Aula Sobre Decaimento Radioativo

7/24/2019 Aula Sobre Decaimento Radioativo

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AULA SOBRE DECAIMENTO

RADIOATIVO

Fsica nuclear


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43.1 A esc!"er#a ! n$cle!

Ernes# Ru#%er&!r '1(11)

1(11*1(13


3/49

A esc!"er#a ! n$cle!


4/49

E+ercci!s e ,r!"le-as

1E. U- n$cle! e !ur! #e- u- rai! e /03 &- e u-a ,ar#cula

al&a #e- u- rai! e 1/2 &-. ue eneria e5e #er u-a ,ar#cula

al&a incien#e ,ara 6enc!s#ar7 na su,er&cie ! n$cle! e !ur!8'a eneria ,!#encial el9#rica ! sis#e-a 9 aa ,!r U:;1;0


5/49


6/49

43.0 Alu-as ,r!,rieaes !s

n$cle!s

Z= n$-er! e ,r>#!ns 'n$-er! a#?-ic!)

N= n$-er! e n@u#r!ns

A= n$-er! e -assa

A=Z+N


7/49

Classi&ica! !s nucle!s

Car#a e nucle!s


8/49

Classi&ica! !s nucle!s

Car#a e nucle!s

A:03


9/49

Rai!s !s n$cle!s= &en!-en!l>ic!

1 &e-#?-e#r! : 1 &er-i : 1 &- : 12*1-

'n! 5li! ,ara %al!nucle!s)


10/49

Massa !s n$cle!s

Uniae e -assa a#?-ica=

1 u : 1/1 + 12*0

'-assa a#?-ica !10

C 9 e+a#a-en#e 10 u)

Le-"ran!=

E : - c0 / ,!r#an#!

c0: (31/ MeV


11/49

Enerias e lia! !s n$cle!s


12/49

Enerias e lia! !s n$cle!s

'eneria e liaGes)

'eneria e lia! ,!r n$cle!n)


13/49

N5eis e eneria !s n$cle!s

E 'MeV)

1

0

3

0Al

2


14/49

S,in e -ane#is-! !s n$cle!s

M!-en#! anular nuclear 's,in nuclear)

M!-en#! -an9#ic! nuclear

Spin NuclearNucle!ns ',r!#!ns e neu#r!ns n! in#eri!r ! n$cle! a#?-ic!) ! !rie- a u-

-!-en#! i,!lar -an9#ic! nuclear N..

O -ane#!n nuclear 5ale = : e%


15/49

A &!ra nuclear

Forte


16/49

43.3 Decai-en#! rai!a#i5!


17/49

Decai-en#! rai!a#i5!


18/49

Decai-en#! rai!a#i5!

6N! e+is#e nen%u- -ei! e ,re5er se u- a! n$cle! e

u-a a-!s#ra rai!a#i5a es#ar en#re !s ;ue ecair! n!

seun! seuin#e.7

'#a+a e ecai-en#!)

c#e. e ecai-en#! '!u e esin#era!)

'ecai-en#! rai!a#i5!)


19/49

Ta+a e ecai-en#!


A#i5iae= s!-a as #a+as e ecai-en#! e #!!s !s nucle!s

1 "ec;uerel : 1 B; : 1 ecai-en#! ,!r seun! 'uniae SI e a#i5iae)

Uniae -ais an#ia= curie

1 curie : 1 Ci : 3/ + 1212B;


20/49

Meia*5ia e 5ia*-9ia

Meia*5ia T1


21/49

Veri&ica!

O nucle! 131I 9 rai!a#i5!/ c!- u-a -eia*5ia e /24 ias.

A! -ei! ia e ,ri-eir! e aneir!/ a a#i5iae e u-a cer#a

a-!s#ra 9 22 B;. Usan! ! c!ncei#! e -eia*5ia/ e#er-ine/

se- &aer clcul!s ,!r escri#!/ se a a#i5iae a a-!s#ra a!

-ei! ia e 04 e aneir! ser u- ,!uc! -en!r ;ue 022 B;/

u- ,!uc! -ai!r ;ue 022 B;/ u- ,!uc! -en!r ;ue B; !u

u- ,!uc! -ai!r ;ue B;.


22/49


0E. A -eia*5ia e u- is>#!,! rai!a#i5! 9 142 ias. uan#!s ias

s! necessri!s ,ara ;ue a #a+a e ecai-en#! e u-a a-!s#ra es#e

is>#!,! i-inua ,ara u- ;uar#! ! 5al!r inicial8


23/49


24/49

43.4 Decai-en#! al&a


25/49

Decai-en#! al&a

Eneria e esin#era!


26/49

2. Os rai!nucle!s ,esa!s e-i#e- ,ar#culas al&a e- 5e e

!u#ras c!-"inaGes e n$cle!ns ,!r;ue as ,ar#culas al&a &!r-a-

u-a es#ru#ura ,ar#icular-en#e es#5el. ara c!n&ir-ar es#a #ese/

calcule as enerias e esin#era! ,ara as reaGes %i,!#9#icas aseuir e iscu#a ! sini&ica! !s resul#a!s=

'a)

'")

'c)


a!s

c0: (31/ MeV


27/49

'a)

'")

'c)

2

2

P 2


28/49

43. Decai-en#! "e#a


29/49

Decai-en#! "e#a


30/49

O neu#rin!

Q!l&an auli

,r!,!s '1(32)

Freeric Reines

e#ec#!u '1(3)Hun#! c!- Cle L. C!an Hr.

T%e neu#rin! c!llies i#% a ,r!#!n in #%e a#er an crea#es

a ,!si#r!n an a neu#r!n. T%e ,!si#r!n is sl!e !n "

#%e a#er an es#r!e #!e#%er i#% an elec#r!n '-a##er

-ee#s an#i-a##er)/ %ereu,!n #! ,%!#!ns 'li%# ,ar#icles)

are crea#e. T%ese are rec!re si-ul#ane!usl in #%e #!

e#ec#!rs 'Fi. 3). T%e neu#r!n als! l!ses 5el!ci# in #%e

a#er an is e5en#uall ca,#ure " a ca-iu- nucleus/%ereu,!n ,%!#!ns are e-i##e. T%ese ,%!#!ns reac% #%e

e#ec#!rs a -icr!sec!n !r s! la#er #%an #%!se &r!- #%e

es#ruc#i!n !& #%e ,!si#r!n an i5e ,r!!& !& neu#rin!

ca,#ure.


31/49

De#ec#an! neu#rin!s

1998The neutrino detector forthe Super-Kamiokande experiment

in Japan contains ultra pure water

surrounded by an array of

thousands of photo-tubes,

arranged to catch the flashes of

light from neutrino interactions in

the water.


32/49

De#ec#an! neu#rin!s


33/49

A rai!a#i5iae e a car#a e nucle!s

ecae-

e-i#in!

el9#r!ns

ecae-e-i#in!

,>si#r!ns


34/49

43. Da#a! rai!a#i5a

T1


35/49


0E. E- u-a a-!s#ra e /22 e car5! 5ee#al/ ,r!5enien#e !s

res#!s e u-a an#ia &!ueira/ ! 14C #e- u-a a#i5iae e 3/2

esin#eraGes


36/49


37/49

43. Meia a !se e raia!

Raia! e &un!


38/49

43. Meia a !se e raia!

D!se a"s!r5ia=

1 : 1 H


39/49

43. M!el!s nucleares

O -!el! c!le#i5! '!#a e l;ui!)


40/49

O -!el! as ,ar#culas ine,enen#es


41/49

U- -!el! c!-"ina!

6N$cle!ns !cu,a- es#a!s ;uan#ia!s ! la! e &!ra e

u- car!! ',!! e ,!#encial) &!r-a! ,!r ca-aas

c!-,le#as7


42/49

erun#as

0. N! c!r,! %u-an! e+is#e- -ais ,r>#!ns ! ;ue n@u#r!ns/

-ais n@u#r!ns ;ue ,r>#!ns !u ! n$-er! e ,r>#!ns 9

a,r!+i-aa-en#e iual a! e n@u#r!ns8


43/49

erun#as

3. O nucle! 044u 'J:(4) 9 u- e-iss!r e ,ar#culas al&a.

ual 9 ! n$cle! resul#an#e ! ecai-en#!= 042N, 'J:(3)/ 042U

'J:(0)/ 04C- 'J:() !u 044A- 'J:()8


44/49

erun#as

4. U- cer#! nucle! 9 c!nsiera! ,ar#icular-en#e es#5el.

Sua eneria e lia! ,!r n$cle!n es# lieira-en#e aci-a !u

lieira-en#e a"ai+! a cur5a e eneria e lia! a &iura

a"ai+!8


45/49

erun#as

. O rai!nucle! 1(Ir ecai e-i#in! u- el9#r!n. 'a) E- ;ue

;uara! a &iura a"ai+! es# ! n$cle! resul#an#e8 '") O

n$cle! resul#an#e s!&rer !u#r! ecai-en#!8


46/49

erun#as. T!!s !s is>#!,!s ! c%u-"! #@- 0 ,r>#!ns. 'a) Se u- !sis>#!,!s ! c%u-"! #i5esse 0 n@u#r!ns/ !ne es#aria si#ua!

n! r&ic! a &iura a"ai+!8 '") Se &!sse ,!ss5el &a"ricar es#e

#i,! e is>#!,!/ ele ecairia e-i#in! ,>si#r!ns/ ecairia

e-i#in! el9#r!ns !u seria es#5el8 'c) De ac!r! c!- a &iuraa"ai+! ;uan#!s n@u#r!ns/ a,r!+i-aa-en#e/ e5e #er u-

is>#!,! es#5el ! c%u-"!8


47/49

ecae-

e-i#in!

el9#r!ns

ecae-e-i#in!

,>si#r!ns


48/49

erun#as

. O nucle! 03U 'J:(0) ,!e se &issi!nar e- !is &ra-en#!s

c!- ! -es-! n$-er! a#?-ic! e ! -es-! n$-er! e -assa.

'a) O nucle! 03U es# aci-a !u a"ai+! a re#a J:N a car#a

e nucle!s8 '") Os !is &ra-en#!s es#! aci-a !u a"ai+! a-es-a re#a8 'c) Os &ra-en#!s s! es#5eis !u rai!a#i5!s8


49/49

erun#as

12. N! ins#an#e t : 2/ u-a a-!s#ra ! rai!nucle!A#e- a

-es-a #a+a e ecai-en#! ;ue u-a a-!s#ra ! rai!nucle!

Bn! ins#an#e t : 32 -in. As c!ns#an#es e esin#era! s! A

e B/ c!- A B. E+is#e alu- ins#an#e n! ;ual a #a+a eecai-en#! 9 a -es-a ,ara as uas a-!s#ras8 'Sugesto= Faa

u- r&ic! as a#i5iaes as uas a-!s#ras e- &un! !

#e-,!.)


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