ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖.
All these steps will be performed with the aid of Corpus Based Methodologies and the
categories for analysis provided by Systemic Functional Linguistics.
Although interlingual translation4 exists since mankind noticed difficulties in
communicating because of language diversity, Translation Studies as an independent area of
3 ―Paratext‖, meaning what Genette (1982, p.10) proposes: they are extra textual elements such as titles,
subheadings, epilogues, inscriptions, prologues, book covers, back covers, introductions, editorial notes,
appendices, publicity, synopsis, bibliographical and legal information, or any other sign that relate to the text
which it belongs to. 4 The term interlingual translation is used here in the sense proposed by Jakobson (1959) and it refers to the
―interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.‖ (p. 233).
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research is rather recent, according to Arrojo (1998):―Since the early 1960‘s, the study of
translation has begun to conquer a more defined space within academic institutions and
publications‖. Consequently, this discipline - Translation Studies - seems to be an area in its
own right, as Salkie (2001) states in his article: ―texts are being descriptively analyzed in
terms of meaning, structure, information sequencing, and pragmatic effect among others‖.
Within the context of Textual Approaches to Translation Studies (TATS), one issue has
merited the attention of researchers: how the source text (ST) is linguistically represented5 in
translated texts. The interest in the language of translation is explored by Malmkjaer (2005),
who reinforces the value of ―…descriptive and theoretical notions from linguistics to describe
and work with the language of and in translation and translating‖ (185). In her book, she
argues for the usefulness of concepts of one particular kind of linguistics – which is
functionally oriented – namely, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). The interface between
SFL and TS is becoming more and more explored in descriptive studies in the Brazilian
context (Pagano & Vasconcellos (2005), and Vasconcellos (2009) as this linguistic theory
offers the possibility of describing – from a functional perspective – how realities are
represented in translation, particularly the realities portrayed in the ST and retextualized in
translations.
Since TS as an academic field is becoming more and more established in the academic
world, interest in translation theory is increasing, leading to a growing interest in translation
theory in translation as most of theoretical thought is produced in international contexts. If we
assume, with Malmkjaer (2005) that attending to the language of translation is one way of
understanding its nature, then the use of a linguistic theory, in this case SFL, to describe
translation theories in translation proves to be a good way of finding out how theory is
represented in contexts different from those in which such theories were first produced.
5 Used here in the sense attributed to it in the context of SFL by Eggins (2004): ―language as a modeling
system.‖
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Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) can be such a theory because it has a semantic
orientation, presents no dissociation of grammar and meaning, seeks to consider, and identify
the role of the various linguistic items in any text in terms of their function in building
meaning, particularly in terms of what the linguistic items represent and how they represent it,
as Davidse (1992) explains. The research problem this study looks at is how some linguistic
items in translation theory in translation can be described, with a view to understanding how
particular lexical entities are represented in translation theories translated into the Brazilian
context.
In this context, the present research uses categories of SFL – particularly those
of the system realizing the ideational function of language – the Transitivity System - in the
analysis of re-representations of two specific lexical entities – central to theorizing in TS -
―translator‖ or ―translation‖, by looking at the clauses in which they are realized, both in the
ST and at the TT. It is argued here that this analysis may yield relevant information
concerning the status of the discipline itself, as embodied in the lexical items at issue.
According to previous researches and studies based in the interface between
Translation Studies, SFL, and Corpus Based Methodologies, Fleuri (2006) agrees that SFL
and TS based on Corpus methodologies are perspectives that complement each other in the
description of ST‘s and their translations. Therefore, these perspectives will be used in the
analysis of the data to be collected for the study, described in section 3.2. entitled ―Analytical
Procedures‖, part of the Method section .
My monograph is organized in five chapters: (1) the present introductory chapter; (2)
the Theoretical Framework informing the analysis with a view to reviewing relevant research
that has investigated similar or correlated matters and establishing the contribution of the
present research to the conversation in the area; (3) the Methods, in which is presented the
survey of the corpus, composed by TS books produced in the period between 1998 and 2008
translated into Brazilian Portuguese and where I describe the procedures used to analyse such
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corpus; (4) the Data Analysis and the discussion of the findings, where is developed a
comparative analysis of the lexical items ―translator/tradutor‖ and ―translation/tradução‖ in
the paratexts6 and introductions of these books in order to see whether or not a pattern
emerges in the Ideational representations of the lexical items, both in the source and in the
target texts, and to confirming or disconfirming whether the representation construed in the
paratexts correspond to the body of the introductions to the books; and (5) the Final Results,
where I answer the research questions raised in the introductory chapter.
In the context of the objectives stated above, the following Research Questions (RQs)
can be put forward:
RQ 1 - What are the English titles of academic books in the field of Translation
Studies translated into Brazilian-Portuguese, between 1998 and 2009?
RQ2 - What kind of information do their paratexts (back covers) contain both in the
English ST and the Portuguese TT?
RQ3 – What ideational profile emerges concerning the words ―translator/tradutor‖ and
―translation/tradução‖ in the paratexts introducing the books and in their introductions in
English and in Portuguese?
RQ4 – In terms of content and through an SFL analysis, do the introductions fulfill, or
at least relate to what the paratexts promise?
.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter proposes (i) to locate the present work at the interface among the areas of
―Text Analysis and Translation‖, ―Corpus Based Studies‖, and ―Systemic Functional
Linguistics‖ with a focus on the Transitivity System realizing the Experiential component of
the ideational Metafunction, and (ii) to provide a brief introduction to the definition of the
clause as representation, as put forward by Halliday (cf. Halliday & Mathiessen, 2004). To do
so, this chapter is subdivided into subsections, presented below.
6 In this study, paratext means the textual information on the back covers of the analyzed books.
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2.1. The area of Text Analysis and Translation.
Williams & Chesterman (2002) state in their book ―The Map‖ that one of the twelve
areas in translation research is ―Text Analysis and Translation‖, which encompasses also the
comparison of translations and their source texts, where a comparison of a translation with its
original is undertaken. In this research, a particular lexical item considered in its context is
taken from the English source text, examined and compared to its corresponding word and
context in the translation. Figure 1 below provides a visualization of the sub area:
1. Text
Analysis and
Translation
1. Text
Analysis and
Translation
Source Text
AnalysisSource Text
Analysis
Comparison of
Translations
and their
Source Texts
Comparison of
Translations
and their
Source Texts
Comparison of
Translations
and Non-
translated
Texts
Comparison of
Translations
and Non-
translated
Texts
Translation
with
Commentary
Translation
with
Commentary
FIGURE 1: Areas in Translation Research. (WILLIAMS, J. & CHESTERMAN, A., 2002, p. 6-8)
As Figure 1 shows, this area encompasses different types of text analysis;
―Comparison of Translations and their source Texts‘ is selected for the present research. For
the purposes of the comparison, the study focuses on the language of translation (viz.
Malkjaer, 2005); the research is located at the interface among Translation Studies / Systemic
Functional Linguistics / Corpus-Based Translation Studies, already established in the
Brazilian context (viz. Pagano & Vasconcellos, 2005 and Vasconcellos, 2009).
Figure 2 below shows the interface at which the research is carried out:
17
FIGURE 2: Theoretical and methodological framework: exploring interfaces among
complementary paradigms (Fleuri; Pagano e Vasconcellos, 2009, forthcoming)
The theoretical basis of the text analysis carried out both for the source and target texts
(referred to as ‗textualization‘ and ‗retextualization‘, respectively, in the context of Systemic
Functional Translation Studies) is the model of language and language description offered by
SFL as proposed by Halliday (VIZ. Haliday & Matthiessen, 2004); the methodological basis
is informed by the methodologies provided by Corpus-Based Translation Studies, along the
lines suggested by Baker (1995) and Olohan (2004).
Attention to the language of the translation is here manifested in the investigation of
some particular lexical items, considered relevant for the purposes of the study in terms of the
realities they represent: the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖
contained in the back covers and introductions of the following pair of books: ―Becoming a
Translator‖ and ―Construindo o Tradutor‖; ―Translators through History‖ and ―Tradutores na
História‖; ―Scandals of Translation‖ and ―Escandalos da Tradução‖; ―After Babel‖ and
―Depois de Babel‖; and finally ―Contemporary Translation Studies‖ and ―Teorias
Contemporâneas da Tradução‖.
This
study
Systemic
functional
Linguistics
(SFL)
Corpus
Based
Translation
Studies (CBTS)
Text Analysis and Translation
TRANSLATION STUDIES
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2.2. Corpus Based Translation Studies (CBTS)
The corpora of this study consist of all the five paratexts (back covers) and
introductions from the books at issue. According to Baker (1995), corpus has been defined in
three important ways:
(i) it means primarily a collection of texts held in a machine-readable form and capable of
being analyzed automatically or semi-automatically in a variety of ways; (ii) a corpus is no
longer restricted to ―writings‖ but includes spoken as well as written text, and (iii) a corpus
may include a large number of texts from a variety of sources, by many writers and speakers
and on a multitude of topics.
This study concentrates mainly in the first and third ways, for all the texts are
digitalized and amenable to automatic or semi-automatic analysis (though in this particular
study the analysis is carried out manually),7 it also includes texts from a variety of sources
(internet and books) written by different authors. Baker (ibid) also states that comparing these
corpora may lead to the identification of patterns in the source texts, in the target texts and
between them. In the light of Systemic Functional Linguistics, a comparison of these corpora
is undertaken in order to identify patterns between the paratexts and the introductions in
English and Portuguese and at last confirm if the Ideational representation of the analysed
lexical items construed in the paratexts corresponds to their representation in the Introduction
of the book.
The corpus of this study can be partly classified (only the introductions) as small scale
parallel bilingual corpus according to the parameters put forward by Olohan (2004), Baker
(1998), and Sinclair (2001). The definition of small scale parallel bilingual corpus, adopted
in my research, is compiled in Fleuri (2006). It is ―parallel‖ in that the textualization (source
text) is aligned with its retextualization for comparison purposes (Olohan, 2004); it is
―bilingual‖ in that it involves the language pair English and Brazilian Portuguese (BP) (Baker,
1995); it is defined as ―a small scale corpus‖, not only on the basis of the quantitative aspect,
7 In the case of this particular study, corpus annotation was not carried out for two reasons: (i) the dimension of
the corpus, which comfortably allowed for manual analysis; and (ii) lack of familiarity of the researcher with
computational tools available for analysis – which are grounded in corpus annotation.
19
but also and mainly for its characteristics: it is designed and built by the researcher, after
defining the objectives of the research, for the particular purposes of the investigation at hand
(Sinclair, 2001), it is amenable to the so called ―Early Human Intervention‘ – EHI‘, in terms
of manual analysis and (possible and potential) corpus annotation, as proposed by Sinclair
(idem, ibdem).
As regards the paratexts, the corpus consists of texts independently produced by
English and Brazilian publishers, therefore the Brazilian Portuguese texts can not be
considered translations from the English texts. According to Vela e Hansen-Schirra (2006)
this corpus (the paratexts) is considered a combined parallel-comparable corpus, which in
spite of its complexity has been viewed as more productive for translation research purposes.
Hansen (2002:20) applies the definition comparable and parallel corpus and describes two
types of conbined corpus: the bilingual and the multilingual (more than two languages).
Furthermore, Fernandes (2004) based on Atkins (1992), Baker (idem), and Zanettin
(2000) offers an alternative categorization, visualized in the table below:
Table 1: Typological Classification of the Parallel Corpus under Study
Parallel Corpus
Criterion
Attribute
Number of languages Bilingual (ST: English; TT: Brazilian Portuguese
Temporal Restriction Synchronic (1998 – 2009)
Domain Specialised (books on Translation Studies)
Directionality Unidirectional (English into Brazilian Portuguese)
According to this categorization, the corpus of this study can be described in the
following terms: it is ―synchronic‖ for it focuses on an object of study at one particular point
in time; it is a ―specialized corpus‖ because it looks into the language of specific translated
genres or texts types; and it is ―unidirectional‖ when the direction functions in just one
direction, for instance, texts originally written in L1 and their respective translations in L2.
20
2.3. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)
Systemic Functional Linguistics is adopted in the context of Text Analysis and
Translation for its potentialities as a descriptive and interpretative framework, as pointed out
by Eggins (2004):
a very useful descriptive and interpretative framework for viewing language as a strategic,
meaning-making resource, constituted by three main strands of meanings called metafunctions
(ideational, interpersonal and textual. (3))
This analysis will focus on the Experiential meaning, in which language is seen as a
system for modeling the ―content‖ of the text. Thompson (2004) explains that the experiential
perspective of Systemic-Functional grammar allows us to recognize the ―content‖ of a
sentence through the observation of lexical entities as regards the way they behave, and how
they relate to each other. To this end, some functional labels are used in the analysis and
description of clauses. The label ―Process‖ is used to identify the verb, the label ―Participant‖
is used to name the subject and/or object and the label ―Circumstance‖ is used to determine
adverbial groups and prepositional groups. This difference in the labeling system of SFL is
not a mere question of terminology, but of the theoretical underpinnings of the framework,
which sees the elements of the clause in their functional roles, as opposed to the structural role
in traditional grammar analysis.
Halliday (1968) defines Transitivity as follows:
Transitivity is defined as relating to the experiential component of meaning (or ‗cognitive‘,
this term is not really appropriate since all components involve a cognitive stratum); the
discussion has been confined to the expression of processes and the participants therein –
syntactically, those functions having in general verbal and nominal realizations – although a
full treatment of the experiential component in the syntax of the clause would take account of
other features, the expression of time and place and other adjuncts to and conditions on the
process.
The analysis starts with the recognition of the ―Process‖ for it will determine how the
other parts will be labeled. There are three main categories of processes: the material
(involving physical actions), the mental (something that goes on in the internal world of the
mind), and the relational (determines the existence of something). The other three minor
categories are: verbal (when someone says, tells, states, etc.), behavioral (very similar to
21
mental, but involving perception), and existential (normally identified through the word
―there‖. Based on this theoretical framework, the analysis of the data will be performed and
demonstrated.
2.4. The Clause as the unit of analysis
Considering the clause as the minimum unit of analysis in Transitivity (Halliday,
2004), I find it relevant to open this section defining the clause in accordance with a
commonsensical definition presented by Collins Cobuild (1987):
A clause is, in grammar, a structure which has one or more of the following elements: subject,
verbal group, object, complement, adjunct. There are two types of clause, subordinate clauses
and main clauses. A main clause can be used on its own as a sentence; a subordinate clause can
only be used with a main clause and is often introduced by a subordinating conjunction or a
sentence adverb.
Although the meaning of a clause remains the same, in this study another
metalanguage8 is applied. In this case, as proposed by Halliday (2004), a clause is ascribed as
a representation of experiences consisting of three metafunctional lines of meaning: Textual
(the clause as a message), Interpersonal (the clause as exchange), and Experiential (the clause
as a representation). Matthissen (2001) says that:
The clause is a strong candidate for the ―unit of analysis‖ in translations, detailed
lexicogrammatical analysis of the source texts and corresponding target texts are an important
source of insight for the study of translation within linguistics.
According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004, p. 59-60), the clause embodies in its
structure three distinct kinds of meaning, expressed in the headings: ‗the clause as a message‘,
‗the clause as an exchange‘ and ‗the clause as a representation‘. The total configuration of
functions embodied in the clause construes, or realizes the meaning. The same point is made
by Malmkjaer (2005), who talks of a unit of structure understood as ‗the locus for three types
of action performed by the manipulation of three linguistic systems, the systems of mood,
theme and rheme, and transitivity‘ (p. 168). The author states that each system enables the
realization of a clause function, as exchange, as message and as representation. This
8 Metalanguage is used here under the definition of Cambridge Advanced Learner‘s Dictionary (2008): ―a
specialized form of language or set of symbols used when discussing or describing the structure of a language.‖
22
functional approach to the clause leads Malmkjaer (ibid.) to refer to these functions as the
different parts of an orchestra working together to produce what she calls ‗the clause
symphony‖ (p. 168). However, as she points out (ibid.), it is possible to describe each of the
linguistic systems separately and to concentrate in the meanings each of them realizes.
Along these lines, this study looks at a separate strand in the overall meaning of the
clause – the clause as representation – which reflects in the grammar the experiential
metafunctional, responsible for construing a model of experience from the ‗goings-on‘ of the
external or internal worlds. Experientially, the clause construes experience as a configuration
of a process, participants involved in it and the circumstances associated with it. In the present
study, taking into account the fact that the clause represents an interpretation of reality, the
investigative look concentrates on the way the entities ―translation/translator‖ are represented
in each clause in which they are realized, in the experiential configuration mentioned above –
that of a process, participants and circumstances.
More specifically, this study analyses the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and
―translator/tradutor‖ contained in the back covers and introductions of the following books:
―Becoming a Translator‖ and ―Construindo o Tradutor‖, ―Translators through History‖ and
―Tradutores na História‖, ―Scandals of Translation‖ and ―Escandalos da Tradução‖, ―After
Babel‖ and ―Depois de Babel‖, and finally ―Contemporary Translation Studies‖ and ―Teorias
Contemporâneas da Tradução‖ in terms of Transitivity, as described above, in the context of
Translation Studies interfacing with Corpus Based Methodologies. Furthermore, I base part of
the development of my study on the thesis by Zuniga (2006) and on the thesis by Fleuri
(2006), who analyzed two of the books at issue in terms of Corpus Based Studies and SFL.
According to Halliday and Matthissen (2004), ―the transitivity system construes the
world of experience into a manageable set of PROCESS TYPES.― This world of experience
refers to a flow of events, which we capture from around us and construe clauses. Each of
these clauses contain Processes and Participants. Figure 3 shows the Transitivity System.
23
FIGURE 3: The Transitivity System (Halliday, 1994, p. 108)
The Processes are classified in three major groups: as Material (Process of doing and
creating), Mental (Process of seeing, feeling, and thinking), and Relational (Process of being/
having identity or attribute, or symbolizing). The three minor groups are Existential (Process
of existing), Behavioural (Process of behaving), and Verbal (Process of saying). Each Process
has its respective Participant, namely, in Material Processes the Participant is the Actor; in
Mental Processes the Participant is the Senser; in Relational Processes the Participant is the
Carrier (when having an attribute), or the Token (when having an identity); in Existential
Processes the Participant is the Existent; in Behavioural Processes the Participant is the
Behaver; and in Verbal Processes the Participant is the Sayer. The following table shows the
different Process types.
Table 2: Examples of different Process types.
Process type Example ( Participants underlined; Process in bold; Circumstances in italics)
Material The American translator worked closely with the Argentine writer.
Behavioural Translation lies deeply repressed in the cultural identities.
Mental I will be concerned with interlingual translation.
Verbal We should like to Express our deepest gratitude.
Relational Translators are those ―lonely soldiers―.
Existential The greatest hindrances to translation exist outside the discipline itself.
Types of Processes
24
This chapter proposed to locate the present work at the interface among the areas of
―Text Analysis and Translation‖, ―Corpus Based Studies‖, and ―Systemic Functional
Linguistics‖ with a focus on the Transitivity System realizing the Experiential component of
the ideational Metafunction, and to provide a brief introduction to the definition of the clause
as representation, as put forward by Halliday (cf. Halliday & Mathiessen, 2004). The next
chapter – Chapter 3 – Data Analysis – presents the theoretical and methodological apparatus
at work by looking at the textualizations and their retextualizations selected for this research,
with a focus on the units set apart for the study of the representation of ―translation/tradução‖
and ―translator/tradutor‖ in the paratexts and introductions of academic books on TS
circulating in the Brazilian Portuguese in Brazil.
The next section describes how this research is carried out in terms of the steps and
criteria for data selection and the analytical procedures employed for the analysis of the five
books on Translation Studies with their respective translations.
3. METHODOLOGY
The first step of the research was a survey of Translation Studies books and their
paratexts already defined in the introduction of this study. In this monograph, the paratext is
the textual information on the back covers of the books at issue. This information of the back
covers, both in English and Portuguese will be taken from various web pages of book shops,
and from their English and Brazilian publishers respectively.
3.1 Search Procedures: Methods for compiling the Data Source
25
Method for carrying out the survey of titles, their respective translations and the back
cover‘s information from the textualization and retextualization.
1. Reading of bibliographical references in dissertations and thesis from CCE/UFSC:
PGET graduation students, and those dissertations and thesis from CCE/UFSC: PGI
graduation students, which had the subject ―translation‖ as its main topic.
2. Selection of Translation Studies titles and authors from the specific period of research
(2000 – 2009).
3. Search for author‘s names at Livraria Cultura‘s website (www.livrariacultura.com.br),
foregrounding titles in Portuguese, once the aim is to find translated texts.
4. Listing of the translated titles found.
5. Search for their ―source-texts‖ in English.
6. Browsing through the sites of the publishers of the translations analyzed in this study,
in order to get extratextual information.
7. Exchange of emails with the Brazilian publishers and with the foreign ones, which
published the translated texts and the source-texts respectively.
8. Exchange of emails with the source-texts translators.
9. Browsing through particular blogs focusing attention on translation theory with a view
to refining the search tools for translation theory titles translated into Brazilian
Portuguese – according to the purposes of the present research; two blogs are selected:
www.esttranslationstudies.org and
www.translation.utdallas.edu/aboutus/contactus.htm
This first part of the research yielded the following results:
Five titles in English (Source Texts - STs / Textualizations) with their respective translations
(Target Texts - TTs/Retextualizations):
Table 3: The five titles in English and in Portuguese
Translators through History Tradutores na Histórias
Scandals of Translation
Escândalos da Tradução
Becoming a Translator Construindo o Tradutor
Contemporary Translation Theories Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
After Babel Depois de Babel
10. Search for the ST and TT‘s back cover‘s information at Livraria Cultura‘s website.
11. Differences between the ST and TT‘s back cover‘s textual information could be
confirmed.
12. Only the textual information on the back cover of Becoming a Translator was translated
into the presentation of the book Construindo o Tradutor.
13. Search in the Central Library at UFSC, at PPGI‘s library and at professors‘ private
libraries.
14. The following titles were found: After Babel, Depois de Babel, Teorias Contemporâneas
da Tradução, and Os Escândalos da Tradução.
15. The book Scandals of Translation was borrowed from PPGI‘s Library.
16. The book Contemporary Translation Theories was borrowed from prof. Maria Lucia
Vasconcellos.
26
17. The introductions from the books Translators through History and Os Tradutores na
História were given by Lilian Fleuri, for she had previously worked with these texts.
18. The introductions from Becoming a Translator and Construindo o Tradutor were given
by Gleimara Zuniga, for she had also previously worked with these texts.
19. The introductions of Translators through History, Os Tradutores na História, Becoming
a Translator, and Construindo o Tradutor, were in Word format, prepared to be
analyzed.
20. Before starting the analytical procedures, tables with contextual information from each
book at issue were assembled from Livraria Cultura‘s webpage in order to contextualize
the information each one contained (see Appendix number 21 – 25).
3.2 Procedures for aligning the data:
1. All the clauses containing the words ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖
were underlined in the texts.
2. These clauses were copied manually, and put into tables.
3. These tables were divided according to the type of Participants, Processes, and
Circumstances of each clause.
4. The analysis was undertaken as described in 3.3.
5. The number of Participants and Processes was checked.
6. Other tables were done with the aligned types of Processes and Participants of each
ST‘s and TT‘s back cover‘s text and introduction.
3.3 Analytical Procedures
1. The analysis focused on the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and
―translator/tradutor‖.
2. All the clauses in the back covers and introductions containing these words as the
nuclear Participant of the clause were isolated and analyzed manually.
3. The categories of the transitivity system, which realize the experiential metafunciton
in SFL were applied.
4. The Participants, Processes and Circumstances were labeled manually.
5. The result was displayed in tabular form (see appendixes for the full picture), for
instance <Par>, <Pro>, and <Cir> containing the classification according to the next
table.
Table 4: Types of Participants, Processes, and Circumstances.
Nuclear Participants Processes Circumstances
Actor/Goal/Range/Beneficiary
Senser/Phenomenon
Carrier/Attribute
Token/Value
Sayer/Receiver
Behaver
Existent
Material
Mental
Relational
Verbal
Behavioural
Existential
Extent
Location
Manner Cause
Contingency
Accompaniment Role
Matter
Angle
27
6. After this analysis, a comparison between the English clauses and the Portuguese ones
was done.
7. The aim of this comparison was structure patterns of difference in the ideational
profile of the texts in translation relationship.
8. The back cover‘s textual information of each book was compared with the information
in the introduction.
9. The analysis focused on the extent to which the introductions really fulfilled the
expectations raised in the back cover‘s information, as regards the representation of
―translation/translator‖.
10. Finally, the information gathered in the analysis provided material for the reflections
made in the concluding section of the monograph.
The following section will display the tables with the results of the analysis of the data
and disscuss the findings and results.
4. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
4.1 Analysis of the Data
It is important to state that the paratexts (defined in chapter 1), in this study, are the
textual information on back covers of the books at issue. This textual information exposes the
subject of the book, and therefore we assume that it should, at least, relate to the inside
content of the book.
The collected data is excerpted from these back covers and the introductions of the
following five books: Translators through History ( Deslile / Woodsworth, 1995), Scandals of
Translation (Venuti, 1998), Becoming a Translator (Robinson, 1998), Contemporary
Translation Theories (Gentzler, 2001), and After Babel (Steiner, 1975, 1° Ed.), and their
correspondent retextualizations in Portuguese: Os Tradutores na História (trad. Bath, 2003),
Escândalos da Tradução (trad. Pelegrin/ Villela/ Esquerda/ Biondo 2002), Construindo o
Tradutor (trad. Simões, 2002), Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução (trad. Malvezzi, 2009),
and Depois de Babel (trad. Pereira, 2005).
The representation of the lexical items ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖
are observed in the back covers, aiming at analyzing the representations of such Participants
28
before reading the introductions. In this monograph, such back covers not only contextualize
the reader about the studied corpus, but also provide previous analytical elements about the
Participants ―translation/translator‖, showing how these Participants are represented in the
textualization and retextualization even before the reading of the book.
Concerning the introductions, the same lexical items are observed and analyzed but the
focus of the analysis is, at this point, to check if the representation of ―translation/tradução‖
and ―translator/tradutor‖ correspond to the representation construed in the back covers. Thus,
we can observe whether the previous construal of the Participant in the back covers
correspond to its construal in the introductions. The back covers information analysis as the
introduction analysis are done manually (as showed in the appendices number 33-46),
followed by the analysis‘ results, done in the same way.
In this study I intend to analyze one book at the time observing the bilingual corpus of
the back covers, followed by the introductions analysis and finally confronting the results of
these two analyses.
4.2. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses
Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História
4.2.1 Back cover‘s analysis
The back cover‘s analysis (appendix number 31) from Translators through History
starts with some stories of ancient translators, aiming at contextualizing the reader to where
the history of translation began, therefore, not many occurrences of the words
―translation/translator‖ happen. Only when the authors start to describe their purposes with
the book, clauses containing the words at issue are present.
Different from the English back cover, the Portuguese one does not start with a
narration about ancient translators; it is rather objective and points out the contributions which
translators have been giving to the field of translation. The lexical item ―tradutor‖ is, at first,
represented as a Participant in a Mental Process being the one who creates alphabets; then
29
being the Participant in four Material Processes being the one who acts on activities related to
the translation task, therefore being an important and rather central figure in the field; and
finally, being the Participant in a Relational Process, here the authors highlight the role
translators play within the area of Translation Studies. The table with both back covers‘
information are displayed in the appendix number 26.
After analysing the ocurrence of the lexical items ―translator/tradutor‖ in both
textualization and retextualization, the Process and the involved Participants were counted
and the number of occurence is displayed in Table 5.
Table 5: Clauses containing the lexical item translators/tradutor in the English and Portuguese back cover
of Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História. (appendix 31 and 33)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
ENGLISH Percentage PORTUGUESE Percentage
GOAL 1 100% 0 0%
ACTOR 0 0% 3 50%
SENSER 0 0% 1 17%
TOKEN 0 0% 2 33%
TOTAL 1 100% 6 100%
Departing from the analysis of both back covers, we can conclude that, in the English
text, the representation of translators as a title of the book is mere information, the book itself
is personified being the one who will tell the story. The second occurrence puts translators
involved in action as Goal in a Material Process, here the representation of the translator
becomes more similar to its representation in the Portuguese text. Different from the English
text, the Portuguese one starts with a Mental Process followed by Relational and Material
Processes. The importance of the translator‘s actions is foregrounded, and his actions are
central. And even in the end, when their role in the field of translation is showed, the
translator himself is placed as Participant.
It is very important to remember that both back covers can not be considered a
translation for their characteristics neither in their structure and content nor in their
representations of the analyzed lexical items correspond. However, they point to a
30
representation of ―translator/tradutor‖ from the inside content of the book. The ―translator‖ is
expected to be represented in the English book as Goal involved in a Material Processes and
in the Portuguese book, as Actor, Senser and Token involved respectively in Material, Mental
and Relational Processes. The lexical item ―translation/tradução‖ was not analyzed because it
appeared in the clauses as a modifier.
4.2.2. Analysis of the Introduction
The introduction of Os Tradutores na História is a parallel translation of Translators
through History, therefore not many differences in the analysis were found. The text
concentrates in the role of the ―tradutor‖ and his acting in the translation area, as the analysis
of its back cover showed. Comparing the introduction with the back cover we can perceive
that the Portuguese back cover follows more closely the patterns of the introduction than the
English one because in Portuguese the ―tradutor‖ is represented as an active participant
mainly in Material, Mental and Relational Processes. Whereas in English the ―translator‖ is
represented in other kinds of Processes, not only in Material ones.
Table with the types of Participants in the analysis of the introductions follows.
Table 6: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of
Translators through History/ Os Tradutores na História (appendix 32 and 34)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
SENSER 1 9% 1 10%
CARRIER 1 9% 1 10%
ACTOR 2 18% 2 20%
TOKEN 2 18% 3 30%
GOAL 1 9% 0 0%
SAYER 1 9% 0 0%
PHENOMENON 2 18% 2 20%
RECEIVER 1 9% 1 10%
TOTAL 11 100% 10 100%
Table 6 shows a total of 11 Participants in the textualization and 10 in the
retextualization as the result of the analysis. The four overriding Participants are: Actor,
Token, and Phenomenon. Therefore, in both introductions (textualization and retextualization)
the lexical items ―translator/tradutor‖ are mostly realized by Participants involved in
31
Processes such as Material, Mental, and Relational. This is the reason why we can assume
that a central issue on the book is the position and attitude of the ―translator―being the main
character in the history of translation. It is interesting to mention that the back cover‘s
information concentrates on the exposition of the book itself, whereas the introduction focuses
on the ―translator‖ and the role he/she plays in the scenery of translation.
4.3. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses
Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução
4.3.1 Back cover‘s analysis
In the book Scandals of Translation the word ―translation― is central, for there are just
a few occurances of the word ―translator―. In this book, Venuti discusses the implications of
―translations―for translators and authors as well as publishers. For the front cover‘s image and
the back covers‘ information see appendix number 27.
In the English back cover the word ―translation―is represented as Phenomenon and
Goal being a part of a Mental Process and a Material Process. This means that the word at
issue is being manipulated, or acted upon by other Participants such as Senser or Actor.
The back cover information of Escandalos da Tradução, can not be considered a
translation from the English back cover of Scandals of Translation, this is why the first clause
is different from the ones in the previous back covers. The lexical item ―tradução‖ appears
just once, and is a modifier in the Nomimal Group ―processo da tradução‖, in which
―processo‖ is the center of such group. The text is very short and gives the reader a brief idea
of the book‘s approach. Next, Table 7 presents the Participants ―translation/tradução‖ and
―translator/tradutor‖.
Table 7: Clauses containing the lexical items “translation/tradução” and “translators/tradutor” in the
English and Portuguese back covers of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução (appendix 35 and
37)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
ENGLISH Percentage PORTUGUESE Percentage
GOAL (translation) 1 33% 0 0%
32
SAYER (translator) 1 33% 0 0%
PHENOMENON
(translation)
1 33% 0 0%
TOTAL 3 100% 0 100%
As already stated, the Portuguese text is not a translation from the English text
therefore they focus on different aspects. The author of the Portuguese version represents the
lexical item ―tradução‖ as a Circumstance being looked at and being degraded. By doing so,
he discusses the perspectives in which ―tradução‖ is being the location in a Relational Process
where cultural elements are hidden.
4.3.2 Introductions Analysis
In this introduction, Venuti discusses through various Processes the identity and action
of ―translations/traduções―and ―translators/tradutores‖ in the present global scene. These two
words are represented throughout the introduction, most clauses contain them, and Venuti
portraits ―translations/traduções ―and ―translators/tradutores‖ as Participants mostly involved
in Material Process, this means that the words at issue are very relevant to the topic.
The table below states the types of Processes in which such lexical items are involved.
Table 8: Types of Processes in textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization ( tradução e
tradutor) of Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução (appendix 36 and 38)
TYPES OF
PROCESSES
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
MATERIAL 48 66% 50 66%
MENTAL 10 14% 9 12%
RELATIONAL 8 11% 10 13%
VERBAL 5 7% 5 7%
BEHAVIUORAL 1 1% 1 1%
EXISTENTIAL 1 1% 1 1%
TOTAL 73 100% 76 100%
Most of the analyzed ocurrences in both the textualization and the retextualization
belong to Material Processes, in which the words at issue appear as Actors. This shows that,
in Venuti‘s point of view, ―translation/tradução― and ―translator/tradutor― play active roles in
33
the field of Translation Studies. In order to confirm that, Table 9 shows the types of
Participants.
Table 9: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução and tradutor) of
Scandals of Translation/ Escândalos da Tradução (appendix 36 and 38)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
ACTOR 26 67% 26 64%
SENSER 4 10% 4 10%
SAYER 2 5% 2 5%
TOKEN 5 12% 4 10%
EXISTENT 1 3% 1 2%
BEHAVER 1 3% 1 2%
CARRIER 1 3% 3 7%
TOTAL 39 100% 41 100%
The patterns of the Types of Processes‘ table are confirmed in the previous table. This
means that the Material Processes are still the most recurrent, and that the words at issue, are
represented as active Participants. In other words, the introduction of Escândalos da
Tradução projects the same light upon the roles that the lexical items ―tradução― and
―tradutor― play in the Portuguese text and the English one. Comparing the choices made in the
English textualization and in the Portuguese retextualization, there is a very important
difference to be pointed out: the retextualization represents the ―tradutor‖ twice as a Carrier,
whereas the English text does not realize it in the same manner. It seems as the author of the
Portuguese retaxtualization is more concerned in identifying the ―tradutor‖ in his explanation.
After a detailed analysis of the English introduction, it becomes rather clear that it
fulfills the profile that the paratext portrayed. The lexical items ―translation‖ and ―translator‖
are involved in active Processes, where they are frequently Actors.
From the Portuguese introduction and its back cover, we can conclude that, due to the
fact that the back cover contains only one occurence of the lexical item ―tradução‖ it becomes
difficult to state if the introduction fulfills what the back cover promised. It is however clear
that in its only occurence is realized by a modifier, not representing a Participant itself.
34
4.4. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses
Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor
4.4.1. Back cover‘s analysis
The Portuguese back cover from the book Becoming a Translator is the only one,
from all the analyzed books, that although having the clauses rearranged, can be seen as a
parallel translation from the English back cover. Therefore, both back covers are addressed as
textualization (English version) and retextualization (Portuguese version). The full back
cover‘s textual information from both books and their respective front covers are to be seen in
the Table in appendix number 28.
Although the words ―translation‖ and ―translator‖ are central in the information on
both back covers, all the clauses containing the lexical items ―translation/translator‖ are
medifiers. Both textualization and retextualization introduce the author and present the
various skills translators will acquire after reading the book. Through the ideational analysis,
as the results below show, the profile of these words can be described in Table 10.
Table 10: Clauses containing the lexical items “translation/tradução” and “translator/tradutor” in the
textualization and retextualization of Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor (appendix 39 and 41)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
ENGLISH Percentage PORTUGUESE Percentage
GOAL 0 0% 1 50%
CARRIER 1 50% 0 0%
BENEFICIARY 1 50% 1 50%
TOTAL 2 100% 2 100%
According to the textualization analysis, the lexical item ―translator‖ is presented in
two clauses. In the first, as part of a Relational Process being the Carrier, and in this case the
―translator‖ has an Attribute, which are the practical skills he needs to accomplish his tasks. In
the second clause he is represented as Goal in a Material Process. It is interesting to notice
that the lexical item ―translation‖ is part of a Material Process being represented as Goal in
the retextualization. As already mentioned, these are the only back covers that can be
35
considered a parallel translation. But I have to point out that the sentences have been
rearranged, therefore some differences are to be signalized. The first clause in which the word
―tradução―appears in the retextualization, is classified as a Material Process. In the
textualization ―translation‖ is Beneficiary, but in the retextualization it is the Participant Goal.
The book in the position of Actor will integrate ―tradução―in order to benefit knowledge. In
the second clause, we have a Relational Process and ―tradutores―are the Beneficiary, who will
make use of the book, which is analyzed as the Token, here the author is identifying the book
as useful. In both clauses the book is a Participant, first as Actor and then as Token. It is
curious that the information on the back cover is usually made to introduce a product which,
in this case, is the book.
4.4.2. Introductions Analysis
Concerning the content of the book, Zuniga (2006), a researcher who previously
worked with the book, explains that:
The book is designed for introductory undergraduate courses in the theory and
practice of translation. It provides information and advice to translators as how to
translate faster and more accurately as well as issues regarding job market work and
ethics. It also brings exercises and discussion topics for the teacher, being most of
them related to Suggestopedia, defined by the author as ―accelerated learning, aiming
at speeding the learning of both practice and theory. (34)
In this sense, the ideational analysis was undertaken viewing the confirmation of such
statement and the relation between the information on the back cover and content of the book.
The table with the types of Processes found in the two books follows.
Table 11: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization ( tradução e tradutor) of
Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor (appendix 40 and 42)
TYPES OF
PROCESSES
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
MATERIAL 12 67% 7 70%
MENTAL 6 33% 2 20%
RELATIONAL 0 0% 1 10%
TOTAL 18 100% 10 100%
36
Regarding the types of Processes, we can assume that in both textualization and
retextualization the Material Process constitutes more than 50% of the cases. This shows that
both words ―translation/tradução― and ―translator/tradutor― play an active role, doing, creating
and influencing things and situations. As the title says, Becoming a Translator translated as
Construindo o Tradutor takes into account a great deal of actions and initiative.
Consequently, the Processes which involve ―translation/tradução‖ and ―translator/tradutor‖
confirm what the title promissed.
In order to check the roles of the Participants the following table displays the
occurences.
Table 12: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução and tradutor) of
Becoming a Translator/ Construindo o Tradutor (appendix 40 and 42)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
ACTOR 7 43% 4 50%
SENSER 2 13% 1 12,5%
CARRIER 0 0% 1 12,5%
GOAL 3 19% 2 25%
BENEFICIARY 3 19% 0 0%
PHENOMENON 1 6% 0 0%
TOTAL 16 100% 8 100%
As expected most of the Participants are Actors, reinforcing the survey of the
Processes. Furthermore, the lexical item ―translator/tradutor‖ occured as a Participant more
often than the lexical item ―translation/tradução‖, which in the textualization did not appear
once. In the retextualization it did occur as Goal and a Circumstance of Location. This fact
corresponds to the expectation that the figure of the ―translator/tradutor‖ is an active
Participant. However, in the comparison between the information at the back covers and the
text from the introductions, we can state that the back covers focus on the book itself, its
importance and its effect upon the reader, while the introductions concentrate on the processes
of becoming a translator, not only the challenges and obstacles a translator scholar will face,
but also the benefits this scholar will gain through this process.
37
4.5. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses: Contemporary Translation Theories/
Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
4.5.1. Back cover‘s analysis
In Contemporary Translation Theories, Edwin Gentzler presents the evolution of
Translation Studies up to the moment when the book was written (2001), and discusses new
approaches related to the act of translating. The Table with the back covers‘ information is in
appendix number 29.
The textual information at the back covers of both books can not be considered a parallel
translation, for they were produced separately and written by different authors.
In the English back cover there are occurrences of the lexical items ―translation‖ and
―translator‖ but as modifiers. They appear in relation to workshop, science, theories, studies,
and field. This means that the approach to ―translation‖ chosen by the author does not
prioritize ―translation‖ itself, but the process it is involved in. As it is the case in the English
text, in the Portuguese text happens the same, there are some occurrences of the words at
issue linked with theories, science and workshop. Although the Portuguese text on the back
cover is not exactly a translation of the English one, it follows the same pattern not referring
to ―tradução‖ alone, but transforming it into a modifier.
4.5.2. Introduction Analysis
The introduction of Contemporary Translation Theories has many occurrences of the
lexical item ―translation‖, in which it is realized as Participant. ―Translator‖ is not often
mentioned, but when it appears it is represented as Actor, doing and influencing the Material
Processes. Due to the fact that there are no occurrences of these words on the back covers, it
remains open if the introduction confirms the information on the back covers. But it is
important to point out that many clauses also contain the lexical item ―translation‖ linked with
other words such as science, theories, field, etc. as it is the case in the back covers.
Following the table of the types of Participants.
38
Table 13: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization ( tradução e tradutor) of
Contemporary Translation Theories/ Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução (appendix 43 and 44)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
TOKEN 4 29% 4 27%
VALUE 0 0% 2 13%
PHENOMENON 3 21% 0 0%
ACTOR 3 21% 4 27%
GOAL 3 21% 3 19%
BENEFICIARY 0 0% 1 7%
SAYER 0 0% 1 7%
TOTAL 14 100% 15 100%
Most of the occurrences relate to Relational Processes and Material Processes, where
the Participants are whether Token, Value, Actor, or Goal. The information on the back
covers of the books contain the words at issue as modifiers and are addressed as science,
theories and field, this result confirms the profile of ―translation/tradução‖ of the back covers.
In the information contained in the back covers the words at issue are being identified in
relation to science, theories and field, and in the afterwords they are also being identified as
Values. The word ―translator/tradutor―is often portrait as Actor and Goal, which means that
they are active in the processes of translation.
4.6. Back Covers’ and Introduction Analyses: After Babel/ Depois de Babel
4.6.1. Back cover‘s analysis
As it was the case in the previous two books, in After Babel and Depois de Babel there
are occurrences of the words at issue but just as modifiers. In this book, George Steiner
presents an investigation of the processes of translation which will be useful not only for
translators, but also for other researchers in the area of linguistics.
The Table showing both front covers and the information on the back covers are to be found
in appendix number 30.
In the English back cover all the occurrences of the lexical item ―translation‖ are liked
with other words, such as studies, processes and aspects. The approach of the book is very
39
historical, and it aims at telling the history of language. This is why the words language and
communication appear more frequently than ―translation‖ or ―translator‖. Following the
patterns of the English text, the Portuguese back cover also has the words ―translation‖ and
―translator‖ as modifiers. Instead, it presents the phenomenon of language and communication
in a detailed way, and leaves the definitions of ―translation―to another moment.
4.6.2. Afterword Analysis
At this point, it is necessary to say that the books After Babel and Depois de Babel do
not have an introduction. Therefore, the afterword was taken as the text for analysis for it
aims at giving a small summary of the book, as it is the aim of an introduction.
Following the table with the occurrances in which the lexical items ―translation―and
―translator― appear as Participants.
Table 14: Textualization (translation and translator) and retextualization (tradução e tradutor) of After
Babel/ Depois de Babel (appendix 45 and 46)
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
CARRIER 4 100% 4 100%
TOTAL 4 100% 4 100%
It is very interesting to highlight the fact that all the occurrences of the lexical item
―translation‖ are represented as Carrier in a Relational Process. This shows the concern of the
author to give ―translation‖ an identity, a clear definition of what he understands behind this
word. Relating this afterword with its respective back cover, we can perceive that one aim of
the author could be to define what ―translation‖ is in the context of communication and
language. As already stated in the English afterword, all the occurrences of the lexical item
―translation‖ are a part of a Relational Process being represented as Carrier. It shows the clear
aim of the author to define what he understands behind ―translation―.
4.7. Discussion of the findings
Considering what Munday (2002) states regarding probability of occurrence of new
construals in patterns of transitivity in translation, and what Baker (1995) says regarding the
40
fact that comparing corpora may lead to the identification of patterns in the source texts, in the
target texts and between them, one of the aims of this monograph was to try to ascertain if
new configurations of the ideational profile of the words ―translation― and ―translator― truly
occurred (where and how) within the corpora of the back covers and introductions of the
analyzed books. This analysis was performed in the interface between Systemic Functional
Linguistics, Translation Studies based on Corpus methodologies, and Translation Studies.
The Table below shows these results:
Table 15: Results of the findings regarding the differences between textualization and retextualization of
all five books.
TYPES OF
PARTICIPANTS
TEXTUALIZATION Percentage RETEXTUALIZATION Percentage
GOAL (translation)
1 6% 0 0%
ACTOR
(translator)
10 59% 8 50%
CARRIER (translator)
1 6% 4 25%
VALUE
(translation)
0 0% 2 13%
SENSER (translator) 2 12% 1 6%
PHENOMENON
(translation)
3 18% 0 0%
BENEFICIARY
(translator)
0 0% 1 6%
TOTAL 17 100% 16 100%
Based on theses results, collected from all the analysis of all back covers and
introductions, we can assume that ―translation‖ is more frequently construed as a Participant
Goal suffering an action in Material Processes and ―translator‖ as Actor in the same kind of
Process in the textualization, which construes a representation associated to Material
Processes of doing, creating, and transforming and an active role of ‗translator‘ in the source
context. ―Tradução‖ is more frequently construed as a Participant also suffering an action, but
not only in Material Processes but mainly in Relational Processes and ―tradutor‖ is more
frequently construed as an active Participant in Material and principally Relational Processes
in the retextualization, showing that the translator‘s identification is as important as his
actions and impact upon his envoiroment in the representation in the target context.
41
The last section of this study presents the final remarks resulting from both the
theoretical basis and analytical results. The limitations of the study and suggestions for further
research are also presented in the same section.
5. CONCLUSIONS
5.1. Final Remarks
This study was located within Williams and Chesterman‘s (2002) second research sub
area: ―comparison of translations and their source texts‖, and in a second moment, an
investigation was undertaken in order to prove if the introductions of the specific books
confirmed what the information on the back covers promised. All these steps were performed
applying Corpus Based Methodologies and the categories for analysis provided by Systemic
Functional Linguistics.
The research problem this study wanted to look at is how some linguistic items in
translation theory in translation could be described, with a view to understanding how
particular lexical entities are represented in translation theories produced in Brazilian
Portuguese (BP).
In this context, the present research aimed at using categories of SFL – particularly those
of the system realizing the ideational function of language – the transitivity system in the
description of re-representations of two specific lexical entities – central to any theorizing in
TS - ―translator―and ―translation―, by looking at the clauses in which they were realized, both
in the ST and in the TT. It is argued here that this description may yield relevant information
concerning the status of the discipline itself, as embodied in the lexical items at issue.
According to Fleuri (2006) Systemic Functional Linguistics and Translation Studies
based on Corpus methodologies are perspectives that complete each other in the description of
42
ST‘s and their translations. Therefore, these perspectives were used in the analysis of the data
collected for the study, described in the section entitled: Procedures.
My monograph consisted of three parts: (i) survey of the books in TS produced in the
period between 1998 and 2008 and translated into Brazilian Portuguese; this survey was done
via internet, where web pages from book shops, and English and Brazilian publishers were
browsed with the intention of finding the intended data; (ii) a comparative analysis of the
lexical items ―translator‖ and ―translation‖ on the back covers of these books were done to see
whether or not a pattern emerged in the representations of the items both in the source and in
the target texts with a view to comparing the ideational profile of both texts; (iii) through the
ideational metafunction, an investigation aiming at confirming if the content promised on the
back covers was fulfilled in their respective introductions.
In the context of the objectives stated above, the following RQs were put forward:
RQ 1 - What are the English titles of academic books in the field of Translation
Studies translated into Brazilian-Portuguese, between 1998 and 2008?
RQ2 - What kind of information do their back covers contain both in English ST and
Portuguese TT?
RQ3 – What ideational profile emerges concerning the words ―translator‖ and
―translation‖ on the back covers introducing the books and in their introductions in English
and in Portuguese?
RQ4 – In terms of content and through an SFL analysis, do the introductions fulfill, or
at least relate to what the back covers promise?
In relation to RQ1, five titles were found namely, Translators through History (
Deslile / Woodsworth, 1995), Os Tradutores na História (trad. Bath, 2003), Scandals of
Translation (Venuti, 1998), Os Escândalos da Tradução (trad. Pelegrin/ Villela/ Esquerda/
Biondo 2002), Becoming a Translator (Robinson, 1998), Construindo o Tradutor (trad.
Simões, 2002), Contemporary Translation Theories (Gentzler, 2001), Teorias
Contemporâneas da Tradução ( trad. Malvezzi, 2009), After Babel (Steiner, 1975, 1° Ed.),
and Depois de Babel (trad. Pereira, 2005).
43
In what concerns RQ2, we can not refer to all the Portuguese back covers as TT from
the English ST, for they were produced independently, and partly by Brazilian publishers. The
only back cover text that could be considered a translation is Construindo o Tradutor,
translated from the one of Becoming a Translator. Starting with Translators through History,
the first half of the back cover‘s text is a narration about the first translators in history, the
word ―translator‖ does not appear and is replaced by the names of the first translators. Only in
the end, ―translator‖ and ―translation‖ appear in the explanation of what the book proposes.
The main focus of this text is the book, being the one that tells the story and involves
―translators‖ and authors in its project. The back cover of Os Tradutores na História is not as
long as the one of Translators through History, it omits the first part of the English back
cover, and goes straight to the purpose of the book, which focuses on the influence of the
―tradutor‖ upon the translation history. In the back cover‘s text of Scandals of Translation, the
author is introduced as a professional translator and from this position he discusses the
implications of translations for translators and authors as well as publishers. The back cover
of Os Escândalos da Tradução starts with questions concerning the act of translating and the
translation itself. Moreover it states that the main voice in this book is the one from the
author. As mentioned above, the back covers from Becoming a Translator and Construindo o
Tradutor can be considered ST and TT. Although some clauses are positioned differently, the
focus is the same. In Becoming a Translator the back cover‘s text introduces the author and
promises information regarding the process of translation based on recent discoveries. From
the text‘s point of view, the book provides valuable advice to novice translators. In
Construindo o Tradutor the ―content‖ is the same. The back cover of Contemporary
Translation Theories introduces the new theories in the field of Translation Studies, it also
contains information about new approaches to translation. The back cover of Teorias
Contemporâneas da Tradução follows the same pattern of the Enlgish text, but includes an
important comment at the end, namely, that along with the information the author makes a
44
critical analysis of these new approaches. In the back cover of After Babel, the historical
importance of the book in the field of Translation Studies is evidenced, and investigations as
well as analyses of the phenomenon of translation are promised. In Depois de Babel the
importance of the book is also showed, and the scholars from different areas, who can profit
from this work, are listed.
Regarding RQ3, the results showed that in Translators through History the word
―translator‖ appears just once in a Material Process where ―translators‖ are represented as
Goal, being involved by the project (the project of the book). In Os Tradutores na História,
the lexical item ―tradutores‖ occurs once in a clause which has six secondary clauses, all of
them contain the lexical item ―tradutores‖ in three kinds of Processes, moreover ―tradutores‖
is always a Participant: as Actor in four Material Processes contributing, forming,
participating, importing and exporting; as Senser in one Mental Process creating alphabets;
and as Token in one Relational Process representing a role. It is important to recall that the
Portuguese back cover text is not a translation of the English. Therefore, we can observe a
difference: the English back cover advertises the book, and the Portuguese focuses on the
influence of the ―tradutor‖ upon the translation history.
Moving on to the introductions, a central issue in the English textualization is the
position and attitude of the „translator―, being the main Participant involved in Material,
Mental, Relational and Verbal Processes. The Portuguese retextualization follows the same
pattern: the ―tradutor‖ is mostly represented as a Participant. The back cover of Scandals of
Translation has three clauses in which the words ―translation‖ and ―translator‖ occur. In two
of them ―translation‖ is represented as Participant in a Mental and Material Processes. The
lexical item ―translator‖ is represented as the Participant Sayer in a Verbal Process. Its
introduction, partly confirms the back cover, in the sense that more than 50% of the Processes
are Material and the words at issue are Participants and seldom Circumstances. In the
Potruguese back cover ―tradução‖ is realized as Circumstance of a Relational Process, it
45
seems that the author wants to identify the ―translation‖ he wants to deal with, and make it
clear to the reader. The introduction of Escândalos da Tradução places the lexical items
―tradução‖ and ―tradutor‖ as Participants and Circumstamces of mainly Material Processes. In
this case, the retextualization of the introduction follows the same patterns as the
textualization. The texts on the back covers of Becoming a Translator and Construindo o
Tradutor are the only ones from the analyzed books that can be considered textualization
(English) and retextualization (Portuguese). This is the reason why the Processes the words at
issue are involved in are similar. In both back covers the book/author presents
―translation/tradução‖ to the reader. However, the ―translator‖ is the Carrier in a Relational
Process having attributes, while the ―tradutor‖ is a Beneficiary in the same kind of Process. In
the back covers of Contemporary Translation Theories and of Teorias Contemporâneas da
Tradução there were no occurrences of the words ―translation‖ and ―translator‖, however they
appeared as a workshop, science, theories, studies, and field. This means that the approach to
―translation‖ chosen by the author did not prioritize ―translation‖ itself, but the process it is
involved in. As it was the case in Contemporary Translation Theories, in the back covers of
After Babel and Depois de Babel all the occurrences of the word ―translation‖ were linked to
other words. The approach of the book is very historical, and it aims at telling the history of
language. This is why the words language and communication appeared more frequently than
―translation‖ or ―translator‖.
As for RQ4, in Translators through History, we can assume that the English
introduction did not fulfilled exactly what the back cover‘s text promised, this text introduces
the book, while the introduction discusses the role of the ―translator‖. However the
introduction of Os Tradutores na História states what its back cover proposed. In Scandals of
Translation the back cover introduces the author of the book and the lexical item ―translation‖
in different Processes. Its introduction develops the roles of the ―translation‖ and ―translator‖
in Material Processes. Therefore we can assume that one reinforces the ―content‖ of the other.
46
In Escândalos da Tradução the texton the back cover is concerned in identifying ―tradução‖,
whereas its introduction focuses on the role this ―tradução‖ and the ―tradutor‖ will play in the
present field of translation. In the comparison of what the back covers of Becoming a
Translator and Construindo o Tradutor portray and what the introductions actually say, we
can state that the texts on the back covers focus on the book itself, its importance and its effect
upon the reader, whereas the introductions concentrate on the processes of becoming a
translator, not only the challenges and obstacles a translator scholar will face, but also the
benefits this scholar will gain through this process. The back covers of Contemporary
Translation Theories and Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução contain the analyzed words
as modifiers such as adjectives for workshop, science, theories, studies, and field. As stated
above, the approach to translation does not prioritize translation itself, but the process it is
involved in. After the SFL analysis, we can state that the introductions confirm what the back
covers proposed, and ―translation‖ partly as a Participant being identified, and partly being
acted upon can be interpreted as a quality, or an adjective. After Babel and Depois de Babel
also have the words at issue as modifiers. These words are related to aspects, processes and
study, this means that the context in which translation is performed is rather the central issue
than ―translation‖ itself. However, after the SFL analysis of the afterword, and observing the
profile of these words on the back covers, we can perceive that one aim of the author in both
of them could be to define what ―translation‖ is in the context of communication and
language.
When reading any information on the back cover of a book, we frequently assume that
the issues discussed in it and its focus will be confirmed throughout the book. Taking the
introductions of the books at issue as a sample of the whole, I could verify that, in the one
hand, some texts on the back covers introduce its author, while their introductions discuss
what this author claims. In the other hand, some back covers present the book as its content
47
teller; they seem to personify the book, whereas their introductions do not even mention the
book itself.
Regarding the English introductions as ST and the Brazilian Portuguese as TT, not
many differences in terms of SFL were testified. However, I could perceive that the TTs were
more concerned in identifying the analyzed lexical items than the STs, which discusses these
lexical items more frequently as active agents in the clause.
5.2. Limitations of the Study
The profile of ―translator‖ in the Brazilian context of Translation Studies, based on
SFL analysis, has been traced in Brazil only by few researchers in the area. With this
monograph I intended to contribute a little with the major research interfacing Translation
Theories and Systemic Functional Linguistics. My study was often faced with some
limitations, some of them were:
Time and space constrains prevented me from analyzing the words ―translation‖ and
―translator‖ when they were part of a nominal group.
The proposed language direction precluded the inclusion of other books handling with
the same subject.
The temporal restriction of 1998 to 2009, excluded the analysis of previous books
written and translated in the same direction and within the same field.
5.3. Suggestions for further research
Systemic Functional Linguistics interfacing with Translation Studies is an explored
research field in various countries. In this sense, this interface is becoming more and more
explored in descriptive studies in the Brazilian context, as stated by Vasconcellos (2009).
Since this is an ongoing research process, some suggestions for further research can be listed
as follows:
To analyze further paratexts as critical reviews and magazine articles about the books
at issue;
To analyze the ideational profile of other words from the books at issue;
To survey translated books in the area of Translation Studies from other languages ;
To deepen the analysis not only focusing on the Ideational Profile, but also the logical
profile of the same words.
48
During the four years of my undergraduate course I have fallen in love with
translation, not only for its usefulness, but I see it as a chain of connection between
peoples and cultures. In this sense, wanting to deepen my knowledge in this area, I
focused my interest in Translation Studies, and from this interest my monograph initiated.
I hope to have achieved clarity in my explanations, and to have fulfilled my aims. May
this study serve as a source for further works, and as an inspiration for future researchers.
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04/07/2009).
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Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Malmkajaer, K. (2005). Linguistics and the language of translation. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University
Press. p. 208.
49
Munday, J. (2002). Systems in Translation. A Systemic Model for Descriptive Translation Studies. In
T. Hermans, Crosscultural Transgressions, Research Models in Translation Studies, II. Historical and
Ideological Issues. Manchester: St. Jerome, pp. 76-92.
Olohan, M. (2004). Introducing Corpora in Translation Studies. London/New York: Routledge.
Pagano, A. S. & Vasconcellos, M.L. (2005). Explorando interfaces: Estudos da Tradução, Lingüística
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Steiner, G. (1998). After Babel. 3° Ed. Oxford: Oxford UK.
Thompson, G. (2004). Introducing Functional Grammar. Secound Edition. New York: Oxford
University Press Inc. pp. 87-90.
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Aplicada. São Paulo: Puc/SP.
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Catarina. pp. 34-35.
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1: Textual information from the back cover of Translators Through History.
50
Translators Through History
In AD 629, a Chinese monk named Xuan Zang set out for India on a quest for sacred texts. He
returned with a caravan of twenty-two horses bearing Buddhist treasures and spent the last
twenty years of his life in the ―Great Wild Goose Pagoda‖, in present-day Xi‘an, translating
the Sanskrit manuscripts into Chinese with a team of collaborators.
In the twelfth century, scholars came to Spain from all over Europe seeking knowledge that
had been transmitted from the Arab world. Their names tell the story: Adelard of Bath,
Hermann of Dalmatia, Plato of Tivoli. Among them was Robert of Chester (or Robert of
Kent), who was part of an elaborate team that translated documents on Islam and the Koran
itself.
Doña Marina, also called la Malinche, was a crucial link between Cortés and native peoples
he set out to convert and conquer in sixteenth-century Mexico. One of the conquistador‘s
―tongues‖ or interpreters, she was also the mother of his son. She has been an ambivalent
figure in the history of the new world, her own history having been rewritten in different ways
over the centuries.
James Evans, an Englishman sent to evangelize and educate the natives of western Canada
during the nineteenth century, invented a writing system in order to translate and transcribe
religious texts. Known as ―the man who made birchbark talk‖, he even succeeded in printing a
number of pamphlets, using crude type fashioned out of lead from the lining of tea chests and
ink made from a mixture of soot and sturgeon oil. A jackpress used by traders to pack furs
served as a press.
These are just some of the stories told in Translators through History, published under the
auspices of the International Federation of Translators (FIT). Over seventy people have been
involved in this project — as principal authors, contributors or translators and proofreaders.
The participants come from some twenty countries, reflecting the make-up and interests of
FIT.
Appendix 2: Textual information from the back cover of Os tradutores na história.
Os tradutores na história Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores inventaram alfabetos, contribuíram para a criação de
línguas e deram forma às literaturas nacionais. Participaram também da difusão do
conhecimento e da propagação das religiões, importaram e exportaram valores culturais.
Além disso, representaram um papel determinante na evolução das sociedades e na vida
intelectual.
Appendix 3: Textual information from the back cover of Scandals of translation.
Scandals of translation Lawrence Venuti exposes the 'scandals of translation' by looking at the relationship between
translation and the practices which at once need and marginalize it. Lawrence Venuti, a
professional translator, argues that prevalent concepts of authorship degrade translation in
literary scholarship and underwrite its unfavorable definition in copyright law. Exposing
myriad abuses, Venuti provides stinging critiques of institutions such as the Modern
Language Association for its neglect of translation, as well as publishers for their questionable
treatment of translators.
Appendix 4: Textual information from the back cover of Escandalos da tradução.
51
Escandalos da tradução Como um texto que vai ser publicado num jornal, numa revista, num livro, deve ser
traduzido? Quais são os elementos culturais ocultos em qualquer tradução? Estas são algumas
questões discutidas neste livro por Lawrence Venuti - autor famoso por suas posições
polêmicas em relação ao processo da tradução.
Appendix 5: Textual information from the back cover of Becoming a translator.
Becoming a translator
Douglas Robinson presents an innovative approach to translation by integrating translation
theory and the practical skills required by the working translator. The book provides the type
of information and advice that novice translators really need; how to translate faster and more
accurately; how to deal with arising problems and stress; how the market works; includes a
wide variety of lively activities and exercises to facilitate the learning of both theory and
practice; includes a detailed Teachers Guide; and contains suggestions for discussion and
activities and hints for the teaching of translation.
Appendix 6: Textual information from the back cover of Construindo o tradutor.
Construindo o tradutor
Como traduzir com mais rapidez e maior precisão? Como lidar com os problemas que
geralmente surgem nesse processo? Como funciona o mercado de traduções? Estas são
algumas perguntas que Douglas Robinson discute e responde neste livro, que integra a
tradução aos conhecimentos práticos necessários a seu ofício, escudado nas mais recentes
descobertas da Pedagogia, dos estudos da memória e das neurociências. Criado inicialmente
para cursos de graduação em teoria e prática de tradução, este livro é útil também para
tradutores profissionais e estudiosos de tradução e línguas.
Appendix 7: Textual information from the back cover of Contemporary Translation
Studies.
Contemporary Translation Studies
From 1970 through to the beginning of the new millennium, the field of translation has
exploded with multiple new theories. "Contemporary Translation Theories" examines five
new approaches - the translation workshop, the science of translation, translation studies,
polysystem theory, and deconstruction - all of which began in the mid-1960s and continue to
be influential.
Appendix 8: Textual information from the back cover of Teorias Contemporâneas da
Tradução.
Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
'Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução' delineia o crescimento da teoria da tradução a partir de
suas raízes tradicionais por meio da proliferação de teorias incentivadas por pesquisas em
investigações feministas, pós-estruturais e pós-coloniais. Edwin Gentzler examina cinco
abordagens - oficina de tradução, ciência da tradução, estudos da tradução, teoria dos
polissistemas e desconstrução -, as quais começaram em meados dos anos de 1960 e
continuam a ser influentes. Nesse panorama crítico, ele explora os pontos fortes e fracos de
cada método, detectando as conexões entre as diferentes escolas de pensamento.
52
Appendix 9: Textual information from the back cover of After Babel.
After Babel
Students of language, linguistics, literary theory, translation studies, comparative literature.
On its first publication in 1975, 'After Babel' quickly established itself as both controversial
and seminal. George Steiner was the first since the eighteenth century to present a systematic
investigation of the phenomenology and processes of translation both inside and between
languages. Taking issue with the principal emphasis of modern linguistics, he finds the root of
the 'Babel problem' in our deep instinct for privacy and a unique body of shared secrecy. With
this provocative thesis he analyses every aspect of translation, from fundamental conditions of
interpretation to the most intricate of linguistic constructions.
Appendix 10: Textual information from the back cover of Depois de Babel.
Depois de Babel
Pioneiro quando publicado pela primeira vez em 1975, Depois de Babel, permanece, trinta
anos depois, insuperável, constituindo-se talvez na mais importante obra de George Steiner - o
que, em se tratando de um intelectual como ele, não é dizer pouco. Manejando como em
nenhuma outra obra a erudição que marca sua produção, Steiner discute, a partir dos
problemas levantados pelo fenômeno da tradução, a linguagem humana e o fenômeno
literário. Livro que tem contribuição direta a dar não apenas aos estudiosos da tradução, mas
também aos que se interessam por literatura, linguística e filosofia, é uma das grandes obras
de nosso tempo.
53
Appendix 11: Introduction of Translators through History
This book comes at the end of a long gestation period; it is the culmination of an idea that took root in the early 1960s when the International
Federation of Translators (FIT) was only ten years old. At the Fourth World Congress of FIT held in Dubrovnik in 1963, it was unanimously agreed
that a comprehensive history of translation should be written.
One of the principal initiators of this project, Dr Gyõrgy Radó (1912-94) (Hungary), called upon historians of translation to carry out
preliminary studies and write monographs on this subject, which had previously received little attention. "We have to show the way and lay the
foundations; in other words, we must create a framework and a method that will enable us to carry out the research and ultimately write the
proposed history of translation" (Radó 1964: 15).
At the FIT Congress held three years later in Lahti, Finland, Dr Radó raised the matter once more and outlined to the delegates his concept
of how a comprehensive history of translation should be written. The reaction was enthusiastic, and the FIT Council decided to establish a
Committee for the History of Translation. The scope of the project was enormous: the proposed study was to cover no less than twenty-five
centuries, encompass every continent and deal with hundreds of languages. Studying the history of translation in this way would be tantamount to
rewriting the history of the world, the history of civilization - but from the perspective of translation (Van Hoof 1991: 7).
Given the amount of work involved, the state of research in history of translation and the limited financial and human resources of FIT, some people
were sceptical about whether so ambitious a project would ever be completed. In an articIe that appeared in Babei, Radó nevertheless presented a
detailed outline of the book as he saw it (Radó 1967: 4-8). Years went by.
Despite a steady increase in the number of publications on the subject, the vast compendium of translation history envisioned by the
translators of thirty years ago had not yet been written. Would it be possible to produce this "worldwide encyclopedia of translation", full of dates
and facts, containing all the milestones along the "glorious road which the art of translation has travelled" (Radó 1964: 15)? Even the most
enthusiastic and daring of historians would feel daunted by such an undertaking, and justifiably so. A new Committee for the History of Translation
was struck at the Twelfth World Congress of FIT in Belgrade in 1990.
Moved by the same spirit as those who initiated the original history project, the Committee developed plans for a publication that would be
more limited in scope. The goal remained the same: to enhance the translation profession throughout the world by revealing the immeasurable
contribution of translators to the intelIectual and cultural history of humanity.
To borrow the words of PierreFrançois Caillé, founding president of FIT, translators are those "Ionely soldiers" who plunge into the fray of
ideas and cultures to bear messages from one to the other, often becoming agents of profound ideological and social change (1955: 3). It was felt
that their work, their dignity, their place in the "Republic of Letters" had yet to be highlighted (Larbaud 1946: 9). Interest in the history of
translation has grown in recent years.
Since the 1980s, in particular, translation scholars have been aware of the importance of historical research and have begun to define
appropriate methods and theoretical models for the new subdiscipline. In their conference papers, scholarly articIes and books, they have addressed
54
the subject of the history of translation from a variety of perspectives, each drawing the boundaries of history in a different way and looking at the
past through different lenses. The Committee for the History of Translation set out to make a contribution to this area.
One of its first tasks was to compile as complete a list as possible of historians of translation around the world and to gather information
about their research. This groundwork led to the publication of the lnternational Directory of Historians of Translation in 1991. The Directory, of
which a second edition appeared in 1993, and a third will be issued in 1996, now lists over 140 scholars, with their addresses and areas of expertise.
This valuable tool enabled us to set up research teams, create an international network of historians and get the preparation of Translators through
History under way.
While broad-ranging and ambitious, Translators through History does not cIaim to be an exhaustive study of the history of translation.
Instead, it is a selective and thematic overview of the principal roles played by translators through the ages. Nine broad themes were chosen to
reflect the various areas in which the work of translators has been most apparent. Translators have been viewed not so much from a psychological
point of view, but rather in terms of their position in a cultural and temporal space. The result is rather like a canvas drawn with a broad brush, and
readers will undoubtedly discover significant omissions in the pages that folIow. We are well aware of the lacunae, which inevitably derive from the
approach we decided to adopt. Each of the nine themes was assigned to an international team of historians, headed by a principal author. The
participating scholars had complete freedom to ilIustrate their remarks by means of examples drawn from any period of time and any cultural or
linguistic community. Through teamwork, we have drawn on the expertise of scholars living in various parts of the world and have sought to move
beyond a Eurocentric view of translation, thereby respecting the vocation of FIT. It is undeniable that the West in general, and Europe in particular,
have been given preferential treatment, as it were, owing to the sheer number of historians in that part of the world, and to the important strides they
have made in historical research in the past twenty years.
And yet we have been fortunate enough to incIude history specialists from the major regions of the world: from Europe, the Americas, the
Middle East and - to a lesser extent - from Africa and Asia. Underlying our task as editors were two concerns: one was for our readership, which
was intended to be an international one, and the other Was for stylistic and methodological consistency.
Without compromising our standards of scholarship, we have sought to make the book readable and accessible to as wide an audience as
possible.
For this reason, we have been careful to avoid using some of the highly specialized terminology particular to the field of translation studies
or related disciplines.
In addition, explanations have been added, either in the text or in endnotes, to cIarify allusions to specific historical events or cultural
features that might not be familiar to every reader. Translators through History can be regarded as a guide to the field of translation history.
The "Further Readings" section at the end of each chapter is intended to help readers find more information on that particular topic. All the
further readings, as welI as works mentioned in parenthetical references in the body of the text, are listed in full in the bibliography at the end of the
book.
An index of proper names is also provided to make the book easier to use.
55
IlIustrations have been inserted between the chapters. They are another means of portraying the role and status of translators through history.
These iIIustrations, in our opinion, are not simply decorative. The iconography of a field is an essential element in any meaningful history of it. A
description of all illustrations is incIuded in Appendix I.
We should like to express our deepest gratitude to the translators and revisers - around twenty-five in all - who have made it possible to
publish the English and French editions of this book simultaneously. Their names are listed in Appendix 11.
It is our sincere hope that you, the reader, will take pleasure in reading this coIlective work, and that the wide range of material presented
will arouse your curiosity about the history of translation.
Jean Delisle
Judith Woodsworth
56
Appendix 12: Introduction of Os Tradutores na História
Este livro tem atrás de si um longo período de gestação. É o florescimento de uma idéia que criou raízes no princípio da década de 1960, quando a
Federação Internacional de Tradutores (FIT) tinha ,só 10 anos. No seu quarto congresso mundial (Dubrovnik, 1963), chegou-se ao acordo unânime
de que deveria ser preparada uma história compreensiva da tradução.
Um dos principais iniciadores do projeto, o dr Gyorgy Radó, da Hungria (1912-94), convocou os historiadores da tradução a desenvolver
estudos preliminares e escrever monografias sobre o tema, que até aquele momento recebera pouca atenção: "Precisamos mostrar o caminho e
firmar os alicerces; em outras palavras, precisamos criar uma estrutura e uma metodologia que nos permitam pesquisar e por fim escrever a proposta
história da tradução" (Radó, 1964, p, 15).
No congresso da FIT reunido três anos mais tarde em Lahti, na Finlândia, o dr. Radó focalizou outra vez esse tema, resumindo para os
delegados sua idéia de como poderia ser preparada uma história compreensiva da tradução. A reação foi entusiástica, e o Conselho da FIT decidiu
criar uma Comissão para a História da Tradução. O escopo do projeto era grandioso: o estudo proposto deveria cobrir não menos de 25 séculos,
abrangendo todos os continentes e centenas de línguas. Estudar a história da tradução corresponderia a reescrever a história do mundo, a história da
civilização, vista da perspectiva da tradução (Van Hoof, 1991, p 7). Dada a extensão do trabalho envolvido, a situação da pesquisa na história da
tradução e a limitação dos recursos financeiros e humanos da FIT, alguns reagiram com ceticismo à idéia de que um projeto de tal ambição pudesse
chegar a ser concluído. No entanto, em artigo publicado em Babe! (Radó, 1967, p 4-8), Radó apresentou um projeto minucioso de estrutura da obra,
conforme ele a concebia. Passaram-se os anos.
A despeito do aumento regular do número de publicações sobre o tema, o amplo compêndio sobre a história da tradução, imaginado pelos
tradutores há trinta anos, ainda não tinha sido escrito. Seria possível produzir essa "enciclopédia mundial e exaustiva da tradução", contendo todas
as datas e fatos da "gloriosa estrada percorrida pela arte da tradução" (Radó, 1964, p 15). Até mesmo o historiador mais ousado e entusiasta se
assustaria diante desse empreendimento - com boas razões. Uma nova Comissão para a História da Tradução foi criada no 12Q Congresso Mundial
da FIT, em Belgrado, em 1990.
Movida pelo mesmo espírito dos que deram o impulso inicial ao projeto original, a comissão preparou planos para uma obra que teria escopo
mais limitado. O objetivo era o mesmo: valorizar a profissão de tradutor em todo o mundo, revelando a enorme contribuição dos tradutores para a
história intelectual e cultural da humanidade.
Para repetir as palavras de Pierre-François Caillé, presidente fundador da FIT, os tradutores são esses "soldados solitários" que mergulham
na confusão das idéias e das culturas para transmitir mensagens de um lado para outro, tornando-se, muitas vezes, os agentes de profundas
mudanças sociais e ideológicas (1955, p 3). Sentia-se que o seu trabalho, a sua dignidade e o seu lugar na "república das letras" ainda precisavam ser
devidamente reconhecidos (Larbaud, 1946, p 9). Nos últimos anos cresceu o interesse pela história da tradução.
Especialmente a partir da década de 1980, os estudiosos da tradução perceberam a importância da pesquisa histórica e começaram a definir
os métodos apropriados e os modelos teóricos da sua nova subdisciplina. Nos trabalhos apresentados em conferências, em seus livros e artigos,
57
esses especialistas têm abordado o tema de uma variedade de perspectivas, desenhando as fronteiras da história de uma forma diferente e vendo o
passado de diversos pontos de vista. A Comissão para a História da Tradução se empenhou em dar uma contribuição nessa área.
Uma das suas primeiras tarefas consistiu em compilar uma lista tão completa quanto possível dos historiadores da tradução de todo o mundo,
e em procurar informar-se sobre as suas pesquisas. Esse esforço levou à publicação, em 1991, do lnternational Directory of Historians
ofTranslarion. O Directory, cuja segunda edição apareceu em 1993 e uma terceira estava programada para 1996, relaciona 140 especialistas, com o
respectivo endereço e áreas de interesse. É um instrumento valioso que nos permitiu compor grupos de pesquisa, criar uma rede internacional de
historiadores e iniciar o preparo da presente obra.
Embora tenha objetivos amplos e ambiciosos, esta obra não pretende ser um estudo exaustivo da história da tradução, mas simplesmente um
exame seletivo e temático dos principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo. Nove temas foram selecionados para refletir as
diferentes áreas nas quais o trabalho dos tradutores foi mais visível. Os tradutores foram considerados não tanto sob uma perspectiva sociológica
como em termos da sua posição no espaço cultural e temporal. O resultado é um painel pintado a traços largos, e os leitores identificarão sem dúvida
omissões importantes nas páginas que seguem. Estamos bem conscientes dessas lacunas, inevitáveis devido ao tipo de abordagem adotada. Cada um
dos nove temas foi entregue a um grupo internacional de historiadores, liderado por um autor principal. Esses historiadores tiveram completa
liberdade para ilustrar suas observações com exemplos extraídos de qualquer época e de qualquer comunidade lingüística e cultural. Mediante esse
trabalho coletivo, utilizamos a experiência de pesquisadores de várias partes do mundo, procurando afastar-nos de uma visão eurocêntrica do nosso
tema, seguindo assim a vocação da FIT. É inegável que o Ocidente, em geral, e a Europa, em particular, de certo modo receberam tratamento
preferencial, devido ao grande número de historiadores daquela parte do mundo, e aos importantes esforços que eles fizeram no campo da pesquisa
histórica, nos últimos vinte anos.
No entanto, tivemos a sorte de incluir historiadores das principais regiões do globo: da Europa, das Américas, do Oriente Médio e, em menor
número, da África e da Ásia. Subjacente à nossa tarefa como organizadores do livro havia uma dupla preocupação: a primeira, com respeito aos
nossos leitores, que pretendíamos constituíssem um público internacional; a outra, com a preservação da consistência estilística e metodológica.
Sem prejudicar nossos padrões de pesquisa, procuramos tornar o livro de fácil leitura e acessível a um público maior de leitores. Por isso,
evitamos cuidadosamente o uso da terminologia altamente especializada do campo dos estudos de tradução e disciplinas correlatas.
Além disso, ao longo do texto ou ao final de cada capítulo, acrescentamos explicações para esclarecer as alusões a eventos históricos
específicos ou a traços cultUrais que pudessem ser desconhecidos de muitos leitores. Os tradutores na história pode ser considerado um guia do
campo da história da tradução.
A seção intitulada "Leitura suplementar", ao fim de cada capítulo, se destina a ajudar os leitores a informar-se mais amplamente sobre o
assunto. Todas essas fontes, assim como os trabalhos mencionados entre parênteses ao longo do texto, aparecem relacionados na bibliografia, nas
páginas finais.
Um índice onomástico facilitará o manuseio do livro.
58
Entre os capítUlos, o leitor encontrará algumas ilustrações - outro meio de retratar o papel e o status dos tradutores ao longo da história.
Essas ilustrações não são meramente decorativas. A iconografia é um elemento essencial para histOriar de forma significativa qualquer campo. O
Apêndice I descreve todas essas ilustrações.
Gostaríamos de exprimir nossa gratidão aos tradutores e revisores cerca de 25 pessoas - que tornaram possível a publicação simultânea das
edições inglesa e francesa deste livro. Seus nomes estão registrados no Apêndice II.
Esperamos sinceramente que o leitor tenha prazer na leitura desta obra coletiva, e que a amplitude do material apresentado estimule sua
curiosidade sobre a história da tradução.
Jean Delisle Judith Woodsworth
70
Appendix 15: Introduction of Becoming a Translator
The present-day rapid development of science and technology, as well as the continuous growth of cultural, economic, and political relations
between nations, have confronted humanity with exceptional difficulties in the assimilation of useful and necessary information. No way has yet
been found to solve the problems in overcoming language barriers and of accelerated assimilation of scientific and technological achievements by
either the traditional or modern methods of teaching. A new approach to the process of teaching and learning is, therefore, required if the world is to
meet the needs of today and tomorrow.
The study of translation and the training of professional translators is without question an integral part of the explosion of both intercultural
relations and the transmission of scientific and technological knowledge; the need for a new approach to the process of teaching and learning is
certainly felt in translator and interpreter training programs around the world as well. How best to bring student translators up to speed, in the literal
sense of helping them to learn and to translate rapidly and effectively? How best to get them both to retain the linguistic and cultural knowledge and
to master the learning and translation skills they will need to be effective professionals?
At present the prevailing pedagogical assumptions in translator training programs are (a) that there is no substitute for practical experience -to learn
how to translate one must translate, translate, translate—and (b) that there is no way to accelerate that process without damaging students' ability to
detect errors in their own work. Faster is generally better in the professional world, where faster translators—provided that they continue to translate
accurately—earn more money; but it is generally not considered better in the pedagogical world, where faster learners are thought to be necessarily
careless, sloppy, or superficial.
This book is grounded in a simultaneous acceptance of assumption (a) and rejection of assumption (b). There is no substitute for practical
experience, and translator training programs should continue to provide their students with as much of it as they can. But there are ways of
accelerating that process that do not simply foster bad work habits.
The methodological shift involved is from a pedagogy that places primary emphasis on conscious analysis to a pedagogy that balances conscious
analysis with subliminal discovery and assimilation. The more consciously, analytically, rationally, logically, systematically a subject is presented to
students, and the more consciously and analytically they are expected to process the materials presented, the more slowly those materials are
internalized.
And this is often a good thing. Professional translators need to be able to slow down to examine a problematic word or phrase or syntactic
structure or cultural assumption painstakingly, with full analytical awareness of the problem and its possible solutions. Slow analysis is also a
powerful source of new knowledge. Without the kinds of problems that slow the translation process down to a snail's pace, the translator would
quickly fall into a rut.
The premise of this book is, however, that in the professional world slow, painstaking, analytical learning is the exception rather than the
rule—and should be in the academic world of translator training as well. All humans learn better, faster, more effectively, more naturally, and more
enjoyably through rapid and holistic subliminal channels. Conscious, analytical learning is a useful check on more efficient learning channels; it is
not, or at least it should not be, the only or even main channel through which material is presented.
71
This book, therefore, is set up to shuttle between the two extremes of subliminal or unconscious learning, the "natural" way people learn
outside of class, and conscious, analytical learning, the "artificial" way people are traditionally taught in class. As teaching methods move away
from traditional analytical modes, learning speeds up and becomes more enjoyable and more effective; as it approaches the subliminal extreme,
students learn enormous quantities of material at up to ten times the speed of traditional methods while hardly even noticing that they're learning
anything. Because learning is unconscious, it seems they haven't learned anything; to their surprise, however, they can perform complicated tasks
much more rapidly and confidently and accurately than they ever believed possible.
Effective as these subliminal methods are, however, they are also somewhat mindless, in the sense of involving very little critical reflection,
metathinking, testing of material against experience or reason. Translators need to be able to process linguistic materials quickly and efficiently; but
they also need to be able to recognize problem areas and to slow down to solve them in complex analytical ways. The main reason for integrating
conscious with subliminal teaching methods is that learners need to be able to test and challenge the materials and patterns that they sublimate so
quickly and effectively. Translators need to be able to shuttle back and forth between rapid subliminal translating and slow, painstaking critical
analysis—which means not only that they should be trained to do both, but that their training should embody the shuttle movement between the two,
subliminal-becoming-analytical, analytical-becoming-subliminal. Translators need to be able not only to perform both subliminal speed-translating
and conscious analytical problem-solving, but also to shift from one to the other when the situation requires it (and also to recognize when the
situation does require it).
Hence the rather strange look of some of the chapters, and especially the exercises at the end of the chapters. Teachers and students
accustomed to traditional analytical pedagogies will probably shy away at first from critical perspectives and hands-on exercises designed to
develop subliminal skills. And this critical caution is a good thing: it is part of the shuttle movement from subliminal to conscious processing. The
topics for discussion that precede the exercises at the end of every chapter are in fact designed to foster just this sort of critical skepticism about the
claims made in the chapter. Students should be given a chance both to experience the power of subliminal learning and translating and to question
the nature and impact of what they are experiencing. Subliminal functioning without critical self-awareness quickly becomes mind-numbing
mechanical routine; analytical critiques without rich playful experience quickly become inert scholasticism.
The primary course for which this textbook is intended is the introduction to the theory and practice of translation. Such introductory courses
are designed to give undergraduate (and, in some cases, graduate) students an overall view of what translators do and how translation is studied. To
these ends the book is full of practical details regarding the professional activities of translators, and in chapters 6-10 it offers ways of integrating a
whole series of theoretical perspectives on translation, from psychological theories in chapter 6 through terminological theories in chapter 7,
linguistic theories in chapter 8, and social theories in chapter 9 to cultural theories in chapter 10.
In addition, however, the exercises are designed not only to teach about translation but to help students translate better as well; and the book
might also be used as supplementary material in practical translation seminars. Since the book is not written for a specific language combination, the
teacher will have to do some work to adapt the exercises to the specific language combination in which the students are working; while suggestions
are given on how this might be done, it would be impossible to anticipate the specific needs of individual students in countries around the world. If
72
this requires more active and creative input from teachers, it also allows teachers more latitude to adapt the book's exercises to their students' needs.
A teacher's guide at the end of the book provides some additional suggestions for adapting these exercises to individual classrooms.
Since most translators traditionally (myself included) were not trained for the job, and many still undergo no formal training even today, I
have also set up the book for self-study. Readers not currently enrolled in, or employed to teach in, translator training programs can benefit from the
book by reading the chapters and doing the exercises that do not require group work. Many of the exercises designed for group work can easily be
adapted for individuals. The main thing is doing the exercises and not just thinking about them. Thought experiments work only when they are truly
experiments and not just reflection upon what this or that experiment might be like.
73
Appendix 16: Introduction of Construindo o Tradutor
O desenvolvimento rápido da ciência e da tecnologia na atualidade, bem como o aumento das relações culturais, econômicas e políticas entre
as nações, fazem com que a humanidade enfrente dificuldades excepcionais na assimilação de informações úteis e necessárias.Ainda não se
descobriu um meio de resolver o problema das barreiras lingüísticas e da assimilação acelerada de realizações científicas e tecnológicas pelos
modelos didáticos, tanto tradicionais quanto modernos. Para que o mundo atenda às necessidades atuais e do futuro, portanto, é preciso criar um
novo método de ensino e aprendizagem.
Os estudos de tradução e a formação de tradutores profissionais são, sem dúvida, parte integrante da explosão das relações interculturais e da
transmissão de conhecimentos científicos e tecnológicos; a necessidade de um novo método para os processos de ensino e aprendizagem também se
faz sentir nos programas de formação de tradutores e intérpretes do mundo inteiro. Qual seria a melhor maneira de acelerar, no sentido literal, o
aprendizado dos alunos de tradução para que aprendam e traduzam com rapidez e eficácia? Qual seria a melhor maneira de fazer com que
apreendam língua e cultura e dominem os conhecimentos de aprendizado e de tradução de que precisarão para se tornarem profissionais eficientes?
Atualmente, os pressupostos pedagógicos predominantes dos programas de formação de tradutores são (1) que não há substituto para a
prática para aprender a traduzir é preciso traduzir, traduzir, traduzir e (2) que não há como acelerar esse processo sem prejudicar a capacidade do
aluno de detectar erros em seu próprio trabalho. A velocidade é melhor, em geral, no mundo profissional, onde os tradutores mais velozes contanto
que continuem a traduzir com precisão ganham mais dinheiro; mas normalmente não se considera a rapidez melhor no mundo pedagógico, onde se
acredita que quem aprende mais depressa é obrigatoriamente desatento, relaxado ou superficial.
Este livro baseia-se na aceitação simultânea do pressuposto (1) e na rejeição do pressuposto (2). Não há substituto para a prática, e os programas de
formação de tradutores devem continuar a oferecer aos alunos o máximo possível em experiência. Mas há meios de acelerar esse processo que não
sejam o simples estímulo de maus hábitos de trabalho.
A mudança metodológica parte de uma pedagogia cuja ênfase principal está na análise consciente rumo a uma pedagogia que equilibre a
análise consciente com a descoberta e a assimilação subliminares. Quanto mais consciente, analítica, racional, lógica e sistemática for a
apresentação do assunto aos alunos, e quanto mais consciente e analiticamente se esperar que processem o material apresentado, mais lenta é a
assimilação desse material.
E isso é sempre bom‘. Os tradutores profissionais precisam ser capazes de reduzir a marcha para examinar minuciosamente uma palavra,
frase, ou estrutura sintática problemática ou um pressuposto cultural, com plena consciência analítica do problema e de suas possíveis soluções. A
análise lenta também é uma potente fonte de novos conhecimentos. Sem os problemas que levam a passo de lesma o processo tradutório, o tradutor
rapidamente cairia na rotina.
A premissa deste livro, porém, é que no mundo profissional o aprendizado lento, minucioso e analítico é a exceção, e não a regra – e devia
estar no mundo acadêmico da formação do tradutor também. ‗todos os seres humanos aprendem melhor, mais depressa, com maior eficiência, mais
naturalidade e mais prazer por meio de canais subliminares rápidos e holísticos. O aprendizado consciente e analítico é um controle útil dos canais
mais eficientes de aprendizado; não é, ou pelo menos não devia ser, o único canal ou, pelo menos o principal, pelo qual se apresentam as matérias.
74
Este livro, portanto, foi configurado como ponte entre os dois extremos do aprendizado subliminar ou inconsciente, o modo ―natural‖ como
as pessoas aprendem fora da sala de aula, e o aprendizado analítico e consciente, o modo ―artificial‖ que normalmente se emprega em sala de aula.
Quando os métodos didáticos se afastam das modalidades analíticas tradicionais, cresce a velocidade do aprendizado, que se torna mais agradável e
mais eficiente; quando se aproxima do extremo subliminar, os alunos apreendem quantidades imensas de dados até dez vezes mais depressa do que
nos métodos tradicionais, praticamente sem reparar que estão aprendendo. Já que o aprendizado é inconsciente, parece que não aprenderam nada;
surpreendem-se, porém, realizando tarefas complicadas com muito mais rapidez, confiança e precisão do que acreditavam ser possível.
Por mais eficientes que esses métodos subliminares sejam, no entanto, também são um tanto irracionais, no sentido em que envolvem muito
pouca reflexão crítica, meta-raciocínio, comparação do material com a experiência ou a razão. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a processar
materiais lingüísticos com rapidez e eficiência; mas também precisam estar aptos a reconhecer áreas problemáticas e a reduzir a velocidade para
resolvê-los de maneira complexa e analítica. O principal motivo da integração dos métodos conscientes com os subliminares é que os educandos
precisam estar capacitados a testar e refutar o material e os modelos que assimilarem por sublimação com a mesma rapidez e eficiência. Os
tradutores precisam da capacidade de transitar entre a tradução subliminar rápida e a análise crítica lenta e minuciosa o que significa que, além de se
prepararem para fazer as duas coisas, sua formação deve incluir o movimento de ligação entre as duas, de subliminar para analítica, de analítica para
subliminar. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a realizar a tradução veloz subliminar e a resolução de problemas consciente e analítica, mas também
precisam da capacidade de passar de um método para outro quando a situação o exigir (e também reconhecer quando a situação o exige).
É conseqüência disso a esquisitice de alguns capítulos e, principalmente, dos exercícios ao final dos capítulos. Professores e alunos
acostumados com as pedagogias analíticas tradicionais talvez se sintam intimidados a princípio com as perspectivas críticas e os exercícios práticos
criados, para desenvolver a capacidade subliminar. E essa cautela crítica é boa: faz parte do movimento de ida e volta entre processamento
subliminar e consciente. Os tópicos para discussão que precedem os exercícios ao fim de cada capítulo foram, de fato, elaborados para incentivar
exatamente esse tipo de ceticismo crítico com relação às afirmações feitas no capítulo. Deve-se dar aos alunos a oportunidade de experimentar o
poder do aprendizado subliminar, de traduzir e de questionar a natureza e o impacto do que estiverem experimentando. O funcionamento subliminar
sem conscientização crítica rapidamente se transforma numa rotina mecânica entorpecente; as críticas analíticas sem experiências ricas e divertidas
logo se transformam em eruditismo inerte.
O principal curso ao qual este livro se destina é o de introdução à teoria e à prática da tradução. Tais cursos introdutórios destinam-se a
oferecer ao aluno de graduação (e, em alguns casos, pós-graduação) um panorama geral daquilo que os tradutores fazem e de como se estuda
tradução. Para isso, o livro está repleto de detalhes relativos às atividades profissionais de tradutores e, nos Capítulos de 6 a 10, oferece meios de
integrar uma série de perspectivas teóricas da tradução, das teorias psicológicas do Capítulo 6 às teorias terminológicas do Capítulo 7, das teorias
lingüísticas do Capítulo 8 e das teorias sociais do Capítulo 9 às teorias culturais do Capítulo 10.
Além disso, porém, os exercícios não foram elaborados somente para ensinar a respeito da tradução, mas também para ajudar os alunos a
traduzir melhore também se pode utilizar o livro como material complementar em seminários de prática de tradução. Já que o livro não foi escrito
para uma combinação específica de línguas, o professor deverá tratar de adaptar os exercícios à combinação de línguas na qual os alunos estiverem
trabalhando; embora haja sugestões com relação a como fazê-lo, seria impossível prever as necessidades específicas dos alunos de todos os países
75
do mundo. Embora exija mais contribuições ativas e criativas dos professores, também lhes oferece maior flexibilidade para adaptar os exercícios
do livro às necessidades dos alunos. No fim do livro ha um manual do professor que oferece mais algumas sugestões para a adaptação desses
exercícios às salas de aula.
Já que a maioria dos tradutores não teve formação específica para o ofício (eu, inclusive), e muitos ainda hoje não passam por preparação
formal, também elaborei o livro para autodidatas. Os leitores que não estejam matriculados, ou contratados para lecionar, em cursos de formação de
tradutores podem tirar proveito do livro lendo os capítulos e fazendo os exercícios que não requeiram trabalho em equipe. Muitos dos exercícios
criados para equipe podem ser facilmente adaptados para trabalho individual. O mais importante é fazer os exercícios, em vez de apenas pensar
neles. As experiências racionais só funcionam quando são verdadeiras experiências, e não apenas reflexões sobre o que esse ou aquele experimento
poderia ser.
Appendix 21: Table of contextual information about Translators through History and
Tradutores na História
Contextual information of
the source text
Contextual information of
the target text
Genre Book Book
Language English Portuguese
Author / Translator Jean Delisle, Judith
Woodsworth
Sérgio Bath
Title Translators through History Os Tradutores na História
Number of pages 346 359
Publishing year 1995 2003
Publisher John Benjamins Atica
Place of publishing Montreal São Paulo
Appendix 22: Table of contextual information about Scandals of Translation and
Escândalos da Tradução
Contextual information of
the source text
Contextual information of
the target text
Genre Book Book
Language English Portuguese
Author / Translator Lawrence Venuti Laureano Pelegrim. Lucinéia
M. Vilela, Marileide D.
Esqueda, Valéria Biondo
Title Scandals of Translation Escandalos da Tradução
Number of pages 210 396
Publishing year 1998 2002
Publisher Taylor Print on Dema EDUSC
Place of publishing New York São Paulo
Appendix 23: Table of contextual information about Becoming a Translator and
Construindo o Tradutor
Contextual information of
the source text
Contextual information of
the target text
Genre Book Book
Language English Portuguese
Author / Translator Douglas Robinson Jussara Simões
Title Becoming a Translator Construindo o Tradutor
Number of pages 320 450
Publishing year 1998 (2° Ed.) 2002
Publisher Routledge (Taylor &
Francis)
EDUSC
Place of publishing New York São Paulo
Appendix 24: Table of contextual information about Contemporary Translation Theories
and Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
Contextual information of Contextual information of
89
the source text the target text
Genre Book Book
Language English Portuguese
Author / Translator Edwin Gentzler Marcos Malvezzi
Title Contemporary Translation
Theories
Teorias Contemporâneas da
Tradução
Number of pages 230 296
Publishing year 2001 2009
Publisher Multilingual Matters Ltd. Madras
Place of publishing London Rio de Janeiro
Appendix 25: Table of contextual information about After Babel and Depois de Babel
Contextual information of
the source text
Contextual information of
the target text
Genre Book Book
Language English Portuguese
Author / Translator George Steiner Carlos Alberto Faraco
Title After Babel Depois de Babel
Number of pages 560 533
Publishing year 1998 (3° Ed.) 2005
Publisher Oxford UK Editora UFPR
Place of publishing Oxford Curitiba
Appendix 26: Translators through History’s covers– English and Portuguese
Translators Through History
In AD 629, a Chinese monk named Xuan
Zang set out for India on a quest for sacred
texts. He returned with a caravan of twenty-
two horses bearing Buddhist treasures and
spent the last twenty years of his life in the
―Great Wild Goose Pagoda‖, in present-day
Xi‘an, translating the Sanskrit manuscripts
into Chinese with a team of collaborators.
In the twelfth century, scholars came to
Spain from all over Europe seeking
knowledge that had been transmitted from
the Arab world. Their names tell the story:
Adelard of Bath, Hermann of Dalmatia, Plato
of Tivoli. Among them was Robert of
Os tradutores na história Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores
inventaram alfabetos, contribuíram para a
criação de línguas e deram forma às
literaturas nacionais. Participaram também
da difusão do conhecimento e da propagação
das religiões, importaram e exportaram
valores culturais. Além disso, representaram
um papel determinante na evolução das
sociedades e na vida intelectual.
90
Chester (or Robert of Kent), who was part of
an elaborate team that translated documents
on Islam and the Koran itself.
Doña Marina, also called la Malinche, was a
crucial link between Cortés and native
peoples he set out to convert and conquer in
sixteenth-century Mexico. One of the
conquistador‘s ―tongues‖ or interpreters, she
was also the mother of his son. She has been
an ambivalent figure in the history of the new
world, her own history having been rewritten
in different ways over the centuries.
James Evans, an Englishman sent to
evangelize and educate the natives of western
Canada during the nineteenth century,
invented a writing system in order to
translate and transcribe religious texts.
Known as ―the man who made birchbark
talk‖, he even succeeded in printing a
number of pamphlets, using crude type
fashioned out of lead from the lining of tea
chests and ink made from a mixture of soot
and sturgeon oil. A jackpress used by traders
to pack furs served as a press.
These are just some of the stories told in
Translators through History, published under
the auspices of the International Federation
of Translators (FIT). Over seventy people
have been involved in this project — as
principal authors, contributors or translators
and proofreaders. The participants come
from some twenty countries, reflecting the
make-up and interests of FIT.
Appendix 27: Scandals of Translation’s covers– English and Portuguese
Scandals of translation Lawrence Venuti exposes the 'scandals of
translation' by looking at the relationship
between translation and the practices which
Escandalos da tradução Como um texto que vai ser publicado num
jornal, numa revista, num livro, deve ser
traduzido? Quais são os elementos culturais
91
at once need and marginalize it. Lawrence
Venuti, a professional translator, argues that
prevalent concepts of authorship degrade
translation in literary scholarchip and
underwrite its unfavorable definition in
copyright law. Exposing myriad abuses,
Venuti provides stinging critiques of
institutions such as the Modern Language
Association for its neglect of translation, as
well as publishers for their questionable
treatment of translators.
ocultos em qualquer tradução? Estas são
algumas questões discutidas neste livro por
Lawrence Venuti - autor famoso por suas
posições polêmicas em relação ao processo
da tradução.
Appendix 28: Becoming a Translator’s covers – English and Portuguese
Becoming a translator
Douglas Robinson presents an innovative
approach to translation by integrating
translation theory and the practical skills
required by the working translator. The book
provides the type of information and advice
that novice translators really need; how to
translate faster and more accurately; how to
deal with arising problems and stress; how
the market works; includes a wide variety of
lively activities and exercises to facilitate the
learning of both theory and practice; includes
a detailed Teachers Guide; and contains
suggestions for discussion and activities and
hints for the teaching of translation.
Construindo o tradutor
Como traduzir com mais rapidez e maior
precisão? Como lidar com os problemas que
geralmente surgem nesse processo? Como
funciona o mercado de traduções? Estas são
algumas perguntas que Douglas Robinson
discute e responde neste livro, que integra a
tradução aos conhecimentos práticos
necessários a seu ofício, escudado nas mais
recentes descobertas da Pedagogia, dos
estudos da memória e das neurociências.
Criado inicialmente para cursos de graduação
em teoria e prática de tradução, este livro é
útil também para tradutores profissionais e
estudiosos de tradução e línguas.
Appendix 29: Contemporary Translation Theories’ covers– English and Portuguese
Contemporary Translation Theories
Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução
92
From 1970 through to the beginning of the
new millennium, the field of translation has
exploded with multiple new theories.
"Contemporary Translation Theories"
examines five new approaches - the
translation workshop, the science of
translation, translation studies, polysystem
theory, and deconstruction - all of which
began in the mid-1960s and continue to be
influential.
'Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução'
delineia o crescimento da teoria da tradução
a partir de suas raízes tradicionais por meio
da proliferação de teorias incentivadas por
pesquisas em investigações feministas, pós-
estruturais e pós-coloniais. Edwin Gentzler
examina cinco abordagens - oficina de
tradução, ciência da tradução, estudos da
tradução, teoria dos polissistemas e
desconstrução -, as quais começaram em
meados dos anos de 1960 e continuam a ser
influentes. Nesse panorama crítico, ele
explora os pontos fortes e fracos de cada
método, detectando as conexões entre as
diferentes escolas de pensamento.
Appendix 30: After Babel’s covers– English and Portuguese
After Babel
Students of language, linguistics, literary
theory, translation studies, comparative
literature. On its first publication in 1975,
'After Babel' quickly established itself as
both controversial and seminal. George
Steiner was the first since the eighteenth
century to present a systematic investigation
of the phenomenology and processes of
translation both inside and between
languages. Taking issue with the principal
emphasis of modern linguistics, he finds the
root of the 'Babel problem' in our deep
instinct for privacy and a unique body of
shared secrecy. With this provocative thesis
he analyses every aspect of translation, from
fundamental conditions of interpretation to
the most intricate of linguistic constructions.
Depois de Babel
Pioneiro quando publicado pela primeira vez
em 1975, Depois de Babel, permanece, trinta
anos depois, insuperável, constituindo-se
talvez na mais importante obra de George
Steiner - o que, em se tratando de um
intelectual como ele, não é dizer pouco.
Manejando como em nenhuma outra obra a
erudição que marca sua produção, Steiner
discute, a partir dos problemas levantados
pelo fenômeno da tradução, a linguagem
humana e o fenômeno literário. Livro que
tem contribuição direta a dar não apenas aos
estudiosos da tradução, mas também aos que
se interessam por literatura, linguística e
filosofia, é uma das grandes obras de nosso
tempo. (UFPR)
Appendix 31: Translators Through History – Back cover’s analysis
1. Over seventy people have been involved in this project — as principal authors, contributors
or translators and proofreaders.
93
Over seventy people
— as principal
authors, contributors
or translators and
proofreaders.
have been involved by Ø in this project
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirLocation>
Appendix 32: Translators Through History – Introduction’s analysis
1. Despite a steady increase in the number of publications on the subject, the vast
compendium of translation history envisioned by the translators of thirty years ago had not
yet been written.
…the vast
compendium of
translation history
envisioned by the translators
of…
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser>
2. To borrow the words of PierreFrançois Caillé, founding president of FIT, translators are
those "Ionely soldiers"…
…translators are those "Ionely soldiers"…
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
3. …who plunge into the fray of ideas and cultures to bear messages from one to the other,
often becoming agents of profound ideological and social change (1955: 3).
…who (translators) plunge into the fray of ideas …
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
…Ø (they) becoming agents of…
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
4. This valuable tool enabled us to set up research teams, create an international network of
historians and get the preparation of Translators through History under way.
This valuable tool enabled us to get the
preparation of
Translators
through
History under
way.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
5. While broad-ranging and ambitious, Translators through History does not claim to be an
exhaustive study of the history of translation.
Translators through History does not claim to be an exhaustive study…
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParProjectedClause>
94
6. Instead, it is a selective and thematic overview of the principal roles played by translators
through the ages.
…the principal roles played by translators through the ages.
<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken> <CirSpacial>
7. Translators have been viewed not so much from a psychological point of view, but rather in
terms of their position in a cultural and temporal space.
Translators have been viewed… (by Ø) …from a
psychological
point of view,
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirLocation>
8. Translators through History can be regarded as a guide to the field of translation history.
Translators through
History
can be regarded (by Ø) as a guide to…
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirRole>
9. We should like to express our deepest gratitude to the translators and revisers - around
twenty-five in all-…
We should like to express our deepest gratitude to the
translators…
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage> <ParReceiver>
10. …- who have made it possible to publish the English and French editions of this book
simultaneously.
…who (translators) have made it possible to
publish
the English and French …
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 33: Os tradutores na história – Back cover’s analysis
1. Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores inventaram alfabetos, contribuíram para a criação de
línguas e deram forma às literaturas nacionais.
Ao longo dos tempos, os tradutores inventaram
alfabetos,
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomeon>
Ø contribuíram para a criação de
línguas
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>
Ø deram forma às literaturas
95
nacionais.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>
Ø participaram da difusão do...
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
Ø importaram e
exportaram
valores culturais.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>
Ø representaram um papel
determinante...
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
Appendix 34: Os tradutores na história – Introduction’s analysis
1. A despeito do aumento regular do número de publicações sobre o tema, o amplo
compêndio sobre a história da tradução, imaginado pelos tradutores há trinta anos, ainda
não tinha sido escrito.
…o amplo
compêndio sobre a
história da tradução,
imaginado pelos tradutores…
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser>
2. Para repetir as palavras de Pierre-François Caillé, presidente fundador da FIT, os
tradutores são esses "soldados solitários"...
…os tradutores são esses "soldados solitários"...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
3. ... que mergulham na confusão das idéias e das culturas para transmitir mensagens de um
lado para outro, tornando-se, muitas vezes, os agentes de profundas mudanças sociais e
ideológicas (1955, p 3).
…que (tradutores) mergulham na confusão das idéias ...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
…tornando -se os agentes de profundas...
<ProRelational> <ParToken> <ParValue>
4. Embora tenha objetivos amplos e ambiciosos, esta obra não pretende ser um estudo
exaustivo da história da tradução, mas simplesmente um exame seletivo e temático dos
principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.
…principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.
<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken> <CirSpacial>
96
5. Os tradutores foram considerados não tanto sob uma perspectiva sociológica como em
termos da sua posição no espaço cultural e temporal.
Os tradutores foram considerados (por Ø) ... sob uma
perspectiva
sociológica ...
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirLocation>
6. Os tradutores na história pode ser considerado um guia do campo da história da tradução.
Os tradutores na
história
pode ser considerado (por Ø) um guia do campo
da …
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <CirRole>
7. Embora tenha objetivos amplos e ambiciosos, esta obra não pretende ser um estudo exaustivo da
história da tradução, mas simplesmente um exame seletivo e temático dos principais papéis exercidos
pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.
…dos principais papéis exercidos pelos tradutores ao longo do tempo.
<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken> <CirSpacial>
8. Gostaríamos de exprimir nossa gratidão aos tradutores e revisores cerca de 25 pessoas -...
Gostaríamos de exprimir nossa gratidão aos tradutores...
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage> <ParReceiver>
9. ... - que tornaram possível a publicação simultânea das edições inglesa e francesa deste
livro.
… que (tradutores) tornaram possível a
publicação
das edições inglesa e
francesa…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 35: Scandals of translation – Back cover’s analysis
1. Lawrence Venuti exposes the 'scandals of translation' by looking at the relationship
between translation and the practices which at once need and marginalize it.
Lawrence Venuti
exposes
the 'scandals of translation' by
looking at the relationship
between
translation and…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
2. Lawrence Venuti, a professional translator, argues that prevalent concepts of authorship
degrade translation in literary scholarship and underwrite its unfavorable definition in
copyright law.
Lawrence
Venuti, a
argues that…
97
professional
translator,
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
…prevalent concepts of
authorship
degrade translation in literary
scholarship and…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 36: Scandals of translation – Introduction’s analysis
1. They are revealed when one asks why translation today remains in the margins of research,
commentary, and debate, especially in English.
…translation… remains in the margins of research,
<ParActor> <ProBehavioural> <CirLocation>
2. Translation is stigmatized as a form of writing, discouraged by copyright law, depreciated
by the academy, exploited by publishers and corporations, governments and religious
organizations.
Translation is stigmatized …
(by Ø) as a form of
writing
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirRole>
Ø (translation) discouraged
by copyright law
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
Ø (translation) depreciated
by the academy
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
Ø (translation) exploited by publishers…
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
3. Translation is treated so disadvantageously, I want to suggest, partly because it occasions
revelations that question the authority of dominant cultural values and institutions.
Translation is treated (by Ø) so
disadvantageously,
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirManner>
4. And like every challenge to established reputations, it provokes their efforts at damage
control, their various policing functions, all designed to shore up the questioned values and
institutions by mystifying their uses of translation.
…it provokes their efforts
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
98
5. My project is, first, to expose these scandals by enquiring into the relationships between
translation and a range of categories and practices that contribute to its current marginal
status.
My project is to expose by enquiring
into
the
relationships
between
translation
and a range
of …
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParGoal>
6. Research thus becomes scientistific, claiming to be objective or value-free, ignoring the
fact that translation, like any cultural practice, entails the creative reproduction of values.
…translation, entails the creative
reproduction
of values.
<ParActor> <CirMaterial> <ParGoal>
7. These lines of research are not only limited in their explanatory power, but directed
primarily to other academic specialists in linguistics, instead of translators or readers of
translations or even specialists in other humanistic disciplines.
These lines
of research…
are directed… (by Ø) to other academic…instead
of translators or…
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParBeneficiary>
8. In the end translation suffers from an institutional isolation, divorced from the
contemporary cultural developments and debates that invest it with significance.
…translation suffers an
institutional
isolation,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
9. By far the greatest hindrances to translation, however, exist outside the discipline itself.
… the greatest
hindrances to
translation,
exist outside the
discipline
itself.
<ParExistent> <ProExistential> <CirLocation>
10. Translation is degraded by prevalent concepts of authorship, especially in literature and
in literary scholarship, and these concepts underwrite its unfavorable definition in copyright
law, not only the codes of specific national jurisdictions, but the major international treaties.
Translation is degraded by prevalent
concepts
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
99
11. Translation lies deeply repressed in the cultural identities that are constructed by
academic, religious, and political institutions;
Translation lies deeply
repressed
in the cultural
identities
<ParBehaver> <ProBehavioural> <CirManner> <CirLocation>
12. Translation figures hugely in the corporate world, in the international publishing of
bestsellers and the unequal patterns of cross-cultural commerce between the hegemonic
Northern and Western countries and their others in Africa, Asia, and South America.
Translation figures in the
corporate
world,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
13. Translation powers the global cultural economy, enabling transnational corporations to
dominate the print and electronic media in the so-called developing countries by capitalizing
on the marketability of translations from the major languages, preeminently English.
Translation powers the global
cultural
economy,
enabling transnational
corporations
to
dominate
the print…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ParGoal>
14. Translation embarrasses the institutions that house these categories and practices
because it calls attention to their questionable conditions and effects, the contradictions and
exclusions that make them possible – and discredit them.
Translation embarrasses the institutions
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
15. The English translation is extraordinary for its ideological slanting against pre-
Columbian Mexicans, whose oral culture is represented as inferior, especially as a repository
of the past.
The English
translation
is extraordinary…
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
16. In the following sentence, the translation has edited the Spanish, diminishing the
indigenous culture by simplifying the syntax and deleting another key term, ―mitos‖.
the
translation
has edited the Spanish,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
the
translation
diminishing the
indigenous
by
simplifying
100
has edited
the Spanish,
culture the syntax…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner>
17. As Mason observed, we do not need to attribute a deliberate intention to the translator in
order to perceive the skewed representation in the translation.
…we do not need to
attribute
a deliberate
intention
to the
translator…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <ParBeneficiary>
18. The ideological slanting against the indigenous population is inscribed in specific
discursive choices which work both to create a subordinate identity and to make it seem
natural or obvious – as it must have seemed to the translator and the magazine editors.
…it must have
seemed
to the
translator
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser>
19. Despite the magnitude of this particular example, the exposures that translation enables
here will seek to avoid the sensationalism inherent in any simple muckraking.
…the exposures
that
translation enables here…
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
20. I want instead to initiate a productive rethinking of the questioned values and institutions,
although through their anxious relationships with translation.
I want to initiate a productive
rethinking
although through their anxious
relationships with translation.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner>
21. I want to explore the ways in which translation redefines authorship in literature and in
law, creates identities receptive to cultural difference, requires different approaches to
teaching literature to doing philosophy, and recommends new policies for publishers and
corporations.
…translation redefines authorship…
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
22. In the process translation will be conceived anew on the basis of detailed case studies,
resulting in a set of theoretical concepts that carry practical consequences.
…translation will be conceived anew (by Ø) on the basis
of…
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParActor> <CirLocation>
23. Translations are produced for many reasons, literary and commercial, pedagogical and
technical, propagandistic and diplomatic.
101
Translations are produced (by Ø) for many
reasons,
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirCause>
24. Yet no translator or institutional initiator of a translation can hope to control or even be
aware of every condition of its production.
… no translator can hope to
control
every
condition
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
… no translator can hope to
be aware of
every condition
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
25. Nonetheless, it is these conditions and consequences that offer the most compelling
reasons for discriminating among the stakes involved in translating and reading translations.
… the stakes
involved in
translating
and…
translations.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
… the stakes
involved in
reading translations.
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
26. They move between several different languages, cultures, periods, disciplines, and
institutions in an effort to describe and evaluate the social effects of translated texts, to
expand the possibilities for translation projects, to establish translation more firmly as an
area of research in the academy, and to win for translators greater cultural authority and a
more favorable legal status, especially in the US and UK.
They move
between several
different
languages,
to establish translation more firmly as an area…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner> <CirRole>
They move
between several
different
languages,
to win for translators greater
cultural
authority
and…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ParGoal>
27. The authority I wish to achieve for translators and translations isn’t a mere
aggrandizement.
The authority I wish to achieve for translators
and
translations…
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>
102
28. The only authority that translation can expect depends on its remaining derivative,
distinguishable from the original compositions that it tries to communicate, and collective,
remaining open to the other agents who influence it, especially domestic readerships.
The only authority
that
translation can expect… depends on its remaining
derivative,
<ParPhenomenon> <ParSenser> <ProMental>
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
29. Hence, the only prestige that a translator can gain comes from practicing translation, not
as a form of personal expression, but as collaboration between divergent groups, motivated
by an acknowledgement of the linguistic and cultural differences that translation necessarily
rewrites and reorders.
…the only
prestige that
a translator can gain…
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
the only
prestige that
a translator can gain comes from
practicing
translation
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
an
acknowledgement
of the linguistic
and cultural
differences that
translation rewrites and
reorders.
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
30. Translators are complicit in the institutional exploitation of foreign texts and cultures.
Translators are complicit…
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
31. But there have also been translators who acted just as dubiously on their own, not in the
employ of any bureaucracy.
…translators
who
acted dubiously on
their own…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner>
32. Between 1967 and 1972, the American translator Norman Thomas di Giovanni worked
closely with the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges, publishing several English-language
volumes of Borge’s fiction and poetry, acting as his literary agent, helping him gain the
canonical status he enjoys today.
…the American
translator
worked closely with the
Argentine writer
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParBeneficiary>
103
…the American
translator
worked closely
with the
Argentine writer
publishing several
English-
language…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
…the American
translator
worked closely
with the
Argentine writer
acting as his literary
agent,
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
…the American
translator
worked closely
with the
Argentine writer
helping him
gain the
canonical
status he
enjoys today.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ParGoal>
33. But he was himself enforcing a discursive regime that sought to repress the literary
peculiarities of Borge’s innovative writing, practicing and anti-intellectualism in the
translation of a most intellectual writer.
But he was
himself
enforcing a discursive
regime …
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
But he was
himself
practicing an anti-
intellectualism
in the
translation…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
34. Authors have in turn exploited translators, but few have publicly denounced the
translations of their writing.
Authors have exploited translators,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
few have denounced the
translations…
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
35. …the second in 1982 was ―unacceptable‖ because he judged it ―not my text‖, a
―translation-adaptation‖.
(…he) judged it a ―translation-
adaptation‖.
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParBeneficiary> <ParVerbiage>
104
36. Kundera is rightly suspicious of domesticating translations that assimilate foreign
literary texts too forcefully to dominant values at home, erasing the sense of foreignness that
was likely to have invited translation in the first place.
Kundera is suspicious of domesticating
translations
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
…the sense of
foreignness that
was likely
to have invited translation…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
37. Yet how can any foreignness be registered in a translation except trough another
language?
…any
foreignness
be registered in a translation…
<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken>
38. He assumes that the meaning of the foreign text can avoid change in translation, that the
foreign writer’s intention can travel unadulterated across a linguistic and cultural divide.
the meaning of
the foreign text
can avoid change in translation
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
39. A translation always communicates an interpretation, a foreign text that is partial and
altered, supplemented with features peculiar to the translating language, no longer
inscrutably foreign but made comprehensible in a distinctively domestic style.
A translation
always
communicates an interpretation,
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
40. Translations, in other words, inevitably perform a work of domestication.
Translations, perform a work of
domestication.
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
41. Kundera, in effect, wishes to control the interpretations put forward by French and
English translators.
Kundera wishes to control the interpretations put forward by
French and English translators.
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
42. That a translation was well received in French or English, important for achieving an
international readership for the author, doesn’t matter to Kundera (whose own writing has
acquired considerable cultural and economic capital through translations).
105
That a
translation
was well received in French or
English,
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <CirLocation>
whose own
writing
has acquired considerable
cultural and
economic capital
through
translations
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirMeans>
43. He wishes only to evaluate the relationship between the translation and the foreign text as
if his access to the latter were direct and unmediated.
He wishes to evaluate the relationship
between the
translation and the
foreign text
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
44. But a translation can’t give what a foreign writer would want if he were alive and writing
in the translating language and culture.
a translation can’t give what a foreign
writer…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
45. Kundera doesn’t want to recognize the linguistic and cultural differences that a
translation must negotiate;
… the linguistic
and cultural
differences
that a translation must negotiate;
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
46. Thus, he produced a third English version of his novel The Joke, which he cobbled
together not just from his own English and French renderings, but also from the many ―fine
solutions‖ and the ―great many faithful renderings and good formulations‖ in the previous
translations.
he produced third English
version
from the many
―fine
solutions‖…in the
previous
translations.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
47. Whether the translators consented to Kundera’s handling of their work remains unclear;
the translators consented to Kundera’s
handling…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
106
48. When the author is the translator, apparently, he is not above the domestications that he
attacked in the previous English versions.
the author is the translator,
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
49. Translation clearly raises ethical questions that have yet to be sorted out.
Translation raises ethical
questions…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirRange>
50. The mere identification of a translation scandal is an act of judgment: here it presupposes
an ethics that recognizes and seeks to remedy the asymmetries in translating, a theory of good
and bad methods for practicing and studying translation.
a theory of good
and bad methods
for Ø practicing translation.
<CirMeans> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
a theory of good
and bad methods
for Ø studying translation.
<CirMeans> <ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
51. And the ethics at issue must be theorized as contingent, an ideal grounded in the specific
cultural situations in which foreign texts are chosen and translated or in which translations
and the act of translating are made the objects of research.
…translations
and the act of
translating
are made the objects of
research.
<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken>
52. I articulate these ethical responsibilities first in terms of my own work, beginning with a
discussion of the choices I confront as an American translator of literary texts.
…with a
discussion of the
choices
I…as an American
translator of literary
texts
confront
<CirMeans> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
53. The ethical stance I advocate urges that translations be written, read, and evaluated with
greater respect for linguistic and cultural differences.
The ethical
stance I advocate
urges that translations be
written,
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParProjectedClause>
54. Insofar as translation involves an intercultural collaboration, my aim extends to the
global reach of my topic: to address translators and users of translations throughout the
107
world, but with an attentiveness to their different locations that influences the terms of
address.
translation involves an intercultural
collaboration,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirRange>
Ø I address translators and
users of
translations…
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParReceiver>
55. For translation looms large among the cultural practices that at once join and separate
us.
translation looms large…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner>
Appendix 37: Escandalos da tradução – Back cover’s analysis
1. Quais são os elementos culturais ocultos em qualquer tradução?
Quais são os elementos
culturais
ocultos
em qualquer
tradução?
<ProRelational> <ParCarrier> <Cir Location>
Appendix 38: Escandalos da tradução – Introduction’s analysis
1. São revelados quando se pergunta por que a tradução permanece hoje às margens da
pesquisa, dos comentários e dos debates, especialmente em inglês.
…a tradução … permanece às margens da pesquisa,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
2. A tradução é estigmatizada como uma forma de escrita, desencorajada pela lei dos direitos
autorais, depreciada pela academia, explorada pelas editoras e empresas, organizações
governamentais e religiosas.
A tradução é estigmatizada (por Ø) como uma forma
de escrita,
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirRole>
Ø tradução é desencorajada pela lei dos direitos autorais,
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
Ø tradução é depreciada pela academia,
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
108
Ø tradução é explorada pelas editoras...
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
3. Quero sugerir que a tradução é tratada de forma tão desvantajosa em parte porque
propicia revelações que questionam a autoridade de valores culturais e instituições
dominantes.
...a tradução é tratada (por Ø) de forma tão
desvantajosa...
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirManner>
4. E como todo desafios às reputações estabelecidas, ela provoca seus esforços para
controlar danos, suas diversas funções policiais, todas com o objetivo de escorar os valores e
as instituições questionados, mistificando os usos que fazem da tradução.
…ela (tradução) provoca seus esforços
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
5. Meu projeto é, em primeiro lugar, expor esses escândalos ao averiguar as relações entre a
tradução e uma gama de categorias e práticas que contribuem para seu status marginal
atual.
Meu projeto é, expor esses
escândalos
ao averiguar
as relações
entre a
tradução e
uma gama
de...
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner>
6. Pelo fato de tais abordagens promoverem modelos científicos de pesquisa, elas relutam em
levar em consideração os valores sociais envolvidos na tradução bem como em deu estudo.
...tais abordagens relutam em levar em
consideração
os valores sociais
envolvidos na
tradução...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
7.Dessa maneira, a pesquisa torna-se científica, reinvindicando ser objetiva ou livre de valor,
ignorando o fato de que a tradução, como qualquer prática cultural, acarreta a reprodução
criativa de valores.
...a tradução acarreta a
reprodução
criativa de
valores.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
109
8. Essas linhas de pesquisa não são somente limitadas em seu poder explanatório, mas
direcionadas, principalmente, a outros especialistas acadêmicos em linguistica, em vez de se
dirigirem a tradutores ou leitores de traduções ou mesmo a especialistas em outras
disciplinas da área de humanas.
Essas linhas
de pesquisa...
são
direcionadas,
(por Ø) a outros...
a tradutores
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParBeneficiary>
9. Finalmente, a tradução sofre de um isolamento institucional, divorciada dos
desenvolvimentos culturais contemporâneos e dos debates que a revestem de significado.
a tradução sofre de um
isolamento
institucional,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
10. De longe, os maiores obstáculos à tradução, entretanto, encontram-se fora da própria
disciplina.
os maiores
obstáculos à
tradução,
encontram-se fora da
própria
disciplina.
<ParExistent> <ProExistential> <CirLocation>
11. A tradução é degradada pelos conceitos dominantes de autoria, especialmente em
literatura e na discussão literária acadêmica, e esses conceitos reforçam sua definição
desfavorável na lei sobre os direitos autorais, não somente nos códigos de jurisdições
nacionais específicas, mas nos principais tratados internacionais.
A tradução é degradada pelos
conceitos...
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
12. A tradução encontra-se profundamente reprimida nas identidades culturais que são
construídas pelas instituições acadêmicas, religiosas e poliíticas;
A tradução encontra-se profundamente
reprimida
nas
identidades
culturais
<ParBehaver> <ProBehavioural> <CirManner> <CirLocation>
13. A tradução faz-se presente de forma maciça no mundo empresarial, na publicação
internacional de best-sellers e nos padrões desiguais de comércio intercultural entre os
países hegemônicos do norte e do ocidente e seus Outros na África, Ásia e América do Sul.
A tradução faz-se presente no mundo
empresarial,
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute> <CirLocation>
110
14. A tradução fortalece a economia cultural global, possibilitando às empresas
multinacionais dominar a mídia impressa e eletrônica nos chamados países em
desenvolvimento, lucrando com a possibilidade de venda das traduções a partir das línguas
de maior difusão, principalmente do inglês.
A tradução fortalece a economia
cultural
global,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
15. A tradução constrange as instituições que abrigam essas categorias e práticas, visto que
chama a atenção para as condições e efeitos questionáveis dessas instituições, para as
contradições e exclusões que as tornam possíveis – e as desacreditam.
A tradução constrange as instituições...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
16. A tradução em inglês é extraordinária por seu viés ideológico contra os mexicanos pré
colombianos, cuja cultura oral é representada como inferior, especialmente como depósito do
passado.
A tradução
em inglês
é extraordinária...
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
17. Como Mason observou, não precisamos atribuir uma inteção deliberada ao tradutor para
perceber a representação enviesada na tradução.
Ø (nós) não precisamos atribuir
uma
inteção
ao tradutor... para perceber a representação
enviesada
na tradução.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <ParBeneficiary>
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon> <CirLocation>
18. A inclinação ideológica contra a população nativa está inscrita em escolhas discursivas
específicas que funcionam tanto para criar uma identidade subordinada como para fazê-la
parecer natural ou óbvia – como deve ter parecido ao tradutor e aos editores da revista.
A inclinação ideológica contra a população
nativa está inscrita em escolhas discursivas
específicas que funcionam tanto para criar uma
identidade subordinada como para fazê-la
parecer natural ou óbvia
deve ter parecido ao tradutor...
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser>
19. Apesar da magnitude desse exemplo específico, as exposições que a tradução permite
aqui buscarão evitar o sensacionalismo inerente à qualquer denúncia.
…as exposições
que
a tradução permite aqui...
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
111
20. Pelo contrário, quero iniciar uma reflexão produtiva sobre os valores e instituições
questionados, embora por meio de suas relações angustiadas com a tradução.
Ø (eu) quero iniciar uma reflexão
produtiva
embora por meio de suas
relações angustiadas com a
tradução.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner>
21. Quero explorar as maneiras pelas quais a tradução redefine a autoria na literatura e na
lei, cria identidades receptivas à diferença cultural, exige abordagens diferentes no ensino da
literatua e na prática filosófica e recomenda novas políticas para editoras e empresas.
…a
tradução
redefine a autoria...
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
22.No decorrer deste trabalho, a tradução será tratada mais uma vez com base em estudos de
caso detalhados, resultando num conjunto de conceitos teóricos que acarretam
consequencias práticas.
a tradução será tratada mais uma vez (por Ø) com base em...
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <ParActor> <CirLocation>
23. As traduções são produzidas por muitas razões, literárias e comerciais, pedagógicas e
técnicas, propagandistas e diplomáticas.
As traduções são produzidas (por Ø) por muitas
razões,
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirCause>
24. Contudo, nenhum tradutor ou instituição que patrocina uma tradução pode ter a
esperança de controlar ou mesmo ter conciência de todas as condições de sua produção.
…nenhum
tradutor
que patrocina uma
tradução...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
…Øtradutor pode ter a esperança...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
…Øtradutor ter conciência de todas as
condições...
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
25. Eles movem-se entre diversas línguas, culturas, períodos, disciplinas e instituições
diferentes num esforço para descrever e avaliar os efeitos sociais de textos traduzidos,
expandir as possibilidades para projetos de tradução, estabelecer a tradução de forma mais
firme como uma área de pesquisa acadêmica, e conquistar para os tradutores uma
112
autoridade cultural maior e um status legal mais favorável, especialmente nos EUA e Reino
Unido.
Eles movem-se
entre diversas
línguas,...
para estabelecer a tradução de forma mais
firme
…como uma
área
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirManner> <CirRole>
Eles movem-se
entre diversas
línguas,...
para conquistar para os
tradutores
uma
autoridade
cultural...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ParGoal>
26. A autoridade que desejo alcançar para os tradutores e para as traduções não é um mero
engrandecimento.
A autoridade que Ø (eu) desejo alcançar para os
tradutores e para
as traduções...
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary>
27. Pelo contrário, visto que a tradução é intercultural, ela envolve um tipo diferente de
autoria, secundária para o texto estrangeiro e a serviço de diferentes comunidades, tanto
estrangeiras como domésticas.
…a tradução é é intercultural,
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
28. A única autoridade que a tradução pode esperar depende da continuidade do seu caráter
deirvado, distinto das composições originais que tenta comunicar , e coletivo, permanecendo
aberta aos outros agentes que a influenciam, especialmente os públicos-leitores domésticos.
A única
autoridade que
a tradução pode
esperar...
depende da continuidade
do seu
caráter...
<ParPhenomenon> <ParSenser> <ProMental>
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
29. Portanto, o único prestígio que um tradutor pode ganhar vem da prática da tradução, não
como uma forma de expressão pessoal, mas como uma colaboração entre grupos divergentes,
motivada por um reconhecimento das diferenças linguisticas e culturais que a tradução
necessariamente reescreve e reordena.
…o único
prestígio que
um tradutor pode ganhar... vem da prática da
tradução,
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
...um
reconhecimento
a tradução reescreve e
reordena.
113
das diferenças
linguisticas e
culturais que
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
30. A tradução, como qualquer escrita, é geralmente praticada em condições solitárias.
A tradução, é praticada por Ø em condições
solitárias.…
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirManner>
31. Mas ela (tradução) liga multidões, frequentemente nos grupos mais inesperados.
…ela (tradução) liga multidões,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
32. Os tradutores são cúmplices na exploração institucional de textos e culturas estrangeiros.
Os tradutores são cúmplices …
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
33. Mas também existiram tradutores que agiram de forma duvidosa, por conta própria, não
a serviço de qualquer burocracia.
…tradutores que agiram de forma
duvidosa...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner>
34. Entre 1967 e 1972, o tradutor americano Norman Thomas di Giovanni trabalhou próximo
ao escritor argentino Jorge Luis Borges, publicando vários volumes em língua inglesa da
obra ficcional e poética de Borges, atuando como seu agente literário, ajudando-o a ganhar
o status canônico de que hoje goza.
…o tradutor
americano...
trabalhou próximo ao escritor
argentino
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <CirLocation>
…o tradutor americano
trabalhou próximo ao escritor
argentino
publicando vários volumes...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
…o tradutor americano
trabalhou próximo ao escritor
argentino...
atuando como seu agente literário,
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
…o tradutor americano
trabalhou próximo ao
ajudando -o
a ganhar o status
canônico de que hoje
114
escritor argentino... goza.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParBeneficiary> <ParGoal>
35. Di Giovanni acreditava estar advogando uma abordagem de escritura para a tradução,
oposta aos ―professores e pseudo-eruditos que olham a escrita através de microscópios,
colocando muita ênfase em palavras isoladas e abstrações‖.
Di Giovanni acreditava estar advogando uma abordagem
de escritura para a tradução,
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
36. Mas ele próprio estava pondo em prárica um regime discursivo que procurava reprimir
as peculiaridades literárias da escrita inovadora de Borges, exercendo um anti-
intelectualismo na tradução de um escritor antes de mais nada intelectual.
Mas ele próprio estava pondo em
prárica
um regime
discursivo...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Mas ele próprio exercendo um anti-
intelectualismo
na tradução
de…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
37. Os autores, por sua vez, exploram os tradutores, mas poucos têm denunciado de forma
pública as traduções de seus escritos.
Os autores exploram os tradutores,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
poucos têm denunciado as traduções de seus
escritos.
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
38. ... a segunda, de 1982, foi ―inaceitável‖ porque ele julgou-a ―não meu texto‖, uma
―tradução-adaptação‖.
...ele julgou -a uma ―tradução-
adaptação‖.
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParReceiver> <ParVerbiage>
39. Kundera tem razão ao suspeitar de traduções domesticadoras que assimilam de modo
muito violento textos literários estrangeiros aos valores dominantes locais, apagando o ar de
estrangeiridade que foi provávelmente o que motivou a tradução.
Kundera ao suspeitar de traduções
domesticadoras...
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
…o ar de estrangeiridade que
foi provávelmente o que
motivou a tradução.
115
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
40. Contudo, como pode qualquer estrangeiridade ser registrada numa tradução senão por
meio de outra língua...
…qualquer
estrangeiridade
ser registrada por Ø numa tradução...
<ParGoal> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirLocation>
41. O pensamento de Kundera sobre tradução é de uma ingenuidade notável para um escritor
tão finamente sintonizado com os efeitos estilísticos.
O pensamento de Kundera
sobre tradução
é de uma
ingenuidade...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
42. Ele acredita que o significado do texto estrangeiro pode evitar mudanças na tradução,
que a intenção do escritor estrangeiro pode cruzar de forma não adulterada uma fronteira
linguistica e cultural.
o significado do
texto estrangeiro
pode evitar mudanças na tradução,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
43. Uma tradução sempre comunica uma interpretação, um texto estrangeiro que é parcial e
alterado, suplementado com carcaterísticas peculiares à lingua de chegada, não mais
inescrutavelmente estrangeiro, mas tornado compreensível num estilo claramente doméstico.
Uma tradução sempre comunica uma interpretação,
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
44. As traduções, em outras palavras, inevitavelmente realizam um trabalho de domesticação.
As traduções, realizam um trabalho de domesticação.
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
45. De fato Kundera deseja controlar as interpretações apresentadas pelos tradutores de
língua francesa e inglesa – mas na base do desacordo absoluto com eles.
Kundera deseja controlar as interpretações
presentadas pelos
tradutores
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
46. O fato de uma tradução ter sido bem recebida em francês ou inglês não importa para
Kundera (cuja própria escrita adquiriu capital cultural e econômico considerável por meio
das traduções).
O fato de uma
tradução
ter sido bem recebida francês ou inglês...
116
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <CirLocation>
cuja própria
escrita
adquiriu capital cultural e
econômico
considerável
considerável por
meio das
traduções
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirMeans>
47. Ele deseja apenas avaliar a relação entre a tradução e o texto estrangeiro como se seu
acesso ao último fosse direto e não mediado.
Ele deseja apenas avaliar a relação entre a tradução e o texto...
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
48. Mas uma tradução não pode dar o que o escritor estrangeiro teria desejado se ele
estivesse vivo e escrevendo na língua e cultura para a qual se traduz.
uma tradução não pode dar o que o escritor
estrangeiro...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
49. Kundera não quer reconhecer as diferenças linguisticas e culturais que uma tradução
deve negociar;
… as diferenças
linguisticas e culturais
que uma tradução deve negociar;
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
50. Dessa maneira, produziu uma terceira versão em inglês do seu romance A brincadeira, a
qual ele alinhavou não somente a partir de suas próprias traduções em inglês e francês, mas
também a partir de ―várias soluções boas‖ e de ―muitas traduções fiéis e boas formulações‖
das traduções anteriores.
a qual ele alinhavou a partir de suas
próprias traduções
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
Ø (ele) produziu uma terceira
versão
a partir de ―várias
soluções boas‖ das
traduções anteriores.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
51. Não se sabe se os tradutores permitiram a intervenção de Kundera em seus trabalhos;
os tradutores permitiram a intervenção de
Kundera...
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
52. Quando o autor é tradutor, aparentemente, ele não está acima das domesticações que
atacou nas versões anteriores em inglês.
117
o autor é tradutor,
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
53. A tradução certamente levanta questões éticas que ainda tem que ser esclarecidas.
A tradução levanta questões éticas...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
54. A simples identificação de um escândalo de tradução é um ato de julgamento: aqui ele
pressupõe uma ética que reconhece e procura remediar as assimetrias no ato tradutório, uma
teoria de métodos bons e ruins para praticar e estudar a tradução.
uma teoria de
métodos bons e
ruins
para Ø praticar a tradução.
<CirMeans> <ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
uma teoria de
métodos bons e
ruins
para Ø estudar a tradução.
<CirMeans> <ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
55. É a ética em questão deve ser teorizada como contingente, um ideal baseado em situações
culturais específicas nas quais os textos estrangeiros são escolhidos e traduzidos ou nas
quais as traduções e o ato de traduzir são feitos objeto de pesquisa.
as traduções e o
ato de traduzir
são feitos objeto de
pesquisa.
<ParValue> <ProRelational> <ParToken>
56. Articulo essas responsabilidades éticas primeiramente em termos de meu próprio
trabalho, começando com uma discussão das escolhas as quais me confronto como um
tradutor americano de textos literários.
...as quais me confronto como um tradutor americano de
textos literários.
<CirMeans> <ProMaterial> <ParActor>
57. A postura ética que advogo insiste que as traduções sejam escritas, lidas e avaliadas com
maior respeito em relação às diferenças linguisticas e culturais.
A postura ética
que advogo
insiste que as traduções
sejam escritas,
<ParSenser> <ProVerbal> <ParProjectedClause>
58. Na medida em que a tradução envolve uma colaboração intercultural, meu objetivo
estende-se ao alcance global de meu tópico: dirijo-me a tradutores e usuários de tradução em
todo o mundo, mas com uma atenção especial a suas diferentes localidades as quais
influenciam os termos do diálogo.
118
...a tradução envolve uma colaboração
intercultural,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
59. Pois a tradução sobressai-se entre as práticas culturais que ao mesmo tempo nos unem e
nos separam.
a tradução sobressai-se entre as práticas...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
Appendix 39: Becoming a translator – Back cover’s analysis
1. Douglas Robinson presents an innovative approach to translation…
Douglas Robinson presents an innovative
approach
to translation…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
2. …by integrating translation theory and the practical skills required by the working
translator.
…practical skills required by the working translator.
<ParAttribute> <ProRelational> <ParCarrier>
3. The book provides the type of information and advice that novice translators really need;
The book provides the type of
information and
advice
that novice
translators really
need
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <ParBeneficiary>
Appendix 40: Becoming a translator – Introduction’s analysis
1. How best to bring student translators up to speed, in the literal sense of helping them to
learn and to translate rapidly and effectively?
Ø bring… up to
speed
student
translators
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Ø helping…to
learn and to
translate
them
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
2. How best to get them both to retain the linguistic and cultural knowledge and to master the
learning and translation skills they will need to be effective professionals?
Ø to get…to
retain…
them both the linguistic and
cultural
119
knowledge…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParBeneficiary> <ParPhenomenon>
3. Faster is generally better in the professional world, where faster translators—provided that
they continue to translate accurately—earn more money;
translators earn more money;
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
4. Professional translators need to be able to slow down to examine a problematic word or
phrase or syntactic structure or cultural assumption painstakingly, with full analytical
awareness of the problem and its possible solutions.
translators need to be able
to slow down to
examine
a problematic
word…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
5. Without the kinds of problems that slow the translation process down to a snail's pace, the
translator would quickly fall into a rut.
…the
translator
would quickly
fall into
a rut.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
6. Translators need to be able to process linguistic materials quickly and efficiently;
Translators need to be able
to process
linguistic
materials…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
7. …but they also need to be able to recognize problem areas and to slow down to solve them
in complex analytical ways.
they need to be able
to recognize
problem areas…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
8. Translators need to be able to shuttle back and forth between rapid subliminal translating
and slow, painstaking critical analysis—
Translators need to be able
to shuttle
back and forth between rapid
subliminal…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirManner> <CirLocation>
9. …which means not only that they should be trained to do both, but that their training
should embody the shuttle movement between the two, subliminal-becoming-analytical,
analytical-becoming-subliminal.
they should be (by) Ø both,
120
trained to do
<ParBeneficiary> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParGoal>
10. Translators need to be able not only to perform both subliminal speed-translating and
conscious analytical problem-solving, but also to shift from one to the other when the
situation requires it (and also to recognize when the situation does require it).
Translators need to be able
not only to
perform
both subliminal…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
11. Such introductory courses are designed to give undergraduate (and, in some cases,
graduate) students an overall view of what translators do and how translation is studied.
…of what translators do
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
…translation is studied (by) Ø
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser>
12. In addition, however, the exercises are designed not only to teach about translation but to
help students translate better as well;
the exercises are designed (by) Ø not only to teach about
translation…
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
13. Since most translators traditionally (myself included) were not trained for the job, and
many still undergo no formal training even today, I have also set up the book for self-study.
…translators were not trained (by) Ø for the job,
<ParBeneficiary> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <ParGoal>
… many
(translators)
undergo no formal
training…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 41: Construindo o tradutor – Back cover’s analysis
1. Estas são algumas perguntas que Douglas Robinson discute e responde neste livro, que
integra a tradução aos conhecimentos práticos necessários a seu ofício, escudado nas mais
recentes descobertas da Pedagogia, dos estudos da memória e das neurociências.
…Ø(livro) que integra a tradução aos conhecimentos
práticos ...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <ParBeneficiary>
121
2. Criado inicialmente para cursos de graduação em teoria e prática de tradução, este livro é
útil também para tradutores profissionais e estudiosos de tradução e línguas.
este livro é útil... ...para tradutores...
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <ParBeneficiary>
Appendix 42: Construindo o tradutor – Introduction’s analysis
1. A velocidade é melhor, em geral, no mundo profissional, onde os tradutores mais velozes
contanto que continuem a traduzir com precisão ganham mais dinheiro;
os
tradutores
ganham mais dinheiro;
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
2. Os tradutores profissionais precisam ser capazes de reduzir a marcha para examinar
minuciosamente uma palavra, frase, ou estrutura sintática problemática ou um pressuposto
cultural, com plena consciência analítica do problema e de suas possíveis soluções.
Os
tradutores
precisam ser capazes de
reduzir...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
3. Sem os problemas que levam a passo de lesma o processo tradutório, o tradutor
rapidamente cairia na rotina.
tradutor cairia na rotina.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
4. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a processar materiais lingüísticos com rapidez e
eficiência; mas também precisam estar aptos a reconhecer áreas problemáticas e a reduzir a
velocidade para resolvê-los de maneira complexa e analítica.
tradutores precisam estar
aptos a
processar
materiais
lingüísticos...
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
5. Os tradutores precisam da capacidade de transitar entre a tradução subliminar rápida e a
análise crítica lenta e minuciosa o que significa que, além de se prepararem para fazer as
duas coisas, sua formação deve incluir o movimento de ligação entre as duas, de subliminar
para analítica, de analítica para subliminar.
tradutores precisam da
capacidade de
transitar
entre a tradução
subliminar...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
6. Os tradutores precisam estar aptos a realizar a tradução veloz subliminar e a resolução de
problemas consciente e analítica, mas também precisam da capacidade de passar de um
122
método para outro quando a situação o exigir (e também reconhecer quando a situação o
exige).
tradutores precisam estar
aptos a realizar
a tradução veloz
subliminar...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
7. Tais cursos introdutórios destinam-se a oferecer ao aluno de graduação (e, em alguns
casos, pós-graduação) um panorama geral daquilo que os tradutores fazem e de como se
estuda tradução.
…daquilo que os tradutores fazem...
<ParGoal> <ParActor> <ProMaterial>
…se estuda tradução (por) Ø
<ProMental> <ParPhenomenon> <ParSenser>
8. Além disso, porém, os exercícios não foram elaborados somente para ensinar a respeito da
tradução, mas também para ajudar os alunos a traduzir melhore também se pode utilizar o
livro como material complementar em seminários de prática de tradução.
os exercícios foram
elaborados
(por) Ø para ensinar a respeito da
tradução,
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 43: Contemporary Translation Theories – Introduction’s analysis
1. …yet translation inheres in every language by its relationships to other signifying systems
both past and present.
translation inheres in every language by its
relationships…
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <CirLocation> <ParValue>
2. …intralingual translation, a rewording of signs in one language with signs from the same
language;
…intralingual translation, Ø (is) a rewording of signs …
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
3. …interlingual translation, or the interpretation of signs in one language with signs from
another language;
…interlingual translation, Ø (is) the interpretation of signs …
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
4. …intersemiotic translation, or the transfer of the signs in one language to non-verbal sign
systems.
…intersemiotic translation, Ø (is) the transfer of the signs …
123
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
5. I will be concerned mostly with the secound aspect of Jakobson’s definition – interlingual
translation - …
I will be concerned with… interlingual
translation…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
6. …but I hope to demosntrate as well that such isolation is impossible, and that even
translation „proper― entails multiple linguistic, literary, and cultural aspects.
…translation „proper― entails multiple…aspects.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
7. The following chapters focus on just five different approaches to translation that…
The following chapters focus on just five different approaches
to translation that…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
8. Literary translators, for example, distance themselves from the „jargon‖ of linguistic
approaches;
Literary translators, distance themselves from the
„jargon‖ of linguistic
approaches;
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
9. Euro-American translators, for example, generally resist the suggestion that…
Euro-American translators resist the suggestion…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
10. …institutional manipulation influences translation.
…institutional manipulation influences translation.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
11. While such terms may help the translation scholar articulate the way translations function
in a society…
…translations function in a society…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
12. …most of which comes from „outside― a translation-oriented or even a comparative
discipline...
…most of which (secondary comes from „outside― a translation-
124
literature) oriented...discipline...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
13. Some of the ―precursors‖ work may or may not have been intended for translation.
…―precursors‖
work
...have been intended Ø(by someone) for translation.
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ParPhenomenon>
14. Richards, for example, was clearly teaching students techniques for learning the English
canon, yet translation workshops in the USA use New Critical methods to interpret and
evaluate translations.
…translation
workshops
use New Critical methods to
interpret
and
evaluate
translations.
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParProjectedClause>
15. Chomsky did not intend his model to be used for translation…
Chomsky did not intend ...his model to be used for translation…
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
<ParActor> <ParRange> <ProMaterial> <CirMeans>
16. Late Russian Formalists such as Jurij Tynjanov and Roman Jakobson allowed for
translation as well as other cultural phenomena in their theory...
Late Russian
Formalists such
as Jurij Tynjanov
and Roman
Jakobson
allowed for translation as well
as other cultural...
in their theory...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
17. Such standards imply notions of substantialism that limit other possibilities of translation
practice, marginalize unorthodox translation, and impinge…
Such standards
imply notions of
substantialism
that limit other
possibilities of
translation
practice,
marginalize unorthodox
translation,…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 44: Teorias Contemporâneas da Tradução – Introduction’s analysis
1. ...outros, talvez tradutores também, alegam saber tudo o que precisam saber.
125
…outros, talvez tradutores
também,
alegam saber tudo o que precisam
saber
<ParSayer> <ProVerbal> <ParVerbiage>
2. ...a tradução, porém, é inerente a todas as línguas por meio de suas relações com outros
sistemas significativos , tanto do passado como do presente.
a tradução é inerente a todas as línguas... por meio de suas
relações
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue> <CirMeans>
3. ...tradução intralingual, uma reescrita de sinais em uma língua com sinais da mesma
língua;
…tradução intralingual, Ø é uma reescrita de sinais…
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
4. ...tradução interlingual, ou a interpretação de sinais em uma língua com sinais de outra.
…tradução interlingual, Ø é a interpretação de sinais…
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
5. ...e tradução intersemiótica, ou a transferência dos sinais em uma língua para sistemas de
sinais de língua em arte ou música.
…tradução intersemiótica Ø é a transferência dos sinais …
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
6. Meu enfoque principal é o segundo aspecto da definição de Jakobson – tradução
interlingual...
Meu enfoque principal é o segundo aspecto da
definição de Jakobson –
tradução interlingual...
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
7. ...mas espero demonstrar também que esse isolamento é impossível e que mesmo a
tradução ―propriamente dita‖ acarreta múltiplos aspectos linguísticos, literarios e culturais.
…a tradução „própriamente
dita―
acarreta múltiplos aspectos
linguísticos, literarios e
culturais.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
8. Tradutores literários, por exemplo, distanciam-se do ―jargão‖ das abordagens
linguísticas;
Tradutores literários, distanciam-se do ―jargão‖ das abordagens
linguísticas;
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
126
9. Tradutores euro-amricanos, por exemplo, costumam resistir à sugestão...
Tradutores euro-amricanos, costumam resistir à sugestão…
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParRange>
10. ...a manipulação institucional influencia a tradução.
…a manipulação
institucional
influencia a tradução.
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
11. Embora tais termos possam ajudar o estudioso de tradução a articular o modo como as
traduções funcionam em uma sociedade, também contribuem para inibir a natureza da
investigação.
…as traduções funcionam em uma sociedade,
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
12. Diante dessa metodologia, as fontes originais se mostram mais valiosas que a literatura
secundária, a maior parte da qual tem origem ―externa‖a uma disciplina orientada para a
tradução ou sequer comparativa,...
...uma disciplina orientada para a tradução...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <CirLocation>
13. Parte do trabalho dos ―precursores‖ podia ou não ter sido pretendida para tradução.
...trabalho dos
―precursores
podia ou não ter sido
pretendida
Ø(by someone) para tradução.
<ParPhenomenon> <ProMental> <ParSenser> <ParBeneficiary>
14. ...entretanto, as oficinas de tradução nos EUA usam os novos métodos críticos para
interpretar e avaliar as traduções.
…oficinas de
tradução
usam os novos métodos
críticos para
interpretar e
avaliar
as traduções.
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParProjectedClause>
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
15. Chomsky não pretendia que seu modelo fosse usado para tradução, mas Nida e Wolfram
Wills...
Chomsky não pretendia que seu
modelo
fosse usado Ø(by
someone)
para
tradução,...
<ParSenser> <ProMental> <ParPhenomenon>
<ParRange> <ProMaterial> <ParActor> <CirMeans>
16. Outros abordam de forma direta questões ligadas à tradução.
Outros abordam de forma questões ligadas à tradução.
127
direta
<ParToken> <ProRelational> <ParValue>
17. Formalistas russos mais recentes como Jurij Tynjanov e Roman Jakobson inseriram a
tradução, bem como outros fenômenos culturais, em sua teoria...
Formalistas
russos mais
recentes como
Jurij Tynjanov e
Roman Jakobson
inseriram a tradução...
...em sua teoria...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal> <CirLocation>
18. Esses padrões implicam noções de substancialismo que limitam outras possibilidades da
prática de tradução, marginalizam a tradução não ortodoxa e comprometem...
Esses padrões
implicam noções
de
substancialismo
que limitam
outras
possibilidades da
prática de
tradução
marginalizam a tradução não
ortodoxa...
<ParActor> <ProMaterial> <ParGoal>
Appendix 45: After Babel – Introduction’s analysis
1. Translation is fully implicit in the most rudimentary communication.
Translation is fully implicit…
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
2. It is explicit in the coexistence and mutual contact of the thousands of languages spoken on
the earth.
It (translation) is explicit in the…
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
3. The Kabbalah, in which the problem of Babel and the nature of language is so insistently
examined, knows of a day of redemption on which translation will no longer be necessary.
…translation will (no longer) be necessary
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
4. It records the conjecture, no doubt heretical, that there shall come a day when translation
is not only unnecessary but inconceivable.
...translation is not only unnecessary ...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
128
Appendix 46: Depois de Babel – Introduction’s analysis
1. A tradução está totalmente implícita na comunicação mais rudimentar.
tradução está totalmente implícita ...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
2. Está explícita na coexistência e no contato mútuo das milhares de línguas faladas no
mundo.
Ø está explícita na ...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
3. A cabala, na qual o problema de Babel e da natureza da linguagem é tão insistentemente
examinado, sabe de um dia de redenção no qual a tradução não será mais necessária.
...tradução (não) será mais necessária
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
4. Ela registra a conjectura, sem dúvida herética, de que vai existir um dia em que a tradução
não será apenas desnecessária, mas também inconcebível.
...tradução (não) será apenas desnecessária,...
<ParCarrier> <ProRelational> <ParAttribute>
Appendix 47: Table with examples of meanings of Token and Value roles