Cambios Fisiologicos Del Emb

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    CAMBIOS FISIOLOGICOSDURANTE EL EMBARAZO

    NORMAL

    DRA YAHIRIS RODRIGUEZRESIDENTE G/O

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    APARATO REPRODUCTOR OVARIOS

    CERVIXVAGINA Y PERINEUTERO

    TROMPAS

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    OVARIOSSolo se forma un cuerpo lteo.

    Cesa la ovulacin en el embarazo.Luteoma del embarazo.Hormonas: * Relaxina

    * Inhibina

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    UTEROAumenta sucapacidad de 10cc a 5lt.Aumenta su peso de70gr a 1100gr.

    Se producehipertrofia del msc.Uterino

    Puede haber dextrorrotacin delteroSemana 12 empieza acomprimir el

    contenidointraabdominal

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    PARED UTERINACAPAS DEL UTERO:

    * SEROSA* MIOMETRIO: Capas: externa media interna

    * ENDOMETRIO

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    CONTRACTIBILIDADLeves contracciones en el primer trimestre.

    (frecuencia e intensidad disminuida).Falso trabajo de parto ( contracciones deBraxton Hicks).Ultimo mes aumento de la contractibilidad.Trabajo de parto.

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    FLUJO UTERINO YPLACENTARIO

    Aumenta el volumen minuto: 40%

    Aumento del flujo tero placentario450cc a 650cc/min

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    CERVIXMarcado edema delcervix, aumento devascularizacin: signode Hegar.Produccin y cambios

    del moco cervical.Aumenta el tejidoglandular.

    Cambio de posicin:vertical

    Colgeno y elastinase reorganizan para la

    adaptacin requeridaen el T. de parto

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    VAGINA Y PERINE

    * Signo de Chadwick * Aumento de la produccin de glucgeno* ph vaginal cido

    * Engrosamiento de la mucosa vaginal, ehipertrofia del msculo liso vaginal.

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    MAMASIngurgitacin vascular:dolor + sensacin de

    hormigueo.Estrgenos: desarrollodel sistema ductalmamario.

    Progesterona: estimula eldesarrollo del sistemaalveololobulillar.

    Cada mama exhibe 200cm3.

    Prolactina iniciadora dela lactancia.En post parto: lactancia.

    Prolactina necesita deoxitocina para suexcrecin.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    Con el aumento del tamao uterino, hacedesplazamiento hacia arriba del diafragma,resultando elevacin y desplazamiento

    anterolateral del corazn.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    RUIDOS CARDIACOS:* 1 2 Ruido son msfuertes, condesdoblamiento del 1R.

    * Se puede desarrollar 3R

    o ritmo de galope.

    Soplo de eyeccinsistlico en el bordeesternal izquierdo.* Se puede auscultar unsoplo mamario al final

    del embarazo y puerperio.* soplos diastlicos: noson fisiolgicos

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    VOLUMEN MINUTO:

    Fc X Vol sistlicoAumenta 30 50% en el embarazo.La Fc aumenta 20% ( 10 15 lt/min)

    Aumento del vol sistlico: dado por la precarga.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    FUNCION VENTRICULAR IZQUIERDA

    * Se conserva durante todo el embarazonormal.* Aumento del vol sistlico proporcional alaumento de volumen de fin de distole

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    DISTRIBUCION DEL FLUJOSANGUINEO:* El flujo sanguneo aumenta de 50ml a500ml: 15 18% del vol min.* Flujo sanguneo renal: aumenta 30%* el flujo sanguneo aumenta hacia lasextremidades, mamas y piel.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    POSTURA:

    Decbito dorsal el tero grvido comprimela vena cava inferior, disminuyendo elretorno venosoTercer trimestre: sndrome de hipotensinsupina: compresin de la VCI y la aorta

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    POSTURA:* En tercer trimestre: decbito dorsal:

    compresin de la vena cava produciendodisminucin del retorno venoso,disminucin precarga y reduccin delvolumen minuto.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    TRABAJO DE PARTO:

    * Aumenta el volumen minuto.* 300 500ml de sangre con c/

    contraccin lleve hacia la circulacinsistmica.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    POSPARTO:Aumento adicional 20 60% vol. Min(9lt/min), dado x aumento del vol. SistlicoVol. Sistlico, incrementado x el aumento deprecarga x autotransfusin, a partir del tero

    contradoDisminuye posterior: volemia vol. Min vol.sistlico

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    PRESION ARTERIAL:

    T.A. Sistlica: 10mmHgT.A. Diastlica: 20mmHgResultado de RVS

    RVS 2 trimestre retorna a su lnea de base al trmino.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    PRESION VENOSA:

    tero y cabeza fetal comprimen las venasde la pelvis = presin de las venas msdistales.Extremidades inferiores aumenta de 10cc a25cc de agua al trmino del embarazo.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    EDEMA:

    Es muy comn.Dado x presin venosa y de la presincoloidosmtica.

    Lquido se desplace fuera del espaciointravascular.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    RVS:Vasodilatacin:* Estrgenos.* Progesterona.* Prostaglandinas

    RVS:Disminucin:* Cada de la PAM* vol. Min* Falta de cambio dela PVC.

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    APARATO CARDIOVASCULAR

    RESUMEN:

    Vol. Min, a partir del vol. Sistlico.T.A. y RVS disminuyen (2 trimestre).

    Edema: dado x compresin de la V. Cava yde P. coloidosmtica

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    SISTEMA HEMATOLOGICOVOLUMENSANGUINEO:

    Vol. Sanguneo: 40 50% durante la

    gestacin.

    Variabilidad:* Mltiparas aumentoadicional ms que las primiparas* E. Mltiples: 15%

    * Hay correlacincon placenta, pesoRN (RCIU)

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    SISTEMA HEMATOLOGICO1 Trimestre: vol. Sanguneo x vol. plasmtico.20 semana: x aumento de la masaeritrocitaria (33%) 450ml.Vol. Plasmtico llega a meseta semana 32,

    mientras la masa eritrocitaria continuaaumentando: hto 1 trimestre y en el 3.

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    SISTEMA HEMATOLOGICOERITROCITOS:

    Masa eritrocitaria 2 trimestre, dado x denuevos eritrocitos.VCM

    Recuento de reticulocitos

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    SISTEMA HEMATOLOGICOLEUCOCITOS:

    El recuento con leucocitos conc/trimestre.Parto: leucocitos 30000, sin ningunainfeccin.Estrgenos, suprarenales, estrs:aumentados duranteel embarazo.

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    SISTEMA HEMATOLOGICOPLAQUETAS:

    Recuento de plaquetas, disminuyelevemente.150.000 400.000/mm3.

    El Vol. Plaquetario aumentado debido plaquetas ms jovenes ( 9.7 a 9.2 dias vida)Plaquetas = placenta: coagulacin crnic

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    FACTORES DE LACOAGULACION

    Embarazo =hipercoagulabilidad.Aumenta elfibrinogno.Aceleracin

    eritrosedimentacin.Aumentan los fx: V,VII, VIII, IX, X, XII.

    Disminuyen los fx: IX,XIII.

    Reduce la protena S y laactividad plasmtica.El plasmingenoaumenta, plasmina esta

    reducida: inhibidor activacin del plasmingeno en la placenta.

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    FACTORES DE LACOAGULACION

    Riesgo TVP 1,8 en el embarazo, 5,5durante el puerperio.

    Fibrina y fibringeno circulantes en placenta y paredes de las paredes de lasarterias espiraladas.

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    APARATO RESPIRATORIOCAMBIOSANATOMICOS:

    Va area alta: mucosanasofarngea hipermicay edematosa ( congestinnasal, aumentosecreciones mucosas,epistaxis).Aumento del ngulosubdiafragmtico.

    Aumento del dimetrotransversal 2cm.

    Aumento de lacircunferencia torcica6cmElevacin del diafragma

    4cm.Reduccin de lacapacidad pulmonar.

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    APARATO RESPIRATORIOVOLUMENES PULMONARES:

    Vol. Corriente: 30 40%: 450 a 600 700ml.Vol. Reserva espiratorio y el vol. Residual:disminuyen 20%, disminuyendo capacidadresidual funcional 20%.

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    APARATO RESPIRATORIOFR: no significativoCV: no significativo.

    Capacidad inspiratoria:no significativo.Vol. Corriente: 40%.Vol. Reserva inspiratoria:

    no significativo.Capacidad residualfuncional: 20%

    Vol reserva espiratorio:20%

    Vol. Residual: 20%Capacidad pulmonar total: 5%.Ventilacin min: 40%.

    Captacin O2 min:30%.

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    GASES EN SANGREPCO2: reduccin, que facilita difusinCO2 desde el feto a la mam.Alcalosis respiratoria compensada:hiperventilacin producida x la progesterona.

    Ph: 7.40 a 7.47PCO2 : 25 30mmHgBicarbonato: 18 21mEq/l..

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    DISNEA DEL EMBARAZO:

    Molestia 60 70% de pacientes finales 1trimestre e inicio 2 trimestre.Vol. Corriente y PCO2.Anamnesis: descartar patologa. Cambionormal.

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    g p y p y g y p g g y p y p p g pp y y g g

    RESUMEN:La funcin pulmonar aumenta durante elembarazo.

    La progesterona impulsa al centro respiratorio para que aumente el VC 40%.Resultado alcalosis respiratoria compensadaRespiracin diafragmtica aumenta con lagestacinReserva pulmonar protege a la embarazada y a sufeto de requerimientos adicionales

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOBOCA:

    Encias ms sensibles, hipermicas.Epulis: encias, tej granulacin: dolor yhemorragia ( desaparece 6-8 sem posparto)

    Higiene oral, valoracin odontolgicaTialismo ( produccin excesiva de saliva):eliminar 2 lt saliva. Nuseas.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOESOFAGO: NO hay cambios en la

    motilidad esofgica.Las ondas 1/3 inf.Enlentecidos. presin EIE + presin

    gstrica = reflujo delcontenido gstrico: pirosis (30 70%)

    Presin de reposo delesfinter inferior del

    esfago (EIE) dado por la relajacin musc. Liso xla progesterona: 1trimestre 2 y 3trimestre reduce ms yluego se normaliza en el posparto.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOESTOMAGO:

    2 funciones:* secretora : hidrgeno, pepsingeno ymoco.

    * motora: mezcla las partculas de losalimentos para la digestin y propulsin delcontenido hacia el duodeno

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOESTOMAGO:

    1 y 2 trimestre: secrecin cida: mejoralos sntomas de lcera x retardo delvaciamiento gstrico, moco gstrico,estrgenos, secrecin placentariahistaminasa, fxs de prostaglandinas sobrela mucosa gstrica

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOESTOMAGO:

    PROGESTERONA+ Disminucin del vaciamiento gstrico(80%) y retencin del vol. 30x despusde c/ comida.+ Trabajo de parto: retencin vol 100%+ Aumenta el apetito.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVO Nuseas y vmito:

    1 trimestre 40 80%2 trimestre: disminuye 40% hacia la sem14 - 20% hacia la sem 16 y 10% o menoshacia la sem 20%.Dx diferencial: IVU superiores, enf heptica.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOHIGADO:

    No aumenta de tamao. Se produce unarotacin superior y posterior 2 al teroSe puede formar una mnima infiltracingrasaDisminuye la irrigacin en una tercera parte dado x el shunt placentario.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOPRUEBASSANGUINEAS:Albmina: 30%Globulinas:FA: doble ( aporte de la placenta de unaisoenzima.

    Niveles sricos decolesterol y otros lpidos:TGO y TGP: no semodifican.Bilirrubinas sricas: no semodifican.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOVESICULA BILIAR:

    Disminucin de la contraccin yvaciamiento de la V. Biliar 2 y 3trimestre.

    Volmenes residuales en ayunas y luego decomidas aumentados al doble.Clculos de la vescula.

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    APARATO DIGESTIVOHIGADO:El tero desplaza al intestino delgado y al colontransverso hacia la parte superior Regurgitacin, saciedad, plenitud epigstrica.Progesterona: musc. Liso

    Tiempos de trnsito GI aumentados.Constipacin: tero, absorcin de agua y Na+

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    SISTEMA URINARIOCAMBIOS ANATOMICOS:Aumentan de longitud: 1 a 1.5cmAumenta el vol. Renal, dado x aumento de lavasculatura renal x la pelvis y clices renalesHidrnefrosis (2 trimestre)Uretra: se dilata ( progesterona)tero obstruir los reteres a nivel dela pelvisUreteres pueden estar ms elongados, pero no semodifica su peristaltismo

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    SISTEMA URINARIOCAMBIOS ANATOMICOS:

    * Puede haber reflujo vesicoureteral.

    * dilatacin ureteral y pelviana.

    infeccin de vas urinarias

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    SISTEMA URINARIOCAMBIOS ANATOMICOS:

    Capacidad de la vejiga: 410 a 460cm3 (N:500cm3)Vol. Renal: se normaliza durante la 1semana postparto.Hidronefrosis puede desaparecer pasados 2a 4 meses postparto.