Apostila - Cirurgia I - Apostila de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial I_Resumo de Livros e...

7/22/2019 Apostila - Cirurgia I - Apostila de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial I_Resumo de Livros e Aulas de 2013 - Guilherme

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apostila-cirurgia-i-apostila-de-cirurgia-e-traumatologia-bucomaxilofacial 1/122



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O7

Wukírob

=X\ONGËXOBW ESNJMKCNZMOW JC GO\S\FOM C KMNBL\MW GO\Ð\FOGMW

ESNJMKCNZMOW Xífonm 3

Ncgcssojmjcs Lísogms pmrm Gorurfom XÍFONM 5

Joïrcsc XÍFONM 5Dckbstmsom XÍFONM =3Ecrojms Gorðrfogms XÍFONM =4Wëntcsc XÍFONM =?

< CTBJBNZOM Xífonm 7=

Gamssoeogmæçb jms cxbjbntoms XÍFONM 7<Bl`ctovbs jm cxbjbntom XÍFONM 77Xrongëpobs eunjmkcntmos jc cxbjbntom XÍFONM 7:Zckpbs bpcrmt÷robs XÍFONM 73Xamnc`mkcntb jm cxbjbntom XÍFONM 73

Kcgìnogm cxbjúntogm XÍFONM 76Kcgìnogm è E÷rgcps XÍFONM 7?Kcgìnogm m Mamvmngms XÍFONM :4Bjbntbsscgæçb XÍFONM 3=Bstcbtbkom/Mavcbacgtbkom pmrm cxbjbntom XÍFONM 3<Ebadm jc rcgbkcnjmæócs jb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob XÍFONM 33

7 X\BGCWWB JC \CXM\B MAUCBAM\ Xífonm 35

: ONECGÆÓCW BJBNZBFÀNOGMW Xífonm 58

Kogrblobabfom jms onecgæócs Bjbntbfànogms XÍFONM 5=

Xrongëpobs jb trmtmkcntb jms onecgæócs Bjbntbfànogms XÍFONM 5:Xrongëpobs jm prcvcnæçb jms onecgæócs Bjbntbfànogms XÍFONM 65Xrbgcssbs oneamkmt÷robs sïptogbs jc brofck jcntírom XÍFONM 64Onecgæócs Bjbntbfànogms gbkpacxms XÍFONM 48

3 X\CUCNÆÇB C Z\MZMKCNZB JMW GBKXAOGMÆÓCW GO\Ð\FOGMW Xífonm 4?

Acsócs jc tcgojbs kbacs0 Amgcrmæçb jb rctmadb kugbsb Ecrojms pcreurmntcs Amgcrmæçb Csfmræmkcntb bu mlrmsçb

XÍFONM ?8

Gbkpaogmæócs gbk uk jcntc jurmntc m sum cxtrmæçb0 Ermturm jc rmoz Jcsabgmkcntb jm rmoz Jcntc pcrjojb nm emronfc

XÍFONM ?7

Acsócs m jcntcs mj`mgcntcs0 Ermturm bu jcsabgmkcntb jc ukm rcstmurmæçb mj`mgcntc Auxmæçb jc uk jcntc mj`mgcntc Cxtrmæçb jb jcntc crrmjb

XÍFONM ?6

Acsócs m cstruturms ÷sscms0 Ermturm jb prbgcssb mavcbamr Ermturm jm tulcrbsojmjc kmxoamr

XÍFONM ?4

Acsócs m cstruturms mj`mgcntcs0

Acsócs m cstruturms ncrvbsms rcfobnmos Xmrcstcsom Acsócs è mrtoguamæçb tckpbrbkmnjoluamr

XÍFONM =88




ZC\GCO\B MNB JC BJBNZBABFOM - SNOBCWZC

X\ONGËXOBW JC GO\S\FOM C KMNBL\MW

GO\Ð\FOGMW ESNJMKCNZMOW

Gorurfom c Zrmukmtbabfom Brma c

Lugbkmxoabemgoma O

MXBWZOAM JC CWZSJB XM\M JOWGOXAONM JC GO\S\FOM O




NCGCWWOJMJCW LÍWOGMW XM\M GO\S\FOM

=- Uosoloaojmjc mjcqumjm0m. Mgcssb mjcqumjb0

Nçb rcqucr sbkcntc quc b pmgocntc tcndm dmloaojmjc pmrm mlror mkpamkcntc mlbgm, kms tmklïk rcqucr ukm cxpbsoæçb gromjm gorurfogmkcntc. (m rctrmæçbmjcqumjm pbssoloaotm ukm lbm cxpbsoæçb, tmklïk prbtcfc bs tcgojbs, cvotmnjb qucsc`mk mgojcntmakcntc acsobnmjbs).

l. Oaukonmæçb mjcqumjm0

M ebntc aukonbsm jcvc scr gbntonumkcntc rcpbsogobnmjm bu b gorurfoçb c/bu bmssostcntc jcvck cvotmr blstruor m oaukonmæçb, butrm matcrnmtovm scrom m utoaozmæçbjc ukm auz erbntma, mgbpamjm è gmlcæm.

g. Gmkpb gorðrfogb aovrc jc smnfuc ck cxgcssb c jc butrbs eauojbs0

Sk mspormjbr gorðrfogb jc matb jcsckpcndb gbk ukm pbntm jc sugæçbrcamtovmkcntc pcqucnm pbjc rmpojmkcntc rckbvcr smnfuc c butrbs eauojbs jbgmkpb.

<- Muxëaob0 B muxoaomr jcvc cstmr sueogocntckcntc emkoaomrozmjb mbs prbgcjokcntbs ckcxcguæçb pmrm mntcgopmr ms ncgcssojmjcs jb gorurfoçb. B jcsckpcndb jc ukm lbmgorurfom ï cxtrckmkcntc joeëgoa sck muxoaob bu gbk muxoaob jceogocntc.

JOÏ\CWC

Kmnblrms quc vosmk rbkpcr (ongosçb) bu ontcrrbkpcr (jovuasçb) m ontcfrojmjc tcgojuma.

ONGOWÇB

Aìkonms meomjms c jc tmkmndb mjcqumjbs jcvck scr utoaozmjms9 B kbvokcntb jcvc scr eorkc c gbntonub, kbvokcntb dcsotmntcs mukcntmk m

qumntojmjc jc tcgojb jmnoeogmjb nb ontcrobr jm ecrojm c m qumntojmjc jcsmnfrmkcntb, prc`ujogmnjb m gogmtrozmæçb jm ecrojm.

B gorurfoçb jcvc tcr lbk gbndcgokcntb mnmtúkogb, m eok jc cvotmr scggobnmrcstruturms votmos. Xmrm cvotmr scgæçb mgojcntma jc frmnjcs vmsbs bu ncrvbs, bgorurfoçb jcvc sbkcntc ongosmr prbeunjb b sueogocntc pmrm ojcntoeogmr b pr÷xokbpamnb tcgojuma prongopma qumnjb rcmaozm ongosócs pr÷xokms m abgmos bnjc gbrrmkvmsbs prongopmos bu ncrvbs. *cvotmr ongosócs vcrtogmos nb amjb aonfuma nm maturm jckbamrcs onecrobrcs pmrm cvorm acsçb jb ncrvb aonfuma. Zmklïk ongosócs vcstoluamrcs mbnëvca jbs ípogcs jbs prï-kbamrcs tmklïk pbjck bgmsobnmr jmnbs sblrc b ecoxcvmsguabncrvbsb kcntbnomnb.




M ongosçb jcvc sckprc onogomr pcrpcnjoguamr mb tcgojb, scr cstcnjojm ck :3¸ c btcrkonb jcvc scr ck ?8¸ nbvmkcntc. Cssm kmnblrm prbjuz lbrjms qumjrmjmsnm ecrojm gorðrfogm quc sçb kmos eígcos jc rcbrocntmr mjcqumjmkcntc jurmntc msuturm c quc sçb kcnbs susgctëvcos m ncgrbsc jms lbrjms gbkb rcsuatmjb jmosquckom.Jcscndb0

Ongosócs sblrc fcnfovm c sblrc bssb smjob sçb kmos jcsc`ívcos jb quc mqucamsrcmaozmjms mb abnfb jm fcnfovm nçb onscrojm c sblrc b tcgojb ÷sscb cstmgbkprbkctojb bu muscntc. Ongosócs lck abgmaozmjms pcrkotck quc ms kmrfcnsjm ecrojm gorðrfogm sc`mk suturmjms sblrc bssb ontmgtb c smujívca quc sc sotumpcab kcnbs m pbugbs koaëkctrbs maïk jb tcgojb ÷sscb gbkprbkctojb,prbpbrgobnmnjb supbrtc pmrm m ecrojm ck gogmtrozmæçb.

Kmtcromos0

m. Xrongopma0 Gmlb jc

Losturo n¸ 7, Aìkonms n¸=8, ==, =< c =3,l. Muxoaomr0 Xbrtm Mfuadm

(pbsogobnmr m aìkonm)

\cquosotbs pmrm m ongosçb0




Orrofmæçb smnfuëncm jb rctmadb

M lmsc jb rctmadb jcvc scr kmobr, bu nb kënokb ofuma è pbræçb tcrkonma.Wcnjb b ípogc </7 bu kctmjc jb tmkmndb jb ípogc. Nb kíxokb scrck jbkcskb tmkmndb.

Wckprc quc pbssëvca, ongauor suprokcntb smnfuëncb mxoma, p.cx. nb pmamtbjcvc scr gbnstruëjb nm jorcæçb jm mrtïrom pmamtonm kmobr.

M amrfurm jm lmsc jcvc scr kmobr jb quc b gbkprokcntb jb rctmadb. M orrofmæçb onsueogocntc jb rctmadb prbjuz ncgrbsc tcgojuma, b quc rcprcscntm mtrmsb

nm rcpmrmæçb tcgojuma c pbssoloaotm b mpmrcgokcntb jc gogmtrozcs. b Cssms kmnblrms prcvonck m ncgrbsc jb rctmadb \cspcotb è ontcfrojmjc tcgojuma

Zrmæmjb ongosobnma ck aondm ðnogm. Aìkonms jcvck cstmr meomjms c csgbadojmsgbrrctmkcntc. Cssms gbnjutms prcvonck m ncgrbsc jb rctmadb , lck gbkb, prcvonck m jcosgàngom jb rctmadb.

Xmrm ongosçb ck kugbsm fcnfovma bnjc cxostc uk pamnb ÷sscb sul`mgcntc, btrmæmjb jcvc mtonfor tbjm cstruturm tcgojuma jc ukm s÷ vcz, ck sotumæócs

gbkb nm pcac ms ongosócs s÷ mtonfck onogomakcntc sulgutìncb, m pmrtor jc



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O?

bnjc sc jctcrkonm b scfuokcntb gorðrfogb m scr ecotb pbr losturo, tcsburm bujovuasobnmnjb b tcgojb.

Ms pbræócs onogomos c eonmos jcvck cstmr pcrpcnjoguamrcs mbs tcgojbsgorgunvozondbs. cssm kmnblrm prcvonc m jcosgàngom jb rctmadb , pcrkotonjb kmos

eígoa rcbrocntmæçb jurmntc m suturm , c tmklïk prcvonc m ncgrbsc jb rctmadb. Uosumaozmæçb jb gmkpb bpcrmt÷rob

B trmæmjb jcvc pbssoloaotmr m bltcnæçb jc uk rctmadb quc qumnjbjovuasobnmjb pcrkotm cxpbr mkpamkcntc b gmkpb bpcrmt÷rob. Sk rctmadbquc prbpbrgobnm mgcssb sueogocntc prcvonc m joamgcrmæçb jb rctmadb jurmntcb trmns-bpcrmt÷rob, emzcnjb gbk quc cssc sc`m kcnbs trmukítogb prcvcnonjb

m ncgrbsc jms lbrjms jb rctmadb , pcrkotonjb kcadbr rcpmrmæçb. Ucrsmtoaojmjc nm mkpaotujc

M ongosçb jcvc pcrkotor sc gmsb dbuvcr ncgcssojmjc nb trmns-bpcrmt÷rob jcukm mkpaomæçb sck gbkprbkctcr m cvbauæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom jm ecrojmgorðrfogm.

Mpbob jb trmæmjb ck tcgojb ÷sscb smjob

Mb tcrkonb jb mtb bpcrmt÷rob, m rcpbsoæçb tcgojuma pbssm scr cectumjm,jcoxmnjb b trmæmjb ongosobnma mpbomjb ck uk tcgojb ÷sscb smjob. Jcssmebrkm pcrkotokbs gbk quc b bssb becrcæm supbrtc m ecrojm ck gogmtrozmæçb,prbpbrgobnmkbs okbloaojmjc jcsc`mjm nbs tcgojbs, emvbrcgcnjb mcstmloaozmæçb jb gbmfuab. Cssm kmnblrm prcvonc m jcosgàngom jb rctmadb.

]umnjb b gorurfoçb pamnc`m b jcscndb jb rctmadb cac jcvc emzcr gbk quc b gbntbrnb jb

rctmadb gbnsofm0 Xrcvcnor m ncgrbsc jb rctmadb0

Ípogc > quc m lmsc Ms rcamxmntcs jcvck scr gbnvcrfcntcs pmrm b ípogc bu nb kíxokb pmrmacams

M lmsc jb rctmadb jcvcrí scr mprbxokmjmkcntc b jblrb jm maturm ]umnjb pbssëvca ongauor suprokcntb smnfuëncb mxoma M lmsc nçb jcvcrm scr cxgcssovmkcntc tbrgojm bu jostcnjojm

Xrcvcnor m jcosgàngom jb rctmadb0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=8

Mprbxokmæçb jms lbrjms sblrc bssb smjob. Ongosçb vcrtogma bu blaëqum jcvc scr ecotm mb nëvca jb jcntc mntcrobr bu

pbstcrobr è írcm bnjc dmvcrí rckbæçb jc tcgojb ÷sscb. Ms ongosócs rcamxmntcs jcvck scr rcmaozmjms ck uk pbntb ontcrkcjoírob

cntrc b gcntrb jm gbrbm c m pmpoam ontcrprbxokma, kbvojm blaoqumkcntc nmjorcæçb mpogma mtrmvïs jm fcnfovm c kugbsm, sckprc acvmnjb ckgbnsojcrmæçb b rcpmrb jb rctmadb ck tcgojb ÷sscb síjob.

Ms cxtrckojmjcs jb rctmadb nçb jcvck scr joamgcrmjms c qumnjb suturmjmsnçb jcvck sbercr ebrtc tcnsçb.

M jcosgàngom cxpóc b bssb sul`mgcntc pbjcnjb gmusmr jbr, pcrjm ÷sscm,onecgæçb c mukcntb jb tcgojb gogmtrogoma.

Xrcvcnor joamgcrmæçb jb tcgojb0 Fcrmakcntc bgbrrc pbr kmnopuamæçb ongbrrctm jb rctmadb bu qumnjb pbssuo

mgcssb aokotmjb. Xrbvbgm ncgrbsc jbs tcgojbs.

\ctmadbs ontrmsuaguamrcs jcvck scr rcmaozmjbs0

M ongosçb rcamxmntc jcvc scr cntrc b gcntrb jm gbrbm c m pmpoam, nçb jorctmkcntcnm pmpoam, bu kmos mntcrobr bu pbstcrobr m cam.

M ongosçb nçb rcmaozmjm sblrc m pmpoam prcvonc ncgrbsc c emgoaotm m suturm. Nçb rcmaozmæçb nb gcntrb jm gbrbm prcvonc m rcgcssçb fcnfovma. Ms ongosócs rcamxmntcs fcrmakcntc jcvck scr pbsogobnmjms uk jcntc ontcorb

mntcs jm írcm bnjc mntcgopmjmkcntc ebr pamnc`mjm m rckbæçb jc qumaqucrqumntojmjc jc bssb.

GAMWWOEOGMÆÇB JMW ONGOWÓCW ONZ\M -B\MOW0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O==

m) ongosócs matms0

ONGOWÇB WCKOASNM\ ‗ XM\ZWGD0

Jcvc scr rcmaozmjm ck fcnfovm onscrojm c nçb ck kugbsm mavcbamr

: kk jostmntc jm kugbsm gcrmtonozmjm M lmsc jcvc tcr nb kënokb 3 kk pmrm emgoaotmr b suprokcntb smnfuëncb c prcvcnor m

ncgrbsc

Onjogmæócs0

Acsócs matms cxckpab mpogcgtbkom, gurctmfcns pcrompogmos ck jcntcs gbk rmëzcsabnfms, ck mpcnms uk cackcntb jcntma.

Jcsvmntmfcns0

Mprcscntm aokotmæçb nm mkpaomæçb9

Xbjc bgbrrcr jcosgàngom jm suturm jcoxmnjb lrcgdms ÷sscms bu lurmgbs vmzobs9 \cjuzojb mgcssb c vosumaozmæçb9 Kmobr smnfrmkcntb.

Umntmfcns0

Cstïtogb c jc jcsgbamkcntb gbnscrvmjbr

Gbntrm onjogmæçb0 ck írcms jc ercnuabs, jcntcs gbk rmëzcs gurtms, c gbrbms prbtïtogmsgokcntmjms.

ONGOWÇB Z\OMNFSAM\‗ KBNB MNFSAM\ MAZM

‗ XB\ZAMNJ0

Ongosçb aoncmr matm ck nëvca jc fcnfovm onscrojm prcscrvmnjb < m 7 kk jm kugbsm

gcrmtonozmjm, mssbgomjm m ukm ongosçb rcamxmntc9



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=<

Onjogmæócs0 mlbrjmfcns pcrompogmos ck cackcntbs jcntírobs gbk rmëzcs abnfms(pbjcnjb scr utoaozmjm qumnjb dí cnvbavokcntb jc kmos jc uk jcntc) bu ck gmsbs jcackcntbs jcntmos gbk gbrbms prbtïtogms lck mjmptmjms, jcntcs rctojbs c gostcgtbkoms.

Gbntrm onjogmæócs0 írcms jc ercnuabs.

ONGOWÇB Z\MXCWBOJMA ‗ LOMNFSAM\ MAZM ‗ VMWKSNJ

Ongosçb aoncmr matm ck nëvca jc fcnfovm onscrojm bu kugbsm mavcbamr aovrc gbk jumsrcamxmntcs blaoqums.

Onjogmæócs0 mlbrjmfcns pcrompogmos ck cackcntbs jcntírobs gbk rmëzcs abnfms,pbjcnjb scr utoaozmjm ck prbgcjokcntbs quc cnvbavmk kmos jc uk jcntc, bu ckgmsbs jc cackcntbs jcntmos gbk gbrbms prbtïtogms lck mjmptmjms, jcntcs rctojbs cgostcgtbkoms.

ONGOWÇB Z\MXCPBOJMA ‗ LOMNFSAM\ MAZM ‗ BGDWCNLCON C ASCLIC

Wckcadmntc m jc Vmskunj, pbrck m ongosçb aoncmr ï sulstotuëjm pbr ukm bnjuamrquc mgbkpmndm m mnmtbkom jb gbab jbs jcntcs. Cssm ongosçb ï fcrmakcntc gbneonmjmè rcfoçb mntcrobr jm kmxoam.

Onjogmæócs0 mlbrjmfcns pcrompogmos ck cackcntbs jcntírobs gbk rmëzcs abnfms,pbjcnjb scr utoaozmjm ck prbgcjokcntbs quc cnvbavmk kmos jc uk jcntc, bu ckgmsbs jc cackcntbs gbk gbrbms prbtïtogms lck mjmptmjms, jcntcs rctojbs c gostcgtbkoms.

ONGOWÇB AONCM\ MAZM ‗ DB_ DBSWWCZ

Ongosçb aoncmr matm c rctm ck eunjb jc vcstëluab jckbamrcs mtï gmnonbs. Onjogmæçb0 mlbrjmfcns matms ck scob kmxoamr pcamtïgnogm jc Gmajwcaa-Aug.




l) ongosócs lmoxms0

ONGOWÇB Z\MONFSAM\ ‗ KBNBMNFSAM\ LMOTM ‗ NCSKMNN0

Ontrmsuaguamr ck nëvca jc pmpoam ontcrjcntmrom gbk ðnogm rcamxmntc blaëqum. B losturo jcvc cstmr pmrmacab mbs suagbs fcnfovmos.

M rcamxmntc nçb jcvc scr cstcnjojm pmrm kugbsm mavcbamr. Xbjc scr utoaozmjm pmrm mukcntmr b mgcssb jc uk rctmadb jb topb cnvcabpc.

Onjogmæócs0 mpogcgtbkoms, gurctmfcns pcrompogmos jc cackcntbs gbk rmëzcs gurtms,jcntcs rctojbs, gostcgtbkoms, mavcbacgtbkoms tbtmos. Xbjc scr utoaozmjm qumnjb dí kmosjc uk jcntc cnvbavojb.

Umntmfcns0 lbk mgcssb c vosumaozmæçb, pbssoloaojmjc jc mkpaomæçb c emgoaojmjc jcrcpbsogobnmkcntb.

Jcsvmntmfcns0 pmgocntcs gbk pr÷tcscs eoxms.

ONGOWÇB Z\MXCPBOJMA ‗ LOMNFSAM\ LMOTM ‗ NBUMI XCZC\ ‗ NCSKMNNKBJOEOGMJM0

Ongosçb ontrmsuaguamr aoncmr gbk < rcamxmntcs blaoqums. Xbjc scr utoaozmjm pmrm mkpaomr ukm ongosçb jc Ncukmnn bu jc Cnvcabpc.

Onjogmæócs0 mpogcgtbkoms, gurctmfck pcrompogma jc cackcntbs gbk rmëzcs gurtms, jcntcsrctojbs, gostcgtbkom, mavcbacgtbkoms tbtmos.

Umntmfcns0 cxpóc uk gmkpb kmos mkpab c gbk kmobr eacxoloaojmjc jb rctmadb. Xbjc

scr utoaozmjm qumnjb dí kmos jc uk jcntc cnvbavojb nb pamnc`mkcntb gorðrfogb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=:

Jcsvmntmfcns0 kmos cjckm, okpbssoloaojmjc jc mkpaomæçb c pmgocntcs gbk pr÷tcscseoxms.

ONGOWÇB JB ZOXB CNUCABXC

Ongosçb ck nëvca jc pmpoam ontcrjcntírom sck ongosócs rcamxmntcs.

Onjogmæócs0 tcgojb ÷sscb mavcbamr sck ncgcssojmjc jc gmkpb gorðrfogb mkpab,mavcbacgtbkom pmrgoma.

Gbntm onjogmæócs0 pmgocntcs gbk pr÷tcsc eoxm

Umntmfcns0 pbssoloaotm mkpaomæçb pmrm mklbs bs amjbs, kcnbs smnfrmkcntb cemgoaojmjc jc rcpbsogobnmkcntb.

Jcsvmntmfcns0 rcjuzojb mgcssb c vosumaozmæçb, joeoguajmjcs jc rcamxmkcntb c

rclmtokcntb, pbjcnjb bgbrrcr joamgcrmæócs.

JOUSAWÇB

Xmrm mtonfor pamnbs mnmtúkogbs kmos prbeunjbs, usmkbs m kmnblrm jc jovuasçb, busc`m, m ontcrrupæçb jm gbntonuojmjc jbs tcgojbs m pmrtor jb trmæmjb ongosobnma.

M jovuasçb jcvc scr prmtogmjm blscrvmnjb-sc pamnbs mnmtúkogbs nmturmos,scpmrmnjb-sc bs tcgojbs.

Wonjcskbtbkom ï m jovuasçb jm fcnfovm onscrojm.

Kmtcromos utoaozmjbs0

m. Xrongopmos0

Zcsburm jc Kctzcklmuk Jcsgbamjbrcs Kugb-Xcrobstmos (Erccr, Kbat, Dbaacklmgi 7s).




l. muxoaomrcs0 Xonæms pmrm mprccnsçb jbs tcgojbs.

CTÏ\CWC

Kmnblrms gorðrfogms pcams qumos rctormkbs m pbræçb bu b tbjb jc ÷rfçb.

BWZCBZBKOM BS \CKBÆÇB JC ZCGOJB ×WWCB

Kmtcromos utoaozmjbs0 gonzïos ponæm fbovm, aokms pmrm bssb c onstrukcntmos rbtmt÷robs

CTÏ\CWC JC ZCGOJBW KBACW

\ckbæçb tbtma jc tcgojbs cnecrkbs bu kcskb ÷rfçbs.

DCKBWZMWOM (MSAM JB FM\LON @\, C., M., <8=7)

Ï b prbgcssb eosoba÷fogb cngmrrcfmjb jc pmrmr b smnfrmkcntb c onogomr b prbgcssb jc rcpmrbtcgojuma.

Skm lbm dckbstmsom ï sckprc b gbkpackcntb jc tbjm tïgnogm gorðrfogm c cam ï bltojm,jurmntc ukm ontcrvcnæçb, pbr kcob jc gbkprcssócs gbk fmzc bu jbs kïtbjbs gaíssogbsjc ponæmfck c aofmjurm.

ZCKXBW JM DCKBWZMWOM 0

=. Xmroctma0 Umsbgbnstroæçb rceacxm scfuojm jc mjcsçb c mfrcfmæçb pamquctírom (tmkpçb

pamquctírob quc gblrc bu blstruo b vmsb acsmjb).

<. Xamskítogb0 ebrkmæçb jb gbífuab, ebrkmæçb jm trbklbpamstonm, trbklonm c eolronm,mtrmvïs jms voms ontrënscgm c cxtrënscgm.

7. Zrbklbjonìkogb0 b gbífuab ebrkmjb sberc rctrmæçb (emsc gbnstotutovm) c pbstcrobraosc jc eolronm bu eolron÷aosc (emsc jcstrutovm), bgbrrc ck 6< dbrms mp÷s m ebrkmæçbjb gbífuab.

GAMWWOEOGMÆÇB JMW DCKB\\MFOMW0

O. Wcfunjb ms gmrmgtcrëstogms gaënogms0

Cxtcrnms0 qumnjb b smnfuc sc cxtcrobrozm nm supcreëgoc jm írcm acsmjm. Ontcrnms0 qumnjb bgbrrc ck ukm gmvojmjc nmturma jb brfmnoskb.

OO. Wcfunjb m nmturczm jb vmsb acsmjb0

Mrtcroma0 dckbrrmfom puasítoa, b smnfuc eauo ck `mtbs ontcrkotcntcs c songrúnogbsgbk m puasmæçb mrtcroma, tck gbabrmæçb vcrkcadb vovb.

Ucnbsm0 dckbrrmfom gbntënum jc gbr vcrkcadb csgurb.




Gmpoamr0 dckbrrmfom ck acnæba, b smnfuc eauo jc kmncorm joeusm c gbntënum, ï mkmos gbkuk ck gorurfom brma.

OOO. Wcfunjb m ctmpm gorðrfogm bu trmtmkcntb0

Xrokíroms0 nb trmnsbpcrmt÷rob bu jurmntc b trmukm. Wcgunjíroms0 nb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob bu mp÷s b trmukm. \cgbrrcntcs bu rcpctotovms0 tïgnogms dckbstítogms okpcrecotms bu matcrmæócs nb

kcgmnoskb jc gbmfuamæçb.

K MNBL\MW GO\Ð\FOGMW JC DCKBWZMWOM 0

Zrmtmkcntb kcgìnogb0

Gbkprcssçb bu tmkpbnmkcntb gbk fmzc (dckbrrmfoms gmpoamrcs)9 Wuturm ck kmssm jc tcgojbs (guojmr pmrm nçb suturmr vmsbs ‗ pmrcstcsom)9

Xonæmkcntb jc vmsbs (ponæms kbsquotb ‗ mpaogmæçb jc ukm ponæm dckbstítogm nm

cxtrckojmjc jc uk vmsb acsmjb, gbolonjb onstmntmncmkcntc m dckbrrmfom)9

Xonæmkcntb scfuojb jc aofmjurm bu amqucmkcntb (vmsbs jc kmobr gmaolrc ‗ bgausçb

jm auz jc uk vmsb pbr kcob jc eob gbnstrotbr ‗ eob mlsbrvëvca)9

Cskmfmkcntb jc trmlïguams ÷sscms (dckbrrmfoms ontrm-÷sscms).

Eosobtcrmpom gbk erob (X÷s-bpcrmt÷rob)0 Gbkprcssm fcamjms cxtcrnmkcntc nm emgc,nms prokcorms <: dbrms p÷s-gorurfom, pmssmr uk dojrmtmntc bu vmscaonm nm emgc c

prbtcfcr b fcab gbk pmnb pmrm cvotmr qucokmjurm bu acsçb pcab erob.

Wulstìngoms dckbstítogms0 Ssb Abgma0

Cspbn`m jc eolronm ‗ Eolronba (trbklonm + eolronbfànob)9 Cspbn`m jc fcamtonm rcmlsbrvëvca ‗ ‑FCAEBMK‛9 ‑DCKBWXBN‛9

Gcauabsc bxojmjm ‗ ‑WS\FOGCA‛9 Gbaífcnb kogrbeolroamr ‗ ‑MUOZCNC‛9 Gcrm ÷sscm (nçb mlsbrvëvca).

Nb mavïbab jcntma jcvc scr cvotmjm m gbabgmæçb jc sulstmngoms pmrm prbkbvcr dckbstmsom, jcvojbmb mtrmsb nb prbgcssb jc rcpmrb.




Ssb Wostàkogb0

Uotmkonm I0 Mfc nm sëntcsc dcpítogm jbs emtbrcs OO, UOO, OT c T9 jcvc scr onjogmjm

sbkcntc nm jokonuoæçb jm becrtm jc votmkonm I. Cssm jokonuoæçb fcrmakcntc ïmssbgomjm gbk joseunæçb dcpítogm (gorrbsc, dcpmtotc) c nb gmsb jc joseunæçbdcpítogm b ebrncgokcntb jc votmkonm I nçb ï cectovb.

Mkpbam jc =8 kf0 mjuatbs = m < mkpbams ontrmkusguamr < joms mntcs jm gorurfom.

Ctmnsoamtb (jogonbnc)0 Jokonuo m pcrkcmloaojmjc gmpoamr c mukcntm m mjcsovojmjcpamquctírom, onjogmjb ck jokonuoæçb jm rcsostàngom gmpoamr (jomlctcs, ncerbpmtoms cmrtcrobsgacrbsc)

Gbkprokojbs <38 kf, mkpbam jc <38 kf0 mjuatbs =888 kf ontrm kusguamr 3 konutbsmntcs jm gorurfom, =888 kf vom brma = dbrm mntcs jm gorurfom, 388 kf 5/5 dbrms ontrmkusguamr bu vom brma mp÷s m gorurfom.

Jrbfms mntoeolronbaëtogms0 ck gmsbs jc dckbrrmfoms tmrjoms. Okpcjck m mæçb jmpamskonm c mukcntmk m gbngcntrmæçb jc emtbr O, U c UOOO.

Ígojb ïpsoabn mkonbgmpr÷ogb0 gbkprokojbs 388 kf, mjuatbs, < gbkprokojbs 7 vczcs mbjom.

Ígojb Zrmncxìkogb0 gbkprokojbs <38 kf/mkpbam <38 kf, mjuatbs, 388 kf ontrm

kusguamr bu ontrm brma m gmjm 5/5 dbrms.




EC\OJMW GO\Ð\FOGMW (XCZC\WBN)0

Gmusms jb jmnb tcgojuma0

Mfrcssócs eësogms0 ongosçb, cskmfmkcntb, cxtrckbs jc tckpcrmturm, orrmjomæçb,

jcsojrmtmæçb c blstruæçb jb oneauxb mrtcroma bu jb ceauxb vcnbsb. Mfrcssócs quëkogms0 gbk pD bu tbnogojmjc nçb eosoba÷fogbs, mqucams quc

pcrturlmk m ontcfrojmjc jc prbtcënms c mqucams quc gmusmk osquckom mbprbjuzorck gbnstroæçb vmsguamr bu trbklbsc.

Gogmtrozmæçb pbr prokcorm, scfunjm c tcrgcorm ontcnæócs0

Xrokcorm ontcnæçb0

Ms kmrfcns ms qumos nçb dbuvc pcrjm jc tcgojb sçb pbsogobnmjms ccstmloaozmjms, csscngomakcntc, nm kcskm pbsoæçb mnmtúkogm quc pbssuëmk mntcsjm acsçb, c jcssc kbjb kmntojms, pcrkotonjb sum gogmtrozmæçb.

Bgbrrc rmpojmkcntc, gbk kcnbr rosgb jc onecgæçb c b rcpmrb bgbrrc gbkebrkmæçb kënokm jc gogmtroz.

Wcfunjm ontcnæçb0

Sk cspmæb ï kmntojb cntrc ms sums kmrfcns, jcvojb m pcrjm jc tcgojb nmecrojm, b quc okpcjc m mprbxokmæçb jms kmrfcns.

M gogmtrozmæçb ï jckbrmjm c prbjuz kmos tcgojb gogmtrogoma. Cxckpabs0 mavïbabs mp÷s cxtrmæçb, ermturms kma rcjuzojms, uagcrms prbeunjms.

Zcrgcorm ontcnæçb0

Gogmtrozmæçb jc ecrojms mtrmvïs jb usb jc cnxcrtbs jc tcgojb pmrm gblrmrfrmnjcs ecrojms c rcjuzor bu caokonmr b cspmæb cntrc ms kmrfcns.

Gamssoeogmæçb jm ecrojm gorðrfogm0

Zopb O ‗ Wupcreogoma0 nçb ncgcssotm suturm. Cx0 csgmroeogmæçb Zopb Om ‗ Xrbeunjm0 ncgcssotm jc suturm

Zopb Ol ‗ Xrbeunjm c amrfm0 ncgcssotm jc suturm, cnxcrtbs c rctmadbs.

]umntb mb rcpmrb0

Xrokcorm ontcnæçb0 Ecrojms prbeunjms, ck jcrkc c pamnbs prbeunjbs Ms lbrjms sçb mprbxokmjms c kmntojms `ustmpbstms

Wcfunjm ontcnæçb supcreogoma0

Lbrjms nçb sc mprbxokmk, dí pcrjm jb tcgojb jm cpojcrkc.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=?

Ecgdmkcntb pbr cpotcaozmæçb Cx0 csgmroeogmæçb

Wcfunjm ontcnæçb prbeunjm0 Lbrjms nçb sc mprbxokmk.

Bgbrrc frmnuamæçb, gbntrmæçb c cpojcrkoxmæçb Cx0 qucokmjurms jc tcrgcorb frmu, cxtrmæçb jcntma.

WËNZCWC

B tcrkb suturm ï usmjb pmrm jcsofnmr tbjb kmtcroma utoaozmjb pmrm aofmr (mkmrrmr)vmsbs smnfuëncbs bu mprbxokmr tcgojbs.

Nm bjbntbabfom b bl`ctovb prongopma jm suturm ï pbsogobnmr c kmntcr eorkc b rctmadbgorðrfogb m eok jc prbkbvcr ÷tokm gurm.

Bl`ctovbs0

Cvotmr mgojcntcs dckbrrífogbs (prbkbvcr dckbstmsom)9 Kmntcr b rctmadb ck pbsoæçb , cvotmnjb m jcosgàngom pbr scpmrmæçb jb tcgojb mb bssb

c/bu cxpbsoæçb jb bssb sul`mgcntc, quc mtrmsmrí m rcpmrmæçb tcgojuma jcvojb mgogmtrozmæçb pbr scfunjm ontcnæçb.

Xrcvcnor m pcnctrmæçb jc kogrbbrfmnoskbs nm ecrojm (ck cxbjbntom b gbífuab emzcssc pmpca).

Xrbtcfcr b mavcbab, emvbrcgcnjb m kmnutcnæçb jb gbífuab smnfuëncb.

]umaojmjcs jc ukm lbm sëntcsc0

Wuturm mssïptogm qucr sc`m pbr eobs c onstrukcntmos nçb cstïrcos bu tcgojbsgbntmkonmjbs.

Wuturm mtrmukítogm, jcvc rcmaozmr sum eunæçb sck mukcntmr b trmukmtoskb. Cssmqumaojmjc ï jcpcnjcntc jm dmloaojmjc kmnuma jb gorurfoçb c jm csgbadm gbrrctm jc eobs cmfuadms.

Zcnsçb cxcrgojm jcvc scr sueogocntc pmrm kmntcr b rctmadb ck pbsoæçb, tcnsócscxgcssovms pbjck rcsuatmr ck ncgrbsc. M suturm amgcmjm nçb okbloaozm sueogocntckcntcbs tcgojbs c gbkprbkctc m cstmloaozmæçb jb gbífuab rctmrjmnjb m rcpmrmæçb tcgojuma.

Xrbkbvcr suturm pamnb-m-pamnb jc tcgojbs dbk÷abfbs, bu sc`m tcgojbs jckcskm nmturczm. (m nçb rcmaozmæçb jcssc prbgcjokcntb gromrckbs uk ‑cspmæb kbrtb‛

quc orí sc tbrnmr uk dckmtbkm c onecgobnmr). Xrbpbrgobnmr lbrjms nëtojms c rcfuamrcs gbk bs tcgojbs ëntcfrbs. Kmntcr m votmaojmjc jbs tcgojbs mtrmvïs jc lbrjms grucntms, jcssm ebrkm pbjc sc

rcstmlcacgcr m kogrbgorguamæçb c m ecrojm tcnjc m tcr cvbauæçb nbrkma. Wcfurmnæm nm csgbadm jb topb jc sëntcsc, c jms mfuadms c eobs jc suturm. Musàngom jc dckmtbkm. Musàngom jc gbrpbs cstrmndbs (rckmncsgcntcs jc jcntc, bssb, rcstmurmæçb), ukm

gurctmfck mp÷s m rcmaozmæçb jb prbgcjokcntb prcvonc cssm gbnjoæçb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O<8

K MZC\OMOW JC WSZS\M 0

=. Mfuadms0

]umnjb usmjms gbrrctmkcntc konokozmk m rcmæçb oneamkmt÷rom trmukítogm c cvotmkamgcrmæócs tcgojumos. Wçb gamssoeogmjms qumntb è pbntm mtovm, ebrkmtb jb gbrpb, eunjb,gurvmturm, gbkprokcntb c joìkctrb. M mfuadm mtrmukítogm tck scu joìkctrb ofuma mbeob.

M. pbntm mtovm0Xmrtc mtovm jc pcnctrmæçb jbs tcgojbs mprcscntm ebrkms vmromjms. Zromnfuamr jc gbrtc gbnvcngobnma0

b Onjogmjm nms gmvojmjcs brma, nmsma, emronfc, pcac, aofmkcntb c tcnjçb.

Zromnfuamr jc gbrtc rcvcrsb0b Onjogmjm pmrm kugbsms brma c nmsma, aofmkcntb c eísgom (mpbncurbsc).



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O<=

Mfuadm goaënjrogm0b Onjogmjm pmrm kðsguabs, fbrjurm sulgutìncm, ncrvbs, vmsbs, mpbncurbscs,

pcrotúnob c kobgírjob. b Xbjc tcr pbntm rbklm pmrm tcgojbs erífcos bu ermfëvcos gbkb rok, eëfmjb

pìngrcms c gbab utcronb.

L. Ebrkmtb jb Gbrpb0

Cxostck víroms ebrkms0 tromnfuamrcs, goaënjrogms, bvmamjms c qumjrmjms. B gbrpb pbjcscr joecrcntc jm pbntm mtovm.

G. Eunjb0

Eoxb bu Ucrjmjcorb0 mfuadm jb topb gbkuk jc gusturm. Emasb0 b eob ï eoxmjb sbl prcssçb nb eunjb jm mfuadm.

Zrmukítogms0 prbvbgmk kmobr trmukm jcvojb m joecrcnæm jc joìkctrb cntrc mfuadm ceob, b eunjb ï kmobr quc b gbrpb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O<<

Mtrmukítogms0 b ecob ï prï-kbntmjb, ï m utoaozmjm mtumakcntc.

J. ]umntb m gurvmturm0

Jovcrsbs ebrkmtbs, scnjb ms kmos gbkuns

\ctms0 nçb ncgcssotmk jc pbrtm mfuadms. Wcko-rctms0 ncgcssotm jc pbrtm mfuadm.

Xbjck scr0

= / < - gmvojmjcs brma c nmsma, emronfc, fbrjurm sulgutìncm, pcac c kðsguab. (kmosutoaozmjm pcam bjbntbabfom).7 / 4 - mpbncurbscs, jurmkítcr, badb, kðsguabs, kobgírjob, ncrvbs, vmsbs. Mfuadms gurvmsusmjms ck prbeunjojmjc. = / : - onjogmjms pmrm badb c kogrbgorurfom.

3 / 4 - gmvojmjcs brma c nmsma, sostckm gmrjobvmsguamr, pïavos, trmtb fcnotírob.

<. EOBW JC WSZS\M0Jcvck scr csgbadojbs gbnebrkc ms gmrmgtcrëstogms jm írcm bpcrmjm c jm pr÷promgbnvcnoàngom jb bpcrmjbr.

Gamssoeogmæçb

M. ]umntb m sum cstruturm eësogm0




Kbnbeoamkcntmr0 uk eoamkcntb. Ï kcnbs orrotmntc m pcac. X.cx.0 nyabn

Kuatoeoamkcntmr0 eolrms tbrgojms c cstormjms pbugb. Xmrm scrck kcnbs orrotmntcs

jcvck scr lck tbrgojbs c cstormjbs.

]umntb è pcrkmnàngom0

Mlsbrvëvcos0 mlsbrvojbs pbr prbgcssbs cnzokítogbs jb brfmnoskb. Ï uk eob jc matbgustb.

Nçb mlsbrvëvcos0 pcrkmncgck nbs tcgojbs.

]umntb m brofck0

Brfìnogm0b Mnokma0 gmtfut, scjm9b Ucfctma0 mafbjçb, aondb.

Wontïtogm0 nyabn, pbaoprbpoacnb, pbaoïstcr, pbaofaogbnmtb, pbabjobxmnbnc,pbaofamgtonm, mgojb pbaofaog÷aogb, pbaomkojm.

Kctíaogb0 eob jc mæb.

Joìkctrbs jbs eobs jc suturm0

Jctcrkonmjb ck koaëkctrbs c cxprcssb ck zcrbs. ]umntb kcnbr b joìkctrb kmobr b nukcrb jc zcrbs. Eobs jc kmobr gmaolrc0 n7 (joìkctrb jc 8,5 m 8,4) Eobs jc kcnbr gmaolrc0 n =<.8 (joìkctrb jc 8,888= m 8,8= kk) Nm gmvojmjc brma gmaolrcs jc 7.8 (8,< m 8,7: kk), :.8 (8,=3 m 8,<3 kk) 3.8 c 5.8.

b Cx. ck ecrokcntbs jc pcac utoaozm-sc b jc kcnbr gmaolrc 5.8.

-kk bu eonbs + kk bu frbssbs

=<.8 ‗ 5.8 ‗ 3.8 ‗ :.8 ‗ 7.8 ‗ <.8 ‗ =.8 ‗ 888 ‗ 88 ‗ 8 ‗ = ‗ < ‗ 7

Zopbs jc eob0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O<:

M. Mlsbrvëvcos0

Gmtfut0

b Kbnbeoamkcntmr b Brofck mnokma (ontcstonb jc gmrncorb) b Onjogmjb pmrm suturms prbeunjms c sëntcsc jc tcgojbs nçb gbntmkonmjbs. b Xbjc jcscngmjcmr rcmæçb maïrfogm jb topb gbrpb cstrmndb c prbgcssb

oneamkmt÷rob ontcnsb nm rcmlsbræçb. b Xcrjc tcnsçb gbk b pmssmr jb tckpb. b Zckpb jc rcmlsbræçb0

Eob sokpacs0 4 m =8 joms Eob grbkmjb0 <8 joms

b GBNZ\M ONJOGMJB NM GMUOJMJC B\MA.

Xbaofamgtonm ?=8

‗

UOG\_A

b Kuatoeoamkcntmr, lck tbrgojb c lck cstormjb. b Brofck sontïtogm. b Ï dojrbe÷lob pbrtmntb nçb sberc cklcloæçb. b Lbm rcsostàngom è trmæçb c jc eígoa kmnuscob.b Nçb mjcrc m onjutbs. b Nçb gmusm rcmæçb oneamkmt÷rom jb topb gbrpb cstrmndb. b Zckpb jc mlsbræçb0 mlsbrvojb pbr dojr÷aosc ck 58 joms. b Zck m jcsvmntmfck jc scr jc matb gustb.




b OJCMA XM\M GO\S\FOMW B\MOW C WSZS\MW X\BESNJMW.

Xbaofacgmprbnc <3 ‗ Kbnbgrya

b Kbnb eoamkcntmr b Brofck sontïtogm b Zckpb jc mlsbræçb0 mlsbrvojb pbr dojr÷aosc ck ?= m =<= joms. b Nçb gmusm rcmæçb oneamkmt÷rob jb topb gbrpb cstrmndb. b Cxgcacntc rcsostàngom c rcjuzojm kck÷rom. b Xbssuo frmnjc kmacmloaojmjc b Zrmukmtozm pbugb.

L. NÇB MLWB\UËUCOW

Nyabn

Kbnbeoamkcntmr Brofck sontïtogm \cmæçb oneamkmt÷rom pbugb ontcnsm c pbr tckpb aokotmjb.

Xbugb kmacívca c gbk kck÷rom. M scfurmnæm jbs n÷s pbjc scr kcadbrmjm,jmnjb-sc : bu 3 n÷s.




Ms pbntms pbjck trmukmtozmr bs tcgojbs ck suturms ontrm-brmos. OJCMA XM\M WSZS\MW CTZ\M-B\MA.

Wcjm

Kuatoeoamkcntmr rctbrgojb bu trmnæmjb

Brofck mnokma Cklclc-sc ck gbntmtb gbk bs tcgojbs Mjcrc onjutbs Gmusm rcmæçb oneamkmt÷rom abgmaozmjm. Umntmfcns0 lmrmtm, cxgcacntc kmnuscob, c lbm scfurmnæm nbs n÷s. Jcsvmntmfcns0 kmobr rcmæçb tcgojuma, cklcloæçb. LCK ONJOGMJM XM\M GMUOJMJC B\MA.

Mafbjçb Kuatoeoamkcntmr pbugb rctbrgojb c pbugb cstormjb. Brofck vcfctma. Mjcrc m onjutbs. Emvbrcgc m rctcnæçb jc kogrb-brfmnoskbs. Xbjck jcscngmjcmr rcmæócs oneamkmt÷roms jb topb gbrpb cstrmndb nm

gmvojmjc brma. Xrbvbgm mtrmsb nm gogmtrozmæçb (prbaoecrmæçb eolrblaístogm). NÇB ONJOGMJM XM\M GMUOJMJC B\MA.

Onjogmtovbs prcscntcs nm cklmamfck jbs eobs0




WC]SÀNGOM JC JBW XBNZBW JM WSZS\M0




ZOXBW JC WSZS\MW0

Jcsgbntënums0

Xbntb sokpacs

Ï m tïgnogm jc suturm kmos gbkukcntc usmjm ck bjbntbabfom. B pbntb sokpacs ï usmjb pmrm mprbxokmæçb/gbmptmæçb jbs rctmadbs gorðrfogbs,

c nçb pmrm rcsostor m qumaqucr topb jc tcnsçb jb rctmadb. Nçb becrcgc rcsostàngom è tcnsçb jc csebræbs kusguamrcs. M jostìngom cntrc bs pbntbs jcvc scr jc 3-6 kk. B n÷ nçb jcvc scr pbsogobnmjb sblrc m ongosçb.

Wuturm ck ebrkm jc T bu gruzmjm Cstm kmnblrm ï usmjm ck cspmæbs cjàntuabs. Stoaozmjm pmrm kmntcr b gbmfuab nb mavïbab.

Wuturm ck ebrkm jc T ontcrnb



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O<?

Wuturm ontcrrbkpojm ck S dbrozbntma bu jb Gbagdbcorb dbrozbntma. Wçb utoaozmjms pmrm kmobr scfurmnæm jb rctmadb c pmrm kmobr gbntrbac c jc

cxmtojçb nb pbsogobnmkcntb jb rctmadb. Wçb prongopmakcntc utoaozmjms pmrm rcsostor m trmæçb jb kðsguab.

Wuturm ontcrrbkpojm ck S vcrtogma bu jb Gbagdbcorb Ucrtogma

Gbntënums0

Gbntonumjm ck S bu Gbntonumjm jb Gbagdbcorb




Gbntonumjm ck csporma (Mlmoxb, Eofurm M c L)0 Gbntonumjm ecstbnmjm (Mlmoxb, Eofurm G)0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O7=


<CTBJÚNZOM


Lugbkmxoabemgoma O




MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O7<

CTBJBNZOM

Gbnsostc ck uk gbn`untb jc kmnblrms quc rcsuatmrí nm rckbæçb jc uk bu kmos

jcntcs, jc kbjb scfurb, rípojb c kcnbs trmukítogb.GAMWWOEOGMÆÇB JMW CTBJBNZOMW0

Jbos topbs jc gamssoeogmæçb0

O.

Uom mavcbamr0

Eunjmkcntm-sc nm joamtmæçb jb mavïbab, utoaozmnjb-sc jc ebræms gbntrbamjms quc mtumksblrc b jcntc c trmnsecrck-sc mb mavïbab jcebrkmnjb-b, gbnscqucntckcntc, bgbrrc mrupturm jbs aofmkcntbs mavïbabs jcntírobs, quc pcrkotorí b mvuaæçb jbs jcntcs.

Wck scggobnmkcntb jcntma0 ï mqucam quc gbk usb jc e÷rgcps bu mamvmngm, b jcntc ïrckbvojb sck quc dm`m scggobnmkcntb jms rmëzcs.

Gbk scggobnmkcntb jcntma0 utoaozm-sc b e÷rgcps bu mamvmngm, mp÷s scggobnmkcntb jmsrmëzcs.

Uom nçb mavcbamr0

]umnjb nçb ï pbssëvca m joamtmæçb jb mavïbab, sc`m pcam eromloaojmjc jb jcntc,dopcrkoncrmaozmæçb ÷sscm, mnmtbkom rmjoguamr jc ebrkm, scptb ontcr-rmjoguamr rctcntovb,kí pbsoæçb jcntírom, gbntonuojmjc gbk b scob kmxoamr c/bu gmnma kmnjoluamr,utoaozm;sc bstcbtbkom c/bu bjbntbsscgæçb, bu mklms.

Ï mqucam ck quc dmvcrí rckbæçb jc tílums ÷sscms pmrm gbnscfuorkbs m rckbæçb jbjcntc, pbrtmntb b jcntc nçb ï cxtrmëjb pcam joamtmæçb jb mavïbab. Xbjcnjb scr pmrgomabu tbtma, pbr bstcbtbkom bu pbr mpogcgtbkom.

OO.

Zïgnogm =ª0

Stoaozm mpcnms bs e÷rgcps jcntmos pmrm cxtrmæçb.

Onjogmjm pmrm jcntcs gbk gbrbms ëntcfrms bu quc supbrtck m ebræm jbs e÷rgcps.

Zïgnogm <ª0

Stoaozm b usb jc mamvmngms pmrm cxtrmæçb jcntírom.

Onjogmjm pmrm jcntcs gbk gbrbms bu rmëzcs jcstruëjms, ck quc nçb ï kmos pbssëvca mutoaozmæçb jb e÷rgcps.

Zïgnogm 7ª0




Zïgnogm quc sc rcmaozm uk rctmadb kugbpcrobstma, cxpbnjb b mavïbab quc scrí rckbvojb(mavcbacgtbkom) pmrm pbssoloaotmr m rckbæçb jb jcntc bu jm rmoz.

Onjogmjm ck gmsbs ck quc nm ebo pbssëvca bu nçb dbuvc àxotb jm utoaozmæçb jm tïgnogm =ªbu <ª.

BL@CZOUBW JM CTBJBNZOM0

Aokotmr b jmnb gmusmjb pcam jbcnæm bu trmukmtoskb, cvotmnjb scqucams jc brjckabgma c/bu fcrma.

Emvbrcgcr m gbrrcæçb jb jïeogot mnmtúkogb c eungobnma cxostcntc, gbntroluonjb pmrm mrcmloaotmæçb pcam pr÷tcsc.

X\ONGOXOBW ESNJMKCNZMOW JM CTBJBNZOM0

Mgcssb mjcqumjb

Zcr vom jc mgcssb aovrc jc blstíguabs pmrm mtonfor, gbk aolcrjmjc,m rcfoçb bnjc b jcntcsc sotum9 tcr cspmæb eësogb sueogocntc pmrm jcsjblrmr tbjms ms ctmpms jb mtb gorðrfogb9 tcrcspmæb pmrm mpaogmr c pmrm pbjcr cxcrgcr sblrc b jcntc m scr mvuasobnmjb tbjbs bskbvokcntbs cspcgëeogbs jb onstrukcntb.

Uom jcsokpcjojm

\cjuæçb nm rcsostàngom mpbstm pmrm jcsmab`mr b jcntc, pbssëvca jc scr mtonfojm gbkjoamtmæçb jb mavïbab, cxïrcsc jb tcgojb ÷sscb mavcbamr, scggobnmkcntb jb jcntc bu usb

gbklonmjb jcsscs rcgursbs.

Ssb jc ebræm gbntrbamjm

Zormr prbvcotb jms gmrmgtcrëstogms kcgìnogms jc gmjm onstrukcntb, mpaogmnjb-b jc ebrkmm nçb uatrmpmssmr aokotcs quc vcndm m prbjuzor jmnbs ès cstruturms tcgojumos.

Ncgcssojmjc jm cxbjbntom0

Onjogmæócs0

Frmnjc jcstruoæçb jm unojmjc mnmtúkogm eungobnma jm gbrbm. Cstm onjogmæçb ïrcamtovm jcvojb mbs prbgcjokcntbs prbtïtogbs quc qumsc sckprc gbnscfuckrcgupcrmr m gbrbm.

Gbkprbkctokcntb jb pcrobjbntb (frmnjc kbloaojmjc) quc nçb rcspbnjck kmosmbs trmtmkcntbs gbnscrvmjbrcs. Cstí onjogmjm ncssc gmsb pmrm prcscrvmæçb jb bssb pcrkotonjb ukm rcmloaotmæçb prbtïtogm, sc`m cam eoxm (okpamntcs) bu k÷vca (pr÷tcscstbtmos bu pmrgomos).

Ermturms rmjoguamrcs cxtcnsms, nms qumos dí ebrkmæçb jc lbasms pcrobjbntmosvcrtogmos sck pbssoloaojmjc jc trmtmkcntb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O7:

Gbkprbkctokcntb cnjbjbntogb, qumnjb nçb ï pbssëvca rcmaozmr ms tïgnogmscnjbjbntogms sc`m pbr joeoguajmjc jc mgcssb jm gbrbm, mnmtbkom gbkpacxm jbsgmnmos bu gmagoeogmæçb jm cntrmjm jbs gbnjutbs.

Xbr kbtovbs brtbjúntogbs (prï-kbamrcs bu tcrgcorbs kbamrcs).

Jcntcs kma pbsogobnmjbs. Cstí onjogmjb pmrm mqucacs quc nçb pbjck rcgclcrtrmtmkcntb brtbjúntogb.

Jcntcs ongausbs gbk okpmgtmæçb, pbr prbkbvcrck gírocs, jbcnæm pcrobjbntma crcmlsbræçb nms rmëzcs jbs jcntcs mj`mgcntcs.

Jcntcs suprmnukcrírobs, pbos mtrmpmadmk b pbsogobnmkcntb jbs jckmos jcntcs ckuotms vczcs joeoguatmk m dofocnc brma.

Jcntcs mssbgomjbs gbk acsócs pmtba÷fogms. Jcntcs cnvbavojbs ck ermturms jbs kmxoamrcs. Zcrmpom prï-rmjomæçb, m eok jc cvotmr m Bstcbrrmjobncgrbsc.

Xbr kbtovbs cgbnúkogbs.Bpbrtunojmjc mb Ssb jm Cxbjbntom0

Onbpbrtunojmjc tckpbrírom0

]umnjb ms matcrmæócs jms gbnjoæócs jc smðjc abgma c/bu fcrma, onmjcqumjms è prítogmcxbjúntogm, pbjck scr nbrkmaozmjms pcab usb jbs rcgursbs jc tcrmpàutogm pr÷probs jmbjbntbabfom, jm kcjogonm bu jc mklms.

Jcntcs ck írcms oneamkmjms. Dmvcrí sbkmt÷rob jm oneamkmæçb gmusmjm pcam

gorurfom c m oneamkmæçb prccxostcntc, gmusmnjb mukcntb nb smnfrmkcntbtrmnsbpcrmt÷rob, prbpogom m onecgæçb, ontcrecrc gbk m rcpmrmæçb c jcscnvbavc frmnjcjcsgbnebrtb mb pmgocntc.

Jcntc quc mprcscntc b ípogc ck gbntonuojmjc mb scob kmxoamr, ck uk pbrtmjbr jcsonusotc.

Jcntc gmusmjbr bu cnvbavojb ck prbgcssb sïptogb quc mgmrrctm lmgtcrckom kmosontcnsm quc gbkprbkctm m smðjc fcrma jb pmgocntc (prcsgrcvcr mntolo÷togbs).

Jcntcs sotumjbs ck írcms orrmjomjms. Xrcscnæm abgma jc cntojmjcs pmtba÷fogms, quc pcab mtb gorðrfogb, pbjck joeunjor-sc

pbr tbjb b brfmnoskb. Nm okpbssoloaojmjc jc bltcnæçb jc mgcssb c jc vosumaozmæçb jb gmkpb bpcrmt÷rob,

gbkb ck pmgocntcs gbk troskb c JZKs

Onbpbrtunojmjc jc gmrítcr jceonotovb0

]umnjb ms matcrmæócs nms gbnjoæócs jc smðjc abgma c fcrma jb pmgocntc mtonforck nëvcosquc nçb pcrkotck b mtb gorðrfogb c quc nçb sc rcvcrtck pcabs rcgursbs jm tcrmpàutogmkïjogm.

Ck pmgocntcs pbrtmjbrcs jc jbcnæms fcrmos sckprc quc b mtb bpcrmt÷rob, nçb pbssm

tcr scu jcscnrbamr nbrkma, bu mfrmvmr ms gbnjoæócs sostàkogms.




Bgbrrc gbk ercquàngom ck jomlïtogbs, gmrjobpmtms, mnàkogbs, dopcrugckom,dopbvotmkonbsc, pmgocntcs ck tcrmpom jc jrbfms mntogbmfuamntcs,okunbssuprcssbrms, quokobtcrípogms, ctg.

Ck frívojms pbjck scr rcmaozmjbs jbos jbs tràs topbs jc mtumæçb bjbntba÷fogm

(ckcrfàngom ‗ jbr prcscntc, ncgcssírob, kms nçb urfcntc ‗ mlsgcssb grúnogb mpogma ctrmtmkcntb cactovb) bs jbos prokcorbs pbjck scr rcmaozmjbs sck gbntrm-onjogmæócs,b tcrgcorb jcvc scr ecotm ukm mvmaomæçb jms pbssëvcos gbkpaogmæócs c lcnceëgobs.

ZCKXBW BXC\MZ×\OBW0

Mnto-scpsom cxtrm c ontrmlugma. Mncstcsom. Wonjcskbtbkom (Jcsgbamjbr jc Kbat, Erccr, Csguapojbr Dbaacklmgi n¸7W bu

Cspítuam n¸6).

Mprccnsçb. Mpaogmæçb gbk E÷rgcps (=38, =, =4\, =4A, 53, 5?, =3=, =6, =5) bu Mamvmngms. Auxmæçb. \ckbæçb/Zrmæçb. Gurctmfck. Kmnblrm jc Gdbkprct. Wuturm.

XAMNC@MKCNZB JM CTBJBNZOM0

Jcpbos jc mvmaomjm m Ncgcssojmjc lck gbkb m Bpbrtunojmjc pmrm Gorurfom, ïncgcssírob pamnc`mr jc ebrkm kmos gbrrctm b prbgcjokcntb gorðrfogb.

Xamnc`mr ukm cxbjbntom ongauo0

Jceonor m tïgnogm gorðrfogm m scr usmjm. Jceonojm m tïgnogm, jcvc sc gmaguamr ms joeoguajmjcs cspcrmjms, pcrkotonjb ukm

scqucngom cvbautovm nbrkma, sck mukcntb nb trmukmtoskb c nms scqucams p÷s-bpcrmt÷roms (pmrcstcsom, prblackms gbk ebnmæçb, jcfautoæçb, onecgæçb).

Xmrm scacgobnmrkbs m tïgnogm, utoaozmk-sc bs jmjbs bltojbs pcab cxmkc gaënogb c mníaosc

rmjobfríeogm.

Cxmkc gaënogb0

Mgcssb mb jcntc0b Abgma c pbsogobnmkcntb jb jcntc9b Mlcrturm lugma (troskb, JZKs, ctg.)

Gbnjoæócs jbs tcgojbs kbacs gorgunvozondbs9 Frmu jc jcstruoæçb gbrbnírom9

b Gírocs, rcstmurmæócs, gbrbms prbtïtogms, ponbs ontrmrrmjoguamrcs, ctg.

Kbloaojmjc jb jcntc9b Dopcrgckcntbsc bu mnquoabsc




\mjobfrmeom (Xcrompogma, Gcemabkïtrogm, Xmnbrìkogm, Bgausma, ZbkbfrmeomGbkputmjbrozmjm)0

Nukcrb c kbrebabfom jms rmëzcs9 Gbnjoæócs jms cstruturms koncrmaozmjms jbs jcntcs9 Xrcscnæm jc rcstmurmæócs9 Xrcscnæm jc acsócs jc brofck trmukítogm9 Gmrmgtcrëstogms cstruturmos jb bssb mavcbamr9 Gbnjoæócs jc okpamntmæçb ÷sscm jb jcntc9 \camæçb jc gbntonuojmjc mnmtúkogm jb jcntc gbk b gmnma kmnjoluamr, scobs

kmxoamrcs c ebssms nmsmos9 Xcguaomrojmjcs jms cstruturms mnmtúkogms vozondms.

M mvmaomæçb gbrrctm jcsscs jmjbs pcrkotc mb gorurfoçb jceonor0

=. Emzcr usb jc sums dmloaotmæócs pmrm jmr sbauæçb mb gmsb gaënogb9<. Jceonor m tïgnogm gorðrfogm kmos mjcqumjm97. B onstrukcntma, lck gbkb bs rcgursbs sulsojoírobs jc supbrtc quc pbssoloaotck b

jcsjblrmkcntb jm tïgnogm scacgobnmjm9:. B topb jc mncstcsom abgma c/bu fcrma m scr utoaozmjm93. ]umos ms kcjojms prï-bpcrmt÷roms, rcgbkcnjmæócs c guojmjbs p÷s-bpcrmt÷robs

gbkpmtëvcos95. B pmjrçb gorðrfogb.

Onjogmæócs jb Wcfunjb ms Gamssoeogmæócs jc Cxbjbntom0

Cxbjbntom Wokpacs0

Gaonogmkcntc0 Gbrbm jcntma tbtma bu pmrgomakcntc ontcfrm.\mjobfrmeogmkcntc0 jcntcs uno bu kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk rmëzcs nbrkmos bucxpuasovms, pcrkotonjb uk pbntb jc mpaogmæçb pmrm ms pbntms mtovms jbs e÷rgcps bumamvmngms.

Cxbjbntom pbr Wcggobnmkcntb0

Gaonogmkcntc0 jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk gbrbms jcstruëjms c sck pbntbs jc

mpaogmæçb pmrm e÷rgcps bu cxtrmtbrcs.\mjobfrmeogmkcntc0 jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk rmëzcs jovcrfcntcs, jcntcskuatorrmjoguamrcs.

Cxbjbntom pbr Mavcbacgtbkom Zbtma0

Gaonogmkcntc0 nbs gmsbs jc onsugcssb pcams tïgnogms mntcrobrcs (p.cx.0 mnquoabsc).\jobfrmeogmkcntc0 dopcrgckcntbscs, joamgcrmæócs mpogmos, mnquoabscs.

Cxbjbntom pbr Mavcbacgtbkom Xmrgoma0

Gaonogmkcntc0 jcntcs uno bu kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk frmnjc jcstruoæçb gbrbnírom,

joeoguatmnjb m cxbjbntom sokpacs.\mjobfrmeogmkcntc0 dopcrgckcntbscs, frmnjcs jcstruoæçb gbrbnírom.




Cxbjbntom pbr Bstcbtbkom0

Gaonogm/\mjobfrmeogmkcntc0 jcntcs ongausbs (Xbjc scr mgbkpmndmjm jc bjbntbscgæçb).

Cxbjbntom pbr Mpogcgtbkom0\mjobfrmeogmkcntc0 jcntcs unorrmjoguamrcs gbk joamgcrmæçb mpogma (Mlrc-sc ukm `mncam÷sscm nm pbræçb mpogma, rckbvcnjb b ípogc, scfuojm pbr rckbæçb jb rckmncsgcntc).

KCGÌNOGM CTBJÚNZOGM

Xbsogobnmkcntb jb pmgocntc c jb bpcrmjbr0M gbrrctm pbsoæçb pmgocntc/bpcrmjbr/gmjcorm tck b prbp÷sotb jc0 Emgoaotmr b mgcssb mb gmkpb bpcrmt÷rob9 Bltcr kmobr gmkpb vosuma pmrm b bpcrmjbr9

Bltcr kcadbr rcsuatmjb jb trmlmadb kcgìnogb cectumjb pcab onstrukcntma9 Xcrkotor b aovrc trmlmadb pmrm b muxoaomr9 Kmntcr b pmgocntc ck pbsoæçb scfurm c gbnebrtívca9 Xbupmr, eosogmkcntc, b gorurfoçb.

Bpcrmjbr0 M pbsoæçb gbrrctm pcrkotc quc b gorurfoçb kmntcndm bs lrmæbs `untbs mb gbrpb c ebrncgccstmloaojmjc c mpbob9 tmklïk pcrkotc quc b gorurfoçb kmntcndm b puasb rctb b sueogocntc pmrmtrmnskotor ebræm gbk b lrmæb c b bklrb c nçb gbk m kçb. M ebræm cntçb pbjc scr gbntrbamjm nbgmsb jc pcrjm jc rcsostàngom jm rmoz bu jcvojm è ermturm jb bssb. (XCZC\WBN) Xbjc sc pbsogobnmr m ercntc è jorcotm, mtrís è jorcotm.

Xmgocntc0 M maturm jm gmjcorm jcvc scr pbsogobnmjm jc ebrkm quc m lbgm jb pmgocntc cstc`m nm

kcskm maturm jb gbtbvcab jb gorurfoçb bu aofcormkcntc mlmoxb.

Kmxoam0 Kçb Bpbstm0

Mprccnjcr ms tílums ÷sscms vcstoluamr c pmamtonm pmrm

scntor bs kbvokcntbs jc auxmæçb cvotmnjb ermturm jmtílum ÷sscm c prbtcfcr bs tcgojbs kbacs vozondbs




Xamnb Bgausma0 Jcntcs mntcrobrcs0

Xmrm cxtrmæócs jc jcntcs mntcrobrcs jb mrgb jcntírobsupcrobr, m gmjcorm jcvc scr pbsogobnmjm jc ebrkm quc b

pamnb bgausma supcrobr cstc`m ck 58¸ ck rcamæçb mb sbab.

Jcntcs pbstcrobrcs0Xmrm cxtrmæócs jc jcntcs pbstcrobrcs jb mrgb jcntírobsupcrobr, m gmjcorm jcvc scr pbsogobnmjm jc ebrkmquc b pamnb bgausma supcrobr cstc`m ck rcamæçb

ìnfuab rctb (?8¸) ck rcamæçb mb sbab.

Kmnjëluam0 Kçb bpbstm0

Cstmloaozmr m kmnjëluam c/bu m gmlcæm jb pmgocntcjurmntc bs kbvokcntbs kcgìnogbs kmos pcsmjbs,cvotmnjb jcsgbnebrtb, auxmæçb mrtoguamr c ermturm

kmnjoluamr. Xmrm cackcntbs unorrmjoguamrcs m mprccnsçbï nb scntojb Ucstoluab-Aonfuma.

Xamnb Bgausma0Xmrm cxbjbntom jc jcntcs abgmaozmjbs nmkmnjëluam, b pamnb bgausma onecrobr jcvc cstmrpbsogobnmjb jc ebrkm quc cstc`m pmrmacab mbsbab.

Kmxoam0

Bpcrmjbr0 Wckprc è jorcotm c í ercntc jb pmgocntc.

Kçb Bpbstm0 mprccnjcr ms tílums ÷sscms vcstoluamr c pmamtonm pmrm scntor bs kbvokcntbs jc auxmæçb cvotmnjb

ermturm jm tílum ÷sscm c prbtcfcr bs tcgojbs kbacs vozondbs.

Amjb Jorcotb0

Amjb jorcotb gmlcæm jcvc scr sulstmngomakcntc formjm pmrm b amjb jb bpcrmjbr pmrm bltcr mgcssb c vosumaozmæçb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O7?

Jcntcs Mntcrobrcs0

Xmrm cxbjbntoms jbs jcntcs mntcrobrcs m gmlcæm jcvc scr pbsogobnmjm jc kbjb quc b pmgocntc jcvm cstmr badmnjb

pmrm ercntc.

Kmnjëluam0

Gmjcorm0

M gmjcorm jcvc cstmr aofcormkcntc kmos lmoxm quc ck cxtrmæócs ck kmxoam.

Kçb bpbstm0 cstmloaozmr m kmnjëluam c/bu m gmlcæm jb pmgocntc jurmntc bs kbvokcntbs kcgìnogbs kmos pcsmjbs,cvotmnjb jcsgbnebrtb, auxmæçb mrtoguamr c ermturm kmnjoluamr. Xmrm cackcntbs unorrmjoguamrcs m mprccnsçb ï nb

scntojb Ucstoluab-Aonfuma.

Xbstcrobrcs0

b Amjb Jorcotb0

Gmlcæm jb pmgocntc0 jcvc cstmr tbtmakcntc formjm pmrm b amjb jb bpcrmjbr.

Bpcrmjbr0 Wc pbsogobnm è jorcotm c aofcormkcntc è ercntc jb pmgocntc.

b Amjb Csqucrjb0

Gmlcæm jb pmgocntc0 jcvc cstmr aofcormkcntc vormjm pmrm b amjb jb gorurfoçb.

Bpcrmjbr0

- Wc pbsogobnm m ercntc jb pmgocntc9

- Wc pbsogobnm mb amjb jorcotb jb pmgocntc.

- Wc pbsogobnm è jorcotm c aofcormkcntc è ercntc jb pmgocntc.

Mntcrobrcs0 b pmgocntc jcvc cstmr badmnjb pmrm ercntc.

b Amjb Jorcotb0

Bpcrmjbr0 sc pbsogobnm è jorcotm c m ercntc jb pmgocntc.

b Amjb Csqucrjb0

Bpcrmjbr0 sc pbsogobnm è jorcotm c mtrís jb pmgocntc.

Jcntcs kmnjoluamrcs pbjck scr mlbrjmjbs gbk b bpcrmjbr mtrís jb pmgocntc, pbssoloaotmnjb ukm kcadbr

cstmloaozmæçb jm kmnjëluam pcam kçb bpbstm m quc scfurm b e÷rgcps.

(Gorurfom Lugb-jcntb-mavcbamr Gmrabs Frcfbro)

KCGÌNOGM È E×\GCXW0

Xrongëpobs lísogbs jm mnmtbkom jbs e÷rgcps0

Ï jovojojb ck pbntm mtovm / mrtoguamæçb / gmlb.

Xbntm Mtovm0 sçb mnfuamjms pmrm quc pbssmk scr mjmptmjms í rmoz jcntírom nm pbræçbeungobnma gbrbm/rmoz (gbab gorðrfogb), c pmrmacamkcntc mb abnfb coxb jb jcntc. Ckjcntcs gbk ukm jums bu tràs rmëzcs.

Kmxoam0Xmrm bs jcntcs jm kmxoam jcvck tcr bs gmlbs c bs kbrjcntcs jospbstbs ck ukm aondmrctm.

Xmrm bs jcntcs pbstcrobrcs, pmrm scrck kmos eungobnmos, mprcscntmk jums gurvmturms,quc pcam jcgbkpbsoæçb vctbroma jms ebræms mpaogmjms, nçb ontcrecrck nb onstrukcntb.

Kmnjëluam0Kbrjcntcs pbsogobnmjbs ck ìnfuab rctb gbk b gmlb.Mafuns pmrm emgoaotmr nm prccnsçb jbs jcntcs tàk gurvmturm nb scu gmlb, quc ïgbkpcnsmjm pbr vmromæçb nm mnfuamfck jbs kbrjcntcs quc pmssmk m sc pbsogobnmr ckìnfuab bltusb ck rcamæçb mb gmlb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O:8

Kmxoam

Ongosovbs Wupcrobrcs c Xrï-KbamrcsWupcrobrcs unorrmjoguamrcs.

=38

Ongosovbs Wupcrobrcs kmobrcs nb scntojbkïsob-jostma c Gmnonbs Wupcrobrcs.

=

Kbamrcs Wupcrobrcs Jorcotb.

< =

=4\



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O:=

Kbamrcs Wupcrobrcs Csqucrjbs

< ==4A

\mëzcs Wupcrobrcs

53 5?

Kmnjëluam

Jcntcs Snorrmjoguamrcs (Ongosovbs,Gmnonbs c Xrï-Kbamrcs) c \mëzcs.

=3=

Kbamrcs Onecrobrcs.

=6



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O:<

Kbamrcs Onecrobrcs (Ssmjb cntrc m eurgmjbs kbamrcs onecrobrcs).

=5

Zckpbs pmrm Cxbjbntom è Ebrgcps0

O.

Xrcpmrmæçb0 Mntosscpsom cxtrm c ontrm-lugma, jcaokotmæçb jb gmkpb bpcrmt÷rob cmncstcsom.OO. Cxbjbntom pr÷promkcntc jotm0

=. Wonjcskbtbkom<. Mprccnsçb7. Mpaogmæçb:. Auxmæçb3. Zrmæçb5. Zrmtmkcntb jb mavïbab mp÷s cxbjbntom6. Wuturm

OOO. \cgbkcnjmæócs p÷s-bpcrmt÷roms

=. Wonjcskbtbkom0

Abfb mp÷s m mncstcsom jb jcntc m scr mvuasobnmjb, prmtogm-sc m sonjcskbtbkom. ]ucgbnsostc ck ukm kmnblrm quc vosm m jovuasçb jms cstruturms kbacs mb nëvca jb gbabjcntírob, ï m jcsonscræçb pbr rbkpokcntb jms eolrms fcnfovmos c jm grostm jcntma.

Cssm kmnblrm vosm jbos bl`ctovbs prongopmos, pcrkotonjb quc bs kbrjcntcs jb e÷rgcpspcnctrc kmos sulfcnfovmakcntc pbssëvca, quc pbssoloaotmrí kcadbr kcgìnogm c kcnbr

mfrcssçb mbs tcgojbs9 ‗ Uosm okpcjor quc jurmntc m trmæçb bs tcgojbs fcnfovmosmjcrojbs nçb sbermk joamgcrmæçb, prbpbrgobnmnjb kcnbr trmukm c ukm lbm rcpmrmæçb.




Onscrc-sc uk jcsgbamjbr topb Kbat, Erccr bu csguapojbr Dbaacklmgi n¸7W, nb nëvca jcsuagb fcnfovma, rbkpcnjb bs aofmkcntbs fcnfovmos, ck scfuojm gbk bs kcskbsonstrukcntbs, rcmaozm-sc b jcsgbamkcntb kugb-pcrobstma gorgunvozondb mb jcntc m scrcxtrmëjb.

<. Mpaogmæçb c 7. Mprccnsçb0=) B e÷rgcps jcvc gbrrcspbnjcr mb jcntc m scr cxtrmëjb.<) Ckpundm-sc b e÷rgcps jc ebrkm quc b pbacfmr sc sotuc pr÷xokb jm mrtoguamæçb,

pcrkotonjb rcfuamr m ebræm jc trmlmadb.

Mpaogmæçb jb e÷rgcps pmrm Kmxoam Mpaogmæçb jb e÷rgcps pmrm Kmnjëluam

7) Bs kbrjcntcs jcvck scr ontrbjuzojbs b kmossulfcnfovmakcntc pbssëvca (gbab mnmtúkogb).:) Bs kbrjcntcs jb e÷rgcps jcvck scr mpaogmjbs cmprccnjojbs eorkckcntc c pmrmacamkcntc mb cackcntb jcntma.3) M mpaogmæçb jb e÷rgcps gbkcæm pcam onscræçb jmscxtrckojmjcs eoamjms jbs kbrjcntcs pbr pmamtonm c/bu aonfuma,gbntonum pcam prccnsçb jb jcntc m jcscnvbavc-sc pbr mæçb jmebræm c jbs kbvokcntbs gbnecrojbs pcab bpcrmjbr mb e÷rgcps, cquc sçb trmnskotojbs mb jcntc vosmnjb m cxbjbntom.

:. Auxmæçb0

M utoaozmæçb jb e÷rgcps tck jbos bl`ctovbs0

m. Cxpmnsçb jb mavïbab ÷sscb gbk usb jms pbntms mtovms ckebrkm jc gundm, c jbs kbvokcntbs jc mamvmngm sblrc b jcntcc b tcgojb ÷sscb.

l. \bkpokcntb jms eolrms jb aofmkcntb pcrobjbntma.g. \ckbæçb jb jcntc

Ontrusçb (prcssçb mpogma)0 tràs bl`ctovbs (=) m onscræçb jms pbntms

mtovms pmrm jcntrb jb cspmæb jb aofmkcntb pcrobjbntma gmusm



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O::

cxpmnsçb jb mavïbab 9 - (<) jcsabgmr b gcntrb jc rbtmæçb mpogmakcntc, sc b euagrb ebr matb,ukm frmnjc qumntojmjc jc ebræm ï mpaogmjm nm rcfoçb mpogma jb jcntc, b quc mukcntm mgdmngc jc ermturm jb ípogc, qumnjb bgbrrc m ontrusçb, b gcntrb ï jcsabgmjb mpogmakcntc,b quc rcsuatm ck kmobr mkpaotujc gbk kcnbr ebræm sblrc b ípogc9 - (7) rbkpcr ms eolrms

jb aofmkcntb pcrobjbntma.B e÷rgcps pmrm cxtrmæçb jcvc scr gbabgmjb gbk ebrtc prcssçb mpogma m eok jc cxpmnjor m grostm ÷sscm mavcbamr c jcsabgmr b gcntrb jc

rbtmæçb (*) pmrm kmos mpogma pbssëvca.

Wc b gcntrb jc rbtmæçb jb jcntc nçb cstm sueogocntckcntc mpogma,cac cstí gbabgmjb kuotb bgausmakcntc, b quc rcsuatm ck cxgcssbjc rbtmæçb nm rcfoçb jb ípogc. B cxgcssb jc kbvokcntb jb ípogcrmjoguamr gmusmjb pcab gcntrb jc rbtmæçb matb rcsuatm ck ermturmjb ípogc rmjoguamr.

Wc b e÷rgcps ï onscrojb nb scntojb mpogma, b gcntrb jc rbtmæçb ïjcsabgmjb mpogmakcntc c fcrm kcnbs prcssçb mpogma (M). ossbrcsuatm ck kmobr cxpmnsçb gbrtogma vcstoluamr, kcnbskbvokcntb jb ípogc jb jcntc, c, pbrtmntb, kcnbr gdmngc jc mrmoz ermturmr (L).

Auxmæçb (Wcntojb vcstëluab aonfuma)0

Nb scntojb vcstoluamr bgbrrcrí cxpmnsçb jm gbrtogma vcstoluamr, c tmklïk fcrm prcssçbnb ípogc nb scntojb aonfuma, ebræm cxgcssovm pbjc ermturmr b bssb vcstoluamr bu ermturmrb tcæb kïjob mpogma jm rmoz. B kcskb bgbrrc nb scntojb aonfuma, nb cntmntb ms ebræmssçb onvcrsms. Bs kbvokcntbs jcvck scr mkpabs c acntbs, m mkpaotujc mukcntmfrmjmtovmkcntc.




\btmæçb0

Gmusm gcrtm cxpmnsçb ontcrnm jb mavïbab jcntírob, c rbkpokcntb jms eolrms jbaofmkcntb pcrobjbntma, ï onjogmjb sbkcntc ck jcntcs unorrmjoguamrcs c quc nçbpbssuck frmnjc gurvmturm ck sums rmëzcs.

Zbjbs bs kbvokcntbs jc auxmæçb jcvck scr ecotbs gbk guojmjb, gbk bs kbrjcntcs

pmrmacabs mb jcntc, gbk b e÷rgcps gbrrctb c gbngbkotmntc mb kbvokcntb ontrusovb.

3. Zrmæçb0 ï b uatokb kbvokcntb m scr rcmaozmjb, ï b kbvokcntb quc rcsuatmrí nmrckbæçb jb jcntc, ukm vcz quc tcndm sojb bltojm ukm mjcqumjm cxpmnsçb ÷sscm.

Wc ebr ncgcssírom ukm ebræm cxgcssovm, ms kmnblrms mntcrobrcs jcvck scr rcecotms.

Csquckm rcsukonjb bskbvokcntbs jm kcgìnogmcxbjbntogm m e÷rgcps0

M) ontrusçb

L) Auxmæçb (Amtcrmaojmjc)

G) \btmæçb

J) Zrmæçb

5. Zrmtmkcntb jb Mavïbab Mp÷s m Cxtrmæçb

Mp÷s tcr sojb rckbvojb b jcntc, ï ncgcssírob uk guojmjb mprbpromjb gbk b mavïbab.Cstc jcvc scr jclrojmjb mpcnms sc ncgcssírob. Wc dbuvcr tcgojb oneamkmt÷rob mjvonjbjc uk gostb bu frmnuabkm pcrompogma, cstc jcvc scr guojmjbsmkcntc rckbvojb. Wcqumaqucr jctrotb ebr vosëvca mavïbab, gbkb gmaguab jcntma, mkmafmkm bu ermfkcntb jb

jcntc, cac jcvc scr jcaogmjmkcntc rckbvojb gbk ukm gurctm, gbk ukm pbntcorm jcmspormæçb bu gbk orrofmæçb mlunjmntc gbk sbrb eosoba÷fogb. Wc bs jcntcs tovcrck sojb




Ï okpbrtmntc vcroeogmr m prcscnæm jc ermturms jbs bssbs mavcbamrcs. Wc m ermturm cstovcrmjcrojm mb pcro÷cstcb, suturmkbs m fcnfovm pmrm cstmloaozmæçb jb ermfkcntb. Gmsb nçbcstovcr mjcrojm mb pcro÷stcb rckbvc-sc b ermfkcntb.

Maturm cspcssurm c ebrkms jb scptb ontcrrmjoguamr0

Wcptb cxpuasovb0 mprcscntm lmsc mkpam c lbm vmsguamrozmæçb. Jcvc scr gbnscrvmjb

Wcptb rctcntovb0 gbnstotuo uk okpcjokcntb è cxbjbntom. Xbjc scr trmukmtozmjb nmontcrvcnæçb c mtrmsmr b prbgcssb jc rcpmrb. Jcvc scr rckbvojb.

Wcptb eoaoebrkc0 eonb c pbugb vmsguamrozmjb. Nçb emvbrcgc b rcpmrb. Jcvc scrrckbvojb

Wcptb suprm mavcbamr0 cxtcrobrozm-sc mack jm lbrjm fcnfovma, joeoguatmnjb b rcpmrb.Jcvc scr scggobnmjb ck nëvca jc tcræb kïjob.

Mvmaomr m gbkunogmæçb lugb-sonusma0 bgbrrc ck cackcntbs gbk mpogc rmjoguamrpr÷xokb bu jcntrb jb scob kmxoamr. Gbkuk ck prï-kbamrcs supcrobrcs c gmnonbs

supcrobrcs. \cmaozmnjb m kmnblrm jc Umasmavm (tmkpmr b nmroz jb pmgocntc pbr




gbkprcssçb ontcrjofotma, c pcjor quc cac sbatc b mr pcab nmroz) jcvc sc blcrvmr sc dícsgmpc jb mr pcab mavïbab, sc dbuvcr gbneorkm m prcscnæm jc gbkunogmæçb.

Wc b tmkmndb jm gbkunogmæçb ebr mtï 7 kk cam sc rcsbavc gbk m gogmtrozmæçb, pcamcstmloaozmæçb jb gbmfuab, sc kmobr, jcvckbs rcmaozmr uk rctmadb pmrm ecgdmr.

Zrmtmkcntb0 mgbkpmndmkcntb c mntolo÷togb tcrmpom, b pmgocntc jcvc scr rcgbkcnjmjbm nçb rcmaozmr lbgdcgdbs, guojmr mb guspor (pmrm kmntcr b gbmfuab) c guojmr mb csporrmr,mssbmr b nmroz, ctg.

6. Wuturm0 m suturm trmnsmavcbamr tck eonmaojmjc jc okbloaozmr ms lbrjms jm fcnfovmkmrfonma, prbkbvcnjb b rcpbusb abgma c m dckbstmsom c, pbr cstmloaozmr b gbífuab,emvbrcgc m rcpmrmæçb tcgojuma.

OOO. X÷s-Bpcrmt÷rob0

m. Gbntrbac jm jbr9 l. Gbntrbac jb cjckm9 g. Gbntrbac jb smnfrmkcntb9 j. Xrcvcnæçb jm onecgæçb9 c. Mgbkpmndmkcntb gaënogb

e. \ckbæçb jm suturm9 f. Xrbscrvmæçb.

Sk p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob sck jcsgbnebrtb jcpcnjc0

Jb topb jc prbgcjokcntb9 Jm gbnjoæçb abgma jb pmgocntc9 Jm lobsscfurmnæm9 Jbs guojmjbs p÷s-bpcrmt÷robs jb pmgocntc9 Zïgnogm gorufogm0

b Gbrrctb kmnuscob jbs tcgojbs9b Zckpb trmns-bpcrmt÷rob (qumntb kcnbr b tckpb, kcnbs trmukítogm scrí

m gorurfom gbnscqucntckcntc, dmvcrí uk kcadbr p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob).

KCGÌNOGM È MAMUMNGM/CTZ\MZB\CW/CACUMJB\CW

B cacvmjbr jcntma ï uk onstrukcntb usmjb ck gorurfom lugma. Ï usmjb pmrm acvmntmruk jcntc bu rmoz jc scu mavcbab, pcam mpaogmæçb jc ukm ebræm jc jcsabgmkcntb.

Ï gbkpbstb jc ukm pmrtc mtovm bu aìkonm c jc ukm pmrtc pmssovm, gbnstotuëjm jc gmlb cjc pbræçb ontcrkcjoírom bu dmstc.




Cstcs onstrukcntbs pbssuck tràs kcgmnoskbs eësogbs jc mæçb0

Mamvmngm0

= — <

= <

Xbjc mfor gbkb mamvmngm ontcreoxm bu ontcr-rcsostcntc. Gbnscquàngom jm ebræm cxcrgojmnb gmlb jb cxtrmtbr, nb scntojb vcrtogma.

Mæçb jc rbjm bu smroadb0 kbvokcntb jc rbtmæçb jb gmlb ck tbrnb jb pr÷prob coxb, nbscntojb jc jcsabgmr ms rmëzcs pmrm b scntojb gbrbnma.

Mæçb jc gundm0 prongopob jc quc jbos gbrpbs nçb bgupmk b kcskb aufmr mb kcskbtckpb. B jcntc ï ckpurrmjb pmrm ebrm jb mavïbab.

.




Gaonogmkcntc, pbjckbs usmr ck cxbjbntom bs cacvmjbrcs mpogmos gurvbs nm kmnjëluam c bs cacvmjbrcs mpogmos rctbs nb kmxoamr, scnjb quc bs rctbs tmklïk pbjck scr usmjbs

nm kmnjëluam qumnjb0

Cxbjbntoms kðatopams c tbtmos gbk mpbob jc uk jcntc ck butrb jcntc. Mvuasócs jc rckmncsgcntcs rmjoguamrcs sotumjbs mgokm jb nëvca ÷sscb mavcbamr

vcstoluamr c aonfuma/pmamtonb. Ck gbkpackcntmæçb jc bjbntbsscgæçb onogomjm pbr onstrukcntb rbtmt÷rom nm

loeurgmæçb rmjoguamr.

Bs cacvmjbrcs jc Wcajon tck mssok brjcnmjb scu usb0

Mnfuamjbs0 kmnjëluam, mtumnjb pbr mæçb ontcr-rmjoguamr mp÷s bstcbtbkom cbjbntbsscgæçb c nb kmxoamr nm mvuasçb jc tcrgcorb kbamrcs quc nçb mprcscntmk tulcrprbckoncntc pbr jostma.

\ctbs0 gbkpackcntmnjb m mæçb jb cacvmjbr mpogma rctb.

BJBNZBWWCGÆÇB

Xbjc scr usmjm tmntb pcam vom mavcbamr qumntb pcam vom nçb-mavcbamr.

Umntmfcns0

\cjuzor m qumntojmjc jb tcgojb ÷sscb mavcbamr quc sc tck jc caokonmr. Jokonuonjbm rcsostàngom bpbstm è mvuasçb.

Jokonuor b tckpb bpcrmt÷rob jm cxcguæçb jm cxbjbntom. Wuprokor qumsc pbr gbkpactb b troskb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob. Nçb acsmr b jcntc vozondb. Jokonuor b rosgb jc acsmr ms cstruturms gorgunvozondms.

M prítogm jc bjbntbsscgæçb pbjc scr jctcrkonmjm gbk lmsc ck0




Cxmkc gaënogb0

Jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk gbrbms tbtmakcntc jcstruëjms c/bu ermturm jurmntc mmvuasçb9

Jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk rcstmurmæócs cxtcnsms.

\mjobfríeogb0

Jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk rmëzcs jovcrfcntcs c gurvms9 Jcntcs jcgëjubs gbk fcrkc jb pcrkmncntc cntrc sums rmëzcs9 Jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs gbk rmëzcs gbnvcrfcntcs c scptb ontcr-rmjoguamr lck

vbaukbsb9 Jcntcs unorrmjoguamrcs gbk emtbrcs quc pbjck mukcntmr b trmukmtoskb, gbkb0

dopcrgckcntbsc, joamgcrmæócs, prbxokojmjc m cstruturms mnmtúkogms nblrcs.

Zïgnogm pmrm bjbntbsscgæçb0

Xbjc scr rcmaozmjm0

Wck rctmadb9 Gbk rctmadb9 Gbk rctmadb c bstcbtbkom/mavcbacgtbkom.

Kuotms vczcs uk rctmadb ck cnvcabpc lmstm, kms ercqñcntckcntc, ukm ongosçbrcamxmntc jcvc scr ecotm nm pbræçb mntcrobr bu pbstcrobr jb rctmadb, cxpbnjb kcadbr b

tcgojb ÷sscb, pmrm rcmaozmæçb gbngbkotmntc jc mavcbacgtbkom/bstcbtbkom.

B scggobnmkcntb pbjc scr ecotb pmrmacab mb abnfb coxb bu pcrpcnjoguamr, m maturm jbscptb ontcrrmjoguamr jctcrkonm m tïgnogm m scr utoaozmjm, qumnjb lmoxb b scggobnmkcntbï pmrmacab, qumnjb matb c quc cnvbavm m eurgm jm rmoz ï pcrpcnjoguamr.

Wcggobnmkcntb pmrmacab0 pbjc scr ecotb b usb jc uk onstrukcntb rbtmt÷rob pmrm qucscggobnmr b jcntc pr÷xokb m eurgm, c gbk uk gonzca c kmrtcab, ermturm-sc m eurgm.

Wcggobnmkcntb pcrpcnjoguamr (gbrbm)0 scggobnmkcntb jm gbrbm jcntma ck nëvca jcgrostm fcnfovma c jb rckmncsgcntc jm cstruturm rmjoguamr jovojonjb ck pbræçb kcsoma cjostma.




Wcggobnmkcntb jc ukm rmoz pbr kcob jm loeurgmæçb0 mp÷s cxpbsoæçb jm eurgm pbrmavcbacgtbkom, gbk uk onstrukcntb rbtmt÷rob, scggobnm-sc m gbrbm ck ukm jms rmëzcs

(lorrmjoguamrcs) bu ck jums, jcoxmnjb m gbrbm `untmkcntc gbk m rmëz ontmgtm. ]uc gbkuk e÷rgcps pbjc scr rckbvojm, ck scfuojm rckbvc-sc m(s) butrm(s) rmoz(s)scpmrmjmkcntc.

BWZCBZBKOM/MAUCBACGZBKOM XM\M CTBJBNZOM0

Xrbvmvcakcntc, m kmos ercqucntc gmusm jc onsugcssb ck cxbjbntom sc`m jcvojb mb

ermgmssb ck sc bltcr ukm vom jcsokpcjojm pmrm rckbæçb jc uk jcntc.





:X\BGCWWB JC \CXM\B MAUCBAM\


Lugbkmxoabemgoma O





X\BGCWWB JC \CXM\B MAUCBAM\ (...) B gbnùntb jc cvcntbs abgmos c abgb rcfobnmos quc bgbrrck nb ontcrobr jb mavïbab

jcntma, mp÷s cxbjbntom, emz gbk quc bgbrrm b prccngdokcntb jcstc pbr gbífuab smnfuëncb, ebrkmnjb ukm kmtroz jc eolronm quc pcrkotc b grcsgokcntb, prbaoecrmæçb c brfmnozmæçb gcauamr,

guakonmnjb gbk m ebrkmæçb jb tcgojb gbnùntovb, sum kmturmæçb c gmagoeogmæçb.

Cssm kmturmæçb gbnùntovm c ÷sscm, nb ontcrobr jb mavïbab jcntma, pcrkotc quc b cpotïaob

kofrc c ecgdc m ecrojm mavcbamr, gmrmgtcrozmnjb b rcpmrb jc ecrojm jc cxtrmæçb jcntma bu prbgcssb

jc rcpmrb mavcbamr. (...)

(Gmrvmadb c Bimkbtb =?46)

(Xrbe. Cacbnbr Íavmrb Fmrlon @r.)

\cmlsbræçb mavcbamr (GM\AWBN CZ MA. =?56)0

Xcrjc gcrgm jc0 <3% jb vbaukc ck = mnb9

Xcrjc gcrgm jc0 :8 m 58% jm cspcssurm ck = m 7 mnbs9

Zckpbs jm \cpmrmæçb Mavcbamr (MKAC\, =?5?)0

Ebrkmæçb jb gbífuab smnfuëncb (prokcorb jom)9

Onëgob jm cvojàngom jc cpotcaozmæçb (qumrtb jom)9

Wulstotuoæçb jb gbífuab smnfuëncb pbr tcgojb jc frmnuamæçb (sïtokb jom)9

Wulstotuoæçb jb tcgojb jc frmnuamæçb pbr tcgojb gbnùntovb (vofïsokb jom)9

Mpmrcgokcntb jb tcgojb bstc÷ojc (vofïsokb sïtokb jom)9

Mkmjurcgokcntb frmjmtovb jm kmtroz ÷sscm (trofïsokb botmvb jom)9

Eusçb jb cpotïaob (cntrc b vofïsokb qumrtb c b trofïsokb quontb jom).

Xrongopmos emtbrcs rcspbnsívcos pcam rcpmrmæçb mavcbamr (WMNGDCW CZ MA., =?6<9

WMMJ NCZB, =?4<)0

"mp÷s 58 joms jc ukm cxtrmæçb, gbk gogmtrozmæçb nbrkma, pbjc scr onstmamjbuk okpamntc ÷sscb ontcfrmjb".

"mtumakcntc dí ukm tcnjàngom jc sc onstmamr uk okpamntc nb mavïbab p÷s-

cxtrmæçb, m eok jc cvotmr m pcrjm ÷sscm."




\ckmncsgcntcs jb aofmkcntb pcrobjbntma9

Zcgojb gbnùntovb jb cspmæb trmlcguamr jm

gbrtogma ÷sscm mavcbamr9

Ebrkmæçb, brfmnozmæçb c kmnutcnæçb jb gbífuab

smnfuëncb.

Emscs jb prbgcssb jc rcpmrb ck ecrojms jc cxtrmæçb jcntma0

Emsc jc prbaoecrmæçb gcauamr0

Ebrkmæçb jb gbífuab9

Xrbgcssb oneamkmt÷rob9 Gïauams oneamkmt÷roms kofrmk pmrm m pmrtc supcreogoma jb gbífuab

cxpbstb m smaovm9

Eonma jb prokcorb jom0 prcscnæm jm rcjc jc eolronm rcgblronjb m

supcreëgoc jb gbífuab9

Mp÷s ms <: dbrms, onëgob jm brfmnozmæçb jb gbífuab smnfuëncb9

Gbífuab frmjumakcntc onvmjojb pbr eolrblamstbs brofonmjbs pbr kotbscs

jbs eolrblamstbs prï-cxostcntcs c pbr joecrcngomæçb jms gïauams

mjvcntëgoms, mklbs prcscntcs nbs rckmncsgcntcs jb aofmkcntbpcrobjbntma quc pcrkmncgc mjcrojb ms pmrcjcs mavcbamrcs p÷s

cxbjbntom9

Nbvbs vmsbs grcsgck m pmrtor jms pmrcjcs jb mavïbab9

Gbmfuab brfmnozmjb sc trmnsebrkm ck tcgojb jc frmnuamæçb

prccngdcnjb tbjb b mavïbab9

Mukcntb jm kofrmæçb c prbaoecrmæçb eolrblaístogm0 sëntcsc jc pr÷-

gbaífcnb9

Emsc jb jcscnvbavokcntb jb tcgojb gbnùntovb0

Zràs joms p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob ck rmtbs c ? jom ck dukmnbs9

Zcgojb ncbebrkmjb cxolonjb frmnjcs qumntojmjcs jc gïauams9

Wëntcsc jc eolrms gbaífcnms c sulstmngom eunjmkcntma mkbrem9

Emsc jc kmturmæçb jb tcgojb gbnùntovb0

Jc mtc 3 m =8 joms p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob ck rmtbs (ck dukmnbs 7 vczcs kmos

acntbs).

Mukcntb jc eolrms gbaífcnms9

Jokonuoæçb jb nukcrb jc gïauams jc vmsbs smnfuëncbs9

Onogob jm jcpbsoæçb jm kmtroz brfìnogm/ebrkmæçb jb tcgojb bstc÷ojcb Joecrcngomæçb jbs eolrblamstbs c jc gïauams bstcbprbfcnotbrms ck




bstcblamstbs.

Emsc jc joecrcngomæçb ÷sscm bu koncrmaozmæçb0

Zrmlïguams ÷sscms ncbebrkmjms

Cquoaëlrob bstcbgaístogb-bstcblaístogb

Grostm mavcbamr rckbjcamjm

\mtb <= joms (Bimkbtb c \ussb, =?67)

Gçb0 :4 joms (Wmntbs Xontb, =?5:)

Dbkck0 5: joms (Mkacr)

Emtbrcs jc brjck abgma quc oneaucngomk b prbgcssb jc rcpmrb ck ecrojms jc cxtrmæçb

jcntma0

=. Ssb mlusovb jc gurctmfck9

<. \ckbæçb pmrgoma jm pmrcjc ÷sscm

mavcbamr9

7. Ermfkcntbs ÷sscbs sck nutroæçb9

:. \ckbæçb jb gbífuab smnfuëncb9

3. Ssb jc mfcntcs orrofmjbrcs.

Oneauàngom jc sbauæçb mncstïsogm gbntcnjb mrtogmënm nb prbgcssb jc rcpmrb ck ecrojms jc

cxtrmæçb jcntma0 mnmaosc dostba÷fogm ck rmtbs

Gbkpbsoæçb0

Gabrojmtb jc mrtogmënm m :%

Mjrcnmaonm lmsc =0<88888

Gabrctb jc sbjob

Ífum pmrm prcpmrmæócs on`ctívcos

Kctmlossuaeotb jc s÷job

"jbsc kíxokm jc sma mncstïsogb quc uk pmgocntc jc 68 pbjc rcgclcr ï 388kf"8,3% ------------- ? kf

=%----------------=4 kf

<% ---------------75 kf

7% ---------------3? kf

:% ---------------6< kf uk tulctc pbssuo =,4ka"

Gbngauo-sc quc ck tbjbs bs aufmrcs quc bnjc dbuvc orrofmæçb jc mncstïstogb, dbuvc mtrmsb nb prbgcssb jc

rcpmrmæçb. b kmobr mtrmsb ebo qumnjb m mncstcsom ebo jorctb nb bssb.





3ONECGÆÓCW BJBNZBFÀNOGMW


Lugbkmxoabemgoma O

Fuoadcrkc Wgdkott jc Mnjrmjc





X\ONGËXOBW JB Z\MZMKCNZB C X\CUCNÆÇB JC

ONECGÆÓCW BJBNZBFÀNOGMW

XctcrsbnOnecgæócs bjbntbfànogbms jcrovmk jbs cackcntbs jcntírobs c tàk ukm eabrm gmrmgtcrëstogm. Gírocs,jbcnæms pcrobjbntms c puapotcs sçb onecgæócs onogomos quc pbjck sc jossckonmr mack jbs jcntcs

pmrm bs prbgcssbs mavcbamrcs c pmrm bs tcgojbs prbeunjbs jm emgc, jm gmvojmjc brma, jm gmlcæm c jb pcsgbæb.

KOG\BLOBABFOM JMW ONECGÆÓCW BJBNZBFÀNOGMW

Xrbgcssb b pbr kcob jb quma ms lmgtïroms mcr÷logms c mnmcr÷logms kostms gmusmk

onecgæócs0




¹ Ms lmgtïroms quc gmusmk onecgæçb sçb kmos gbkukcntc lmgtïroms gbnstotuontcs jmeabrm brma nbrkma c mtumk nb lobeoakc lmgtcromnb.

¹ Wçb prongopmakcntc gbgbs mcr÷logbs Frmk-pbsotovbs, gbgbs mnmcr÷logbs Frmk-pbsotovbs c lmstbnctcs mnmcr÷logbs Frmk-ncfmtovbs. Cssms lmgtïroms gmusmk ukm

vmrocjmjc jc jbcnæms gbkuk, gbkb gírocs jcntíroms, fcnfovotcs c pcrobjbntotcs.

¹ ]umnjb cssms lmgtïroms bltàk mgcssb pmrm tcgojbs kmos prbeunjbs, mtrmvïs jmpbapm jcntírom ncgr÷togm, bu mtrmvïs jm lbasm pcrobjbntma prbeunjm, gmusmkonecgæócs bjbntbfànogm.

¹ Gbkb m onecgæçb prbfrojc ck prbeunjojmjc, joecrcntcs kcklrbs jm eabrmonecgtmntc pbjck cngbntrmr kcadbrcs gbnjoæócs jc grcsgokcntb c gbkcæmr mcxgcjcr ms cspïgocs prcvomkcntc jbkonmntcs.

¹ ]umsc tbjms ms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms sçb gmusmjms pbr kðatopams lmgtïroms.

¹ Onecgæócs gmusmjms sbkcntc pbr mcr÷logms gbnstotuck 5%, sbkcntc mnmcr÷logms::%, onecgæócs gmusmjms pbr mnmcr÷logms c mcr÷logms sçb 38%.

Gaonogmkcntc m prbfrcssçb jc mcr÷lom pmrm mnmcr÷logm, pmrcgc cstmr rcamgobnmjm mbtopb jc tukcemæçb quc pbjc scr cngbntrmjm nm rcfoçb onecgtmjm.

Ms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms pbssuck 7 brofcns prongopmos0

¹ Xcrompogma0 ncgrbsc puapmr c onvmsçb lmgtcromnm sulscqucntc jb tcgojb pcrompogma.

¹ Xcrobjbntma0 lbasm prbeunjm quc pbssoloaotm m onbguamæçb jms lmgtïroms nbs tcgojbssul`mgcntcs.

Zckpb Onjceonojb

\csbauæçb Mlsgcssb ï jrcnmjb cspbntìncmkcntc pbr kcobjm pcac bu kugbsm bu gorurfogmkcntc

B sostckm okunc gbkcæm m jcstruor ms lmgtïromsonecgtmntcs (prbgcssb jc gurm c rcpmrb)

Mp÷s 3 m 6 joms

Mlsgcssb Ebrkmæçb jc uk mlsgcssb aoqucecotb mb gcntrbjm írcm jc tukcemæçb

Kogrbrfmnoskbs mcr÷logbs gbkcæmk m prcjbkonmr

Mp÷s 7 m 3 joms

Gcauaotc Zukcemæçb kmos cnjurcgojm mvcrkcadmjm cmfujmkcntc jbabrbsm

Eabrm gbk onecgæçb kostm cstokuam rcspbstmoneamkmt÷rom jb dbspcjcorb

Xrokcorbs 7 joms jc sontbkm

Onbguamæçb Zukcemæçb lrmnjm c acvckcntc cnjurcgojmOnvmsçb jb cstrcptbgbgbs cstm gbkcæmnjb m

gbabnozmr b dbspcjcorb




¹ Xcrogbrbnírom0 onvmsçb lmgtcromnm jb tcgojb pcrogbrbnírob jc uk jcntcpmrgomakcntc orrbkpojb.

Dost÷rom nmturma jm prbfrcssçb jms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms0

Gíroc prbeunjm Ncgrbsc puapmr Lmgtïroms pcnctrmk bs tcgojbs pcrompogmos Lmgtïroms onvmjck bs tcgojbs Onecæçb mtovm Jossckonmæçb ofumakcntc ck tbjms ms jorcæócs

¹ Jc prcecràngom mb abnfb jms aondms jc kcnbr rcsostàngom.

Jossckonmæçb mtrmvïs jb bssb cspbn`bsb mtï m aìkonm gbrtogma Aìkonm gbrtogma eonm, m onecgæçb pcreurmrí b bssb

Xcnctrmæçb jbs tcgojbs kbacs abgmaozmjbs mb rcjbr Jossckonmæçb pmrm abgmaozmæçb mnmtúkogm prcvosëvca

¹ M abgmaozmæçb jc ukm onecgæçb brounjm jc uk jcntc ï cstmlcacgojm pbr jbos emtbrcs0 =. Cspcssurm jb bssb quc ï supcrpbstm mb ípogc jb jcntc.<. M rcamæçb jb abgma jm pcreurmæçb nb bssb gbk ms onscræócs kusguamr nm

kmxoam c kmnjëluam.

Zmlcam jbs abgmos jc jossckonmæçb jms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms0Kmxoam

Kmobrom jms onecgæócs nbs kmxoamrcs rcsuatmrí onogomakcntc ck mlsgcssbs vcstoluamrcsOngosovb amtcrma ongaonmjb Mlsgcssb pmamtonb\moz pmamtonm jc kbamr bu prï-kbamr Mlsgcssb pmamtonb

KbamrcsXbjck jrcnmr mgokm jb kðsguablugonmjbr rcsuatmnjb ck onecgæçb jbcspmæb lugma

Gmnonbs gbk rmoz abnfm

Xbjc pcreurmr b bssb supcrobr m onscræçbjb kðsguab cacvmjbr jb ìnfuab jm lbgm cgmusmrí ukm onecgæçb jb cspmæbonermbrlotírob

Kmnjëluam

Ongosovbs, gmnonbs c prï-kbamrcs

Ck fcrma pcreurmk m amkonm emgoma gbrtogmasupcrobr è onscræçb jbs kðsguabs jbsaílobs onecrobrcs, rcsuatmnjb ck ukmlsgcssb vcstoluamr

Kbamrcs onecrobrcs gbk kmos ercquàngom pcreurmrçb mtrmvïs jb bssb gbrtogma aonfuma jbquc bs jcntcs mntcrobrcs




]umnjb gbkcæbu m jrcnmr2 M jurmæçb jc gmjm sontbkm

Zck sojb gbnstmntcs2 Zck ontcnsoeogmjb bu jokonuëjb2

Jctcrkonmr m rmpojcz jb prbfrcssb jm onecgæçb0 M onecgæçb prbfrcjou rmpojmkcntc ck pbugms dbrms bu mukcntbu jc

ebrkm frmjuma mb abnfb jc joms bu sckmnms2 Caugojmr bs sontbkms0

Mprcscntm rcspbstm oneamkmt÷rom frmvc2 (jbr, tukbr, gmabr, rulbr cpcrjm jc eunæçb)

Jbr0 bnjc gbkcæbu m jbr2 Gbkb cam sc jossckonbu2 Zukbr0 ï okpbrtmntc quc b pmgocntc jcsgrcvm qumaqucr írcm jc

tukbr. Gmabr0 jcvc-scr pcrfuntmr mb pmgocntc sc m írcm prbjuz scnsmæçb jc

gmabr. \ulbr0 pcrfuntmr sc dbuvc mafukm matcrmæçb jc gbr, cspcgomakcntc

vcrkcadojçb. Xcrjm jc eunæçb0 sc b pmgocntc mprcscntm troskb, joeoguajmjc jc

kmstofmæçb, jcfautoæçb bu rcspormæçb. Cstmjb jc Wmðjc Fcrma

Wc b pmgocntc sc scntc emjofmjb, eclroa, ermgb c jbcntc (kma-cstmr), bquc gbstukm onjogmr onecgæçb jc kbjcrmjm m frmvc.

Mutb-kcjogmæçb b mutb-trmtmkcntb

Mntolo÷togbs Gbkprcssms qucntcs Kcjogmkcntbs gmscorbs

Dost÷rom kïjogm gbkpactm jb pmgocntc Cxmkc Eësogb

Gbactmr sonmos votmos (tckpcrmturm, prcssçb smnfuëncm, tmxm jc puasb c tmxmrcspormt÷rom)

Xmgocntcs gbk cnvbavokcntb sostàkogb pbjck mprcscntmrtckpcrmturm supcrobr m 74¸ G

Xuasb gbstukm sc cacvmr gbk b mukcntb jc tckpcrmturm, puasbmgokm jc =88 lmtokcntbs/kon ï gbkuk ck pmgocntcs gbk onecgæçb,

pmgocntcs ncssc cstmjb pbssuck onecgæçb frmvc c jcvck scr trmtmjbs kmosmfrcssovmkcntc.

M prcssçb smnfuëncm vmrom pbugb gbk m onecgæçb, sbkcntc sc bpmgocntc tovcr jbr sofnoeogmtovm c mnsocjmjc, nb cntmntb, gdbqucssïptogbs frmvcs rcsuatmk ck dopbtcnsçb.

M tmxm rcspormt÷rom jcvc scr blscrvmjm, pbr quc, ukm jms prongopmosgbnsojcrmæócs sblrc ms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms ï m blstruæçb pmrgomabu gbkpactm jms voms mïrcms supcrobrcs, gbkb rcsuatmjb jm cxtcnsçb

jm onecgæçb pmrm bs cspmæbs emsgomos prbeunjbs jb pcsgbæb.Ercquàngom rcspormt÷rom nbrkma ï jc =: m =5 rcspormæócs pbr konutb,




pmgocntcs gbk onecgæócs lrmnjms m kbjcrmjms mprcscntmk ercquàngom jc =4rcspormæócs/kon.

Xmgocntcs gbk sonmos nbrkmos gbk mpcnms aofcorm cacvmæçb jc tckpcrmturm mprcscntmkonecgæçb lrmnjm, emgoakcntc trmtmjm.

Xmgocntcs gbk mnbrkmaojmjcs nbs sonmos votmos, gbkb cacvmæçb jc puasb tckpcrmturm c ercquàngom rcspormt÷rom tck m prblmloaojmjc jc scrck pbrtmjbrcs jc onecgæócs frmvcs c ncgcssotmkjc tcrmpom ontcnsovm c mvmaomæçb jc uk gorurfoçb lugbkmxoabemgoma.

Cxmkc cxtrm-brma Onspcæçb jm mpmràngom fcrma jb pmgocntc (pmgocntcs gbk onecgæçb

pbugb kmos cxtcnsm mprcscntmk ‑eígocs t÷xogms‛) Cxmkc ck lusgm jc tukcemæçb c crotckm. Mvmaomr troskb, josemafom bu jospncom, gmsb gbnstmtc-sc mafuk jcsscs

sontbkms b pmgocntc jcvc scr cngmkondmjb okcjomtmkcntc pmrm ukgorurfoçb lugbkmxoabemgoma bu pmrm smam jc ckcrfàngom, scnjb sonmos

jc ukm onecgæçb frmvc. Xmapmæçb jms írcms gbk tukcemæçb, vcroeogmnjb scnsoloaojmjc, gmabr c

gbnsostàngom. Gbnsostàngom pbjc vmromr jc gmrnujm (scnsmæçbpmstbsm), cnjurcgojm (scnsmæçb jc kðsguab cnro`cgojb), eautumntc(lmaçb gdcob jc aoquojb). M tukcemæçb eautumntc onjogm mgukuab jcpus nb gcntrb jm írcm cnjurcgojm.

Cxmkc ontrm-brma Cngbntrmr m gmusm (jcntcs gbk gíroc mvmnæmjm, mlsgcssb pcrobjbntma,

ermturm jc uk jcntc bu jbs kmxoamrcs)

Xmapmr írcms jc mukcntb fcnfovma c eautumæçb Ucroeogmr prcscnæm jc mlsgcssbs vcstoluamrcs abgmaozmjbs bu trm`ctbs

eostuabsbs. Cxmkc rmjobfríeogb0

\mjobfrmeoms pcrompogmos \mjobfrmeoms cxtrmbrmos (pmnbrìkogm)

Gbkpmrmæçb jb Cjckm, Gcauaotc c MlsgcssbGmrmgtcrëstogms Cjckm Gcauaotc MlsgcssbJurmæçb 8 m 7 joms = m 3 joms : m =8 joms

Jbr, lbrjms Kïjom, joeusm Frmnjc AbgmaozmjmZmkmndb Umroívca Frmnjc XcqucnbGbr Nbrkma Ucrkcadb Gcntrb lroadmntcGbnsostàngom Fcamtonbsm Cnjurcgojm Gcntrb mkbacgojbXrbfrcssçb Grcsgcntc Grcsgcntc JcgrcsgcntcXus Muscntc Muscntc XrcscntcLmgtïrom Mcr÷logm Kostm Mnmcr÷logmFrmvojmjc Lmoxm Matm Xcqucnm (kuotb lmoxm)

Cjckm (onbguamæçb) pbjc scr gurmjb pcam rckbæçb jm gmusm bjbntbfànogm, gbk bu sck

muxëaob jc mntolo÷togbs.




Gcauaotc bu mlsgcssb rcqucrck rckbæçb jm gmusm jcntírom, ongosçb, jrcnmfck cmntolo÷togbs.

Xrongëpob <0 Mvmaomr b Cstmjb jbs Kcgmnoskbs jc Jcecsm jb DbspcjcorbXmgocntcs sostckogmkcntc gbkprbkctojbs sçb kmos prbpëgobs m tcr onecgæócs c cstms, gbk

ercquàngom, tbrnmk-sc kmos frmvcs rmpojmkcntc. Gbnjoæócs kïjogms quc gbkprbkctc m jcecsm jb dbspcjcorb

Jbcnæms gbkb jomlctcs nçb gbntrbamjm, jbcnæm rcnma ck cstífob tcrkonma gbkurckom c frmvc magbbaoskb gbk jcsnutroæçb, rcsuatmk nm jokonuoæçb jmeunæçb acugbgotírom, ongauonjb jokonuoæçb jm quokobtmxom, emfbgotbsc ckbrtc lmgtcromnm.

Jbcnæms quc ontcrecrck nbs kcgmnoskbs jc jcecsm, gbkb, acugckom, aonebkms ckuotbs topbs jc gìngcr. Cssms jbcnæms rcsuatmk nm jokonuoæçb jm eunæçbjbs acug÷gotbs c jokonuck m sëntcsc c m prbjuæçb jc mntogbrpbs.

DOU, mtmgm bs Aone÷gotbs Z, mectmnjb m rcsostàngom m vorbscs butrbs pmt÷fcnbs

ontrmgcauamrcs, ms onecgæócs bjbntbfcnogms sçb gmusmjms pbr pmt÷fcnbscxtrm-gcauamrcs, scnjb bs pbrtmjbrcs jc MOJW gmpmzcs jc gbklmtcr cssmsonecgæócs, m nçb scr quc cstc`m ck uk cstífob mvmnæmjb, nb quma, bsaone÷gotbs L tmklïk jokonuërmk.

Eírkmgbs quc Gbkprbkctck m Jcecsm jb Dbspcjcorb Mfcntcs quokobtcrípogbs pmrm gìngcr jokonuck b nëvca jm gbntmfck

acugbgotírom. Zcrmpom okunbssuprcssbrm (gogabrspbronm, gbrtogbstcrbojcs c mzmtobpronm),

cssms jrbfms jokonuck m eunæçb jbs aone÷gotbs Z c L c m prbjuæçb jcokunbfabluaonms.

Xmgocntcs gbk jomlctcs, jbcnæm rcnma frmvc, magbbaoskb gbk jcsnutroæçb c aonebkms,

quokobtcrmpoms gbntrm gìngcr c tcrmpom okunbssuprcssbrms jc qumaqucr topb, jcvc scr trmtmjb jcukm kmncorm kmos vofbrbsm, pbos m onecgæçb pbjc prbpmfmr-sc gbk kmos rmpojcz.Xmgocntcs gbk mafukms jcssms gbnjoæócs, qumnjb ck ontcrvcnæócs rbtoncorms jc gorurfom

brma, pbjc scr ncgcssírob b usb jc mntolo÷togbtcrmpom pmrm jokonuor b rosgb jm onecgæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob jm ecrojm.

Xrongëpobs 70 Jcgojor sc b Xmgocntc Jcvc Wcr Zrmtmjb pbr uk Jcntostm Gaënogb Fcrmabu uk Gorurfoçb Lugbkmxoabemgoma.

M kmobrom jms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms pbjc scr trmtmjm gbk m cxpcgtmtovm jc ukm rcsbauæçbrípojm.Zràs grotïrobs prongopmos acvmk m ontcrnmæçb dbspotmamr jc ckcrfàngom jcvojb èpbssoloaojmjc okoncntc jc blstruæçb jms voms mïrcms supcrobrcs. Dost÷rom jc onecgæçb jc prbfrcssçb rípojm Joeoguajmjc jc rcspormæçb Joeoguajmjc jc jcfautoæçb

Grotïrobs pmrm Cngmkondmkcntb m uk Gorurfoçb Lugbkmxoabemgoma Joeoguajmjc pmrm rcspormr (jospncom) Joeoguajmjc jc jcfautoæçb (josemafom) Jcsojrmtmæçb Zroskb jc kbjcrmjb m frmvc (mlcrturm ontcrongosma kcnbr jc <8kk) Zukcemæçb sc cstcnjcnjb maïk jbs prbgcssbs mavcbamrcs

Zckpcrmturm cacvmjm (74¸G) Frmvc kma cstmr c emgcs t÷xogms




Gbkprbkctokcntb jm jcecsm jb dbspcjcorb Ncgcssojmjc pmrm mncstcsom fcrma Emadm nb trmtmkcntb onogoma

Xrongëpob :0Zrmtmkcntb Gorðrfogb jm Onecgæçb

B prongopob lísogb jb trmtmkcntb jms onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms ï cxcgutmr ukmjrcnmfck gorðrfogm c rckbvcr m gmusm jm onecgæçb.

B trmtmkcntb pbjc vmromr jcsjc cxtorpmæçb jm pbapm mtï uk trmtmkcntbgbkpacxb, gbk ongosçb mkpam nbs tcgojbs kbacs jms rcfoócs sulkmnjoluamr c gcrvogmack onecgæócs frmvcs, bu monjrm mlror ukm mlcrturm jc jrcnmfck nb kcjomstonb.

B bl`ctovb prokírob ï m rckbæçb jm gmusm quc pbjc scr ukm pbapm ncgrbsmjmbu ukm lbasm pcrobjbntma prbeunjm

B bl`ctovb scgunjírob ï prbpbrgobnmr jrcnmfck jb pus mgukuamjb c jbs rcstbsncgr÷togbs.

B prbgcssb cnjbjbntogb prbkbvc m rckbæçb jm gmusm c tmklïk m jrcnmfckmtrmvïs jb ebrmkc m mpogma, ck jcntcs quc nçb pbjck scr smavbs cnjbjbntogmkcntc, mcxbjbntom jb cackcntb prbpbrgobnm tmklïk m rckbæçb jm gmusm c m jrcnmfck crckbæçb jbs rcstbs ncgr÷togbs.

]umnjb m onecgæçb sc jossckonm pmrm maïk jb cspmæb pcrompogma, m ongosçb jbmlsgcssb c gcauaotc pcrkotc m rckbæçb jb pus mgukuamjb c jms lmgtïroms jbs tcgojbssul`mgcntcs. B csvmzomkcntb jm gmvojmjc jb mlsgcssb jokonuo, jrmstogmkcntc, mqumntojmjc jc lmgtïroms c jc rcstbs ncgr÷togbs, tmklïk rcjuz m prcssçb dojrbstítogm,pcam jokonuoæçb jm tcnsçb jbs tcgojbs, b quc kcadbrm b suprokcntb smnfuëncb jb abgmac mgcacrm m gdcfmjm jms jcecsms jb dbspcjcorb.

B prbgcssb jc jrcnmfck ongauo m onscræçb jc uk jrcnb pmrm okpcjor b ecgdmkcntbprckmturb jm ongosçb nm kugbsm, b quc pcrkotorom nbvm ebrkmæçb jm gmvojmjc jbmlsgcssb. Wc m cnjbjbntom nçb prbpbrgobnmr ukm jrcnmfck mjcqumjm, rcqucr mgorurfoçb pmrm jrcnmfck.




Jrcnmfck0 Mntosscpsom gbk objb-pbavcjonc Xbjc scr bltojm ukm mkbstrm pmrm guaturm pmrm rcmaozmæçb jc uk mntolobfrmkm.

Skm mfuadm jc frmnjc gmaolrc pbjc scr usmjm pmrm cxtrmor m mkbstrm. = m < ka jb

pus sçb mspormjbs. Mncstcsom Abgma0

¹ Labqucob rcfobnma c bu oneoatrmæçb jc ukm sbabuæçb mncstïsogm jcntrb c mbrcjbr jm írcm m scr jrcnmjm. ]umnjb ukm mfuadm ebr usmjm, cstm nçb jcvcscr rcutoaozmjm.

Ongosçb0

¹ Ontrm-brma0 Ck mlsgcssb bu gcauaotc vcstoluamr, b abgma prcecrcngoma pmrmongosmr ï jorctmkcntc mgokm jb sëtob jm kíxokm tukcemæçb c oneamkmæçb, nbcntmntb, jcvck-sc cvotmr írcms jc erànuab, bu m trm`ct÷rom jb ncrvb

kcntbnomnb.¹ Cxtrm-brma0 M rcfoçb jm ongosçb jcvc scr m jc kmobr tukcemæçb, pbrïk jcvc-

sc m mtcntmr pmrm bs trm`ctbs jc ncrvbs c vmsbs smnfuëncbs c scfuor ms aondmsjc tcnsçb emgoma (Aondms jc Amnfcrs).

¹ m ongosçb ï rcmaozmjm gbk amkonm jc losturo n¸==, nçb jcvcnjb uatrmpmssmr = gk jcgbkprokcntb.

Jovuasçb

¹ Gbk ukm tcsburm jc Kctzcklmuk bu ukm ponæm dckbstítogm gurvm ïonscrojm mtrmvïs jm ongosçb pmrm jcntrb jm gmvojmjc jb mlsgcssb.

¹ B onstrukcntma ï mlcrtb ck víroms jorcæócs pmrm quclrmr tbjms ms abguamæócsbu gmvojmjcs jc pus quc nçb tcndmk sojb mlcrtms jurmntc m ongosçb onogoma.

¹ ]umaqucr pus bu aoquojb tcgojuma jrcnmjb ncssc kbkcntb jcvc scrmspormjb c nçb sc jcvc pcrkotor quc jrcnc pmrm lbgm jb pmgocntc.

Jrcnb

¹ Skm vcz quc tbjms ms írcms jm gmvojmjc tcndmk sojb mlcrtms c tbjb pustcndm sojb rckbvojb, uk pcqucnb jrcnb ï onscrojb pmrm kmntcr m mlcrturm.Xbjc scr uk jrcnb jc Xcnrbsc bu ecotb gbk ukm auvm gorðrfogm.

¹ Sk pcjmæb jc jrcnb ï cntçb ï gbabgmjb, c cntçb suturmjb gbk eob jc suturmnçb-mlsbrvëvca.

¹ B jrcnb jcvc pcrkmncgcr nb abgma mtï quc gcssc m jrcnmfck jb mlsgcssb,ck fcrma, jbos m gongb joms.

¹ M rckbæçb ï ecotm pbr sokpacs gbrtc nm suturm c jcsaozmkcntb jb jrcnb pmrmebrm jm ecrojm.




M. Jrcnbs tuluamrcs rcsostcntcsL. Jrcnb jc XcnrbscG. Jrcnb jc Xcnrbsc gbk fmzcJ. Jrcnb jc acnæba jc lbrrmgdm

Onecgæçb pcrompogma jb prïkbamr onecrobrcstcnjcnjb-sc mtrmvïs jm pamgm lugma c gromnjbuk mlsgcssb vcstoluamr pmapívca. Ongosçb gbkaìkonm ==, jovuasçb, pcqucnb jrcnb onscrojb

nm prbeunjojmjc jb mlsgcssb gbk ponæmdckbstítogm c jrcnb suturmjb nb abgma gbk

suturm sokpacs.

Xrongopob 30 Wupbrtc Kïjogb pmrm b Xmgocntc M rcsostàngom sostàkogm jb pmgocntc pmrm onecgæçb ï tmavcz b emtbr jctcrkonmntc kmos

okpbrtmntc pmrm uk lbk rcsuatmjb.

Jbcnæms quc gbkprbkctck b sostckm okunc0

¹ Ercqñcntckcntc gbnsuatms kïjogms c dbspotmaozmæçb sçb ncgcssíroms. Mcquopc jb trmtmkcntb scacgobnm tcrmpoms jcsofnmjms pmrm kcadbrmr mrcspbstm okunc.

¹ Stoaozmr mntolo÷togbs lmgtcrogojms

¹ Zrmtmkcntb gorðrfogb jm onecgæçb Jbcnæms sostàkogms0

¹ X.cx.0 jomlctcs, m rcspbstm jb dbspcjcorb pmrm ukm onecgæçb sofnoeogmntcmukcntm bs nëvcos jc mæðgmr nb smnfuc, pbrtmntb, dí ncgcssojmjc jconsuaonm pmrm b onjovëjub jomlïtogb. B pmgocntcs gmrjobpmtms, tck-sc ukmjokonuoæçb jm gmpmgojmjc jb dbspcjcorb ck rcspbnjcr mb cstrcssc jmonecgæçb c jm gorurfom, scnjb b gbntrbac jcssms gmrjobpmtoms eunjmkcntmos

pmrm b trmtmkcntb. Xmgocntcs rcgclcnjb tcrmpom gbk mntogbmfuamntcs(vmremronm) jcvc ontcrrbkpcr mntcs jb prbgcjokcntb




¹ Xmgocntcs gbk prblackms rcamgobnmjbs mb sostckm okunc, gmrjobpmtoms,rcspormt÷robs, dckmtba÷fogbs c kctml÷aogbs, gbk ercquàngom, ncgcssotmk jcsupbrtc kïjogb sbeostogmjb jc ukm cquopc jc cspcgomaostms.

\cscrvm eosoba÷fogm jb pmgocntc0

¹ X.cx.0 gromnæms, ojbsbs, frívojms, jcvck rcgclcr ukm mtcnæçb cspcgoma.

¹ Xmgocntcs quc jcvojb m jbr c/bu joeoguajmjc pmrm jcfautoæçb, nçb scmaokcntmk, nçb onfcrck aëquojbs c nçb emzck rcpbusb mjcqumjb. Jurmntc bpcrëbjb okcjomtb jb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob, pmgocntcs jcvck scr ongcntovmjbs mlclcr ífum c sugbs pmrm uronmrck rcfuamrkcntc c cngbrm`mjbs m onfcrorsupackcntbs maokcntmrcs rogbs ck gmabroms.

Xrongopob 50 Csgbadcr c Xrcsgrcvcr Mntolo÷togbs MprbpromjbsOnjogmæçb pmrm b Ssb jc Mntolo÷togbs

Zukcemæçb ctcnjojm maïk jbs prbgcssbs mavcbamrcs Gcauaotc Zroskb Aonemjcnbpmtom Zckpcrmturm matm 74¸G Xcrogbrbnmrotc frmvc Bstcbkocaotc

Onecgæçb Bjbntbfànogms Wokpacs vcrsus Gbkacxms Onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms sokpacs

Zukcemæçb aokotmjm nb prbgcssb mavcbamr c nb cspmæb vcstoluamr Xrokcorm tcntmtovm jc trmtmkcntb Xmgocntc nçb-okunbgbkprbkctojbs Onecgæócs bjbntbfànogms gbkpacxms

Zukcemæçb cstcnjojm maïk jb cspmæb vcstoluamr Emadm nb trmtmkcntb onogoma Xmgocntcs okunbgbkprbkctojbs

Bs mntolo÷togbs jcvck scr vostbs gbkb ukm ‑emgm jc jbos fukcs‛. Cklbrm pbssm

rcsuatmr ck ukm rcsbauæçb, b usb crrmjb becrcgc pbugb lcnceogob pmrm gbntrmlmamngcmrbs rosgbs mssbgomjbs c bs gustbs jm mjkonostrmæçb. Jctcrkonmr m ncgcssojmjc jc mjkonostrmr mntolo÷togbs0

Zràs emtbrcs sçb jctcrkonmntcs0O. Frmvojmjc jm onecgæçb qumnjb b pmgocntc lusgm b jcntostm.

¹ Wc m prbfrcssçb ï rípojm bu ï ukm gcauaotc joeusm, ms cvojcngoms mpbomk busb jc mntolo÷togb, maïk jb trmtmkcntb gorðrfogb.

OO. Xbssoloaojmjc jb trmtmkcntb gorðrfogb mjcqumjb0

¹ Kuotms vczcs m rckbæçb jb jcntc pbjc rcsuatmr ck ukm rípojm rcsbauæçb,

kcskb sc dí onecgæçb.




¹ Ck gmsbs quc m gorurfom mprbpromjm nçb pbjc scr okcjomtmkcntc cxcgutmjm,mntolo÷togbs jcvck scr ðtcos pmrm rctmrjmr m prbfrcssçb jm onecgæçb.

OOO. Cstmjb jc jcecsm jb pmgocntc0

¹ Sk pmgocntc `bvck c smujívca ï gmpmz jc kbloaozmr sums jcecsms c pbjc nçb

ncgcssotmr jc mntolobtogbtcrmpom pmrm rcsbauæçb jm onecgæçb kbjcrmjm.

¹ Xmgocntcs quc pbssuck qumaqucr topb jc jokonuoæçb jc sum jcecsm pbjckrcqucrcr mntolobtogbtcrmpom.

Onjogmæócs0]umnjb csscs tràs emtbrcs cstçb cquoaolrmjbs, dí vmroms onjogmæócs cspcgëeogms pmrm b ckprcfb

jc mntolo÷togbs0

¹ Ck gmsbs jc gcauaotc (mntolo÷togbtcrmpom + jrcnmfck + rckbæçb jm gmusm)

¹ Xmgocntcs sostckogmkcntc gbkprbkctojbs

¹ Xrbfrcssçb jm jbcnæm cnvbavcu bs cspmæbs emgomos prbeunjbs. (onecgæçbmfrcssovm, onjogmnjb quc m jcecsm jb dbspcjcorb ï onmjcqumjm pmrm gbntcr monecgæçb).

¹ Xcrogbrbnmrotc frmvc (gbk troskb, eclrc c tukcemæçb unoamtcrma)

¹ Bstcbkocaotc (mntolo÷togbtcrmpom + gorurfom) Gbntrmonjogmæócs0

¹ Mlsgcssb rcjuzojb, grúnogb c lck abgmaozmjb (cxbjbntom/cnjbjbntom)9

¹ Mlsgcssb jcntbmavcbamr lck abgmaozmjb (cxbjbntom/cnjbjbntom + jrcnmfck)9

¹ Bstcëtc mavcbamr abgmaozmjm bu mavïbab scgb (mutbaokotmntc)9

¹ Xcrogbrbnmrotc acvc gbk pcqucnb cjckm fcnfovma c jbr kbjcrmjm (orrofmæçbgbk pcr÷xojb jc dojrbfànob bu gabrcxojonm + cxbjbntom)9

¹ Nçb jcvc scr prcsgrotb pbr quc b pmgocntc qucr9

¹ Jbr jc jcntc. \csukonjb0 jcvc scr prcsgrotb qumnjb m onvmsçb ï kuotb frmnjc ck tcgojbs prbeunjbs, nm quma,b sostckm okunc jb dbspcjcorb nçb ï gmpmz jc gbklmtcr. Ssb rbtoncorb jm tcrmpom ckpërogm0

b Bs mntolo÷togbs mjkonostrmjbs brmakcntc quc sçb cectovbs gbntrm onecgæócsbjbntbfcnogms ongauck pcnogoaonm, mkbxogoaonm, gaonjmkogonm, mzotrbkogonm,

kctrbnojmzba c kbxoeabxmgonm.b Zbjbs sçb cectovbs gbntrm cstrctbgbgbs emguatmtovbs (cxgctb kctrbnojmzba) c

mnmcr÷logbs brmos. b B kctrbnojmzba ï cectovb sbkcntc ms mnmcr÷logms, jcvc scr rcscrvmjb pmrm

sotumæócs nms qumos sc suspcotm jb cnvbavokcntb sbkcntc jc lmgtïromsmncr÷loms (bu ck gbklonmæçb gbk mntolo÷togbs quc tck mtovojmjc mcr÷logm)

b B mntolo÷togb jc csgbadm ck fcrma ï m pcnogoaonm, pmrm bs pmgocntcs maïrfogbspbjc scr utoaozmjm m gaonjmkogonm c m mzotrbkogonm.

b ]umnjb emtbrcs okpbrtmntcs, gbkb cectovojmjc, cecotbs gbamtcrmos, ontcrmæócs

kcjogmkcntbsms c gustb, sçb pmrcgojbs, m kcjogmæçb quc ncgcssotmr scrmjkonostrmjm gbk kcnbs ercquàngom ï prcecrëvca.




b B tcstc jc mntolobfrmkm ï jc matb gustb lcnceëgob, ck mafuns gmsbs b GJjcvc gbnsojcrmr b cnvob jc mkbstrms pmrm b tcstc0

B onogob rípojb c m jossckonmæçb rípojm Onecgæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom, pcam pmrtogopmæçb jc lmgtïroms cx÷fcnms

Onecgæçb quc nçb cstm scnjb rcsbavojm pcam tcrmpom utoaozmjm. Onecgæçb scgunjírom. Jcecsms gbkprbkctojms, b pmgocntc pbjc mprcscntmr pmt÷fcnbs

ongbkuns. Ssb jc Mntolo÷togbs jc cspcgtrb rcjuzojb0

b Jcvc-sc sckprc bptmr pbr uk mntolo÷togb jc cspcgtrb rcjuzojb c cspcgëeogb. Sk mkpab cspcgtrb pbjc scr cectovb pmrm lmgtïroms quc emzck pmrtc

jm eabrm nbrkma, gbkb pbr cxckpab, ms jm eabrm fmstrbontcstonma.Gmusmnjb jmnbs cntïrogbs.

Sk mkpab cspcgtrb pbjc prbpbrgobnmr m bpbrtunojmjc pmrmjcscnvbavokcntb jc rcsostàngom m uk frmnjc nukcrb jc lmgtïroms.

Ssb jc Mntolo÷togb gbk lmoxm tbxogojmjc c cecotbs gbamtcrmos rcjuzojbs0 b Xcnogoaonm0

Gamssc jms Xcnogoaonms Nmturmos Lmgtcrogojm Nçb mprcscntm cecotbs gbamtcrmos bu t÷xogbs kmobrcs nm emoxm nbrkma

jc jbsmfck ckprcfmjm pcabs jcntostms. M macrfom ï b prongopma cecotb gbamtcrma.

b Mkbxogoaonm0

Gamssc jms Xcnogoaonms scko-sontïtogms Lmgtcrogojm Ï m quc pbssuo kcadbr mlsbræçb pbr vom brma nçb sbercnjb

kbjoeogmæócs nb brfmnoskb, pbr nçb scrck onmtovmjms pcab sugbfístrogb.

Mprcscntmk lmoxëssokbs cecotbs gbamtcrmos bu tbxogojmjc. Gbntrmonjogmjm m pmgocntcs maïrfogbs m pcnogoaonm

Mkbxogoaonm 388 kf --------------------------------------------------------------------------- <=gípsuamsZbkmr = gípsuam jc 4 ck 4 dbrms, pbr 6 joms.

b Mzotrbkogonm0 Gamssc jbs Kmgrbaëjcbs Lmgtcrobstítogb Ongojàngom jc tbxogojmjc c cecotbs gbamtcrmos lmoxbs. Zck m kcadbr gbklonmæçb lmoxm tbxogojmjc c cectovojmjc. Xbssuo pbugms ontcrmæócs kcjogmkcntbsms.

Mzotrbkogonm 388 kf ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7gípsuamsZbkmr ukm gípsuam, ukm vcz mb jom, pbr 7 joms.

b Gaonjmkogonm0 Gamssc jbs Kmgrbaëjcbs




Xbjc prbjuzor uk cecotb josuaeormk qumnjb b pmgocntc onfcrc lclojmmagb÷aogm.

Kctrbnojmzba :88 kf -------------------------------------------------------------------- 78gbkprokojbs

Zbkmr = gbkprokojb m gmjm 4 dbrms, pbr =8 joms.

Ssb jc Mntolo÷togb lmgtcrogojm b Bs mntolo÷togbs lmgtcrogojms fcrmakcntc, ontcrecrck gbk m sëntcsc jm pmrcjc

gcauamr,. b Bs mntolo÷togbs lmgtcrobstítogbs ontcrecrck nb grcsgokcntb c nm rcprbjuæçb.

Cssc topb jc mntolo÷togb jcvc scr cvotmjb ck pmgocntcs quc pbssuck sostckmokunc gbkprbkctojb.

B gustb jbs Mntolo÷togbsXrongopob 60 Mjkonostrmr b mntolo÷togb mprbpromjmkcntc

¹ M kcjogmæçb jcvc scr mjkonostrmjm ck jbsc c ontcrvmabs gbrrctbs.

¹ Jcvck scr onstotuëjbs nëvcos pamskítogbs quc sc`mk matbs sueogocntcs pmrm kmtmr mslmgtïroms, kms nçb jcvck gmusmr tbxogojmjc.

¹ B pogb jb nëvca pamskítogb jb kcjogmkcntb, ck fcrma, jcvc scr mb kcnbs qumtrbbu gongb vczcs m gbngcntrmæçb onolot÷rom kënokm pmrm ms lmgtïroms cnvbavojms nmonecgæçb.

¹ Mafuns pmgocntcs pmrmk jc tbkmr scus mntolo÷togbs mp÷s bs sontbkms mfujbs tcrckjokonuëjb, c kuotb rmrb, tbkmk m kcjogmæçb qumtrb bu gongb joms mp÷s m

prcsgroæçb.

Xrongëpob 40 Mvmaomr ercqñcntckcntc b pmgocntc

¹ B pmgocntc trmtmjb pbr gorurfom c rcgclcnjb mntolobtogbtcrmpom jcvc scrmgbkpmndmjb guojmjbsmkcntc pmrm gbntrbac jm rcspbstm mb trmtmkcntb c jmsgbkpaogmæócs.

¹ Nm kmobrom jms sotumæócs, jcvc-sc sbaogotmr mb pmgocntc quc rctbrnc < joms mp÷s mtcrmpom onogoma.

¹ Wc ebr lck sugcjojm m tukcemæçb c ms jbrcs jokonuck jrmstogmkcntc

¹ B GJ jcvc gdcgmr0 b B abgma jm jrcnmfck, pmrm jctcrkonmr sc jcvc scr ecotm m rckbæçb jb jrcnb. b Zckpcrmturm b Zroskb b Zukcemæçb b Kcadbrms sul`ctovms quc b pmgocntc vck scntonjb, jcvck scr mvmaomjbs.

¹ Wc nçb dbuvcr rcspbstm mjcqumjm mb trmtmkcntb jcvc sc lusgmr bs onjëgobs jm rmzçbjm emadm.

\mzócs pmrm emadm jb trmtmkcntb

Gorurfom onmjcqumjm Jcecsm jb dbspcjcorb gbkprbkctojm




Xrcscnæm jc gbrpb cstrmndb Xrblackms gbk mntolo÷togbs

¹ B GJ cxmkonmr b pmgocntc ck lusgm jc rcmæócs t÷xogms c jc cecotbs gbamtcrmosonjcsc`ívcos.

¹ Jcvc cstmr onebrkmjb sblrc m prcscnæm jc onecgæócs scgunjíroms busupcronecgæócs.

b M gmnjojomsc brma ï ukm onecgæçb scgunjírom, fcrmakcntc surfc qumnjbm eabrm nbrkma jb dbspcjcorb ï matcrmjm.

¹ Ucroeogmr sc dí onecgæçb rcgbrrcntcb Wc dbuvcr ukm onecgæçb rcgbrrcntc m ontcrvcnæçb gorðrfogm c m

rconstotuoæçb jm mntolobtogbtcrmpom jcvck scr gbnsojcrmjms.

X\ONGËXOBW JM X\CUCNÆÇB JMW ONECGÆÓCW

B usb jc mntolo÷togbs pmrm prcvcnæçb jm onecgæçb ï pbugb mgcotb.

Xrongëpobs jm prbeoamxom jm onecgæçb jc ecrojms

B usb jc mntolo÷togbs pmrm prbeoamxom jm onecgæçb jc ecrojm p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom pbjcscr cectovm c jcsc`ívca qumnjb utoaozmjb ck gcrtms sotumæócs. Xbr butrb amjb, dí pbugmcvojcngom gocntoeogm quc jckbnstrm m ceogígom jc mntolo÷togbs nm prbeoamxom jc gorurfomjcntírom c gorurfom brma c kmxoabemgoma.Umntmfcns sblrc b usb jm prbeoamxom mntolo÷togm0

=. \cjuzck m ongojàngom jm onecgæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom, gbkb tmklïk m sumkbrlojmjc.<. Xrbeoamxom mprbpromjm ï ceogmz gbk mntolo÷togbs rcjuz bs gustbs gbk guojmjbs jcsmðjc.7. Ssb mprbpromjb jm prbeoamxom rcqucr pcrëbjb kcnbr quc b usb tcrmpàutogb jbsmntolo÷togbs.

Jcsvmntmfcns=. Matcrmk m eabrm jb dbspcjcorb, pcrkotonjb b grcsgokcntb jc lmgtïromsrcsostcntcs c tmavcz kmos pmtbfànogms.

<.

Xcrkotc quc bs brfmnoskbs rcsostcntcs sc`mk jossckonmjbs pmrm emkëaom jbpmgocntc c pmrm m gbkunojmjc. 7. B mntolo÷togb pbjc nçb prbvcr lcnceëgobs, bu sc`m, b rosgb jc onecgæçb ï tçb lmoxbquc nçb dmvcrom gbntroluoæçb mjogobnma pmrm `ustoeogmr scu usb. :. Xbjc cngbrm`mr gorurfoms ncfaofcntcs bu tïgnogms mssïptogms pbr pmrtc jbs GJ.

Xrëngopob =0 Xrbgcjokcntb jcvc tcr rosgb sofnoeogmtovbCk ukm gorurfom aokpm, cxcgutmjm gbk cstrotm mjcsçb mbs prongëpobs lísogbs jc gorurfommprcscntm rosgb kuotb lmoxm pmrm onecgæçb.

Emtbrcs pmrm gbnsojcrmr b usb jc prbeoamxom↜ qucstçb jm tcrgcorm prbvm !

=. Xrcscnæm jc onbguab lmgtcromnb jc qumntojmjc sueogocntc pmrm gmusmr onecgæçb, mb kcnbsquc ukm onecgæçb mfujm gbkb gcauaotc bu mlsgcssb `í cstc`m prcscntc.




<. Xrbgcssbs gorðrfogbs quc rcqucrck gorurfom prbabnfmjm (ck mklocntc dbspotmamr qumnjbms gorurfoms pbjck jurmr : dbrms)7. Xrcscnæm jc gbrpb cstrmndb, kmos gbkukcntc uk okpamntc jcntírob.:. Jcecsms jb dbspcjcorb cstçb gbkprbkctojms (tcrmpom gbntrm b gìngcr, okunbjcprcssbrcs,

jbcnæm rcnma ck cstífob tcrkonma, jomlctcs kcaotb). Xrongopob <0 Csgbadm gbrrctm jb mntolo÷togbB mntolo÷togb jcvc scr0

=. Cectovb pmrm bs kogrbrfmnoskbs kmos prbvívcos jc prbvbgmrck onecgæócs brmos<. Gurtb cspcgtrb, pbos gmusmk kcnbs jmnbs pmrm ms lmgtïroms jm eabrm7. Kcnbs t÷xogb:. Cecotb lmgtcrogojm

¹ Bs kmos utoaozmjbs sçb mkbxogoaonm (lmgtcrogojm), mzotrbkogonm (lmgtcrobstítogb) cgaonjmkogonm (lmgtcrobstítogb).

Xrongëpob 70 B nëvca pamskítogb jb mntolo÷togb jcvc scr cacvmjbB pogb jc nëvcos nb pamskm jcvc scr matb pmrm msscfurmr m joeusçb jb mntolo÷togb pmrmjbs bs eauojbs c tcgojbs bnjc m gorurfom scrí cxcgutmjm.M rcgbkcnjmæçb fcrma ï quc m jrbfm jcvc scr mjkonostrmjm ck jbsmfck <x kmobr qucm jbsc tcrmpàutogm nbrkma.

Mkbxogoaonm 388 kf ............................................................................................................ 8:gípsuamsZbkmr : gípsuams, = dbrm mntcs jb prbgcjokcntb

Gaonjmkogonm 788 kf ........................................................................................................... 8<gípsuamsZbkmr < gípsuams, = dbrm mntcs jb prbgcjokcntb

Mzotrbkogonm 388 kf ............................................................................................................. 8=gípsuamZbkmr = gípsuam, = dbrm mntcs jb prbgcjokcntb

Xrongëpob :0 Zckpb gbrrctb jc mjkonostrmæçb jb mntolo÷togb

¹ B tckpb vmrom jc mgbrjb gbk m vom m scr mjkonostrmjm, ontrmvcnbsm jcvc scrmjkonostrmjb gbk kcnbr ontcrvmab prï-bpcrmt÷rob, pmrm vom brma b tckpb kíxokb ïjc < dbrms.

Xrongopob 30 Ssmr b kcnbr tckpb pbssëvca jc cxpbsoæçb mb mntolo÷togb quc sc`m ceogmz.

¹ Jcvc scr mjkonostrmjb mntcs jc m gorurfom gbkcæmr, c nëvcos pamskítogbs mjcqumjbsjcvck scr kmntojbs jurmntc b prbgcjokcntb gorðrfogb.




Jrcnmfck jc Gcauaotcs0Onogomk-sc pbr kcob jc gmabr ðkojb, lbgdcgdbs qucntcs m eok jc trmnsebrkmr ckmlsgcssb c ck scfuojm trmtmjbs pbr jrcnmfck.Ssb jc Mntolo÷togbs

M prcsgroæçb jc mntolo÷togbs ï ukm kcjojm gbkpackcntmr nm tcrmpàutogm jbsqumjrbs oneamkmt÷robs sïptogbsWotumæócs nms qumos ï okpbsotovb b usb jc mntolo÷togb nb ìklotb jm Bjbntbabfom0

¹ Zrmtmkcntb jms onecgæócs lugbjcntmos mfujms

¹ Nm gblcrturm prbeoaítogm jc pmgocntcs quc mprcscntmk rosgb jc jcscnvbavcrcnjbgmrjotc bu butrms onecgæócs quc tcndmk gbkb gmusm m lmgtcrckom jcgbrrcntcjm kmnopuamæçb jcntírom.

¹ Gblcrturm prbeoaítogm ck pmgocntcs jc rosgb pbr jcloaojmjc nm rcspbstm okunc.

Xrbgcssbs Eostuamjbs

Bs prbgcssbs onecggobsbs mfujbs qumnjb nçb trmtmjbs gbnvcnocntckcntctcnjck m ukm cvbauæçb cspbntìncm quc pcrkotc sum cxtcrobrozmæçb pbr kcob jc ukmeostuam.

Cnqumntb dbuvcr scpsc dí oneamkmæçb c pcrsostàngom jm eostuam, b quc nbspcrkotc pamnc`mrkbs b trmtmkcntb quc pmrm kmobrom jbs gmsbs gbnsostc nmmjkonostrmæçb jc mntolo÷togbs.

M rcpmrmæçb tcgojuma ï nm kmobrom jms vczcs lmstmntc mntocstïtogm, b qucjckmnjm ukm gorurfom gbrrctbrm.

M gorurfom gbrrctbrm gbnsostc0Cxïrcsc pamnc`mjm jm pcac matcrmjm c jb pcjëguab eolrbsb sul`mgcntc.

Bstcbkocaotc0

Xrbgcssbs sïptogbs mfujbs pbjck gbkprbkctcr m pbræçb kcjuamr jb tcgojb ÷sscb cjcscngmjcmr uk qumjrb jc bstcbkocaotc, rmjobfrmeogmkcntc, pbjc scr cvojcngomjb pcamprcscnæm jc scqucstrbs ÷sscbs.

Bs scqucstrbs sçb pbræócs jc tcgojb ÷sscb quc jcoxk jc rcgclcr nutroæçb, bxofcnmæçb cjcecsm gcuamr, eogmnjb osbamjbs jms cstruturms gorgunvozondms pbr ukm pbræçb jb tcgojbncgr÷togb.

Zcrmpàutogm0

¹ Ssb jc mntolo÷togbs csgbadojbs mtrmvïs jb mntolobfrmkm.

¹ Gorðrfogm quc gbnsostc nm cxïrcsc jb scqucstrb ÷sscb, nm rckbæçb jc tcgojb jcfrmnuamæçb.

¹ Kmnutcnæçb jm mntolo÷togbtcrmpom c jb jrcnb pbr uk pcrëbjb vmroívca jc mgbrjb

gbk m cvbauæçb jb qumjrb gaënogb.




ONECGÆÓCW BJBNZBFÀNOGMW GBKXACTMW

XctcrsbnONECGÆÓCW JBW CWXMÆBW EMWGOMOW X\BESNJBW

Gbkb rcfrm fcrma, m onecgæçb pcreurm m tílum ÷sscm kmos eonm c gmusm onecgæçb nb tcgojb

mj`mgcntc. Wc m onecgæçb orí sc tbrnmr bu nçb uk mlsgcssb vcstoluamr bu jb cspmæb

emsgoma prbeunjb, vmo jcpcnjcr prokmromkcntc pcam rcamæçb jm onscræçb kusguamr gbk

b pbntb bnjc dbuvc m pcreurmæçb jm aìkonm ÷sscm gbrtogma.

Bs cspmæbs emsgomos mb gbkpmrtokcntbs tcgojumos rcvcstojbs pbr eísgoms, prccngdojbs

pbr tcgojb gbn`untovb erbuxb.

¹ Ms onecgæócs jbs jcntcs supcrobrcs tcnjck m jossckonmr-sc jcntrb jbs cspmæbs

onermbrlotírob, pmamtonb, brlotírob c onermtckpbrma c scob kmxoamr. ]umnjb sc

jossckonmk maïk jbs cspmæbs prokírobs pbjck scfuor supcrobrkcntc mtrmvïs jc cstruturms

sonusmos bu vmsguamrcs, pmrm onvmjor b gïrclrb bu scobs ontrmgrmnomnbs jurmos, gbkb b scob

gmvcrnbsb.

¹ Ms onecgæócs jbs jcntcs onecrobrcs tcnjck m jossckonmr-sc pmrm bs cspmæbs

sulkmnjoluamr, sulaonfuma, sulkcntbnomnb c kmstofmjbr. ]umnjb cams sc jossckonmk

maïk jcsscs cspmæbs prokírobs, pmrm bs cspmæbs emsgomos prbeunjbs jb pcsgbæb, gbkb cspmæb emrënfcb amtcrma, rctrbemronfcb, gmrbtëjcb c prï-trmqucma. M pmrtor jmë pbjck jossckonmr-sc

pmrm b cspmæb pbtcngoma c b kcjomstonb.

Xbjck scr gamssoeogmjms qumnjb m frmvojmjc0 lmoxm, kbjcrmjm bu matm scvcrojmjc, jc

mgbrjb gbk m sum prblmloaojmjc j mtonfor ms voms rcspormt÷roms bu butrms cstruturms

votmos.

Lmoxm scvcrojmjc0 nçb sçb prbvívcos jc mtonfor ms voms rcspormt÷roms bu ms cstruturms

votmos.Kbjcrmjm scvcrojmjc0 joeoguatmk b mgcssb jms voms rcspormt÷roms, pbr gmusmr troskb c

cacvmæçb jm aënfum.

Matm scvcrojmjc0 pbjck jorctmkcntc gbkprokor bu jcsvomr ms voms rcspormt÷roms bu

jmnoeogmr ÷rfçbs votmos, gbkb gïrclrb, gbrmæçb bu puakócs.

ONECGÆÓCW B\OSNJMW JC ]SMA]SC\ JCNZC

b Onecgæócs jbs jcntcs supcrobrcs bu onecrobrcs pbjck gmusmr onecgæócs jbs

cspmæbs lugma, vcstoluamr bu sulgutìncb. B




ONECGÆÓCW B\OSNJMW JBW JCNZCW WSXC\OB\CW

Cspmæb pmamtonb0 Gbkb bs ípogcs jbs ongosovbs amtcrmos supcrobrcs c ms rmëzcs

pmamtonms jbs prï-kbamrcs c kbamrcs supcrobrcs cstçb kmos pr÷xokbs jm aìkonm

gbrtogma pmamtonm, m onecgæçb jcsscs jcntcs pbjc crbjor b bssb sck pcreurmr bpcro÷stcb. B cspmæb sulpcrobstma pbtcngoma nb pmamtb ï b cspmæb pmamtonb.

B cspmæb onermbrlotírob0 tbrnm-sc cnvbavojb prokmromkcntc gbkb rcsuatmjb jc

onecgæócs prbvcnocntcs jb jcntc gmnonb supcrobr bu pbr kcob jm cvbauæçb jc

onecgæócs nb cspmæb lugma.

b Ï uk cspmæb abgmaozmjb cntrc bs kðsguabs cacvmjbr jb ìnfuab jm lbgm c

cacvmjbr jb aílob supcrobr.

b ]umnjb cssc cspmæb ï onecgtmjb, b cjckm nm rcfoçb mntcrobr jm emgc cskmcgc

b suagb nmsbamloma.

b M jrcnmfck cspbntìncm bgbrrc, gbkukcntc, pr÷xokb mb gmntb kcjoma bu

amtcrma jb badb.

Cspmæb lugma0 pbjc sc tbrnmr onecgtmjb, m pmrtor jc onecgæócs jbs jcntcs supcrobrcs,

mtrmvïs jb bssb, supcrobrkcntc m onscræçb jb kðsguab lugonmjbr. Bs jcntcs quc

kmos gbkukcntc prbvbgmk cssm onecgæçb sçb bs kbamrcs supcrobrcs




b Ï aokotmjb pcam pcac jm emgc nb scu mspcgtb amtcrma c pcab kðsguab lugonmjbr

nb scu mspcgtb kcjoma.

b \csuatm ck mukcntb jc vbaukc mlmoxb jb mrgb zofbkítogb c mgokm jb

lbrjb onecrobr jm kmnjëluam.b Ms onecgæócs pbjck scfuor ms cxtcnsócs jb tcgojb mjopbsb jm lbgdcgdm

jcntrb jb cspmæb tckpbrma supcreogoma, cspmæb onermtckpbrma, cspmæb onermbrolotírob

c cspmæb pcrobrlotírob.

b B mrgb zofbkítogb c m lbrjm onecrobr jm kmnjëluam pcrkmncgck pmapívcos

nms onecgæócs jb cspmæb lugma.

Cspmæb onermtckpbrma0 pbjc tbrnmr-sc onecgtmjb ï rmrb jc scr onecgtmjb, kms ck

fcrma m gmusm ï uk tcrgcorb kbamr supcrobr.

b Abgmaozm-sc pbstcrobrkcntc è kmxoam. Ï aokotmjb kcjomakcntc pcam amkonm

amtcrma jb prbgcssb ptcrofbojc jb bssb csecnbojc c, supcrobrkcntc pcam lmsc

jb grìnob. Amtcrma c supcrobrkcntc, ï gbntënub gbk b cspmæb tckpbrma

prbeunjb.

b B cspmæb gbntïk rmkbs jm mrtïrom kmxoamr ontcrnm c b pacxb vcnbsb

ptcrofbojcb, ms vcoms ckossíroms pmssmk mtrmvïs jc pcqucnbs ebrmkcs nm

lmsc jb grìnob pmrm gbncgtmr-sc gbk scobs ontrmgrmnomnbs.

b B cspmæb onermtckpbrma ï m brofck jm rbtm pbstcrobr, pbr kcob jm quma onecgæócs

pbjck jossckonmr-sc pmrm b scob gmvcrnbsb. Onecgæócs jb scob kmxoamr0 onecgæócs jbs jcntcs pbstcrobrcs supcrobrcs pbjck

pcreurmr supcrobrkcntc mtrmvïs jb mssbmadb jb scob kmxoamr, gmusmnjb sonusotcs.

Onecgæócs brlotíroms c pcrobrlotírom0 onecgæócs jbs jcntcs pbstcrobrcs supcrobrcs

pbjck jossckonmr-sc mtrmvïs jb scob ctkbojma bu jb mssbmadb brlotírob pmrm gmusmr

onecgæócs ncsscs abgmos.

b Cssms onecgæócs sçb sïroms c ncgcssotmk jc gorurfoócs lugbkmxoabemgomos c

butrbs cspcgomaostms.

Zrbklbsc jb scob gmrvcnbsb0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O4:

M oneamkmæçb ontrmvmsguamr gmusmjm pcam lmgtïrom onvmsbrm cstokuam ms voms jc

gbmfuamæçb, rcsuatmnjb ck ukm trbklbsc sïptogm jb scob gmvcrnbsb.

M trbklbsc jb scob ï ukm bgbrràngom ongbkuk quc, rmrmkcntc ï rcsuatmjb jc

ukm onecgæçb jcntírom.M gcauaotc brlotírom ï ukm onecgæçb sïrom, gbk rosgb jc kbrtc, quc rcqucr

guojmjbs gorðrfogbs c kïjogbs mfrcssovbs.

Onecgæócs Brounjms jbs Jcntcs Onecrobrcs

]umnjb nçb supcreogomzmk nb vcstëluab lugma, cssms onecgæócs tcnjck m jossckonmr-sc

pcabs cspmæbs jb gbrpb jm kmnjëluam, sulkmnjoluamr, sulaonfuma, sulkcntbnomnb

bu kmstofmjbr.

M pmrtor jmë, ms onecgæócs scvcrms pbjck jossckonmr-sc pmrm bs cspmæbs emsgomos

prbeunjbs jb pcsgbæb c, mtï kcskb, pmrm b kcjomstonb, mkcmæmnjb b gbrmæçb, bs

puakócs c bs frmnjcs vmsbs.

Gbrpb jm kmnjëluam0 ï uk cspmæb sulpcrobstma, m onecgæçb pcreurm b bssb, kms nçb

pcreurm m b pcro÷stcb.

b Gaonogmkcntc rcsuatm ck uk mukcntb jc vbaukc quc mssukc m ebrkm jm

kmnjëluam sul`mgcntc.

b Wc m onecgæçb brounjm jb jcntc pbstcrobr pcreurmnjb b bssb gbrtogma

vcstoluamr c b pcro÷stcb, onecrobr m onscræçb jb kðsguab lugonmjbr, cntçb, b

cspmæb lugma ï cnvbavojb.

Cspmæb sulaonfuma0 aokotm-sc amtcrmakcntc pcab lbrjb kcjoma jm kmnjëluam. Xbjc

tbrnmr-sc onecgtmjb pcam pcreurmæçb aonfuma jm onecgæçb m pmrtor jbs kbamrcs

pbjcnjb scr cnvbavojb m pmrtor jbs prï-kbamrcs sc m onecgæçb bgbrrcr mgokm jm

aondm koabdobojcb.

b B cspmæb sulaonfuma sotum-sc cntrc m kugbsm jb mssbmadb lugma c b kðsguab

koab-dobojcb.b Gbkunogm-sc gbk b cspmæb sulkmnjoluamr, nm sum lbrjm pbstcrobr.

b Gaonogmkcntc nçb dí ncnduk mukcntb jc vbaukc cxtrmbrma, pbrïk, cxostc

frmnjc mukcntb jc vbaukc ontrmbrma jb mssbmadb jm lbgm nb amjb onecgtmjb.

b Zck gbkunogmæçb gbk b cspmæb emrënfcb amtcrma, pbjcnjb mfrmvmr-sc c

jossckonmr pmrm cssm rcfoçb mtrmvïs jb domtb lugbemrënfcb.




Cspmæb sulkmnjoluamr0 aokotm-sc amtcrmakcntc pcab lbrjb kcjoma jm kmnjëluam.

Xbjc tbrnmr-sc onecgtmjb pcam pcreurmæçb aonfuma jm onecgæçb m pmrtor jbs kbamrcs

pbjcnjb scr cnvbavojb m pmrtor jbs prï-kbamrcs sc m onecgæçb bgbrrcr mlmoxb jm

aondm koabdobojcb.

b Abgmaozm-sc cntrc b kðsguab koabdobojcb c m gmkmjm supcreogoma

suprm`mgcntc jm eísgom gcrvogma prbeunjm.

b B aokotc pbstcrobr gbkunogm-sc gbk bs cspmæbs emsgomos prbeunjbs jb

pcsgbæb.

b B tcrgcorb kbamr ï b jcntc quc cnvbavc gbk kmobr ercquàngom b cspmæb

sulkmnjoluamr prokmromkcntc.

b B scfunjb kbamr pbjc cnvbavcr mklbs bs cspmæbs sulaonfuma bu

sulkmnjoluamr, jcpcnjcnjb jb gbkprokcntb jms rmëzcs onjovojumos.

b Gaonogmkcntc gmusm uk mukcntb jb vbaukc nm lbrjm onecrobr jm

kmnjëluam.

b Zck gbkunogmæçb gbk b cspmæb emrënfcb amtcrma, pbjcnjb mfrmvmr-sc c

jossckonmr pmrm cssm rcfoçb mtrmvïs jb domtb lugbemrënfcb.

b Xbjc pmssmr mb rcjbr jb vcntrc pbstcrobr jb kðsguab jofístrogb pmrm cntrmr

jorctmkcntc nb cspmæb emrënfcb amtcrma.b Onecgæócs ncssc cspmæb gbk kmos ercquàngom tbrnmk-sc onecgæócs kmos

scvcrms.

Cspmæb kmstofmjbr0 ï ebrkmjb pcam jovosçb jm gmkmjm mntcrobr jm eísgom gcrvogma

prbeunjm, m quma gorgunjm bs kðsguabs jm kmstofmæçb.

Ï jovojojm ck : cspmæbs gdmkmjbs jc cspmæbs scpmrmjbs, quc tck gbkpbrtmkcntb

joecrcntc, pbos nm kmobrom jbs gmsbs uk s÷ cspmæb ï gbntmkonmjb.




Cspmæb sulkcntbnomnb0 sotum-sc cntrc bs vcntrcs mntcrobrcs jb kðsguabs

jofístrogbs jorcotb c csqucrjb c cntrc b kðsguab koabdobojcb c m eísgom

suprm`mgcntc.

b Ms onecgæócs osbamjms sçb rmrms, fcrmakcntc gmusmjms pbr ongosovbs

onecrobrcs. Kmos gbkukcntc ï rcsuatmjb jm jossckonmæçb jc ukm onecgæçb

jb cspmæb sulkmnjoluamr, quc pbjc jossckonmr c pmssmr pmrm b cspmæb

sulkmnjoluamr jb amjb bpbstb.

b Gaonogmkcntc0 qumsc sckprc dí uk mukcntb jc vbaukc ck frmnjcs

prbpbræócs, gbk cacvmæçb c jcsabgmkcntb jm aënfum. B pmgocntc, ck fcrma,

tck troskb, somabrrïom c joeoguajmjc jc jcfautoæçb c, mafukms vczcs, jc

rcspormæçb.

b ]umnjb bs cspmæbs pcrokmnjoluamrcs (sulkmnjoluamr, sulaonfuma c

sulkcntbnomnb) sçb loamtcrmakcntc cnvbavojbs gdmkm-sc mnfonm jc Aujwof.

Cssm onecgæçb ï ukm gcauaotc jc cvbauæçb rípojm quc pbjc blstruor voms

mïrcms c ï gbkuk jossckonmr-sc pbstcrobrkcntc, pmrm bs cspmæbs emsgomos

prbeunjbs jb pcsgbæb.

b Xbjc prbfrcjor gbk vcabgojmjc mamrkmntc.

ONECGÆÓCW JBW CWXMÆBW GC\UOGMOW X\BESNJBW

]umnjb dí cnvbavokcntb jbs cspmæbs gcrvogmos prbeunjbs pbjc dmvcr scqucams

sïroms, ongausovc mkcmæm m vojm.

Xbjc gbkprokor, jcsvomr bu blstruor pbr gbkpactb ms voms mïrcms, onvmjor cstruturms

votmos gbkb frmnjcs vmsbs c pcrkotor m cxtcnsçb jm onecgæçb pmrm b kcjomstonb c

pmrm ms cstruturms votmos ncac gbntojms.

Cspmæb emrënfcb amtcrma prbeunjb0




b Onecgæócs jbs cspmæbs ptcrofbkmnjoluamr, sulkmnjoluamr bu sulaonfuma

prokcorb cvbauck pmrm b cspmæb emrënfcb amtcrma, cssc cspmæb sc cstcnjc jb

bssb dobojc mtï m lmsc jb grìnob, c amtcrmakcntc mb kðsguab gbnstrotbr jm

emronfc, ncac pmssmk bs ncrvbs grmnomnbs fabssb emrënfcb, vmfb c dopbfabssb,c m lmondm gmrbtëjcm.

b Gaonogmkcntc dmvcrí troskb jcvojb m oneamkmæçb jb kðsguab ptcrofbojcb

kcjoma, mukcntb jc vbaukc amtcrma jb pcsgbæb, cjckm jm pmrcjc emrënfcm

ck jorcæçb maondm kïjom, joeoguajmjc pmrm jcfautor c fcrmakcntc

mprcscntmk eclrc matm c tbrnmk-sc lmstmntc cnecrkbs.

b Xbjc bgbrrc trbklbsc jm vcom `ufuamr ontcrnm, crbsçb jm mrtïrom gmr÷tojm

ontcrnm c scus rmkbs, ontcrecràngom nbs ncrvbs grmnomnbs OT, T c TOO.

b Xbjc onvmjor b cspmæb rctrbemronfcb c mack jcac.

Cspmæb rctrbemronfcb0

b Wotum-sc mtrís jbs tcgojbs kbacs jb mspcgtb pbstcrobr jm emronfc.

Mntcrobrkcntc, ï aokotmjb pcabs kðsguabs gbnstrotbrcs jm emronfc c pbstcrobr

pcam eísgom rctrbemronfcm. Onogom nm lmsc jb grìnob c tcrkonm cntrc m scxtm

vïrtclrm gcrvogma c m qumrtm vïrtclrm tbrígogm.

b Ebrncgc pbugm lmrrcorm pmrm jossckonmæçb m onecgæçb.

b M prongopma prcbgupmæçb ï sum onvmsçb pmrm b cspmæb pbtcngoma.

Cspmæb pbtcngoma0 b cspmæb cstcnjc-sc jm lmsc jb grìnob mtï b jomermfkm, c ï

gbntonub gbk b kcjomstonb pbstcrobr.

Kcjomstonb0 ï b cspmæb cntrc bs puakócs, c ncac gbntck b gbrmæçb, ncrvbs erànogbs c

vmfb, m trmqucom c b trbngb prongopma jb lrúnquob, csúemfb c bs frmnjcs vmsbs,

ongauonjb m mbrtm c ms vcoms gmvms supcrobr c onecrobr.

b b pmgocntc gbk kcjomstonotc pbssuo ukm onecgæçb cxtrckmkcntc scvcrm quc

gbkprokc b gbrmæçb c bs puakócs, ontcrecrc nb gbntrbac ncurba÷fogb jm

ercquàngom gmrjëmgm c rcspormæçb, pcnctrm nb puakçb, nm trmqucom bu nb

csúemfb. C jossckonm-sc, mtï kcskb, pmrm gmvojmjc mljkbnonma.

b M kbrtmaojmjc ï matm.

Z\MZMKCNZB JMW ONECGÆÓCW JBW CWXMÆBW EMWGOMOW

Wupbrtc kïjogb9

Jcsblstruæçb jms voms mïrcms9

Gbrrcæçb jms jcecsms gbkprbkctojms pcab dbspcjcorb9 \ckbæçb gorðrfogm jm ebntc jm onecgæçb9




Jrcnmfck gorðrfogm9

Gbabgmæçb jc jrcnbs mjcqumjbs9

Mntolo÷togbs9

\cmvmaomæçb ercqucntc.





3X\CUCNÆÇB C Z\MZMKCNZB JMW

GBKXAOGMÆÓCW GO\Ð\FOGMW


Lugbkmxoabemgoma O




MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O?8

X\CUCNÆÇB C Z\MZMKCNZB JMW

GBKXAOGMÆÓCW GO\Ð\FOGMW

B kcadbr c kmos eígoa gmkondb pmrm gbntrbamr ukm gbkpaogmæçb gorðrfogm ï prcvcnorquc cam bgbrrm.

Konugobsm mvmaomæçb9 Mkpab pamnb jc trmtmkcntb9 Guojmjbsm c gbrrctm cxcguæçb jb prbgcjokcntb gorðrfogb (vosumaozmæçb jb

gmkpb bpcrmt÷rob, mgcssb, auz mjcqumjm, memstmkcntb c blscrvmæçb jbs tcgojbskbacs, mjcqumjm mspormæçb, kmnuscob mtrmukítogb jbs tcgojbs, dckbstmsom,tïgnogm mssïptogm, ctg).

Xamnc`mkcntb gorðrfogb0

\cvosçb gbkpactm jm dost÷rom kïjogm jb pmgocntc9 Bltcr okmfcns mjcqumjms c mvmaoí-ams guojmjbsmkcntc9 Cxmkc gaënogb konugobsb9

Jcvck ongauor0 Zbjm m írcm jm gorurfom9 Ípogcs jms rmëzcs jbs jcntcs quc scrçb cxtrmëjbs9 Cstruturms mnmtúkogms abgmos c rcfobnmos, tmos gbkb pmrtcs mj`mgcntcs jb

scob kmxoamr c mb gmnma mavcbamr onecrobr9

Xrcscnæm jc kbrebabfom mnbrkma jm rmoz9 Wonmos jc mnquoabsc.

Xamnc`mkcntb prï-bpcrmt÷rob0 Xamnb gorðrfogb c jc onstrukcntmæçb9 Gbntrbac jm jbr c mnsocjmjc9 \cgupcrmæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom (onstruæócs c kbjoeogmæócs jm mtovojmjc

nbrkma jb pmgocntc)9

ACWÓCW JBW ZCGOJBW KBACW

Wçb qumsc sckprc rcsuatmjb jm ematm jc mtcnæçb jb gorurfoçb, mgcssb onmjcqumjb bu usbcxgcssovb jm ebræm.

A MGC\MÆÇB JB \CZMADB KSGBWB0

Ï m kmos gbkuk jurmntc m cxtrmæçb gorðrfogm jc uk jcntc.

Gmusm0 onmjcqumjb tmkmndb jb rctmadb ck cnvcabpc onogoma, quc ï eorkckcntcmemstmjb, maïk jm gmpmgojmjc jb tcgojb ck cstormr. M amgcrmæçb bgbrrc nbrkmakcntc nbtïrkonb jm ongosçb.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O?=

Xrcvcnæçb0

=. Emzcr rctmadb jc tmkmndb mjcqumjb pmrm prcvcnor cxgcssb jc rctrmæçb sblrc brctmadb9

<. Ssmr gbntrbamjm qumntojmjc jc ebræm jc rctrmæçb sblrc b rctmadb97. Emzcr ongosócs rcamxmntcs, qumnjb onjogmjms.

Zrmtmkcntb0 suturm guojmjbsm, ukm vcz tcrkonmjm m gorurfom. Kuotms vczcs mgogmtrozmæçb ï mjcqumjm, pbrïk gbk gcrtb frmu jc jckbrm.

EC\OJMW XC\ES\MNZCW0

Ï m scfunjm acsçb kmos gbkuk jbs tcgojbs kbacs. Onstrukcntbs gbkb mamvmngm rctm buuk jcsgbamjbr pcro÷stogb pbjck csgbrrcfmr jb gmkpb gorðrfogb c pcreurmr bu amgcrmrbs tcgojbs kbacs mj`mgcntcs.

Gmusm0 Cssms acsócs rcsuatmk jc ebræm nçb gbntrbamjm.

Xrcvcnæçb0 usb jc ebræm gbntrbamjm c usb jc mpbob gbk b jcjb bu supbrtc jm kçb

bpbstm nm mntcgopmæçb mb jcsaozmkcntb.Zrmtmkcntb0 qumntb ukm ecrojm pcreurmntc mgbntcgc, b trmtmkcntb tck gbkb bl`ctovb,prokcormkcntc, m prcvcnæçb jm onecgæçb c pcrkotc quc m gogmtrozmæçb bgbrrm,nbrkmakcntc pbr scfunjm ontcnæçb. Wc dbuvcr smnfrmkcntb cxgcssovb cssc jcvc scrgbntrbamjb pbr gbkprcssçb jorctm, gbnscfuojm m dckbstmsom, m ecrojm nbrkmakcntc ïjcoxmjm mlcrtm, sck suturm, jc kbjb quc sc ukm pcqucnm onecgæçb bgbrrcr, cxostm ukmvom jc jrcnmfck.

A MGC\MÆÇB0

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Macxmnjrc A. Lbrtbabtb9 Grostomnb \olcorb9 Ercjjy Acnnbn9 \memcaam Mnfcao



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O?<

Ï ukm sbauæçb jc gbntonuojmjc nbs tcgojbs cpotcaoma c sulcpotcaoma, scnjb kuotbercqucntc ck tcgojbs kbacs, gmusmjb pbr bl`ctbs ck ebrkm jc pbntm. Cssc topb jc acsçbpbjc cnvbavcr sbkcntc m supcreëgoc cxtcrnm bu cstcnjcr-sc pmrm bs tcgojbs c cstruturmsul`mgcntcs. Nms cxbjbntoms cssms acsócs sçb kmos gbkukcntc rcsuatmntcs jm mæçb jc

mamvmngms, qumnjb mpaogmjb ncsscs onstrukcntbs ebræms cxgcssovms bu pbr uk kmagbndcgokcntb jc tïgnogm, bgbrrc b csgmpc, mtonfonjb bs tcgojbs kbacs gorgunvozondbs mbjcntc bu jcntcs m scrck cxtrmëjbs. (XCZC\WBN, <888)Xrcvcnæçb0 Sk gbrrctb gbndcgokcntb jc tïgnogm cxbjbntogm maomjb gbk m gbrrctm

csgbadm jc kmtcromos, guojmjbs jurmntc b pcrëbjb trmns-gorðrfogb gbkb ebræm mjcqumjmc abgma mjcqumjb, sçb eunjmkcntmos pmrm cvotmr m amgcrmæçb jc tcgojbs, c pbr so s÷gbnstotuck b kïtbjb prcvcntovb (XCZC\WBN, <888).Zrmtmkcntb0 Ms ecrojms jc tcgojbs kbacs sckprc sçb trmtmjms jcpbos jb trmtmkcntb jbstcgojbs jurbs.Wc bs tcgojbs kbacs sçb suturmjbs prokcorb, cstí pcrjcnjb-sc tckpb,pbrquc ms cstruturms suturmjms kuotb prbvmvcakcntc scrçb csfmræmjms c mrrmngmjmsjb tcgojb jurmntc m kmnopuamæçb ontrm-brma. Kmos monjm, sc ms cstruturms ebrckmrrmngmjms jbs tcgojbs, cacs tcrçb kmos joeoguajmjc pmrm scrck ecgdmjbs nm scfunjmtcntmtovm.Cxostck qumtrb pmssbs prongopmos nb trmtmkcntb gorðrfogb jm amgcrmæçb0

Aokpczm jm ecrojm0 ï ncgcssírom pmrm okpcjor m pcrkmnàngom jc gbrpbscstrmndbs9

Jclrojmkcntb jm ecrojm0 rcecrc-sc m rckbæçb jc tcgojb amgcrmjb c jcsvotmaozmjbjc ukm ecrojm9

Dckbstmsom jm ecrojm0 jcvc scr gbnscfuojm mntcs jb ecgdmkcntb9 Ecgdmkcntb jm ecrojm0 Cstmnjb m ecrojm aokpm c sck prcscnæm jc tcgojbs

jcsvotmaozmjbs c jc gbrpb cstrmndb c m dck÷stmsc gbnscfuojm, m amgcrmæçb cstíprbntm pmrm scr ecgdmjm.

(XCZC\WBN, <888).

CWFM\ÆMKCNZB BS ML\MWÇB0

Mlrmsócs c quconkmjurms jbs aílobs, jms gbkossurms brmos, bu jbs rctmadbsnbrkmakcntc sçb rcsuatmjb jb mtrotb jm dmstc rbtmt÷rom jm lrbgm nbs tcgojbs kbacs, bujb memstmjbr jc kctma tmklïk ck gbntmtb gbk bs tcgojbs kbacs.

Gmusm0 ematm jc mtcnæçb jb gorurfoçb c mssostcntc qumnjb jb gbntmtb jcstcsonstrukcntbs nbs tcgojbs kbacs.

Xrcvcnæçb0 b mssostcntc c b gorurfoçb jcvck cstmr sckprc mtcntbs.

Zrmtmkcntb0 sc bgbrrcr nm kugbsm brma, lbgdcgdbs brmos rcfuamrcs gbk sbauæócsmntossïptogms sçb rcgbkcnjmjbs, nbrkmakcntc cssms ecrojms gogmtrozmk ck : bu 6 joms,sck gogmtroz. Wc bgbrrcr nm pcac, rcgbkcnjm-sc b usb jc pbkmjm mntolo÷togm, sbkcntc nmírcm trmukmtozmjm, nbrkmakcntc acvmk 3 m =8 joms pmrm gogmtrozmrck, b pmgocntc jcvc

emzcr usb jm pbkmjm jurmntc tbjb cssc pcrëbjb. Gogmtroz bu jcsgbabrmæçb pcrkmncntcjm pcac mectmjm pbjck bgbrrcr, kms sçb aokotmjms pcab pr÷prob guojmjb jm ecrojm.




X\CUCNÆÇB JMW ACWÓCW JBW ZCGOJBW KBACW

=. Xrcstmr cstrotm mtcnæçb ès acsócs jc tcgojbs kbacs9<. Jcscnvbavcr rctmadbs jc tmkmndbs mjcqumjbs97. Ssb kënokb jm ebræm pmrm rctrmæçb jbs tcgojbs kbacs.

GBKXAOGMÆÓCW GBK SK JCNZC JS\MNZC WSM CTZ\MÆÇB

E\MZS\M JM \MOP

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Fobvmno Gcrbn Dmrtkmnn, Fuoadcrkc Wgdkott jc Mnjrmjc, Kmtcus Mufustb Lbk Mko Zcoxcorm,

Kuroca Pmkpovm.

Ï uk mgojcntc kuotb gbkuk quc pbjc bgbrrcr jurmntc ukm cxtrmæçb pcam tïgnogm jccxtrmæçb m e÷rgcps. \mëzcs abnfms, gurvms c jovcrfcntcs, quc sc cngbntrmk ck bssbjcnsb sçb kmos prbvívcos jc scrck ermturmjms.

Gmusm0 bgbrrc ck frmnjc pmrtc, jcvojb mbs kbvokcntbs vobacntbs bu crrmjbs jurmntc mauxmæçb (nçb rcmaozmr b kbvokcntb ontrusçb matcrmnjb b euagrb pmrm mpogma jurmntcrcmaozmæçb jm auxmæçb), c ck kcnbr pmrtc è ebræm cxgcssovm nm prccnsçb jb jcntc gbke÷rgcps. Ncssc uatokb gmsb, bgbrrc jcvojb m cxtrckm ermfoaojmjc jm pbræçb gbrbnírom.

(F\MPOMNO, K., Gorurfom lugbkmxoabemgoma. 4ª cjoæçb. \ob jc @mncorb0 CjotbrmFumnmlmrm Ibbfmn, =??3)

Wc b gcntrb jc rbtmæçb jb jcntc nçb cstm sueogocntckcntc mpogma,cac cstí gbabgmjb kuotb bgausmakcntc, b quc rcsuatm ck cxgcssb

jc rbtmæçb nm rcfoçb jb ípogc. B cxgcssb jc kbvokcntb jb ípogcrmjoguamr gmusmjb pcab gcntrb jc rbtmæçb matb rcsuatm ck ermturmjb ípogc rmjoguamr.

Wc b e÷rgcps ï onscrojb nb scntojb mpogma, b gcntrb jc rbtmæçb ïjcsabgmjb mpogmakcntc c fcrm kcnbs prcssçb mpogma (M). ossb

rcsuatm ck kmobr cxpmnsçb gbrtogma vcstoluamr, kcnbskbvokcntb jb ípogc jb jcntc, c, pbrtmntb, kcnbr gdmngc jc mrmoz ermturmr (L).

Xrcvcnæçb0

=. Wckprc sc pamnc`mr pmrm ukm ermturm rmjoguamr (mníaosc mtcngobsm jb cxmkcrmjobfríeogb)9

<. Ssmr cxtrmæçb mlcrtm sc cxostor matm prblmloaojmjc jc ermturm9 7. \cmaozmr kbvokcntb jc ontrusçb gbngbkotmntc m auxmæçb.

Zrmtmkcntb0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O?:

Eofurm = Eofurm <

JCWABGMKCNZB JM \ MOP

Bgbrrc gbk kmos ercquàngom gbk m rmoz jb kbamr supcrobr jcsabgmjm pmrm b scobkmxoamr.

Gmusm0 sc m rmoz jb ebr rckbvojm gbk ukm mamvmngm rctm gbk cxgcssb jc ebræm mpogma bjcntc pbjcrí scr jcsabgmjb pmrm jcntrb jb scob kmxoamr.

ZÏGNOGM ECGDMJM SZOAOPMNJB MAMUMNGMW (EOFS\M =)

ZÏGNOGM MLC\ZM (EOFS\M <) 0 Mavcbacgtbkom pmrgoma bu tbtma

Zïgnogm0 - \ctmadb ck tcgojb kbac- \ckbæçb jb bssc quc gblrc m rmoz9- Mamvmngm rctm pcqucnm pmrm auxmr m rmoz nbscntojb vcstoluamr9- Stoaozmæçb jm mamvmngm gbkb gundm pmrm

cxtrmæçb.

KMNZC\ M \MOP0

Gbnjoæócs pmrm kmntcr m rmoz0

=. Ermfkcntb jm rmëz jcvc scr pcqucnb(kcnbr quc : m 3 kk jc gbkprokcntb)9<. \moz jcvc cstmr prbeunjmkcntconscrojm nb bssb c nçb supcreogoma(cvotmnjb rcmlsbræçb ÷sscm7. Jcntc jcvc cstmr aovrc jc prbgcssb

onecggobsb.




kmnjëluam c ebræmr m rmoz jc vbatm pmrm jcntrb jb mavïbab c pbstcrobr rckbæçb gbkmamvmngm mpogma.

Gmsb nçb gbnsofm m rckbæçb cngmkondmr pmrm uk GLKE.b \clmtc-sc uk rctmadb jc tcgojb kbac nm emgc aonfuma jm kmnjëluam c

jcaogmjmkcntc josscgmr b rcgblrokcntb kugbpcro÷stcb mtï quc b ípogc jmrmoz pbsm scr cngbntrmjb. Xbjc dmvcr rosgb jc acsçb jb ncrvb aonfuma.

Stoaozmæçb jm mamvmngm jc Grycr pmrm rckbæçb jc rmoz jc tcrgcorbkbamr onecrobr m eok jc cvotmr qumaqucr prcssçb mpogma.

JCNZC XC\JOJB NM EM\ONFC0

Bgmsobnmakcntc, m gbrbm jb jcntc bu b jcntc ontcorb pbjc scr pcrjojb jcntrb jmemronfc.

Xrcvcnæçb0..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Zrmtmkcntb0 b pmgocntc jcvcrí cstmr vbatmjb pmrm b gorurfoçb c gbabgmjb nm pbsoæçbgbk m lbgm nm jorcæçb jb gdçb tmntb qumntb pbssëvca, b pmgocntc jcvcrí scr cngbrm`mjbm tbssor c guspor b jcntc nb gdçb. B mpmrcadb jc sugæçb pbjcrí scr utoaozmjb c pbjcmafukms vczcs m`ujmr m rckbvcr b jcntc. B jcntc pbjc scr jcfautojb bu mspormjb, sc bpmgocntc nçb tovcr tbssc bu jcsgbnebrtb rcspormt÷rob ï kuotb prbvívca quc b jcntc tcndmsojb jcfautojb c ncnduk trmtmkcntb ï ncgcssírob, sc b jcntc ebr mspormjb b pmgocntcjcvc scr trmnspbrtmjb pmrm ukm smam jc ckcrfàngom c rmjobfrmeoms jc t÷rmx c mljbkcjcvcrçb scr rcmaozmjms, b jcntc jcvcrí scr rckbvojb gbk lrbngbsg÷pob.

X\CUCNÆÇB JM E\MZS\M C JCWABGMKCNZB JM \MOP

=. Wckprc sc pamnc`mr pmrm ukm ermturm rmjoguamr9<. Ssmr cxtrmæçb mlcrtm sc cxostor matm prblmloaojmjc jc

ermturm97. Nçb usmr ebræm mpogma ontcnsm ck ukm rmoz ermturmjm




ACWÓCW M JCNZCW MJ@MGCNZCW

]umnjb m mtcnæçb tbtma jb gorurfoçb ï ebgmjm pmrm b jcntc m scr rckbvojb, mukcntm m

prblmloaojmjc jc acsçb mbs jcntcs mj`mgcntcs. M acsçb ercqñcntckcntc ï gmusmjm pcamutoaozmæçb jc ukm lrbgm pmrm bstcbtbkom bu bjbntbsscgæçb.

E\MZS\M BS JCWABGMKCNZB JC SKM \CWZMS\MÆÇB MJ@MGCNZC0

Ï m acsçb kmos gbkuk mbs jcntcs mj`mgcntcs.

Gmusm0 ematm jc mtcnæçb c gmutcam jurmntc m utoaozmæçb jc mamvmngms (jcntc mj`mgcntc).Ebræms vcstëluabs aonfumos onmjcqumjms c/bu ebræms cxgcssovms jc trmæçb sçb usmjm, bjcntc oncspcrmjmkcntc smo jb mavïbab, c b e÷rgcps lmtc nbs jcntcs jb mrgb bpbstb

pbjcnjb ermturí-abs, ï kuotb gbkuk qumnjb ï utoaozmjb b e÷rgcps <7 (gdoerc jc vmgm)ck cxbjbntom jc kbamrcs onecrobrcs. (jcntc jb mrgb bpbstb).

Xrcvcnæçb0 Wc cxostor ukm rcstmurmæçb frmnjc b GJ jcvcrí prcvcnor b pmgocntc prï-bpcrmt÷romkcntc sblrc m pbssoloaojmjc jc ermturí-am jurmntc m cxtrmæçb. M prcvcnæçbjcssm ermturm ï gbnscfuojm cvotmnjb-sc m mpaogmæçb jc onstrukcntmæçb c ebræm nmrcstmurmæçb. Xbjcrí bgbrrcr tmklïk b trmukmtoskb jc jcntcs jb mrgb bpbstb, c mprcvcnæçb ï ecotm prongopmakcntc cvotmnjb cxgcssovms ebræms jc trmæçb, b jcntc jcvcríscr auxmjb gbk ebgm mpogma gbngbkotmntc gbk vcstëluabaonfuma c rbtmgobnma (mafunsgmsbs), pmrm konokozmr m ncgcssojmjc jc ebræm jc trmæçb. B mssostcntc pbjcrí prbtcfcr

bs jcntcs jb mrgb bpbstb kmntcnjb uk jcjb bu m pbntm jc mspormæçb gbntrm cacs pmrmmlsbrvcr m pmngmjm jb e÷rgcps.

Zrmtmkcntb0 b gorurfoçb jcvcrí tcr gcrtczm quc m mamvmngm cstm ebrm jm lbgm c nçb gmounb mavïbab jcntma vmzob, tcrkonmjb b prbgcjokcntb b jcntc trmukmtozmjb jcvcrí scrtrmtmjb gbk m rcgbabgmæçb jm gbrbm jcsabgmjm bu gbabgmæçb jc rcstmurmæçb prbvos÷rom.

ASTMÆÇB JB JCNZC MJ@MGCNZC C C TZ\MÆÇB JC JCNZCW C\\MJBW0

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Jïlbrmd Wpbngdomjb, Xmtrëgom Fmeeuro, \memca Gbzcr c Zmtomnm Zrbfaob

Gmusm0 Bgbrrc qumnjb nb ckprcfb jc cxtrmtbr ebr utoaozmjb uk jcntc vozondb (kcjomabu jostma), gbkb pbntb jc mpbob9 jcntcs gbk dopcrgckcntbsc9 kmnc`b jcecotubsb jbe÷rgcps (Kmrzbam, <884). Ebræm cxgcssovm jurmntc b usb jc mamvmngms c e÷rgcps(Xctcrsbn, <883). Ematm jc mtcnæçb è mvmaomæçb prï-bpcrmt÷rom (Xctcrsbn, <883).

Zrmtmkcntb0 Amvmr b jcntc guojmjbsmkcntc gbk sbrb c okcjomtmkcntc gbabgí-ab jcvbatm nb mavïbab9 rcpbsoæçb jb jcntc nm sum pbsoæçb mprbpromjm c sum cstmloaozmæçb mtïquc bgbrrm m gogmtrozmæçb (jcntcs auxmjbs bu pmrgomakcntc mvuasobnmjbs)9 gdcgmr mbgausçb9 bgmsobnmakcntc, b jcntc auxmjb eogm lmstmntc kbac, c jcvc scr cstmloaozmjb gbkm eoxmæçb (gbntcnæçb) kcnbs rëfojm pbssëvca, pmrm kmntcr-sc nm pbsoæçb9 suturmr, jc

kmncorm quc b eob gruzc m tílum ÷sscm bgausma c sc`m prcsm è fcnfovm mj`mgcntc(Xctcrsbn, <883). Jcvc-sc sckprc macrtmr b pmgocntc sblrc b mgbntcgojb, mssukonjb



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O??

prbxokojmjcs gbk b scob kmxoamr, cspcssurm jm amkonm gbrtogma, rmëzcs jovcrfcntcs,ojmjc jb pmgocntc (pmgocntcs `bvcns tck b bssb kmos caístogb).

Wc b gorurfoçb pcrgclcr quc ukm ebræm cxgcssovm ï ncgcssírom, jcvc bptmr pcam tïgnogmgorðrfogm mlcrtm. Nb gmsb jc jcntcs kuatorrmjoguamrcs cacs pbjck scr scggobnmjbs.Jurmntc m cxbjbntom gbk e÷rgcps b gorurfoçb jcvc utoaozmr m kçb bpbstm pmrmmprccnjcr m tílum ÷sscm vcstoluamr c aonfuma, gmsb dm`m ermturm, cac orm scntor c pbjcrítbkmr kcjojms quc rcgupcrck m b bssb ermturmjb.

Zrmtmkcntb0

Mp÷s rckbæçb gbkpactm ̀ untb mb jcntc0 B bssb nçb jcvc scr rcgbabgmjb9 \cpbsogobnmkcntb c suturm jb tcgojb kbac9 \cfuamrozmæçb jc kmrfcns pbntomfujms9 Xrcvcnor rctmrjb nm gogmtrozmæçb.

Ermturm jm gbrtogma sck rckbæçb jb prbgcssbmavcbamr `untb mb jcntc9

Gorurfoçb quc mpbom b bssb gbk bs jcjbsjurmntcs bs kbvokcntbs jb e÷rgcps.

Bssb mjcrojb mb pcro÷stcb9 Josscgmr b bssb jb jcntc9

↜ E÷rgcps cstmloaozmnjb b jcntc9

↜ Onstrukcntb jc pbntm meomjm,jcsgbamnjb b bssb jm rmoz jb jcntc.

↜ \ckbæçb jb jcntc9↜ Zcgojb kbac c b bssb rcmprbxokmjbs

c eorkmjbs gbk suturm. M mjcsçb pcro÷stcb jb pcro÷stcb mb bssb ermturmjb

prbkbvc suprokcntb smnfuëncb prcvcnonjb m ncgrbsc. Kmos emvbrívca pmrm rcmloaotmæçb prbtïtogm

E\MZS\M JM ZSLC\BWOJMJC KMTOAM\

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Fobvmno Gcrbn Dmrtkmnn, Fuoadcrkc Wgdkott jc Mnjrmjc, Kmtcus Mufustb Lbk Mko Zcoxcorm,

Kuroca Pmkpovm.

M ermturm jm tulcrbsojmjc kuotms vczcs bgbrrc oncspcrmjmkcntc pcab emtb jc ncssmrcfoçb b tcgojb ÷sscb scr lmstmntc jcafmjb.Bgbrrc gbk kmobr ercquàngom ck0

Wcfunjb bu tcrgcorb kbamr gbk rmëzcs jovcrfcntcs9 Gbk dopcrgckcntbsc9 Osbamjbs nb mrgb.

Xbjck trmzcr gbkpaogmæócs gbkb0 Gbkunogmæçb lugb-sonusma9




Wcqucstrb nm pbsoæçb ermturmjm9 Wonusotc kmxoamr9 Kutoamæçb jm írcm gdmpcívca prbtïtogm.

(KM\PBAM, G., Eunjmkcntbs jc gorurfom lugb kmxoab emgoma, vbaukc OU. <884.)

Gmusm0

Ebræm cxgcssovm gbk b e÷rgcps9

Xrcvcnæçb0

Cxmkc gaënogb c rmjobfríeogb prï-bpcrmt÷rob9 Nçb usmr ebræm cxgcssovm9 Zïgnogm jc cxtrmæçb mlcrtm.

Zrmtmkcntb0Ermfkcntb ÷sscb unojb mb pcro÷stcb0

Kcskb trmtmkcntb jm ermturm jb prbgcssb mavcbamr. Kcjojms pmrm pcrkotor m gogmtrozmæçb.

Zulcrbsojmjc cxgcssovmkcntc k÷vca c nçb pujcr scr josscgmjm jb jcntc0 Zmam nb jcntc quc cstm scnjb cxtrmëjb unonjb mbs jcntcs mj`mgcntcs9 Cspcrmr 5 m 4 sckmnms ‗ tckpb pmrm gogmtrozmæçb ÷sscm9 Jcntc cxtrmëjb pcam tïgnogm gorðrfogm mlcrtm.

Wcggobnmr m gbrbm jb jcntc jms rmëzcs Cspcrmr 5 m 4 sckmnms9 Cxtrmæçb jms rmëzcs.

Gbkpactmkcntc scpmrmjm jb tcgojb kbac0 \cfuamrozmæçb jms grostms pbntomfujms jb bssb rckmncsgcntc9 \cpbsogobnmr b tcgojb kbac9 Wuturmr9

Ucroeogmr m gbkunogmæçb brbmntrma c trmtmr, gmsb ncgcssírob.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=8=

ACWÓCW M CWZ\SZS\MW MJ@MGCNZCW0

ACWÓCW M CWZ\SZS\MW NC\UBWMW \CFOBNMOW0

Ms acsócs mbs rmkbs jb U pmr jc ncrvbs grmnomnbs sçb ms kmos prbvívcos jurmntc m

cxtrmæçb. bs kmos ercqucntcs sçb trmukmtoskbs nbs ncrvbs kcntuma, aonfuma, lugma c bnmsbpmamtonb.

Gmusm0

Bs ncrvbs nmsbpmamtonbs c lugma sçb ercqñcntckcntc scggobnmjbs jurmntc mrcmaozmæçb jc rctmadbs, nbrkmakcntc bgbrrc m rconcrvmæçb.

M rckbæçb gorðrfogm jc rmëzcs jc prï-kbamrcs onecrobrcs bu prï-kbamrcsonecrobrcs okpmgtmjbs c gorurfom pcrompogma nm rcfoçb jb ncrvb kcntuma c ebrmkc

kcntbnomnb jcvck scr rcmaozmjms gbk frmnjc gmutcam. Wc b ncrvb ebr acsobnmjb bpmgocntc tcrí pmrcstcsom bu mncstcsom jb aílob c jb kcntb. Wc m acsçb ebr rcsuatmjb jbjcsabgmkcntb bu jm kmnopuamæçb jb rctmadb, m scnsmæçb nbrkma gbkukcntc rctbrnmríck pbugbs joms bu pbugms sckmnms. Wc b ncrvb ebr scggobnmjb ï kuotb prbvívca quc msum eunæçb nçb rctbrnc.

B ncrvb aonfuma nbrkmakcntc ï abgmaozmjb jomntc jm pmrcjc aonfuma jmkmnjëluam nb gbxok jm rcfoçb rctrbkbamr. Bgmsobnmakcntc m trm`ct÷rom jb ncrvb vmopmrm jcntrb jb pr÷prob gbxok. \mrmkcntc b ncrvb sc rcfcncrm qumnjb frmvckcntctrmukmtozmjb.

B ncrvb mavcbamr onecrobr pbjc scr trmukmtozmjb mb abnfb jb scu gursb jcntrbjb gmnma ÷sscb. B abgma kmos gbkuk ï nm rcfoçb jb tcgcorb kbamr onecrobr. M rckbæçbjcsscs jcntcs pbjc gmusmr cskmfmkcntb bu trmukmtozmr ontcnsmkcntc b ncrvb ck scugmnma.

Xrcvcnæçb0

Wc b gorurfoçb tck mafukm juvojm m rcspcotb jc sums dmloaojmjcs ck rcmaozmr bprbgcjokcntb, cac jcvc cngmkondmr b pmgocntc m uk GLKE.

Wc ebr rcmaozmjb uk rctmadb ck A nm rcfoçb jb ncrvb kcntuma m ongosçb rcamxmntc jcvcscr gbabgmjm mntcrobrkcntc, b kmos jostmntc pbssëvca m eok jc cvotmr b rbkpokcntb jcmafukm pbræçb jb N. kcntbnomnb. \mrmkcntc ï rcgbkcnjívca emzcr ukm ongosçbrcamxmntc vcrtogma nm pmpoam ontcrjcntma cntrc gmnonb c b scfunjb prï-kbamr.

Xmrm rcmaozmr rctmadbs nm rcfoçb rctrbkbamr jcvck scr ecotms nm vcstoluamr jmkmnjëluam, mb josscgmr b rctmadb, jcvc sc tbkmr guojmjb pmrm cvotmr josscgæçbcxgcssovm bu joamgcrmæçb jbs tcgojbs nm emgc aonfuma jcssm rcfoçb.

Xmrm prcvcnor m acsçb mb ncrvb mavcbamr onecrobr m gorurfom jcvc scr rcmaozmjm gbk

gmutcam pmrm nçb cskmfmr b gmnma kmnjoluamr.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=8<

Zrmtmkcntb0 mvosmr b pmgocntc jm pbssoloaojmjc jc dmvcr pmrcstcsom tckpbrírom bujceonotovm sc ebr tckpbrírom mgmakmr b pmgocntc c mgbkpmndmr b rctbrnb jms eunæócsncrvbsms.

X\CUCNÆÇB JC ACWÇB MB NC\UB =. Cstmr gocntc jm mnmtbkom ncrvbsm jm írcm gorðrfogm9<. Cvotmr emzcr ongosócs bu mectmr b pcro÷stcb nm rcfoçb jb

ncrvb.

X M\CWZCWOM 0

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Mnm Aëfom Lcrtbno Lcrnmrjoncao9 Gmkoam Lmssb Mapono9 Ecaopc Mufustb Kmaonbsio Ermngob9 Kmrgbs Xmuab Wtop9 Kmromnm Uotbromnb ]ucor÷z

Gmusm0 bgbrrc jcvojb ukm acsçb jb eoactc ncrvbsb quc prbkbvc m scnsoloaojmjc jc ukmjctcrkonmjm rcfoçb,pbjcnjb scr prbvbgmjb pcab losca jc ukm mfuadm jurmntc

rcmaozmæçb jm tïgnogm mncstïsogm(F\CFB\O,=??5). Xbjcnjb bgbrrcr ck qumaqucr tïgnogmjc labqucob,scnjb kmos gbkuk jurmntc bs labqucobs jbs ncrvbs MO, aonfuma clugma(KM\PBAM,<884).

Ï gbkuk ck gmsbs jc cxbjbntoms jc tcrgcorbs kbamrcs onecrobrcs, rcmaozmæçb jcokpamntcs, gorurfoms quc cnvbavmk ms prbxokojmjc jc uk ecoxc vmsguab ncrvbsb bu ckprbgcssbs onecggobsbs. (EAB\OMN, ct ma.<8=<).

Xrcvcnæçb0 b usb jc mfuadms nbvms c ck gmsbs quc ï rcmaozmjm m onscræçbrcpctojmkcntc nb tcgojb pbjc jmnoeogmr b losca, pbr ossb ï okpbrtmntc vcroeogmr m

sotumæçb jb losca mntcs jc qumaqucr mncstcsom,pbjcnjb gmusmr m acsçb jb ncrvb, cssmgbkpaogmæçb mgbntcgc gbk kmobr ercquàngom nbs labqucobs jb ncrvb mavcbamronecrobr,aonfuma c lugma, m rcmaozmæçb jc tïgnogms gorðrfogms tmklïk ï ukm ebrkm jc sccvotmr cssc topb jc gbkpaogmæçb (F\CFB\O, =??59 KM\PBAM, <888 c <8839 XCZC\WBN,<888).

Zrmtmkcntb0 cxostc m pbssoloaojmjc jc mpaogmæócs jc amscr onermvcrkcadb nm írcm jmacsçb sc cssm ebr mgcssëvca, m prcsgroæçb jc votmkonms jb gbkpacxb L,kcjogmkcntbs mlmsc jc fmnfaobsëjobs mtumk gbkb rcfcncrmjbr jms eolrms ncrvbsms,scnjb cngbntrmjmsnb kcrgmjb ck mkpbams jc =8 c <8kf,pbjcnjb scr usmjms mtï < mkpbams/jom

ontrmkusguamr jurmntc =< m 78 joms.(KM\PBAM,<884)

Xbrck ï jcvcr jb prbeossobnma mnmaosmr m ctobabfom jm pmrcstcsom, sc cssm ebr gmusmjm pbronecgæçb cssm jcvc scr gbklmtojm gbk usb jc mntolo÷togbs, ck gmsbs jc gbkprcssçb jbncrvb gmusmjb pbr uk cjckm p÷s-trmukm jcvcrí mfumrjmr pmrm quc m scnsoloaojmjcvbatc frmjmtovmkcntc,sc nçb bltovcr àxotb rcgbkcnjm-sc b usb jc gbrtogbojcs bujcsgbkprcssçb gorðrfogm. M mgupunturm ï ukm tïgnogm quc usm mfuadms kuotb eonms cquc cstokuamk m aolcrmæçb jc ncurbtrmnskossbrcs mtumnjb jc ukm ebrkm joecrcngomjmnb emtbr cstrcssc.(EAB\OMN, ct ma.<8=<)

ACWÓCW È MZK0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=8:

Gbntrbac rmjobfríeogb

Zrmtmkcntb tmrjob0 Gmnuam ‗ orrofmæçb < m 7 x jom gbk sbrb/mntolo÷togb t÷pogb

Mgcssb jc gmajwcaa aug Ucjmkcntb Gbntrm mlcrturm nmsma gbk ponæm dckbstítogm cntrm nb nmroz smo nb scob (grom

nbvb bstob gbk scob kmxoamr) gbk uk gmjmræb jc tmkpbnmkcntb cstcroaozmjb Mntolo÷togb, mnmafïsogb c jcsgbnfcstobnmntc nmsma \cgbkcnjmæócs Gbntrbac rmjobfríeogb

Xrcscnæm jc onecgæçb bu gbrpb cstrmndb0 b pmgocntc jcvc scr cngmkondmjb mb gorurfoçb

lugb-kmxoab-emgoma pmrm trmtmkcntb okcjomtb (tïgnogm jc Gmajwcaa-Aug), mgcssb pcamebssm gmnonm ck jorcæçb mb scob kmxoamr, rcgbkcnjmæócs c prcsgroæócs sçb ms kcskms `ígotmjms.

GBKSNOGMÆÓCW LSGB N MWMOW0

Gmusm0Ontcrvcnæçb gorðrfogm ck jcntcs ongausbs, cxtrmæócs jbs jcntcs mntcrobrcs, ontcrvcnæócsgorðrfogms ck gostbs bu tukbrcs, trmukms. Nb gmsb jms pcreurmæócs mjquorojms nbpmamtb jurb pbjck bgbrrcr ck gbnscquàngom jc cnecrkojmjcs gbkb m sëeoaos,tulcrguabsc, cntrc butrms c tmklïk jcvojb m prbgcjokcntbs brtbjúntogbs.

Xrcvcnæçb0\cmaozmr uk gbkpactb cxmkc rmjobfríeogb prï ‗ bpcrmt÷rob.

Zrmtmkcntb0]umnjb bgbrrck pbr gmusms trmukítogms bu gorðrfogms ck jcntcs mntcrobrcs sçbtrmtmjms gbkb gbkunogmæócs mavcbamrcs. ]umnjb bgbrrck nm rcfoçb jb pmamtb jcvc-sc gbnsojcrmr m gbnecgæçb jc uk rctmadb.

DCKB\\MFOM

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Fcysso Fbnzmttb, @uaomnm Kmrqucs Aonjcnlcrf, Kmymrm \bsscttb, Nmtíaom Zmfaomn Lbnomtto cXmlab Ecaopc \bsscttb

Gmusm0 \upturms jms mrtïroms (dckbrrmfom mrtcroma) bu jms vcoms (dckbrrmfom vcnbsm),gbnscqñcntckcntc, mb trmlmadb gorðrfogb sblrc bs tcgojbs. ]umnjb sçb scggobnmjbsmpcnms vmsbs gmpoamrcs m dckbrrmfom ï kuotb pcqucnm c pbugb pcrgcptëvcajcnbkonmnjb-sc dckbrrmfom gmpoamr. (F\MPOMNO, =??3) Ms gmusms jms dckbrrmfomspbjck cstmr rcamgobnmjms m emtbrcs prcjospbncntcs è dckbrrmfom, gbkb gmusms kïjogms(dopcrtcnsçb Ymrtcrobsgacrbsc[, ncbpamsoms c joítcscs smnfuëncms), pbjck scr brofonmjbsnb kbkcntb trmns-bpcrmt÷rob pbr jcecotbs gorðrfogbs c pbr trmukms c pbjck tmklïk,

nb pcrëbjb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob, scnjb prbvbgmjm pcab pmgocntc.




Xrcvcnæçb0 Gbkb ck tbjms ms gbkpaogmæócs, m prcvcnæçb jb smnfrmkcntb ï m kcadbrkmncorm jc sc aojmr gbk b prblackm. Sk jbs emtbrcs kmos okpbrtmntcs nm prcvcnæçb jbtrmtmkcntb ï emzcr guojmjbsb dost÷rogb jb pmgocntc, nb quc joz rcspcotb m cssc prblackmpbtcngoma cspcgoeogmkcntc. Jovcrsms pcrfuntms jcvck scr ecotms, vosmnjb m vcroeogmrqumaqucr prcgcjcntc jc smnfrmkcntb nmqucac pmgocntc.

Wmlcr sc b pmgocntc `í tcvc nb pmssmjb mafuk prblackm jc smnfrmkcntb. Zcr gbndcgokcntb jbs kcjogmkcntbs tbkmjbs c quc pbssmk ontcrecror nb

kcgmnoskb jc gbmfuamæçb (cx0 mntogbmfuamntcs, msporonms, mntolo÷togb jc amrfbcspcgtrb, mntogmngcrëfcnbs c íagbba).

Xcrfuntmr mb pmgocntc sblrc m cxostàngom jc jbcnæms sostàkogms cspcgëeogms. (cx0dcpmtotc, dopcrtcnsçb).

B pmgocntc quc tck smlojm bu supbstmkcntc ukm gbmfuabpmtom jcvc scr mvmaomjbpbr cxmkcs amlbrmtbromos prï-bpcrmt÷robs pmrm jctcrkonmr m frmvojmjc jm jcsbrjck.(XCZC\WBN, ct ma,<888.)

Zrmtmkcntbs0 Xbjck scr prbeoaítogbs bu gurmtovbs.

Gbkprcssçb0 Wc aokpm m ecrojm c gbkprokc-sc ebrtckcntc b ebgb dckbrrífogb gbkfmzc cstcroaozmjm, mpcrtmnjb-m gbk ukm ponæm bu gbk bs jcjbs. (F\MPOMNO, =??3).

Dckbstítogbs abgmos mlsbrvëvcos0 cspbn`m jc eolronm, gcauabsc bxojmjm, cspbn`m jcfcamtonm mlsbrvëvca.

Dckbstmsom pbr Xrbgcssb Gorðrfogb0 Xonæmfck0 utoaozmk-sc ms ponæms dckbstítogms gbkuns, mpcrtmnjb gbk cams ms

cxtrckojmjcs jb vmsb quc smnfrm9 Aofmjurm0 mp÷s m ponæmfck, rcmaozm-sc uk n÷ nm cxtrckojmjc jb vmsb gbk eob

mlsbrvëvca. Ck scfuojm m ponæm ï rctormjm.

Wuturm0 prbpbrgobnm rípojm dckbstmsom, prbtcæçb jm ecrojm gorðrfogm cgogmtrozmæçb kmos rípojm. Kcjogmæçb dckbstítogm fcrma. Uotmkonm I. (F\MPOMNO,=??3).

GOGMZ\OPMÆÇB \CZM\JMJM, CJCKM C ONECGÆÇB

CJCKM0

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Mnm Aëfom Lcrtbno Lcrnmrjoncao9 Gmkoam Lmssb Mapono9 Ecaopc Mufustb Kmaonbsio Ermngob9 Kmrgbs Xmuab Wtop9 Kmromnm Uotbromnb ]ucor÷z

Gmusm0 B cjckm bgbrrc, fcrmakcntc, mp÷s tbjms ontcrvcnæócs cxbjúntogms. Xbrïk, cacpbjc scr ontcnsoeogmjb qumnjb rcmaozmjm tïgnogm trmukítogm bu qumnjb dbuvcrqumaqucr gbkpaogmæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom, prongopmakcntc onecgæçb (KM\PBAM, <888 c<883).

Xrcvcnæçb0 M rcmaozmæçb jc tïgnogms gorðrfogms mtrmukítogms, m kmnutcnæçb jm gmjcommssïptogm c b gbrrctm prcvcnæçb jc onecgæçb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom tmntb pbr pmrtc jb bpcrmjbr,smlcnjb prcsgrcvcr ms kcjogmæócs gbrrctms, qumntb pbr pmrtc jb pmgocntc, tcnjb kbjbsc dofocnozmæçb mjcqumjm scfuonjb sckprc ms rcgbkcnjmæócs jb scu gorurfoçb(F\CFB\O, =??59 KM\PBAM, <888 c <8839 XCZC\WBN, <888).




Zrmtmkcntb0 Wc ebr jc brofck onecggobsm b trmtmkcntb jcvc scr rcmaozmjb mtrmvïs jmmjkonostrmæçb jc mntolo÷togbs, (KM\PBAM, <888 c <883), b usb jc mntoneamkmt÷robspbjc scr ncgcssírob ck gmsbs quc dbuvc ukm frmnjc kmnopuamæçb tcgojuma, c mutoaozmæçb jc grobtcrmpom nms prokcorms <:d jb p÷s bpcrmt÷rob jokonuo b mpbrtc

smnfuëncb nm rcfoçb rcjuzonjb m pmrtogopmæçb jc kbaïguams quc prbkbvck moneamkmæçb, c mp÷s :4d jb p÷s bpcrmt÷rob m rcmaozmæçb jc gbkprcssms qucntcs pmrm qucbgbrrm m jrcnmfck jb aoquojb cntrc b tcgojb. (F\CFB\O, =??5)

M AUCBAOZC0

Cxtrmëjb jb trmlmadb jbs mgmjàkogbs0 Jïlbrmd Wpbngdomjb, Xmtrëgom Fmeeuro, \memca Gbzcr c Zmtomnm Zrbfaob

Gmusm0 Xmrcgc rcsuatmr jc matbs nëvcos jc mtovojmjc eolronbaëtogm nb mavïbab, quc prbvbgmm aosc jb gbífuab smnfuëncb c pbstcrobr cxpbsoæçb jb bssb (Xctcrsbn, <883). Ematm jcsmnfuc nb mavïbab mp÷s ukm cxtrmæçb jcntírom, c gbnscqucntckcntc musàngom jc

gbífuab9 rctormjm jb gbífuab pbr kcobs kcgìnogbs9 ematm jc msscpsom c mntosscpsom jbbpcrmjbr9 utoaozmæçb jc onstrukcntma nçb-cstcroaozmjb (Kmrzbam, <884). Jcsrcspcotb pbrpmrtc jb pmgocntc jms rcgbkcnjmæócs pmrm b p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob9 cxgcssovm aolcrmæçb jcgmtcgbamkonms matb-camlbrmjms pbr cstrcssc jb pmgocntc9 pcrëbjb kcnstruma9 jrbfmsvmsbgbnstrotbrms jb mncstïsogb9 qumaojmjc jm mutb-dckbstmsom jb pmgocntc quc tcrommtovojmjc jb sostckm eolronbaëtogb kuotb mgcntumjm, mgmrrctmnjb m aosc prcgbgc jbgbífuab smnfuëncb sotumjb jcntrb jb mavïbab jcntírob (Frcfbro, =??5).

Zrmtmkcntb0 Orrofmr b mavïbab gbk sbrb eosoba÷fogb9 nçb gurctmr9 kmntcr m pmrtc ontmgtmjb gbífuab9 mspormr b cxgcssb jc sbrb9 onscror ukm fmzc cklclojm gbk objbe÷rkob9trbgmr b gurmtovb tbjbs bs joms bu m gmjm < joms, jurmntc 7 m 5 joms, orrofmnjb b mavïbabgbk sbrb eosoba÷fogb m gmjm trbgm9 jokonuëjm m jbr jb pmgocntc, b gurmtovb nçb jcvc scrsulstotuëjb. (Xctcrsbn, <883). Zrmtmkcntb Abgma0 Mncstcsom0 labqucob rcfobnma9 mncstcsomt÷pogm0 mfcntc mncstïsogb ck pmstm nb ontcrobr jb mavïbab pbr 3 konutbs9 gurctmfck0onogomakcntc josgrctm c ck scfuojm gbk kmobr ontcnsojmjc, rctormnjb-sc tbjb tcgojbncgrbsmjb c orrofmnjb b tcgojb gbk sbrb eosoba÷fogb9 cspcrmr b prccngdokcntb tbtma jbmavïbab pbr smnfuc, gmsb gbntrírob, rcmaozm-sc uk dckbtrmnspamntc (rctorm-sc smnfuc jcuk vmsb vcnbsb gbabgmnjb-b nb mavïbab matcrmjb, bu monjm mvovmk-sc bs amjbskugbsbs jm ecrojm gorðrfogm, prbvbgmnjb mssok gcrtm dckbrrmfom)9 suturmr m rcfoçb

pmrm prbtcæçb jb mavïbab. Fcrma0 Mjkonostrmæçb jc mnmafïsogbs9 mjkonostrmæçb jcmntolo÷togb (7 ermsgbs ontrmkusguamr bu ck gípsuams ‗ < onogomos c = m gmjm 5 dbrms nmsprokcorms 6< dbrms) (Kmrzbam, <884).

Xrcvcnæçb0 Konokozmr b trmukm c m gbntmkonmæçb lmgtcromnm nm írcm jm gorurfom9rcmaozmr gorurfoms mtrmukítogms9 mp÷s b prbgcjokcntb gorðrfogb, m ecrojm jcvc scr aokpmc orrofmjm gbk frmnjc qumntojmjc jc sbrb eosoba÷fogb9 uk pbugb jc mntolo÷togb, gbkb mtctrmgogaonm, gbabgmjb nb mavïbab sbzondb bu nuk cspb`m jc fcamtonm, pbjc cvotmr mmavcbaotc nm rcfoçb jbs tcrgcorbs kbamrcs9 emzcr lbgdcgdbs prï c p÷s-bpcrmt÷robs gbksbauæócs mntokogrblomnms, gbkb m gabrcxojonm (Xctcrsbn, <883).

ONECGÆÇB0




Gmusm0 M gmusm kmos gbkuk jc ukm gogmtrozmæçb rctmrjmjm jc ecrojms ï m onecgæçb, sçbgbkpaogmæócs gbkuns c sçb vostms ercqñcntckcntc ck gorurfoms quc cnvbavck rctmadbsjc tcgojb kbac c rckbæçb jc bssb.

Xrcvcnæçb0 Skm guojmjbsm msscpsom c jclrojmkcntb jm ecrojm mp÷s m gorurfom pbjckscr m kcadbr prcvcnæçb. Mafuns pmgocntcs sçb prcjospbstbs è onecgæçb jc ecrojms p÷s-bpcrmt÷roms c jcvcrçb scr jmjbs mntolo÷togbs prï-bpcrmtbromkcntc pmrm prbeoamxom.

JCOWGÀNGOM JC EC\OJMW0

‑Wcpmrmæçb jms kmrfcns jm ecrojm‛

Gmusm0 sc uk rctmadb jc tcgojb kbac ï rcgbabgmjb c suturmjb sck uk mjcqumjb bssbjc sustcntmæçb, cssc rctmadb nçb supbrtmjb ercqñcntckcntc scrí c scrmrmr-sc-í mb abnfbjm aondm jc ongosçb. Sk scfunjb gmsb jc jcosgàngom ï m suturm jc ecrojm sblrc prcssçb b

quc gmusm osquckom jm kmrfck jb rctmadb c sulscqucntc ncgrbsc, b quc pbssoloaotm qucm suturm sbatc jm kmrfck jb rctmadb, rcsuatmnjb ck jcosgàngom.

Xrcvcnæçb0

Ssmr tïgnogm mssïptogm9 \cmaozmr gorurfom mtrmukítogm9 Ecgdmr ongosçb sblrc bssb ontmgtb9 Wuturmr sck tcnsçb.

Zrmtmtmkcntb0 Jcoxmr m prb`cæçb (Wc jcoxmr m írcm sck trmtmkcntb m cxpbsoæçb jb bssb

jcsmpmrcgcrí ck < m : sckmnms)9 \cfuamrozí-am gbk aokm pmrm bssb9

E\MZS\M JC KMNJËLSAM MX×W M CTBJBNZOM0


Ï ukm gbkpaogmæçb rmrm quc bgbrrc prongopmakcntc ck jcgbrràngom jm cxtrmæçb jc uktcrgcorb kbamr, pbjcnjb scr trmns bu p÷s-bpcrmt÷rom. (VMFNC\9 BZZCN9 WGDBCN9WGDKCAPCOWCN, <883). M ermturm cstí rcamgobnmjm mb kmu pamnc`mkcntb gorðrfogb, mutoaozmæçb jc tïgnogms gorðrfogms onmjcqumjms, b kmnuscob onmjcqumjb jbs tcgojbscnvbavojbs, bu m onmjcqumæçb jb onstrukcntma pmrm b prbgcjokcntb pamnc`mjb, c cstíqumsc sckprc mssbgomjm mb ckprcfb cxgcssovb jc ebræm kmnuma (AOLC\WM9 \BBWC9GMGDM\Z\Z9 AOLC\WM, <884).

Nb p÷s-bpcrmt÷rob m ermturm nbrkmakcntc bgbrrc jurmntc m kmstofmæçb gcrgm jc jumssckmnms mp÷s m ontcrvcnæçb gorðrfogm pbos ncssc pcrëbjb monjm nçb bgbrrcu m gbkpactmebrkmæçb ÷sscm nm rcfoçb mlbrjmjm c b pmgocntc `í nçb mprcscntm b jcsgbnebrtb p÷s-

bpcrmt÷rob, gbnscfuonjb kmstofmr maokcntbs kmos rëfojbs (VMFNC\9 BZZCN9WGDBCN9 WGDKCAPCOWCN, <883).




Xrcvcnæçb0 gbnsostc nb pamnc`mkcntb c cxcguæçb jc ukm tïgnogm gorðrfogm mjcqumjmcvotmnjb b usb jc ebræm cxmfcrmjm, prongopmakcntc ck pmgocntcs gbk kmos jc qumrcntmmnbs, ukm vcz quc cstcs mprcscntmk kmobrcs rosgbs jcvojb è jokonuoæçb jmcamstogojmjc ÷sscm c dopcrgckcntbsc jb jcntc okpmgtmjb. Maïk jossb, ï okpbrtmntc

mgbnscadmr b pmgocntc sblrc b rosgb jc ermturm, cnemtozmnjb m ncgcssojmjc jc kmntcrukm joctm kmos kmgom, jurmntc ms prokcorms sckmnms p÷s-gorðrfogms, nb gmsb jbpmgocntc scr jb fàncrb kmsguaonb cstc emtbr sc tbrnm monjm kmos okpbrtmntc, jcvojb msum kmobr ebræm kmstofmt÷rom (AOLC\WM9 \BBWC9 GMGDM\Z\Z9 AOLC\WM, <884).

Ï okpbrtmntc quc b gorurfoçb jcntostm cstc`m mtcntb m acsócs ÷sscms prï-cxostcntcs gbkbgostbs, tukbrcs bu pcrogbrbnmrotc rcgbrrcntc quc pbjck ermfoaozmr m kmnjëluam cprcjospbr m ermturm. Jbcnæms sostàkogms gbkb m bstcbpbrbsc, jokonucksofnoeogmntckcntc m jcnsojmjc ÷sscm, scnjb tmklïk butrb emtbr okpbrtmntc.

B frmu jc okpmgæçb, mnfuamæçb c vbaukc jb tcrgcorb kbamr tmklïk jcvck scrgbnsojcrmjbs. ]umntb kmobr m okpmgæçb c mnfuamæçb jb cackcntb jcntma, kmobr scrí mbstcbtbkom ncgcssírom pmrm m cxbjbntom.

Zrmtmkcntb0 pbjc scr gbnscrvmjbr bu gorðrfogb9 mklbs jcvck scfuor bs scfuontcspmrìkctrbs0 rcjuæçb jm ermturm, eoxmæçb c gbntcnæçb jbs scfkcntbs ÷sscbs c sumokbloaozmæçb nb abgma jm ermturm, m bgausçb brofonma jcvc scr rcstmurmjm c m onecgæçbprcvcnojm bu crrmjogmjm (ZBACJB9 KM\PBAM, XMWZB\O9 PB\PCZZB, <884).

B trmtmkcntb gbnscrvmjbr ï m gbnjutm mjbtmjm qumnjb m ermturm sc cngbntrm ck ukmgbnjoæçb emvbrívca, scnjb sum onjogmæçb sustcntmjm pbr emtbrcs tmos gbkb0 topb jcermturm, sokpacs bu gbkpbstm c nçb emvbrívca mb jcsabgmkcntb9 nðkcrb mjcqumjb jcjcntcs9 gbnjoæçb c kbrebabfom jcntírom9 jbkënob jm tïgnogm c gbndcgokcntb jm bgausçbjcntírom. Sk topb jc trmtmkcntb gbnscrvmjbr ï m utoaozmæçb jb labqucob ontcrkmxoamr,tmklïk gdmkmjb jc LOK. B labqucob ontcrkmxoamr gmrmgtcrozm b cstmlcacgokcntb jmrcamæçb bgausma mjcqumjm pbr kcob jm eoxmæçb jbs jcntcs (ZBACJB9 KM\PBAM,XMWZB\O9 PB\PCZZB, <884).

Nb gmsb jb trmtmkcntb gorðrfogb, b kïtbjb EO\ mprcscntm frmnjc mvmnæb tïgnogb,ongausovc ck gmsbs jc ermturms kðatopams c cstí onjogmjb tmklïk pmrm pmgocntcs quc

ncgcssotmk jb rcstmlcacgokcntb okcjomtb jm eunæçb kmstofmt÷rom, lck gbkb pmrmmqucacs quc nçb gbbpcrmk (ZBACJB9 KM\PBAM, XMWZB\O9 PB\PCZZB, <884).

BSZ\MW

CXOACXWOM 0


ï uk jostðrlob gcrclrma bgmsobnmjb pbr jcsgmrfms caïtrogms gcrclrmos mnbrkmos, tcnjbgbkb gmrmgtcrëstogm prongopma m rcgbrràngom jc groscs gbnvuasovms. Nçb sc smlc mb gcrtb m

gmusm quc onogom cxmtmkcntc m grosc gbnvuasovm, c b quc acvm b scu cngcrrmkcntb.(ML\CS, =??6.).



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O==8

GOWZB \CWOJSMA0


Jc mgbrjb gbk bs acvmntmkcntbs cpojckoba÷fogbs b gostb rcsojuma ï m tcrgcorm bu qumrtmacsçb gëstogm kmos gbkuk nbs bssbs kmxoamrcs (X\BGIZ, ct ma mpuj Z\CUOWMN <8=8). Dí jbos topbs jc gostbs rcsojumos0 b gostb rcsojuma pcrobjbntma bu mpogma, ï uk topb jcgostb rmjoguamr quc eogm rctojb nb tcgojb ÷sscb mp÷s m rckbæçb jb jcntc quc mprcscntmvmmatcrmæçb oneamkmt÷rom mpogma, bu sc`m, ï qumnjb uk jcntc gbk gostb rmjoguamr ï cxtrmëjbsck m rckbæçb jb gostb, tcnjb ms kcskms gmrmgtcrëstogms jb gostb pcrobjbntma mpogma(LDMIWM\, =?33 mpuj KM\PBAM <884). B tcgojb oneamkmt÷rob pcrompogma quc nçb ebogurctmjb nb kbkcntb jm cxtrmæçb jcntma pbjc jmr brofck m cssc gostb rcsojuma mpogma(NCUOAAC, <88?).B butrb topb jc gostb rcsojuma ï b gostb ebaoguamr bu prokbrjoma, quc ï mprcscnæm jc ukm acsçb nb ontcrobr jbs kmxoamrcs quc vcndm m mprcscntmr ukm cst÷rom

gaënogm jc musàngom jc ÷rfçb jcntma, bu sc`m, ms gïauams cgtbjïrkogms quc jcvcromkjoecrcngomr-sc c ebrkmr uk jctcrkonmjb ÷rfçb jcntma nçb b eozcrmk c eogmrmk nbontcrobr jbs kmxoamrcs. Nuk tckpb lck pbstcrobr, b onjovëjub jcsjcntmjb bu nçb,gbkcæm m mprcscntmr ukm cvbauæçb jc uk gostb jc brofck ebaoguamr (KM\PBAM, <884).

Xrcvcnæçb0 jurmntc m cxbjbntom jc uk jcntc gbk gostb rmjoguamr jcvc-sc mtcntmr pmrmrckbvcr tbjb b gostb, emzcnjb ukm lbm gurctmfck m eok jc caokonmr tbjm m acsçb, sckjcoxmr rcsquëgobs jc tcgojb gbn`untovb bu tcgojb cpotcaoma.

Zrmtmkcntb0 Jcvc scr rcmaozmjb cxgosçb gorðrfogm c trmtmjb rckbvcnjb tbjbs bs ebgbsoneamkmt÷robs nm írcm jc uk gostb rmjoguamr amtcrma jcvck scr caokonmjbs c b pmgocntc

jcvc scr blscrvmjb jc kmncorm sckcadmntc mb trmtmkcntb jc gostbs pcrompogmos(NCUOAAC, <88?). Butrbs mutbrcs sufcrck quc uk prbgcjokcntb gorðrfogb s÷ cstmríonjogmjb qumnjb nçb dbuvcr sonmos jc rcfrcssçb cspbntìncm, qumnjb cxostorsontbkmtbabfom c qumnjb dbuvcr sonmos jc cvbauæçb (EOOGIAONF, =??5. WDMEEC\,=??6. FM\JNC\, =??6. DSXX c CAAOW, <88?. L\MKAC_, =?6= mpuj Z\CUOWMN <8=8).B trmtmkcntb pbr cnugacæçb ï m kcadbr ebrkm jc trmtmkcntb jc acsócs gëstogms, ukm vcquc rckbvc tbjb tcgojb jc prbaoecrmæçb pmtba÷fogm c jokonuo ms gdmngcs jc rcgojovm(Z\CUOWMN, <8=8).



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O===

SNOUC\WOJMJC CWZMJSMA JB BCWZC JB XM\MNÍ GCNZ\B JC GOÀNGOMW LOBA×FOGMW C JM WMÐJC

GS\WB JC BJBNZBABFOM

\CAMZ×\OB JC XAMNC@MKCNZB JM CTBJÚNZOM

Fuoadcrkc Wgdkott jc Mnjrmjc c \memca GbzcrXrbe.ª Maonc Woncfmaom c Xrbe. Kmrgbs \cnbn

Gorurfom c Zrmukmtbabfom Lugbkmxoabemgoma O



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O==<

@undb jc <8=7

\camtb jb Gmsb0

Xmgocntc @OW, 7: mnbs jc ojmjc, vcob m Gaënogm jc Gorurfom O nb jom == jc @undb jc <8=7,

rcamtmnjb jbr nb cackcntb =4. Xmgocntc dmvom lusgmjb mtcnjokcntb ck ukm SnojmjcLísogm jc Wmðjc, quc m cngmkondbu pmrm SNOBCWZC, rcgbkcnjmnjb cxbjbntom jb kcskbcackcntb. M pmgocntc rcamtbu quc m jbr cstmvm prcscntc m kmos jc ukm sckmnm, c quc nçbdmvom tbkmjb ncndukm kcjogmæçb. Mtrmvïs jm Mnmkncsc ebo gbnstmtmjm quc m pmgocntc ïeukmntc, c nçb mprcscntbu ncndukm matcrmæçb sostàkogm nm pmgocntc. Nb Cxmkc Gaënogb ebo

jomfnbstogmjm acsçb gmrobsm cxtcnsm Gamssc O nb cackcntb =4, bs butrbs cackcntbs jcntmos scmprcscntmrmk lck jcsfmstmjbs, prbvmvcakcntc pbr mtroæçb gmusmjm pbr prblackms bgausmos cematm jc mafuns cackcntbs jcntírobs pbstcrobrcs. Xmgocntc rcamtbu kuotm jbr è prcssçb

jofotma. Mtrmvïs jb Cxmkc \mjobfríeogb (pcrompogma jb cackcntb =4) ebo gbnstmjb ukmukcntb jb cspmæb pcrobjbntma c gbkprbkctokcntb sofnoeogmtovb jm gbrbm jcntma pcam acsçbgmrobsm, ms rmëzcs pmrcgomk cstmr unojms. Xmgocntc rcgclcu onstruæócs jc dofocnc lugmajcvojb mbs kmus guojmjbs c tmklïk ebo cngmkondmjm pmrm ms gaonogms jc Xcrobjbntom O,

Xr÷tcsc O, c Jcntëstogm \cstmurmjbrm O c Bgausçb.

Ncgcssojmjc jm Gorurfom0

M cxbjbntom jbs tcrgcorbs kbamrcs ï gbkukcntc rcgbkcnjmjm pcabs gorurfoócs jcntostms, pbr

scr uk cackcntb quc nçb jcsckpcndm frmnjcs eunæócs cstbkmtbfnítogms c cstïtogms. Nb gmsbjm pmgocntc uk trmtmkcntb cnjbjbntogb nçb sc emrom ncgcssírob, pcab pr÷prob pmpca quc bjcntc jcsckpcndm nm gmvojmjc. M cxbjbntom jb cackcntb tcrí pmpca tcrmpàutogb cntçb nm

caokonmæçb jm jbr onstmamjm jcvojb mb prbgcssb onecggobsb c pbssoloaotmrom ukm kcadbrrcmloaotmæçb prbtïtogm, pmrm mrgmjm supcrobr.

Bpbrtunojmjc jm Gorurfom0

M pmgocntc nçb mprcscntm jbcnæms sostàkogms quc pbssmk becrcgcr rosgb m sum smðjc fcrma. Bquc prbpogom m rcmaozmæçb jb mtb gorðrfogb.

Xamnc`mkcntb jm Gorurfom0

= Mntosscpsom ontrm c cxtrmbrma c kmnblrms jc lobsscfurmnæm 0

Mntcs jc m pmgocntc cntrmr nb gcntrb gorðrfogb, b bpcrmjbr `í tcrí prcpmrmjb m kcsm

gorðrfogm c cstmrí pmrmkcntmjb gbnebrkc ms nbrkms pmrm rcmaozmæçb jc gorurfoms lugmos jbKmnuma jc Lobsscfurmnæm jm Gaënogm Bjbntba÷fogm jm SNOBCWZC, m pmgocntc ï jorcgobnmjm

pcab muxoaomr pmrm gmjcorm bpcrmt÷rom, ncssc kbkcntb b muxoaomr csgamrcgc b prbgcjokcntb,vcroeogm-sc b cstmjb ckbgobnma jm pmgocntc c mecrc m sum prcssçb mrtcroma. Xrcssçb mrtcroma

cntrc =</4 kkDf c =7/4 kkDf sçb gbnsojcrmjbs gbnsojcrmjms sck rosgb mb pmgocntc,dopcrtcnsçb cstífob = (=:/? kkDf) jcvc sc tbkmr mafukms prcgmuæócs, gbkb pbr cxckpab,rcgbkcnjmr quc b pmgocntc ví m uk kïjogb gaonogb fcrma lusgmr trmtmkcntb, tcr gmutcam nm

qumntojmjc jc mncstïsogb abgma, lusgmr rcjuzor m mnsocjmjc jm pmgocntc, ctg.Wbaogotm-sc m pmgocntc quc emæm uk lbgdcgdb jc jofaugbnmtb jc gabrcxojonm 8,=<% pbr 78scfunjbs c guspor nm guspojcorm. B bpcrmjbr cntçb onogom m mntosscpsom cxtrmbrma, gbksbauæçb jc XUXO gbk =% jc Objb mtovb, utoaozmnjb ukm fmzc c m ponæm Maaos, jovojc-sc m emgcjb pmgocntc ck jums dckoemgcs, c ck kbvokcntbs aoncmrcs jm aondm kïjom è rcfoçb prï-

muroguamr, emz-sc m mntosscpsom jbs </7 onecrobrcs jm dckoemgc. B kcskb ï ecotb nm butrmdckoemgc trbgmnjb m fmzc. B gmkpb ecncstrmjb quc cstmvm sblrc b onstrukcntma nm kcsm

gorðrfogm ï gbabgmjb sblrc m emgc jb pmgocntc c gbk m ponæm Lmgidmus ï m`ustmjb b gmkpb nbpmgocntc, ck scfuojm pmssm sc b kmnfuotb pcabs mnïos jm ponæm, cstmloaozmnjb-b sblrc m




Oneoatrmtovm aonfuma m eok jc mncstcsomr b ncrvb aonfuma0\cmaozmk-sc oneoatrmæócs ck tràs pbntbs (kcsoma, aonfuma c jostma) nm rcfoçb aonfuma, gbk

ontuotb jc labqucmr bs rmkbs jb aonfuma quc oncrvmk m tmlum ÷sscm c kugbsm aonfuma jmsrmëzcs ck qucstçb.

Cxbjúntom jms rmëzcs rcsojumos jm k mxoam0

Labqucob p÷s-tulcr0 gbk m mfuadm abnfm, jcvc-sc pcnctrmr ck mnfuamæçb jc :3¸ gbk b pamnb

smfotma kcjomnb, c :3 frmus mb pamnb bgausma jbs kbamrcs, onscrc-sc =,3 gk jm mfuadm nukpbntb jc onscræçb nm maturm jm rmoz jostb vcstoluamr jb ðatokb jcntc ck eunjb jc suagb,kmos pmrm vcstoluamr. On`ctm-sc gcrgm jc uk tulctc.

Labqucob jb ncrvb pmamtonb kmobr0 b ebrmkc sc abgmaozm nuk pbntb cntrc m kmrfck cntrc b

pmamtb c b prbgcssb mavcbamr c m suturm pmamtonm kcjomnm, gbk m gmrpuac pbsogobnmjm cntrcbs prï-kbamrcs jb amjb bpbstb onscrc-sc m mfuadm gcrgm jc 8,3 kk, on`ctm-sc m sbauæçb.

Zcrkonma Oneoatrmtovm nm rmoz kcsob-vcstoluamr jb jcntc =50

Gbk b losca jm mfuadm vbatmjb pmrm b bssb mavcbamr, onscror m mfuadm m nëvca jc eunjb jcsuagb mtï tbgmr bssb, rcgumnjb aofcormkcntc, nm rcfoçb jm rmoz kcsob-vcstoluamr jb jcntc =5c on`ctmr gcrgm jc kcob tulctc mncstïsogb.

7 Xbsogobnmkcntb jb pmgocntc0

Cxbjúntom nm rcfoçb pbstcrobr jc kmxoam0 M gmjcorm jcvc scr pbsogobnmjm jc ebrkm quc b pamnb bgausma supcrobr cstc`m ck rcamæçb

ìnfuab rctb (?8¸) ck rcamæçb mb sbab.

Cxbjúntom ck kmnjëluam0

B pamnb bgausma onecrobr jcvc cstmr pbsogobnmjb jc ebrkm quc cstc`m pmrmacab mb sbab.

: Joïrcsc0 Stoaozm-sc gmlb jc losturo gbk aìkonm nðkcrb =3 c jcsgbamjbrcs topb Kbat, Erccr,cspítuam n¸ 6 c csguapojbr Dbaacklmgi n¸ 7W.

Ongosçb c Wonjcskbtbkom.

3 Kcgìgmnogm Cxbjbntogm0

Í Mamvmngms0

Gbk b usb jbs cxtrmtbrcs Wcajon n¸< rctb c =\ c b mpogma n¸78:, rcmaozm-sc m cxtrmæçb jbcackcntb.

M kcgìnogm jb usb jm mamvmngm gbnsostc ck 7 topbs jc kbvokcntbs0j. Gundm9c. Kbvokcntb jc mamvmngm9 e. Kbvokcntb jc rbjm bu smrroadb.

3 Gurctmfck c Onspcæçb jb Mavïbab0

M prcscnæm jc tcgojbs jc frmnuamæçb, c csquërbams prcscntcs jcntrb jb mavïbab jcvck scr

rckbvojms. Cssc prbgcjokcntb jcvc scr guojmjbsb pmrm nçb gurctmr b pcro÷stcb mavcbamr. B scptb ontcrrmjoguamr jcvc scr onspcgobnmjb, sc ebr jb topb eoaoebrkc, suprm mavcbamr bu

rctcntovbs jcvck scr rckbvojbs. Cspëguams ÷sscms jcvck scr rckbvojms.

Orrofm-sc mlunjmntckcntc b mavïbab gbk sbauæçb eosoba÷fogm mssïptogm.




Ucroeogmr m prcscnæm jc smnfrmkcntb jcntrb jb mavïbab, sc nçb dbuvcr, cssc jcvc scr

cstokuamjb pmrm ebrkmæçb jc uk gbmfuab.

5 Kmnblrm jc Gdbkprct0

Gbk prcssçb lo-jofotma, mpcrtm-sc b mavïbab, m eok jc mprbxokmr ms sums tmlums ÷sscms qucpcam auxmæçb ebrmk cxpmnjojms.

6 Kmnblrm jc Umasmavm kmxoam).

4 Wuturm0

\cmaozm-sc suturm ck pbntb sokpacs gbk ontuotb jc kmntcr b gbmfuab c cstmloaozmr m kugbsm

fcnfovma. Wc pbssëvca rcmaozmr gbmptmæçb lbrjb-m-lbrjb b quc pcrkotorm ukm gogmtrozmæçbpbr prokcorm ontcnæçb.

? Zïrkonb jm Gorurfom0

Mp÷s m gorurfom gbabgmr fmzc ukcjcgojm gbk sbrb eosoba÷fogb nb mavïbab rckmncsgcntc cbgauor, pmrm gmusmr dckbstmsom, onstruor b pmgocntc quc gbntonuc kbrjcnjb mtï gcssmr bsmnfrmkcntb.

\ckbvcr b XUXO jm emgc jb pmgocntc, pcjor pmrm b pmgocntc scntmr-sc mntcs jc acvmntmr, cquc acvmntc acntmkcntc, vcroeogmr b cstmjb jb pmgocntc.

=8 Xrcsgroæçb0

Ssb Ontcrnb0<- Joporbnm W÷jogm 388kf ------------------------------------- =< gbkprokojbs.

Zbkmr uk gbkprokojb m gmjm 5 dbrms jurmntc <: dbrms. Mp÷s sbkcntc sc dbuvcr jbr.

Ssb cxtcrnb0<- Jofaugbnmtb jc Gabrcxojonm 8,=<% -------------------------------- = ermsgb.

Lbgdcgdmr =3ka jm sbauæçb pbr jbos konutbs, gbk ontcrvmab jc =< ck =< dbrms,onogomnjb <: dbrms mp÷s m ontcrvcnæçb gorðrfogm.

=8 \cgbkcnjmæócs.

Wctcklrb jc <8=7

\camtb jc Gmsb0

Xmgocntc OEX, 38 mnbs jc ojmjc, vcob m gaënogm jc Gorurfom O nb jom 7 jc sctcklrb jc <8=7,rcamtmnjb jbr nb cackcntb 76 c 74. Nb cxmkc gaënogb ebo gbnstmtmjm frmnjc kbloaojmjc

jcntma ncsscs jcntcs. Mtrmvïs jb cxmkc rmjobfríeogb (pcrompogma) ebo jomfnbstogmjm

mgcntumjm pcrjm ÷sscm.

M pmgocntc emz usb jb kcjogmkcntb gmptbproa, b quma ï rcgcotmjb pmrm gbntrbac jm prcssçb

mrtcroma. Ebo sbaogotmjb uk pmrcgcr kïjogb sblrc b cstmjb jc smðjc fcrma jm pmgocntc.

Ncgcssojmjc jm gorurfom0

Mtrmvïs jb cxmkc gaënogb c rmjobfríeogb, ebo gbnstmtmjb quc jcvojb m mgcntumjm pcrjm jbpcrobjbntc jc onscræçb, ï onjogmjm m cxtrmæçb jbs cackcntbs 76 c 74, m eok jc rcmaozmr

rcmloaotmæçb prbtïtogm.

Bpbrtunojmjc jm Gorurfom0




B pmrcgcr kïjogb ebo emvbrívca m rcmaozmæçb jm ontcrvcnæçb gorðrfogm.

Xamnc`mkcntb jm gorurfom0

=- Mntosscpsom ontrm c cxtrmbrma c kmnblrms jc lobsscfurmnæm0

Mntcs jm pmgocntc cntrmr nb gcntrb gorðrfogb, b bpcrmjbr `í tcrí prcpmrmjb m kcsmgorðrfogm c cstmrí pmrmkcntmjb gbnebrkc ms nbrkms pmrm rcmaozmæçb jc gorurfoms

lugmos jb KMNSMA JC LOBWWCFS\MNÆM JM SNOBCWZC9 Mntosscpsom ontrmbrma gbk lbgdcgdb jc gabrcxojonm 8,=<% jurmntc 78 scfunjbs9 Mecrc-sc m prcssçb mrtcroma jm pmgocntc9

Mntosscpsom cxtrmbrma gbk XUXO

<- Mncstcsom Abgma0

Labqucob jb ncrvb mavcbamr onecrobr, aonfuma c lugma pcam tïgnogm jc Aonjsmy tïgnogm

onjorctm)0

Xbsogobnm-sc b pmgocntc jc ebrkm quc b pamnb bgausma onecrobr cstc`m pmrmacab mb sbab. Jcsaozm- sc b jcjb onjogmjbr jm kçb csqucrjm sblrc ms supcreëgocs bgausmos jbs kbamrcs onecrobrcs jb

amjb csqucrjb, mtï quc sum pbntm mton`m b vïrtogc jb trëfbnb rctrbkbamr. Ck scfuojm,kmntcnjb m pbntm jb jcjb ncssm írcm, formnjb-b, jc ebrkm quc m undm jb bpcrmjbr eoquc

vbatmjm pmrm b ontcrobr jm gmvojmjc lugma. B gbn`untb mfuadm-scronfm jcvcrí scrpbsogobnmjb pmrmacamkcntc mb abnfb coxb jb jcjb, jc kbjb quc b pbntb cxmtb jm punæçbcstc`m sotumjb = gk mjomntc jcac c sblrc uk pamnb okmfonírob quc pmssm pcam pbræçb kcjomajm undm jb bpcrmjbr. Ontrbjuz-sc 3 m 5 kk jm mfuadm pmrm mncstcsom jb ncrvb lugma, ukmpcqucnm qumntojmjc jc sbauæçb mncstïsogm ï jcpbsotmjm ncssc pbntb. Ck scfuojm gbntonum- sc m ontrbjuzor m mfuadm mtï kmos bu kcnbs = gk pmrm mncstcsomr b ncrvb aonfuma, jcpbsotm-

sc mtï ± jm sbauæçb mncstïsogm jb tulctc. Eonmakcntc rctormkbs m mfuadm jc kbjb m jcoxmmpcnms sum pbntm nm ontokojmjc jbs tcgojbs, c form-sc b gbn`untb scronfm-mfuadm mtï bs prï-

kbamrcs jb amjb bpbstb. Mprbeunjm-sc m mfuadm mtï mtonfor b bssb, mp÷s tbgmr b bssb, rcgumrgcrgm jc = m 7 kk. B rcstmntc jb tulctc cntçb ï on`ctmjb. Ncssm uatokm pbsoæçb b ncrvb

Mavcbamr Onecrobr ï mncstcsomjb.

(WÍ-AOKM, @.\., Mtams gbabrojb jc mncstcsom ck Bjbntbabfom, <ª cjoæçb, Wçb Xmuab, Wmntbs, p.

64-4=, <88:)

Labqucob jb ncrvb lugma gbkpackcntmæçb)0

\cmaozm-sc m punæçb nb vïrtogc jb trëfbnb rctrbkbamr, m mfuadm pcnctrmrí nb kíxokb < m 3

kk.

(E\COZMW, \., Zrmtmjb jc Gorurfom Lugbkmxoabemgoma, =ª cjoæçb, Wçb Xmuab, Wmntbs, p. ??,

<885)

7- Xbsogobnmkcntb jb pmgocntc0

Cxbjbntom nm rcfoçb pbstcrobr jc kmnjëluam0

B Xmgocntc ï pbsogobnmjb jc ebrkm quc b pamnb bgausma onecrobr cstc`m pmrmacab mb sbab.

: Joïrcsc0

Gbk b gmlb jc losturo n °3 mgbpamjb m aìkonm n°=3, rcmaozm-sc ongosçb jb topb cnvcabpc nbsjcntcs 76 c 74. Gbk jcsgbamjbrcs Kbat, Erccr, cspítuam n°6 bu Dbaacklmgi 7W, emz-sc m

sonjcskbtbkom.

3- Kcgìnogm Cxbjúntogm m e÷rgcps0



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O==?

m) mprccnsçb c mpaogmæçb0 pbsogobnm-sc bs kbrjcntcs jb e÷rgcps =5 bu =6 cntrc b jcntc c b bssb

mavcbamr pcnctrmnjb mtï m ̀ unæçb gckcntb-cskmatc (gbab mnmtúkogb), prokcorb pbr aonfuma cjcpbos pbr vcstoluamr. M kçb bpbstm cstmloaozmrí m kmnjëluam jb pmgocntc jurmntc bs

kbvokcntbs.

l) ontrusçb0 gbk b kbrjcntc pmrmacab mb abnfb coxb jb jcntc, mpaogm-sc ukm ebræm jcontrusçb, gbk bl`ctovb jc rbkpcr ms eolrms jb aofmkcntb pcrobjbntma, cxpmnsçb jb mavïbab,

jcsabgmr b gcntrb jc rbtmæçb pmrm mpogma.

g) auxmæçb0 uk kbvokcntb jc mamvmngm ontcreoxm c ontcrjcpcnjcntc ï rcmaozmjb,kbvokcntbs eorkcs, acntbs c gbk mkpaotujc frmjmtovm nb scntojb vcstëluab aonfuma sçbcectumjbs. Csscs kbvokcntbs gmusmrçb cxpmnsçb jb mavïbab, rbkpokcntb jms eolrms c mvuasçb

jb jcntc pcab prongëpob jc mamvmngm. Cssm kmnblrm ï rcmaozmjm gbngbkotmntc m ontrusçb.

j)trmæçb0 tcnjb ecotb bs prbgcjokcntbs mntcrobrcs, b jcntc pbjcrí scr trmgobnmjb sck kuotm

rcsostàngom, gmsb dm`m, rcmaozm-sc nbvmkcntc bs prbgcjokcntbs mntcrobrcs.

6 Kmnblrm jc Gdbkprct0

Gbk prcssçb lo-jofotma, mpcrtm-sc b mavïbab, m eok jc mprbxokmr ms sums tmlums ÷sscms qucpcam auxmæçb ebrmk cxpmnjojms.4 Gurctmfck c Onspcæçb jb Mavïbab0

M prcscnæm jc tcgojbs jc frmnuamæçb, c csquërbams prcscntcs jcntrb jb mavïbab jcvck scrrckbvojbs pmrm prbkbvcr kcadbr rcpmrmæçb, jcvojb mb emtb jc quc b cackcntb 76 c 74

cstmrck ck uk prbgcssb oneamkmt÷rob, prbvmvcakcntc dmvcrí ebrkmæçb jc tcgojb jcfrmnuamæçb. Gbk ukm gurctm jc Augms, gurctms pcrobjbntmos bu jc jcntonm, cssc tcgojb jcvcscr rckbvojb. Cssc prbgcjokcntb jcvc scr guojmjbsb pmrm nçb gurctmr b pcro÷stcb mavcbamr,pbos cssc mtum pbsotovmkcntc nm gogmtrozmæçb jm ecrojm. B scptb ontcrrmjoguamr jcvc scr onspcgobnmjb, sc ebr jb topb eoaoebrkc, suprm mavcbamr bu

rctcntovbs jcvck scr rckbvojbs. Xcab mspcgtb rmjobfríeogb, ms rmëzcs jb cackcntb jcntma cstçbeusobnmjms, nçb ncgcssotmnjb ncndukm rckbæçb.Cspëguams ÷sscms jcvck scr rckbvojms, gbk usb jc aokm pmrm bssb bu mavcba÷tbkb.

Orrofm-sc mlunjmntckcntc b mavïbab gbk sbauæçb eosoba÷fogm mssïptogm utoaozmnjb ukmscronfm.

Ucroeogmr m prcscnæm jc smnfrmkcntb jcntrb jb mavïbab, sc nçb dbuvcr, cssc jcvc scrcstokuamjb pmrm ebrkmæçb jc uk gbmfuab.

? Wuturm0

\cmaozm-sc suturm ck pbntb ck T gbk ontuotb jc kmntcr b gbmfuab c cstmloaozmr m kugbsmfcnfovma.

=8 Zïrkonb jm Gorurfom0

Mp÷s m gorurfom gbabgmr fmzc ukcjcgojm gbk sbrb eosoba÷fogb nb mavïbab rckmncsgcntc cbgauor, pmrm gmusmr dckbstmsom, onstruor b pmgocntc quc gbntonuc kbrjcnjb mtï gcssmr bsmnfrmkcntb.

\ckbvcr b XUXO jm emgc jb pmgocntc, pcjor pmrm b pmgocntc scntmr-sc mntcs jc acvmntmr, cquc acvmntc acntmkcntc, vcroeogmr b cstmjb jb pmgocntc.

== Xrcsgroæçb0

Ssb Ontcrnb0

7- Joporbnm W÷jogm 388kf ------------------------------------- =< gbkprokojbs.



MXBWZOAM JC GO\S\FOM C Z\MSKMZBABFOM B\MA C LSGBKMTOABEMGOMA O=<8

Zbkmr uk gbkprokojb m gmjm 5 dbrms jurmntc <: dbrms. Mp÷s sbkcntc sc dbuvcr jbr.

Ssb cxtcrnb0

7- Jofaugbnmtb jc Gabrcxojonm 8,=<% -------------------------------- = ermsgb.Lbgdcgdmr =3ka jm sbauæçb pbr jbos konutbs, gbk ontcrvmab jc =< ck =< dbrms,onogomnjb <: dbrms mp÷s m ontcrvcnæçb gorðrfogm.

=< \cgbkcnjmæócs.

Apostila - Cirurgia I - Apostila de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial I_Resumo de Livros e...

Documents

Transcript of Apostila - Cirurgia I - Apostila de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial I_Resumo de Livros e...