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Universidade do MinhoEscola de Engenharia

Francisco Jos Monteiro Duarte

Automated Software SystemsGeneration for Process-orientedOrganizations

Maro de 2014

Tese de DoutoramentoPrograma Doutoral emTecnologias e Sistemas de Informao

Trabalho efectuado sob a orientao doProfessor Doutor Ricardo J. MachadoProfessor Doutor Joo M. Fernandes

Francisco Jos Monteiro Duarte

Automated Software SystemsGeneration for Process-orientedOrganizations

Universidade do MinhoEscola de Engenharia

Ficha TcnicaTtulo: Automated Software Systems Generation for Process-oriented OrganizationsAutor: Francisco Jos Monteiro Duartembito: Programa Doutoral em Tecnologias e Sistemas de InformaoOrientador: Ricardo Jorge Silvrio Machado, Professor Associado com Agregao do Departamento deSistemas de Informao da Universidade do MinhoCo-orientador: Joo Miguel Lobo Fernandes, Professor Catedrtico do Departamento de Informtica daUniversidade do MinhoInstituio: Escola de Engenharia da Universidade do MinhoData de Incio: Outubro de 2006Data de Concluso: Maro 2014Impresso e Acabamentos: Servios de Reprografia e Publicaes, Universidade do MinhoEdio: 1. edio (15 exemplares), Braga, Maio 2014Copyright: AUTORIZADA A REPRODUO INTEGRAL DESTA TESE APENAS PARA EFEITOS DE INVESTIGAO,MEDIANTE DECLARAO ESCRITA DO INTERESSADO, QUE A TAL SE COMPROMETE.

Visual Studio, .net, .net compact framework, Visual Basic, C#, Active Server Pages (ASP), ASPX,ASP.net, Internet Information Server (IIS), Active Directory, Windows Mobile, Windows CE are trademarksof Microsoft Corporation

ServiceMix, Tomcat, Geronimo, Camel, Felix, Karaf, Flex, Orchestration Director Engine (ODE), Hise,CXF, Maven, ActiveMQ, Struts, Jacob, Blueprint are trademarks of the Apache Software Foundation

Rational Unified Process (RUP), Rational Method Composer (RMC), WebSphere Enterprise Service Bus,WebSphere Application Server Community Edition (WASCE) are trademarks of IBM CorporationSpring, Spring MVC are trademarks of SpringSourceHibernate is a trademark of JBossOracle, Oracle Service Bus, Java, JAX, JMS, JVM, Java Runtime Environment (JRE), JBI, Oracle UnifiedMethod (OUM) are trademarks of Oracle CorporationEclipse, Equinox, AspectJ, Eclipse Process Framework (EPF), Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF), BPELDesigner, Jetty are trademarks of the Eclipse FoundationOSGi is a trademark of OSGi AllianceFUSE ESB is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc.Tibco ActiveMatrix Service Bus is a trademark of Tibco Software Inc.Nagios is a trademark of Nagios Enterprises

Activiti is a trademark of activiti.org

Adobe Flash Player is a trademark of Adobe Systems SoftwareSAP R/3, BAPI, SAP ERP are trademarks of SAP

Cirque du Soleil is a trademark of Cirque du Soleil

ii

Dedico este trabalho memria de meu pai Joo, e de meus avs Guima e Conceio.

me Dores.

Dedico-o tambm, como exemplo de perseverana, ao Joo Nuno, ao Hugo, e Marta.

``Man gets tired, spirit don't.Man surrenders, spirit won't.Man crawls, spirit flies.Spirit lives when man dies.

Man seems, spirit is.Man dreams, the spirit lives.Man is tethered, spirit free.What spirit is man can be.''

M.Scott

iii

Contents

Prefcio xv

Sumrio xix

Abstract xxi

Part I - Prologue 1

1. Introduction 3

1.1. Information and Software Systems Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2. Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.3. Ambit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3.1. Taxonomy and Basic Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.3.2. Scope of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.3.3. Definition of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1.4. Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.5. Research Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.6. Plan of Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.7. Organization of the Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Part II - Fundamental Concepts 21

2. Organizational and Information Systems Domains 23

2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.2. Business Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.2.1. Strategy of Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.2.2. Internal Configuration of Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

2.2.3. Process-Oriented Organizations and Management Approaches . . . . . . 30

2.2.3.1. Process-Oriented Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

2.2.3.2. Management Approaches for Process-Oriented Organizations . . 33

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Contents

2.2.4. Business Process Reference Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.2.4.1. Definition and Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.2.4.2. The SCOR Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

2.3. Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2.3.1. Information Systems Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2.3.2. Ontologies and Metamodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2.3.2.1. Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2.3.2.2. Metamodels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2.3.3. Business Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2.3.3.1. Business Processes Modeling Languages . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.3.3.2. Enterprise Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2.3.4. Manufacturing Execution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

2.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

3. Software Systems Domain 65

3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

3.2. Business Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

3.2.1. Software Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.2.2. Software Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.3. Software Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3.3.1. Knowledge Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.3.2. Software Development Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

3.3.2.1. Metamodels for Software Development Processes . . . . . . . 80

3.3.2.2. Traditional Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

3.3.2.3. Agile Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.3.2.4. Unified Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

3.3.3. Methodologies to Deploy Business COTS Software Systems . . . . . . . . 86

3.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Part III - Contribution 91

4. Action Research in Action 93

4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

4.2. Applying Action Research to Business Software Development . . . . . . . . . . . 95

4.3. An Initial Research Trigger: The Premium Wage Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.3.1. Purpose of the Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.3.2. Practical Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

4.3.2.1. Implemented Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

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Contents

4.3.2.2. Development Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

4.3.2.3. Resulting Software System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

4.3.3. Theory Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.3.3.1. Metrics and Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

4.3.3.2. Proposed Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

4.3.4. Social Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

4.4. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5. Building Software to Support Business Processes 113

5.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

5.2. The SIIA Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

5.2.1. Purpose of the Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

5.2.2. Practical Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

5.2.2.1. Implemented Business Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

5.2.2.2. Development Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.2.2.3. Resulting Software System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

5.2.3. Theory Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

5.2.3.1. Metrics and Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

5.2.3.2. Proposed Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

5.2.4. Social Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .