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12.3 The present subjunctive ANTE TODO With the exception of commands (imperative mood) all of the verb forms you have been using have been in the indicative mood. The indicative is used to state facts and to express actions or states that the speaker considers to be real and definite. (present, preterit, imperfect, future, conditional) In contrast, the subjunctive mood expresses the speaker’s attitudes toward events, as well as actions or states the speaker views as uncertain or hypothetical. (SUBJECTIVITY)
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12.3 The present subjunctive
ANTE TODO With the exception of commands (imperative mood) all of
the verb forms you have been using have been in the indicative mood. The indicative is used to state facts and to express actions or states that the speaker considers to be real and definite. (present, preterit, imperfect, future, conditional)
In contrast, the subjunctive mood expresses the speaker’s attitudes toward events, as well as actions or states the speaker views as uncertain or hypothetical. (SUBJECTIVITY)
12.3 The present subjunctive
The subjunctive is mainly used to express:
1) will and influence2) emotion 3) doubt, disbelief, and denial4) indefiniteness and nonexistence
General uses of the subjunctive
12.3 The present subjunctive
The subjunctive is most often used in sentences that consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause contains a verb or expression that triggers the use of the subjunctive.
The word que connects the subordinate clause to the main clause.
A change of subject in the second clause warrants the use of the conjunction “que.” If there is no change of subject, the infinitive is used. Es muy importante ir al hotel ahora mismo.
Main clause Connector Subordinate clause
Es muy importante que vayas al hotel ahora mismo.
12.3 The present subjunctive These impersonal expressions are always followed by
clauses in the subjunctive because they are expressions of will that trigger the subjunctive when the subject changes. The word “que” means that the second clause will have a different subject. Without “que” we use the infinitive.
Es bueno que… It’s good that…
Es mejor que… It’s better that… Es malo que… It’s bad that…
Es importante que… It’s important that…
Es necesario que… It’s necessary that… Es urgente que… It’s urgent that…
12.3 The present subjunctivePresent subjunctive of regular verbs
hablar comer escribir SINGULAR FORMS
yo hable coma escriba tú hables comas escribas
Ud. / él / ella hable coma escriba PLURAL FORMS
nosotros/as hablemos comamos escribamos vosotros/as habléis comáis escribáis
Uds. / ellos / ellas hablen coman escriban
12.3 The present subjunctive The present subjunctive is formed very much like usted
and ustedes and negative tú commands. From the yo form of the present indicative, drop the -o ending, and replace it with the subjunctive endings. (opposite endings)
PRESENT VERBINFINITIVE INDICATIVE STEM SUBJUNCTIVE
hablar hablo habl- hablecomer como com- comaescribir escribo escrib- escriba
12.3 The present subjunctive The present subjunctive endings are:
–ar verbs –er and –ir verbs
–e –emos –a –amos
–es –éis –as –áis–e –en –a –an
12.3 The present subjunctive Verbs with irregular yo forms show the same
irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive.
Present PresentInfinitive indicative Verb stem subjunctive
conducir conduzco conduzc- conduzcaconocer conozco conozc- conozcadecir digo dig- digahacer hago hag- hagaofrecer ofrezco ofrezc- ofrezcaoír oigo oig- oiga
12.3 The present subjunctive
Present PresentInfinitive indicative Verb stem subjunctive
parecer parezco parezc- parezcaponer pongo pong- pongatener tengo teng- tengatraducir traduzco traduzc- traduzcatraer traigo traig- traigavenir vengo veng- vengaver veo ve- vea
12.3 The present subjunctive To maintain the -c, -g, and -z sounds, verbs ending in -
car, -gar, and -zar have a spelling change in all forms of the present subjunctive.
sacar saque, saques, saque, saquemos, saquéis, saquen
jugar juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguéis, jueguen
almorzar almuerce, almuerces, almuerce, almorcemos, almorcéis, almuercen
12.3 The present subjunctive
Verbs that end in -ar and -er that are stem-changing verbs have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative. (boot)
pensar (e:ie) piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen
mostrar (o:ue) muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, mostréis, muestren
entender (e:ie) entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entendáis, entiendan
volver (o:ue) vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos, volváis, vuelvan
Present subjunctive of stem-changing verbs
12.3 The present subjunctive –Ir stem-changing verbs have the same stem changes in
the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative, but in addition, the nosotros/as and vosotros/as forms undergo a stem change. The unstressed e changes to i, while the unstressed o changes to u. (like the preterit 3rd person stem change)
pedir (e:i) pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis, pidan
sentir (e:ie) sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan
dormir (o:ue) duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmáis, duerman
12.3 The present subjunctive
The following five verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive.
Irregular verbs in the present subjunctive
dar estar ir SINGULAR FORMS
yo dé esté vaya tú des estés vayas
Ud. / él / ella dé esté vaya PLURAL FORMS
nosotros/as demos estemos vayamos vosotros/as deis estéis vayáis
Uds. / ellos / ellas den estén vayan
12.3 The present subjunctiveIrregular verbs in the present subjunctive
saber ser SINGULAR FORMS
yo sepa sea tú sepas seas
Ud. / él / ella sepa sea PLURAL FORMS
nosotros/as sepamos seamos vosotros/as sepáis seáis
Uds. / ellos / ellas sepan sean
The following five verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive.
12.3 The present subjunctive
¡ATENCIÓN! The subjunctive form of hay (there is, there are) is also
irregular: haya.
12.3 The present subjunctive
1. (alquilar, beber, vivir) que yo _______________alquilebeba
viva2. (estudiar, aprender, asistir) que tú
_______________ estudies aprendas asistas
¡INTÉNTALO! Indica el presente de subjuntivo de los
siguientes verbos. Es importante…
12.3 The present subjunctive3. (encontrar, poder, dormir) que él ________encuentrepuedaduerma 4. (hacer, tener, venir) que nosotros _____hagamostengamosvengamos
12.3 The present subjunctive5. (dar, hablar, escribir) que ellos ____ denhablenescriban 6. (pagar, empezar, buscar) que ustedes __paguenempiecenbusquen
12.3 The present subjunctive7. (ser, ir, saber) que yo ________ sea vaya sepa
8. (estar, dar, oír) que tú ________estésdesoigas
12.3 The present subjunctive9. (arreglar, leer, abrir) que nosotros ____
arreglemosleamosabramos
10. (cantar, leer, vivir) que ellas ______cantenleanvivan
