Credito Público - Relação de consumo

8/2/2019 Credito Público - Relação de consumo

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\deigil E=

\deigil= H{åieya Výk`eha



7

\ d e i g i l = H { å i e y a V ý k ` e h a

\deigil= H{åieya Výkèha

7$ H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA

A yl{na h{åieya yln a{ebln ia `gyen h{liey|n , w|l va{ x|g zl} xl a{ebedgig vg`gz{g h{lil{l , w|l yln hana xebdejehgia hadjegdâg$ @aba, ylnax w|l

h{åieya å hadjegdâg$

G Hadxyey|eâèa Jlil{g` vaxxekeèya| ga Lxygia ljly|g{ avl{gâülx il

h{åieya ln bl{g`, xak gx ngex iezl{xgx naigèigilx l, ga nlxna ylnva,

vl{neye| w|l g `le a{âgnldyç{eg gd|g` il hgig ldyeigil va`îyehg v{lzexxl g

hady{gygâèa il avl{gâülx il h{åieya va{ gdylhevgâèa il {lhleygx #¢ 3½ ia g{y$

7:<%$ L ngex, vg{g gxxlb|{g{ a lsl{hîhea ilxxg jgh|ìgil lshlvheada| igv{aekeâèa il zedh|`g{ gx {lhleygx il envaxyax g ø{bèax, j|diax a| ilxvlxgx

vl{neyedia, lsv{lxxgnldyl, g v{lxygâèa il bg{gdyeg dg hady{gygâèa ilxxgx

avl{gâülx il h{åieya #g{y$ 7:2, EZ ig HJ%$

7$7$ K[LZL CEXYØ[EHA

Ldhady{gnax {l`gyax dg cexyø{eg w|l ilxil g gdyeb|eigil mç xl jg`gzg ln

h{åieya výkèha$

Cg{gig dg{{g w|l yln {l`gyax cexyø{ehax adil Hg{ygba yangzg iedcle{a

lnv{lxygia il {angdax {ehax vg{g h|xylg{ edilde}gâülx envaxygx gvøx g

b|l{{g il ]gng$

Dg Eigil Nåieg l{g han|n lxxl yeva il dlbahegâèa$ Xø w|l a

lnv{åxyena ln iedcle{a, gyå ax v{enle{ax xåh|àx ig Eigil Nail{dg, l{g

hadxeil{gia dlbøheax ldy{l ax v{îdhevlx$ Dèa yedcg h|dca cl{lieyç{ea, g iîzeig

l{g vlxxag` l edy{gdxjl{îzl`$

Mç dg åvahg nail{dg, w|gdia hanlâa| aha{{l{ g xlvg{gâèa ldy{l ax

kldx ia [le l ax kldx lxygygex, a lnv{åxyena výkèha vgxxa| g xl{ |n

v{ahlxxa jedgdhle{a ia Lxygia, l v{edhevg`nldyl, vgxxa| g xl{ hady{a`gia vlàx

{lv{lxldygdylx ia vaza$

Caml, a lnv{åxyena výkèha å il lsy{lng enva{yëdheg vg{g g zeig

jedgdhle{g ia Lxygia, vaex hadxyey|e.xl |ng jadyl il g`hgdhl igx jedgèigilx

výkèhgx$



;


7$;$ HADHLEYA

Dg iljedeâèa il @gjgulyl Max|å Vlyyl{ #Ie{leya Jedgdhle{a, li$ 9, ;665%,

h{åieya výkèha å ‐hana |n v{ahlxxa jedgdhle{a hadxexyldyl ln zç{eax nåyaiax

il akyldâèa il iedcle{a vlà Lxygia, xak g hadieâèa il ilza`zl{, ln bl{g`,

gh{lxheia il m|{ax l ildy{a il |n ilyl{nedgia v{g}a v{llxygkl`lheia„$

G ia|y{edg ln bl{g` xl |yeè}g ediexyedygnldyl igx lsv{lxxülx

lnv{åxyena výkèha, h{åieya výkèha l iîzeig výkèhg$

A|y{g vg{yl iljldil w|l g lsv{lxxèa h{åieya výkèha å ngex gk{gdbldyl

ia w|l lnv{åxyena výkèha$ A h{åieya výkèha yl{eg i|và xldyeia, ygdya vg{g gx

avl{gâülx w|l a Lxygia {lhlkl iedcle{a hana ax hgxax ln w|l ja{dlhl

iedcle{a vg{g yl{hle{ax$ A lnv{åxyena výkèha xl hadjeb|{g{eg gvldgx dax hgxaxadil a Lxygia {lhlkl vlhýdeg xak v{anlxxg il ilza`zí.à da j|y|{a,

da{ng`nldyl ha{{ebeia va{ m|{ax$ Mç g Iîzeig Výkèhg gk{gdbl ax lnv{åxyenax

hgvygiax da nl{hgia jedgdhle{ax edyl{da a| lsyl{da, gy{gzåx il hady{gyax

gxxedgiax han kgdhax l edxyey|eâülx jedgdhle{gx a| ia ajl{lhenldya il yîy|àx

ga výkèha ln bl{g`$ G iîzeig výkèhg dgig ngex å ia w|l a {lx|`ygia il |n

lnv{åxyena výkèha$

Dlxyl ngyl{eg`, va{ hadxeil{g{nax w|l da gya ig avl{gâèa il h{åieyavýkèha a| lnv{åxyena výkèha a Lxygia g|yangyehgnldyl h{eg |ng ak{ebgâèa

ildanedgig iîzeig výkèhg, y{gkg`cg{lnax H{åieya, Lnv{åxyena l Iîzeig hana

xedùdenax$

7$8$ DGY\[L]G M\[ÎIEHG IA H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA

Dg ia|y{edg k{gxe`le{g ldhady{gnax kgxehgnldyl 8 ha{{ldylx xak{l g

dgy|{l}g m|{îiehg ia h{åieya výkèha$

7$ Yla{eg Gya il Xakl{gdeg= iljldil w|l a lnv{åxyena výkèha å |n

xenv`lx gya il xakl{gdeg, w|l xl hadjeb|{g gvldgx |n gya |de`gyl{g` ia Lxygia

{lx|`ygia ia vail{ il g|yailyl{nedgâèa l g|ya.ak{ebgâèa, l gxxen, dèa

lxygdia x|mleya g w|g`w|l{ yeva il hady{a`l, edh`|xezl m|{exieheadg`, dèa cgzldia

dgig w|l ak{eb|l a Lxygia g h|nv{e{ han x|gx ak{ebgâülx w|gdya ga

vgbgnldya$



8


;$ Yla{eg Gya @lbex`gyeza= iljldil w|l a lnv{åxyena å |n {lx|`ygia

il |n gya ia `lbex`gyeza, vaex gx vg{ylx xø vail{egn gil{e{ gw|eà w|l lxyç

lxygkl`lheia dg `le$ Ga hady{ç{ea ig yla{eg ia gya il xakl{gdeg, a Lxygia lxyg{eg

x|mleya g `le w|l l`l nlxna l`gka{a|$ Lxyg yla{eg dèa ilesg il hadxeil{g{ a

h{åieya výkèha hana |n hady{gya$

8$ Yla{eg Hady{gy|g`= iljldil w|l xl y{gyg il |n hady{gya, xldia

nýy|a, han v{g}a hl{ya g {lxyey|e{ ax zgà{lx$

G yla{eg ghleyg vl`g ngea{ vg{yl ig ia|y{edg å w|l g dgy|{l}g

m|{îiehg ia h{åieya výkèha å hady{gy|g`$

Bl{gìa Gygèkg, iljldxa{ ig ylxl hady{gy|gèxyg hadhley|g H{åieya

Výkèha hana ‐hady{gya vlà w|g` g`b|ån y{gdxjl{l g |ng vlxxag výkèhg.

xlmg l`g va`îyehg a| nl{gnldyl ginedexy{gyezg. hl{yg w|gdyeg il iedcle{a,han g ak{ebgâèa ilxyg il ldy{lbg{ eb|g` w|gdyeg il iedcle{a, han a| xln

zgdygbldx vlh|deç{egx, da v{g}a hadzldheadgia$„

7$9$ H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA S [LHLEYG VÝK@EHG

Vg{g ia|y{edg ngma{eyç{eg, h{åieya výkèha dèa vail xl{ hadj|dieia han

{lhleyg výkèhg$ Exxa va{ w|l a h{åieya výkèha dèa g|nldyg a vgy{enùdeavýkèha, vaex ga ldy{g{ ln hgesg g|yangyehgnldyl yl{ç x|g ha{{lxvadiídheg da

vgxxeza lxygyg`$ A| xlmg, hgig xang w|l ldy{g dax haj{lx výkèhax, g yîy|à il

lnv{åxyena výkèha, ha{{lxvadil g |n ilzl{ il {lxyey|eâèa ia zgà{ ildy{a il

v{g}a ilyl{nedgia$ Mç g {lhleyg výkèhg, hana mç jae ieya ln \deigil gdyl{ea{,

ha{{lxvadil ga edb{lxxa il {lh|{xax gax haj{lx výkèhax, xln w|g`w|l{

hady{gvg{yeig, w|l xl edha{va{gn il ja{ng iljedeyezg ga vgy{enùdea lxygyg`$

Zg`l {lxxg`yg{ w|l a lnv{åxyena výkèha vl{il| a xl| hg{çyl{ il nlieig

lsy{ga{iedç{eg vg{g dèa hady{g{eg{ a V{edhîvea ig Lsh`|xezeigil, w|l v{aîkl w|l

yldcg dg @le A{âgnldyç{eg iexvaxeyeza lxy{gdca g v{lzexèa il {lhleyg l

g|ya{e}gâèa il ilxvlxg$

Caml xl ya{da| |ng avl{gâèa vl`g w|g` a Lxygia {lha{{l ga nl{hgia

edyl{da a| lsyl{da ln k|xhg il {lh|{xax iax w|gex dlhlxxeyg, ilzeia, ln

{lb{g, g edx|jeheídheg ig g{{lhgigâèa y{ek|yç{eg, gxx|nedia g ak{ebgâèa il

ilza`zl{ a hgveyg` dgx hadieâülx va{ l`l jesgigx l va{ exxa g`b|dx

ia|y{edgia{lx hg{ghyl{e}gn ax lnv{åxyenax hana {lhleygx env{øv{egx$



9


Lxxg h`gxxejehgâèa ygnkån xl iç va{ ldhady{g{nax g Hady{gygâèa il H{åieya

xl ldhady{g{ dg h`gxxejehgâèa hadyeig dg @le 98;6!:9 hana [lhleygx il Hgveyg`$

Akxl{zl w|l a lnv{åxyena iexyedb|l.xl iax y{ek|yax va{ dèa yl{ hg{çyl{

hanv|`xø{ea$ Ln {lb{g, ax y{ek|yax dèa vaxx|ln v{anlxxg il ilza`|âèa, ga

hady{ç{ea iax lnv{åxyenax výkèhax w|l a Lxygia xlnv{l gxx|nl g ak{ebgâèa

{lxyey|e{ a hgveyg` gh{lxheia igx zgdygbldx l dgx hadieâülx ilyl{nedgigx$

7$<$ HADY[GYGÂÈA IA H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA

Dg hady{gygâèa ia lnv{åxyena výkèha ilzln xl{ akxl{zgigx

g`b|ngx hadieâülx envaxygx, nlxna va{w|l xl y{gyg il |n hady{gya il

ie{leya výkèha, xl dèa zlmgnax= Ilzl cgzl{ v{lzexèa a{âgnldyç{eg?

Lsebl iexvaxeâèa `lbg` lxvlhîjehg ia ø{bèa `lbex`gyeza

xaèheygdyl?

Cç ak{ebgya{eligil il g|ya{e}gâèa l hady{a`l ia Xldgia?

Dlhlxxç{eg g jedgèigil výkèhg?

Å vaxxîzl` g`yl{gâèa |de`gyl{g` il ilyl{nedgigx h`ç|x|`gx, xl

gxxen lxyezl{ v{lzexya dg `le? Cç x|mleâèa g v{lxygâèa il hadygx?

Vail cgzl{ {lxhexèa |de`gyl{g` ln hgxa il {lxbgyl gdylhevgia?

Va{ ja{âg ia g{y$ 8; ig @le il [lxvadxgkeèigil Jexhg`, @le

Hanv`lnldyg{ d¶767!;666. @[J, å zligig g {lgè}gâèa il avl{gâèa il

h{åieya ldy{l |n ldyl ig Jlil{gâèa, ie{lygnldyl a| va{ edyl{nåiea il j|dia,

g|yg{w|eg, j|digâèa a| lnv{lxg lxygyg` ilvldildyl, l a|y{a, edh`|xezl x|gx

ldyeigilx ig ginedexy{gâèa edie{lyg, gedig w|l xak g ja{ng il dazgâèa,{ljedgdhegnldya a| vaxyl{bgâèa il iîzeig hady{gîig gdyl{ea{nldyl$

Ylnax hana lshlâèa g lxxg zligâèa gx avl{gâülx ldy{l edxyey|eâèa

jedgdhle{g lxygyg` l a|y{a ldyl ig jlil{gâèa, edh`|xezl x|gx ldyeigilx ig

ginedexy{gâèa edie{lyg, w|l dèa xl ilxyedln g jedgdheg{, ie{lyg a|

edie{lygnldyl, ilxvlxgx ha{{ldylx l {ljedgdheg{ iîzeigx dèa hady{gîigx m|dya æ

v{øv{eg edxyey|eâèa hadhlildyl$



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Mç da g{y$ 7; ig @[J, ldhady{gnax iexvaxeyeza w|l zlig g hady{gygâèa

il avl{gâèa il h{åieya w|l lshlig gx ilxvlxgx il hgveyg`, xg`za gx

g|ya{e}gigx nliegdyl h{åieyax x|v`lnldyg{lx a| lxvlhegex han jedgèigil

v{lhexg, gv{azgig va{ ngea{eg gkxa`|yg$ Yg` zligâèa zexg haeke{ a

ilxlw|e`îk{ea a{âgnldyç{ea$

G @[J, ilyl{nedg w|l ga Nedexyå{ea ig Jg}ldig hgkl a hady{a`l ia

h|nv{enldya igx hadieâülx l zligâülx igx avl{gâülx il h{åieya$

7$:$ H@GXXEJEHGÂÈA IA H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA

Gx h`gxxejehgâülx {lha{{ldylx dg ia|y{edg xèa=

7$:$7$ W|gdya ga V{g}a= Lnv{åxyena vl{våy|a l lnv{åxyena ylnva{ç{ea

Ax lnv{åxyenax vl{våy|ax xèa gw|l`lx xln v{lzexèa il {lxyey|eâèa, va{

vg{yl ia Lxygia, ia hgveyg` v{edhevg`$ V{lzí gvldgx a vgbgnldya il m|{ax a|

{ldigx, ediljedeignldyl$ Xèa iezeieiax ln {lnîzlex l e{{lnîzlex$

Ax {lnîzlex xèa gw|l`lx w|l a Lxygia {lxl{zg.xl a ie{leya a| jgh|ìgil

il {llnka`xg{ w|gdia w|exl{$ Xèa {lv{lxldygiax va{ yîy|àx ig iîzeig výkèhg,

dlbaheçzlex ln ka`xg #haygâèa zg{eçzl`%$ Ax e{{lnîzlex xèa gw|l`lx adil dèacç v{lzexèa il {llnka`xa #{llnka`xa envaxxîzl`%$

Ax lnv{åxyenax ylnva{ç{eax xèa gw|l`lx han v{g}a iljedeia vg{g

{lxbgyl$ Vailn xl{ g h|{ya v{g}a, ygnkån hcgngiax ‐avl{gâülx il h{åieya

va{ gdylhevgâèa il {lhleyg„, han {llnka`xa v{lzexya ildy{a ia vl{îaia

jedgdhle{a ln w|l xèa hl`lk{giax, adil zexgn, xak{ly|ia, hak{e{ iåjeheyx

y{gdxeyø{eax ilha{{ldylx ig jg`yg il xedh{adeg ldy{l {lhleygx l ilxvlxgx,

iened|e{ a vail{ il hanv{g, zexgdia gyld|g{ a v{ahlxxa edj`gheadç{ea$

7$:$;$ W|gdya ga àhg` il hady{gygâèa= Lnv{åxyenax Edyl{dax l

Lnv{åxyenax Lsyl{dax

Lnv{åxyenax edyl{dax xèa gw|l`lx akyeiax vlà ldyl výkèha ildy{a ia

yl{{eyø{ea dgheadg`, ln nalig dgheadg` l ln hadja{neigil han g `lbex`gâèa il

{lbídheg vçy{eg$ Ax lnv{åxyenax edyl{dax ièa a{ebln æ iîzeig edyl{dg$

Mç ax lnv{åxyenax lsyl{dax xèa gw|l`lx akyeiax da lsyl{ea{, ln nalig

lxy{gdble{g, han |ng vlxxag dèa dgheadg`, {lbeia vlà Ie{leya Výkèha



:


Edyl{dgheadg`$ Vailn xl{ h{åieya lxy{gdble{a, w|l å gw|l`l w|l a Lxygia

hl`lk{g a hady{gya ln nalig lxy{gdble{g, han vlxxag dèa dgheadg` iljedeig a|

h{åieya edyl{dgheadg` w|l å gw|l`l ja{dlheia va{ edxyey|eâülx n|`yedgheadgex,

v`|{edgheadgex a| edyl{dgheadgex, w|l dèa xèa zedh|`gigx g dldc|n vgîx

ilyl{nedgia$ A Lnv{åxyena Lsyl{da iç a{ebln æ iîzeig lsyl{dg$

7$:$8$ W|gdya æ Hanv|`xa{eligil= Lnv{åxyena Hanv|`xø{eax l

Lnv{åxyenax Za`|dyç{eax

Lnv{åxyena Hanv|`xø{ea a| H{åieya Ja{âgia å hadxeil{gia |ng ja{ng

env{øv{eg il h{åieya výkèha, dèa dlhlxxeyg ig gd|ídheg ia v{lxygnexyg, mç w|l

m|dbeia g |n {lbenl m|{îieha il ie{leya výkèha #gya il envå{ea%$

Da daxxa a{ildgnldya lsexyln gx gdylhevgâülx y{ek|yç{egx, hana ja{ngil akyldâèa il h{åieya ja{âgia, hana, va{ lslnvà, envaxyax= EVE, E[VJ$ Cç,

ygnkån, a lnv{åxyena hanv|`xø{ea ‘ g{yeba 793 ig HJ$

Ax a|y{ax nleax #yåhdehgx% vg{g akyldâèa il h{åieyax hanv|`xø{eax xl

lnkgxgn dg {lyldâèa!ngdev|`gâèa iax ilvøxeyax ln iedcle{a w|l gx vlxxagx

jg}ln dgx edxyey|eâülx jedgdhle{gx l kgdhç{egx, kln hana dg lnexxèa ia vgvl`

nalig l il yîy|àx l kùd|x ia Ylxa|{a$

Ln xîdylxl, ylnax y{íx nleax il w|l xl zg`l a Lxygia vg{g akyldâèa ilh{åieyax hanv|`xø{eax=

gdylhevgâèa y{ek|yç{egx ‘G[A―x?

{lyldâèa!ngdev|`gâèa iax ilvøxeyax ln iedcle{a w|l gx vlxxagx

jg}ln dgx edxyey|eâülx jedgdhle{gx l kgdhç{egx?

lnexxèa ia vgvl` nalig l il yîy|àx l kùd|x ia Ylxa|{a$

G ‐G[A―x„ #gdylhevgâèa il {lhleygx a{âgnldyç{egx% vl{neyl w|l a Lxygia

{lgè}l lnv{åxyena il h|{ya v{g}a g xl{ ilza`zeia da nlxna lsl{hîheajedgdhle{a vg{g x|v{e{ a iåjehey il hgesg$ Ilzl xl{ h`gxxejehgig hana {lhleyg

Lsy{g.A{âgnldyç{eg$

G G[A―x ilxyedg.xl g gyldil{ edx|jeheídheg il hgesg i|{gdyl a lsl{hîhea

jedgdhle{a l h|nv{e{ç gx lsebídhegx v{lzexygx da g{y$ 8; #mç heygigx da eyln 7$<%

l ngex gx xlb|edylx=

{lgè}g{.xl.ç xanldyl g vg{ye{ ia 76¶ ieg ia edîhea ia lsl{hîhea?

ilzl{ç xl{ èw|eigig, han m|{ax l a|y{ax ldhg{bax edheildylx, gyå ieg76!7; il hgig gda?



2


dèa xl{ç g|ya{e}gig xl ja{ln hak{giax a|y{ax ldhg{bax w|l dèa ygsg

il m|{ax ig avl{gâèa, ak{ebgya{egnldyl v{ljesgig a| edilsgig æ ygsg kçxehg

jedgdhle{g a| g w|l zel{ g lxxg x|kxyey|e{?

xl{ç zligig g hady{gygâèa da ý`yena gda il ngdigya il V{lxeildyl

ig [lvýkèhg, Bazl{dgia{lx l V{ljleyax, l ldw|gdya lsexye{ avl{gâèa vldildyl$

Y{gyg.xl il |ng lshlâèa ga v{edhîvea ig zligâèa ig zedh|`gâèa ia

v{ai|ya il g{{lhgigâèa il envaxyax g ø{bèax, j|diax a| ilxvlxgx #g{y$ 7:2,

EZ ig HJ%, vl{neyedia g |yeè}gâèa il {lhleygx j|y|{gx hana edxy{|nldya il

bg{gdyeg$

Gx avl{gâülx il h{åieya ln bl{g` xèa iljedeigx va{ lsh`|xèa, zg`l

nldheadg{, xèa gx w|l dèa xl ldw|gi{gn dgx avl{gâülx il h{åieya va{

gdylhevgâèa il {lhleygx, ha{{lxvadildia gax lnv{åxyenax il àdba v{g}a w|lzexgn gyldil{, zeg il {lb{g, ilxvlxgx il hgveyg` #edzlxyenldyax, edzl{xülx

jedgdhle{gx l y{gdxjl{ídhegx il hgveyg`%$

Zg`l {lxxg`yg{ w|l g lxha`cg ia gbldyl jedgdhle{a w|l e{ç ljly|g{ g

avl{gâèa xl ig{ç va{ nlea il v{ahlxxa hanvlyeyeza l`ly{ùdeha, `le`èa,

v{anazeia vlà Kgdha Hldy{g`$ A Kgdha Hldy{g` ghanvgdcg{ç a xgìa ln

gkl{ya, l da hgxa il edakxl{zëdheg iax èneylx, gvèhg{ç gx xgdâülx hgkîzlex æ

edxyey|eâèa h{lia{g$A g|ya{ [åbex Jl{dgdilx il Aèzle{g iljldil w|l g jeb|{g ia

Lnv{åxyena Hanv|`xø{ea ilzl xl{ lsh`|îig ia ylng Lnv{åxyena Výkèha, vaex

gw|l`l dèa vail xl{ hadxeil{gia lnv{åxyena va{ xl{ hanv|`xø{ea, l dèa vail

xl{ hanv|`xø{ea xl å lnv{åxyena, a w|l ilxhg{ghyl{e}g{eg a nýy|a$

A lnv{åxyena za`|dyç{ea #h{åieya výkèha v{øv{ea% il{ezg ig g|yadaneg

igx zadygilx l {lj`lyl g hadzl{bídheg ia Lxygia l ia v{lxygnexyg w|l akmlyezg,

g`ån ig ilza`|âèa ia iedcle{a da v{g}a lxyev|`gia, a vgbgnldya iax m|{ax l ggy|gè}gâèa nadlyç{eg, xl ja{ a hgxa$

7$:$9$ W|gdya æ Hanvlyídheg= Jlil{g`, Lxygi|g` l N|dehevg`$

Jlil{g` = lnv{åxyena výkèha yangia vl`g \deèa$ Lxygi|g` = lnv{åxyena výkèha {lgè}gia vlà Lxygia.nlnk{a$ N|dehevg` = lnv{åxyena výkèha jleya vlà N|dehîvea$



3


7$:$<$ Iîzeig Výkèhg J`|y|gdyl l Iîzeig Výkèhg J|digig

Iîzeig výkèhg j`|y|gdyl, xlb|dia bàxxç{ea XYD, å ‐g hady{gîig vlà

Ylxa|{a Dgheadg`, va{ |n k{lzl l ilyl{nedgia vl{îaia il ylnva, w|l{ hana

ginedexy{gia{ il yl{hle{ax, hadjegiax æ x|g b|g{ig, w|l{ vg{g gyldil{ æx

nanldyëdlgx dlhlxxeigilx il hgesg$ Xlb|dia g @le d½ 9$8;6!:9, g iîzeig

j`|y|gdyl hanv{lldil ax {lxyax g vgbg{, lsh`|îiax ax xl{zeâax il iîzeig, ax

xl{zeâax il iîzeig g vgbg{, ax ilvøxeyax l ax iåkeyax il ylxa|{g{eg „$

Da{ng`nldyl gyedbl xanldyl a ënkeya edyl{da, vaex hadxeil{g.xl hana |ng

iîzeig ginedexy{gyezg, vaex ax {lh|{xax xèa |yeè}giax vg{g g xgyexjgâèa il

dlhlxxeigilx enliegygx ia l{ç{ea, v{azldeldylx il ilxvlxgx env{lzexygx$

Iîzeig výkèhg j|digig a| hadxaèigig å gw|l`g w|l hanv{lldil

hanv{anexxa il lsebekeèigil x|vl{ea{ g 7; nlxlx$ Ha{{lxvadil ga yayg` igxak{ebgâülx jedgdhle{gx gxx|neigx ln ze{y|il ig Hadxyey|eâèa, @lex, hady{gyax,

hadzídeax a| y{gygiax l ig {lgè}gâèa il avl{gâülx il h{åieya$ Da{ng`nldyl

zexg gyldil{ g ilxlw|e`îk{ea a{âgnldyç{ea a| g jedgdhegnldya il ak{gx l

xl{zeâax výkèhax, w|l ilvldiln il g|ya{e}gâèa `lbex`gyezg vg{g gna{ye}gâèa

a| {lxbgyl$

G @[J gnvèa| a hadhleya il Iîzeig J|digig ga ilyl{nedg{ w|l ygnkån

edylb{gn g iîzeig výkèhg hadxaèigig gx avl{gâülx il h{åieya il v{g}a edjl{ea{g ia}l nlxlx h|mgx {lhleygx yldcgn hadxygia ia a{âgnldya l w|l ax

v{lhgyø{eax m|iehegex dèa vgbax i|{gdyl g lslh|âèa ia a{âgnldya ln w|l

ca|zl{ln xeia edh`|îiax edylb{gn g iîzeig hadxaèigig, vg{g jedx il gvèhgâèa

iax èneylx$

Iezeil.xl ln iîzeig výkèhg j|digig edyl{dg l lsyl{dg$ G edyl{dg å

gw|l`g w|l hanv{lldil ax hanv{anexxax hady{gîiax ildy{a ia vgîx$ G lsyl{dg

å gw|l`g adil ax lnv{åxyenax xèa hady{gygiax a| `gdâgiax da lsyl{ea{$

A dèa vgbgnldya, vlàx Lxygiax l N|dehîveax, ig iîzeig j|digig, va{

ngex il iaex gdax hadxlh|yezax, xln nayeza il ja{âg ngea{, ldxlmg g

edyl{zldâèa ig \deèa l ia Lxygia, dax yl{nax iax g{yebax= 89, Z, g`îdlg ‐g„ l

8<, E, gnkax ig Hg{yg Ngbdg$



5


7$:$:$ Iîzeig Výkèhg Hady{gy|g` l Nakeèç{eg

Iîzeig Hady{gy|g` å gw|l`g w|l edh`|e hg{ygx il edyldâülx, nlna{gdiax

l v{ab{gngâèa il nlygx ngh{alhadùnehgx han gx Edxyey|eâülx Jedgdhle{gx

N|`ye`gyl{gex #EJN―x%$

G Iîzeig Nakeèç{eg ia bazl{da hldy{g` å gw|l`g w|l ha{{lxvadil ga yayg`

il yîy|àx výkèhax jlil{gex lneyeiax vlà Kgdha Hldy{g` l vlà Ylxa|{a

Dgheadg` w|l lxyèa ln vail{ ia xlya{ v{ezgia$ G iîzeig Nakeèç{eg iax

bazl{dax lxygi|gex l n|dehevgex ha{{lxvadil ga yayg` il yîy|àx lneyeiax vlàx

{lxvlhyezax Ylxa|{ax Lxygi|g` l N|dehevg`, edh`|edia ax yîy|àx lneyeiax vg{g

vgbgnldya il v{lhgyø{eax$

7$:$2$ Iîzeig Ginedexy{gyezg l Iîzeig Jedgdhle{g G iîzeig ginedexy{gyezg {lx|`yg ia ilxlnvldca igx jedgèigilx v{øv{egx

iax {gnax ig Ginedexy{gâèa Výkèhg l dèa dlhlxxeyg il `le lxvlheg` vg{g xl{

hady{gîig$ Mç g iîzeig jedgdhle{g å {lx|`ygia il |n lnv{åxyena výkèha

ilzeignldyl g|ya{e}gia ln `le lxvlheg`$

7$2$ H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA DG HADXYEY\EÂÈA JLIL[G@

G{y$ ;;, ZEE, ig HJ= å il hanvlyídheg ig \deèa g va`îyehg il h{åieya

ia Lxygia?

G{y$ <;, Z g SE ig HJ= å il hanvlyídheg lsh`|xezg ia Xldgia g

jexhgè}gâèa?

G{y$ 7:8 HJ= å {lxl{zgia æ `le hanv`lnldyg{ iexva{ xak{l h{åieya

výkèha?

G{y$ ;: l 88 ia GIHY? HVE ig iîzeig výkèhg l g|ya{e}gâèa illsvlieâèa il yîy|àx ig iîzeig výkèhg vg{g vgbg{ v{lhgyø{eax gdyl{ea{lx æ

HJ!33?

G{y$ 73;, ¢9½, edh$ EEE l g{y$ 739 ig HJ= yîy|àx ig iîzeig výkèhg vg{g

jg}l{ jghl æ ilxgv{av{egâèa vg{g jedx il {lja{ng |{kgdg a| il {lja{ng gb{ç{eg?

G{yx$ 89, Z, ‐g„ l 8<, E, ig HJ!33= cevøylxlx il edyl{zldâèa jlil{g` a|

lxygi|g` da hgxa ig iîzeig j|digig dèa xl{ vgbg ln gyå iaex gdax$



76


Hgkl æ \deèa ilyl{nedg{ g va`îyehg g {lxvleya iax lnv{åxyenax výkèhax,

kln hana {lgè}g{ g jexhgè}gâèa igx avl{gâülx$

A Hadb{lxxa Dgheadg` ilyån g hanvlyídheg `lbex`gyezg bldå{ehg xak{l a

ylng #g{y$ 93, EE ig HJ%$ G`ån ilxyg `lbex`gâèa, cç dlhlxxeigil il w|l a

Xldgia Jlil{g` jesl ax èneylx bàkgex l hadieâülx vg{g gx avl{gâülx il

h{åieya lsyl{da l edyl{da ig \deèa, Lxygiax, ia IJ l iax N|dehîveax, il x|gx

g|yg{w|egx l ilngex ldyeigilx hady{a`gigx vlà Vail{ Výkèha #g{y$ <;, ZEE ig

HJ%$

7$2$7$ V{edhîveax ia H{åieya Výkèha

G`ån iax v{edhîveax bl{gex ig Ginedexy{gâèa w|l xl ldhady{gn v{lzexyax

da +hgv|y+ ia g{y$ 82 ig Hadxyey|eâèa Jlil{g` ‘ `lbgèigil, envlxxagèigil,na{gèigil, v|kèheigil l ljeheídheg ‘ ilzlnax akxl{zg{ g {l`lzëdheg il xl{ln

gw|e ilxh{eyax ax v{edhîveax ig y{gdxvg{ídheg l xl{eligil$

Lxxlx v{edhîveax, m|dya han ax w|l lxy|ignax dg \deigil EEE, {lb|`gn a

w|l vailnax hcgng{ il ‐xexylng hadxyey|headg` jedgdhle{a„ l xl gv{lxldygn

za`ygiax æ iexhevèdg ig gyezeigil jedgdhle{g výkèhg$

Vgxxlnax, ldyèa, g ylhl{ k{lzlx hanldyç{eax, han kgxl dax

ldxedgnldyax ia V{aj$ [ehg{ia @aka Ya{{lx, xak{l lxxlx v{edhîveax= @lbgèigil= å a {lxvadxçzl` va{ lsv{ene{ g ak{ebgya{eligil w|l

yl{ç g Ginedexy{gâèa Výkèhg, dg jeb|{g ia blxya{ výkèha, il zl{.xl x|mleygia æ

ja{ngèigil igx v{lxh{eâülx `lbgex? a| xlmg, da w|l hgkl gax h{åieyax výkèhax

å a v{edhîvea w|l ilyl{nedg w|l g a{ebln iax h{åieyax výkèhax ilzl{ç,

dlhlxxg{egnldyl, xl{ {lb|`gig va{ `lex jlil{gex lxvlhîjehgx l w|l xanldyl

vail{èa xl{ yangiax dax naìlx `lbgex jesgiax va{ ygex `lex?

Envlxxagèigil= å hg{ghyl{e}gia va{ ja{âg{ g Ginedexy{gâèa vg{gw|l lxyg akxl{zl, dgx x|gx ilhexülx, ax h{eyå{eax akmlyezax v{lzegnldyl

lxygkl`lheiax dg da{ng `lbg` ‘ ln j|dâèa ig ak{ebgya{eligil dg x|g

zedh|`gâèa ‘ gjgxygdia g iexh{eheadg{eligil ia Ginedexy{gia{ l g vaxxekeèigil

il x|kmlyezexnax dg hadi|âèa iax gyax výkèhax? a| xlmg, dèa ilzl a blxya{

výkèha gbe{ ln v{a` il edyl{lxxlx vlxxagex, ilzldia gbe{ xlnv{l han

envlxxagèigil, a w|l å j|dignldyg`, w|gdia xl yln a vail{ il hady{gyg{

lnv{åxyenax il gxxank{axax zgà{lx?



77


Na{gèigil= iljldil.xl w|l g na{gèigil dèa dlhlxxeyg{eg lxyg{

v{lzexyg ln w|g`w|l{ `le vg{g xl{ vgxxîzl` il xl{ lsebeig ia Ginedexy{gia{

Výkèha ‘ vaex, dèa yl{ç w|g`w|l{ `le a hadièa il jg}l{ dgxhl{, jg}l{ x|{be{ g

na{g` ln |n ediezîi|a? gjedg` dgxhlnax mç iaygiax a| dèa ilxxl gy{ek|ya, zl}

w|l a nlxna å edy{îdxlha ga hg{çyl{ il hgig xl{ c|ngda$ Gxxen, gvlxg{ il

l`lzgig ga +xygy|x+ il v{edhîvea, g na{gèigil, ln zl{igil, ilzl{eg xl{ zexyg

yèa xanldyl hana |n gy{ek|ya dlhlxxç{ea l gyå nlxna ediexxaheçzl` ig yg{ljg

il w|g`w|l{ heigièa w|l zldcg g lsl{hl{ w|gexw|l{ igx j|dâülx výkèhgx, ln

lxvlheg` gw|l`gx {l`gheadgigx han g {lxvadxgkeèigil vlà ilxlnka`xa a|

g{{lhgigâèa igx zl{kgx výkèhgx, a w|l xl gilw|g vl{jleygnldyl ga gxx|dya

ln lxy|ia= ax h{åieyax výkèhax?

V|kèheigil= hadxexyl ln jg}l{ han w|l gy{gzåx ig iez|`bgâèaiax gyax lngdgiax ig Ginedexy{gâèa Výkèhg yaiax yldcgn hadclhenldya igx

gâülx ia Lxygia$

Ljeheídheg= {ljl{l.xl æ vaxxekeèigil w|l a Lxygia yln il

lw|gheadg{ vg{g akyl{ ngea{lx l nl`ca{lx {lx|`ygiax$ Vail xl{ y{gi|}eia vlà

lw|gheadgnldya igx {lhleygx l ilxvlxgx výkèhgx, å a hady{a`l jexhg`, han

ngea{ ljeheídheg, vg{g nedene}g{ bgxyax l ngsene}g{ {lx|`ygiax, han a nl`ca{

gv{azleygnldya ia h{åieya výkèha iexvadîzl`? Y{gdxvg{ídheg= vaildia xl{ hadj|dieia han a v{edhîvea ig

v|kèheigil, lxxl v{edhîvea jg} han w|l da a{âgnldya výkèha hadxyln,

lsv{lxxg l h`g{gnldyl, yaiax ax lnv{åxyenax gxx|neiax vlà Lxygia, il yg`

ja{ng w|l xlmgn il hadclhenldya gnvà?

Xl{eligil= w|l vail{eg, ln |ng v{enle{g l {çveig gdçèxl, xl{

hadj|dieia han a v{edhîvea ig na{gèigil, dg zl{igil zln w|l{l{ xebdejehg{ g

b{gzeigil ia hanv{anlyenldya ia Lxygia l w|l ilzl xl{ hadxeil{gia vg{gw|l xl cad{l a hanv{anexxa gxx|neia han a h{lia{ ia h{åieya výkèha ‘

ilhl{ya w|l, vg{g ygdya, j|digia da v{edhîvea ig na{gèigil výkèhg$ Gxxen,

cad{gdia.xl g xl{eligil ia dlbøhea m|{îieha vghy|gia, ya{dg.xl e{{ly{gyçzl` g

v{anlxxg gxx|neig vlà Lxygia han g hady{gygâèa ia lnv{åxyena, xldia

gedig gxxlb|{gig g {lxyey|eâèa ia h{åieya yangia, gh{lxheia iax m|{ax

hady{gygiax$



7;


7$3$ LYGVGX IG JA[NG@E]GÂÈA IA H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA

E$ [lxa`|âèa ia Xldgia= g|ya{e}gâèa jedgdhle{g ia Xldgia vg{g g jley|{g

ia lnv{åxyena?

EE$ V{an|`bgâèa ig `le g|ya{e}gia{g= jleyg vlà Hadb{lxxa Dgheadg`

g|ya{e}gdia a Vail{ Lslh|yeza g lneye{ ax yîy|àx a| jg}l{ a hady{gya il nýy|a?

EEE$ Hady{gya il nýy|a a| yîy|àx ig iîzeig výkèhg= ljlyezg.xl han g

lnexxèa iax yîy|àx vlà Vail{ Lslh|yeza a| han g hady{gygâèa ia nýy|a

kgdhç{ea$

7$5$ JA[NGX IL LSYEDÂÈA IA H[ÅIEYA VÝK@EHA

7$5$7$ Gna{ye}gâèa

Å g ja{ng ngex han|n il lsyedâèa iax lnv{åxyenax$ Aha{{l han a

vgbgnldya x|hlxxeza igx vg{hl`gx ia lnv{åxyena gyå a {lxbgyl yayg` l vail.

xl ljly|g{ gy{gzåx ig hanv{g il vgvåex da nl{hgia a| ie{lygnldyl m|dya ga

h{lia{ dg ja{ng il vgbgnldya$

Gx ja{ngx h`çxxehgx il vgbgnldya, il {lxbgyl ia lnv{åxyena výkèha

xèa=

yaiax ax yîy|àx xèa {lxbgygiax xen|`ygdlgnldyl dg igyg ia

zldhenldya? vgbgnldya ln xå{el va{ nlea il xa{yleax vl{eøiehax? va{ nlea ia vgbgnldya il {ldigx zeyg`îhegx? gy{gzåx il xgìax a{âgnldyç{eax #a Lxygia hanv{g xl|x v{øv{eax

yîy|àx dg Ka`xg, bl{g`nldyl w|gdia g haygâèa lxyç gkgesa ia zgà{ danedg`%$

7$5$;$ Hadzl{xèa

W|gdia a Lxygia naiejehg gx hadieâülx gdyl{ea{lx ia lnv{åxyena

výkèha? ilvldil ig gw|elxhídheg ia h{lia{$ Å ja{ng il lsyedâèa vg{heg` ig

Iîzeig Výkèhg$ A w|l jae dlbahegia lxyç lsyedya$

Kg`lle{a ie} w|l ‐Hadzl{xèa å g g`yl{gâèa jleyg vlà Lxygia, gvøx g

lnexxèa, il w|g`w|l{ igx hadieâülx jesgigx vg{g g akyldâèa ia h{åieya

výkèha, akmlyezgdia iened|e{ g hg{bg gd|g` ia ldhg{ba w|l l`l yln il x|va{yg{,

ln hady{gvg{yeig æ x|kxh{eâèa„$ Gedig h`gxxejehg g Hadzl{xèa ln y{íx yevax=



78


JA[ÂGIG= ‐ln w|l a Lxygia envül ga n|y|gdyl g x|kxyey|eâèa

ia yîy|à v{eneyeza va{ |n daza, w|l ajl{lhl nlda{ zgdygbln w|l a gdyl{ea{,

vaildia yg` envaxeâèa xl{ jleyg edie{lygnldyl, w|gdia, va{ lslnvà, a Lxygia

dèa ak{ebg g {ljl{eig x|kxyey|eâèa, ngx ilh{lyg g hgi|heigil iax yîy|àx w|l

dèa ja{ln x|kxyey|îiax? yg` naigèigil il hadzl{xèa gyldyg hady{g a ie{leya

giw|e{eia ia n|y|gdyl l å {lvlèig dax vgîxlx ln w|l ax y{ek|dgex hady{a`gn g

hadxyey|headgèigil igx ̀ lex„$ JGH\@YGYEZG= a Lxygia dèa ak{ebg æ x|kxyey|eâèa ia yîy|à, l`l

hadhlil ga n|y|gdyl, xln lsl{hl{ w|g`w|l{ ja{ng il hagâèa, g vaxxekeèigil

il lxha`cl{ y{ahg{ xl| yîy|à v{eneyeza va{ |n daza, w|l dèa `cl {lye{g dldc|ng

zgdygbln l gedig `cl ajl{lhl |n m|{a ngea{ a| il vl{ngdlhl{ han a yîy|à

gdyeba$ AK[EBGYØ[EG= a Lxygia ajl{lhl ga n|y|gdyl a ie{leya il avâèa

w|l hadxexyl da {llnka`xa ia zgà{ ia yîy|à v{eneyeza #ilxhadygiax m|{ax% a|

dg y{ahg va{ a|y{a yîy|à w|l ajl{lhl |ng zgdygbln nlda{$

7$5$8$ [lvýiea

Vail xl{ hcgngia il hgàyl$ Aha{{l w|gdia a Lxygia dèa {lhadclhl g

iîzeig gxx|neig vlàx {lbenlx dèa va`îyehax, dèa hadxaèigiax a| nliegdylgyax il ha{{|vâèa$

7$5$9$ Hanvldxgâèa

Aha{{l w|gdia a Lxygia ilzl g |ng vlxxag l lxxg vlxxag ygnkån

ilzl ga Lxygia, va{ån a HYD lsebl vg{g g hanvldxgâèa `le lxvlhîjehg

g|ya{e}gdia yg` jleya$ Å |ng vlh|èg{eigil w|l xø lsexyl dg hanvldxgâèa$



79


;$ KGDHA HLDY[G@

A Kgdha Hldy{g` yln vgvl` j|dignldyg` dgx jedgdâgx výkèhgx, ln

lxvlheg` va{ hadyg ia nadavøèa ig lnexxèa ig nalig, ig hanv{g l zldig il

yîy|àx ia Ylxa|{a Dgheadg` l iax ilvøxeyax igx iexvadekeèigilx il hgesg ig

\deèa$

• Lnexxèa il nalig=

A KH yln a nadavøèa il lnexxèa il nalig, kln hana il hënkea$

Dèa xl edh`|ln da hadhleya il nalig ax yîy|àx il h{åieya gedig w|l lneyeiax

vlà Bazl{da, dln ax ilvøxeyax l {lxl{zgx kgdhç{egx$

• Hanv{g l zldig il Yîy|àx ia Ylxa|{a Dgheadg`=

A g{y$ 7:9 ¢;½ ig Hadxyey|eâèa Jlil{g` g|ya{e}g a KH g hanv{g{ l zldil{yîy|àx ia Ylxa|{a dgheadg` han a akmlyeza il {lb|`g{ g ajl{yg il nalig a| g

ygsg il m|{ax$

• Ilvøxeya iax vail{lx výkèhax=

Gx iexvadekeèigilx il hgesg ig \deèa ilzln xl{ ilvaxeygigx da KH,

ldw|gdya gx iax Lxygiax, N|dehîveax l a|y{ax ø{bèax a| ldyeigilx ia Vail{

Výkèha, ilzln AK[EBGYA[EGNLDYL xl{ ilvaxeygigx ln edxyey|eâèa

jedgdhle{g ajeheg`$ Å g g|ya{eigil nadlyç{eg w|l hady{a`g ax ljleyax jedgdhle{ax l lslh|yg g

va`îyehg nadlyç{eg l hgnkeg` ia vgîx$ Å edxyey|eâèa hldy{g` il g|ya{eigil l

hady{a`l nadlyç{ea l h{lieyîhea$ V{edhevg` jadyl igx da{ngx, w|l dèa `lex, xak{l

a xexylng jedgdhle{a výkèha l v{ezgia l igx avl{gâülx il h{åieya iax ldylx ig

Jlil{gâèa$

A Kgdha Hldy{g` yln vgvl` ghldy|gia da hadylsya ig @le il

[lxvadxgkeèigil Jexhg`$ @aba da G{y$ 2½ å iljedeig g edylb{gâèa ia {lx|`ygia

ia Kgdha Hldy{g`, gv|{gia gvøx g hadxyey|eâèa a| {lzl{xèa igx {lxl{zgx hana

{lhleyg ia Ylxa|{a Dgheadg`$ A {lx|`ygia dlbgyeza hadxyey|e{ç ak{ebgâèa ia

Ylxa|{a vg{g han a Kgdha, hadxebdgia ln iaygâèa lxvlhîjehg da a{âgnldya$

A envghya l a h|xya jexhg` igx x|gx avl{gâülx ilzl xl{ ilnadxy{gia

y{enlxy{g`nldyl lzeildhegdia a h|nv{enldya ig @IA$ Dazldyg iegx gvøx a

ldhl{{gnldya ia xlnlxy{l ygnkån gv{lxldyg{ç vl{gdyl gx Hanexxülx

ylnçyehgx {lxvlhyezgx da Hadb{lxxa, g`ån iax kg`gdâax, g gzgègâèa ia

h|nv{enldya igx nlygx igx va`îyehgx nadlyç{eg, h{lieyîheg l hgnkeg`#G{y$5,¢<½%$



7<


Hana mç zenax, dg iljedeâèa ig iîzeig výkèhg nakeèç{eg edh`|e.xl dg

{lv{lxldygâèa iax yîy|àx lneyeiax vl`g \deèa, ia v{øv{ea Kgdha Hldy{g`, l ax

ig iîzeig iax Lxygiax l N|dehîveax #G{y$ ;5%$ A G{y$ 85 iljedl gx avl{gâülx

han a Kgdha Hldy{g`$ L`gx lxyèa x|mleygx æx zligâülx il avl{gâülx il h{åieya

ldy{l |n ldyl ig Jlil{gâèa l a|y{a, va{ zeg il j|dia, g|yg{w|eg, j|digâèa,

lnv{lxg lxygyg` ilvldildyl l a|y{gx ldyeigilx ig ginedexy{gâèa ie{lyg l

edie{lyg, nlxna xak g ja{ng il {ldazgâèa, {ljedgdhegnldya a vaxyl{bgâèa

#G{y$ 8<%$ Gh{lxhldyg.xl g lxygx gx zligâülx æ hanv{g il yîy|àx ig iîzeig dg

igyg ig haàhgâèa da nl{hgia, lshlya vlà {ljedgdhegnldya ia lxyaw|l il

@ly{gx, Xå{el Lxvlheg`, lsexyldyl dg hg{yle{g igx edxyey|eâülx jedgdhle{gx$

Lxyèa zligigx gedig gx vl{n|ygx, nlxna w|l ylnva{ç{egx, il yîy|à ig

iîzeig il ldyl ig Jlil{gâèa l g hadhlxxèa il bg{gdyeg #G{y$ 85%$ Ax yîy|àx igHg{yle{g ia Kgdha Hldy{g` dèa vailn xl{ giw|e{eiax vlà Ylxa|{a Dgheadg`,

gedig w|l han h`ç|x|`g il {lzl{xèa, lshlya vg{g {li|âèa ig iîzeig nakeèç{eg$

8$ JNE l Ke{il

Han g h{egâèa ia J|dia Nadlyç{ea Edyl{dgheadg`. JNE l Kgdha

Edyl{gnl{ehgda il [lhadxy{|âèa l Ilxldza`zenldya Lhadùneha. Ke{i,edg|b|{a|.xl |ng dazg jgxl dgx avl{gâülx il h{åieya lsyl{da$

8$7$ JNE

A JNE yln hana jedgèigil ngdyl{ |n kan j|dheadgnldya ia xexylng

jedgdhle{a n|dieg`, lxyen|`gdia g haavl{gâèa nadlyç{eg da ënkeya

edyl{dgheadg`$

Yln hana v{edhevgex akmlyezax=

V{anazl{ g haavl{gâèa nadlyç{eg edyl{dgheadg`, ja{dlhldia |n

nlhgdexna il hadx|`yg l ha`gka{gâèa dg {lxa`|âèa iax v{ak`lngx jedgdhle{ax?

Jgza{lhl{ g lsvgdxèa lw|eèk{gig ia hanå{hea, v{ava{headgdia

dîzlex l`lzgiax il lnv{lba l y{g}ldia ilxldza`zenldya iax {lh|{xax

v{ai|yezax?

Ajl{lhl{ gm|ig jedgdhle{g gax vgîxlx nlnk{ax ln iejeh|ìgilx

lhadùnehgx, lnv{lxygdia {lh|{xax han v{g}ax èneygiax?



7:


Hady{ek|e{ vg{g g edxyey|eâèa il |n xexylng n|`ye`gyl{g` il

vgbgnldyax l v{anazl{ g lxygkeèigil iax hënkeax$

8$;$ Ke{i

Hana a danl mç ediehg, a Ke{i ilxyedg.xl g ha`gka{g{ dg yg{ljg il

{lhadxy{|âèa l zgà{e}gâèa ia yl{{eyø{ea iax vgîxlx nlnk{ax$ Edeheg`nldyl

iliehgzg.xl g jedgdheg{ g {lhadxy{|âèa il vgîxlx g{{gxgiax vl`g b|l{{g, l han

gizldya ia v`gda Ng{xcg``, ylzl xl| hgnva y{gdxjl{eia vg{g a xlya{ il

ilxldza`zenldya, igdia ídjgxl vg{g g `|yg hady{g g vak{l}g dax vgîxlx

nlnk{ax ln ilxldza`zenldya, hadhlildia lnv{åxyenax vg{g ax vgîxlx w|l

yldcgn {ldigx nåiegx han kadx gdylhlildylx il h{åieya$ Ax {lh|{xax ia Ke{i,ln x|g b{gdil vg{yl, xèa `lzgdygiax vl`gx zldigx il yîy|àx dax nl{hgiax

edyl{dgheadgex il hgveyg`$

Enva{ygdyl ilxyghg{ g iejl{ldâg ldy{l a Kgdha N|dieg` l a B{|va ia

Kgdha N|dieg`$

A v{enle{a å ja{ngia vlà Ke{i l vl`g GEI. Gxxahegâèa Edyl{dgheadg` il

Ilxldza`zenldya$ G GEI v{ava{headg lnv{åxyenax g vgîxlx ngex vak{lx xln g

edheiídheg il m|{ax$Mç a B{|va ia Kgdha N|dieg` å ja{ngia vlà Ke{i, GEI l ngex EJH.

Ha{va{gâèa Jedgdhle{g Edyl{dgheadg`, HEGIE. Hldy{a Edyl{dgheadg` vg{g

G{key{gbln il Iexv|ygx xak{l Edzlxyenldya l GNBE. Gbídheg N|`ye`gyl{g` il

Bg{gdyeg il Edzlxyenldyax$



72


[ljl{ídhegx

CG[GIG, Oeuaxce$ Ie{leya jedgdhle{a l y{ek|yç{ea$ 73$ li$ Xèa Vg|à= Gy`gx,

;665$

A@EZLE[G, [åbex Jl{dgdilx il$ H|{xa il ie{leya jedgdhle{a$ ;$ li$ Xèa

Vg|à= [lzexyg iax Y{ek|dgex, ;663$

H[LVG@IE, Xe`zea Gvg{lheia? H[LVG@IE, B|e`cl{nl Xenülx$ Ie{leya

Jedgdhle{a$ [ea il Mgdle{a= Ja{ldxl, ;665$

DGXHENLDYA, Lixad [adgìa? ILK\X, Eza$ @le hanv`lnldyg{ 767!;66; ‘

ldyldildia g `le il {lxvadxgkeèigil jexhg`$ ;$ li$ K{gxîèg= Nedexyå{ea ig

Jg}ldig$ ;66;$

Hadxyey|eâèa Jlil{g` il 7533$



[lxvadxçzl` vlà Hadylýia=V{ajª$ [axxgdg Vl{e`à

rrr$h{|}le{aiax|`$li|$k{

Hgnv|x @ekl{igil

[|g Bg`zèa K|lda, 3:3

67<6:.666

Xèa Vg|à XV K{gxe`

Yl`= #<< 77% 883<.8666

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