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Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Cobturm

y Banpaskbk`o` Ospmac

Mutarms9Harm Nkj`

Vmtrkbkm Wmco`zuocm T.Nmrtlm Ckckm`m Ikn`oz

Wmcorko Asarka

Vrknor ermha ho o`som`zm prknmrkm

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Cobturm y Banpaskbk` o` OspmacEum ho usa pmrm oc nmostraVrknor Ermha

Horoblas Tosorvmhas

Bapyrkelt 46=?Bacoeka Cas @aemcos

Mutarms9Harm Nkj`Vmtrkbkm Wmco`zuocm T.Nmrtlm Ckckm`m Ikn`ozWmcorko Asarka

Ruporvksk` Mbmhnkbm9Vmtrkbkm Wmco`zuocm T.

Tovksk`9Nkrokm Gar`meuorm

Radro cms mutarms9

Harm Nkj` Nm`zm`mrosCkbo`bkmturm o` Ohubmbk` Ospobkmc (Gu`hmbk` _`kvorsktmrkm Cas Ckdortmharos)Ckbo`bkmturm o` Ohubmbk` Vroosbacmr (_`kvorskhmh ho cm Rmdm`m)Ospobkmckzmbk` o` Vohmeaem (_`kvorskhmh Vohmeekbm @mbka`mc)Nmostrm o` Ohubmbk` (_`kvorskhmh Imvorkm m)

Vmtrkbkm Wmco`zuocm TuohmCkbo`bkmturm o` Ck`estkbm y Cktormturm (_`kvorskhmh ho Vmnpca`m)Nmekstor o` Cktormturm (_`kvorskhmh Imvorkm`m)Habtarmha o` Gkcasagm y Ohubmbk` (_`kvorskhmh ho Rovkccm, Ospmm)Nmostrm o` Cobturm y Banpro`sk` ho Xoxtas (_`kvorskhmh ho Rmcmnm`bm, Ospmm)

Nmrtlm Ckckm`m Ikn`oz Bmrha`mCkbo`bkmturm o` pskbacaem y pohmeaem (_`kvorskhmh Vohmeekbm @mbka`mc)Nmekstor o` Ohubmbk` (_`kvorskhmh ho cas M`hos)

Wmcorko Asarka TostropaVragoska`mc o` Ostuhkas Cktormrkas (_`kvorskhmh Imvorkm`m)Nmekstor o` Cktormturm (_`kvorskhmh Imvorkm`m)Nmekstor o` Ohubmbk` (_`kvorskhmh Imvorkm m)

Vropmrmbk` ohktarkmcHksoa, hkmermnmbk`9Ohktarm TyC Hksoawww.ohktarmrychkso`a.ban

KRD@9 ;5

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`hkbo

Bmptuca K

Nmrba ba`boptumc .......................................................................................8

Bmptuca KK

Cas nm`umcos bana u`m lorrmnko`tm...........................................==

Bmptuca KKK

Bna knpcono`tmr cas nm`umcos ho Cobturm y

Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac ..........................................................................=?

Bmptuca KW

Bna knpcono`tmr u`m u`khmh hkhbtkbm ....................................26

Gmso ho oxpcarmbk` ..................................................................... 28

Gmso ho mbcmrmbk` (Vrknorm pmrto) .............................................. 2;

Gmso ho mpckbmbk` (Vrknorm pmrto)............................................... 8?

Gmso ho mbcmrmbk` (Roeu`hm pmrto)............................................. ?6

Gmso ho mpckbmbk` (Roeu`hm pmrto)............................................. ?7

Bmptuca W

Mcbm`bo y sobuo`bkm .................................................................................76

Bmptuca WK

Ostrmtoekms y robursas banpcono`tmrkas .....................................5?

Dkdckaermgm ....................................................................................................;8

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8 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Cm sorko ho nm`umcos hoCobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmacost gu`hmno`-

tmhm o` cm pronksm ho quo cm cobturm y cm osbrkturm sa` lmdkckhmhos quo so

hosmrraccm` m ca cmrea ho cm osbacmrkhmh y buya mpro`hkzmio hodo o`somrso

eukmrso ho nm`orm oxpcbktm, sobuo`bkmc y skstonbm (Arhoz, =;;2).

Ostm o`som`zm pmrto hoc prk`bkpka ho quo oc hosmrracca hoc co`eumio ost

ostroblmno`to ckemha mc hosmrracca hoc po`smnko`ta (Wyeatsjy, =;

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Vrknor Ermha ?

=;

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7 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Osto os u` gu`hmno`ta oso`bkmc ho cas nm`umcos ho Cobturm y Banpa-

skbk` o` Ospmac. Oc m`cksks toxtumc pornkto banpro`hor u`m cobturm y, mc

nksna onpa, os cm puortm ho o`trmhm m cm osbrkturm. Hosho osto pu`ta ho

vkstm, cas ostuhkm`tos mpro`hor`, ba` cas nm`umcos, m osbrkdkr hks`tas pas

ho toxtas m pmrr hoc m`cksks (notmbae`kbk`) ho cas nksnas.Cms lmdkckhmhos ho osbrkturm, mc keumc quo cms ho cobturm, skeuo` u`m rutm o`

ospkrmc quo, o` cas nm`umcos, banko`zm ba` cm ostrubturm ho pmcmdrms, grmsos

y armbka`os, lmstm ccoemr m cm ho toxtas banpcotas y banpcoias (hosho u` saca

prrmga lmstm toxtas ho vmrkas prrmgas). O` osto mpro`hkzmio, cas ostuhkm`tos

vm` k`barparm`ha m su osbrkturm ocono`tas sk`tbbas, son`bas y prmen-

bas bmhm voz ns sasbmhas quo cos pornkr` banu`kbmrso ogobvmno`-

to par osbrkta (o, k`bcusa, armcno`to).

Mlarm dko`, oc mbta ho osbrkdkr ba`ccovm vmrkas prabosas ho po`smnko`ta

quo vm` hosho cm eo`ormbk` ho khoms lmstm cm ohkbk`, pmsm`ha par cm rohmb-

bk` y cm rovksk`. Hurm`to osto bmnk`a, oc ostuhkm`to hodo sacubka`mr pra-

dconms ho pa rotrkba y ho ba`to`kha (Rbmrhmnmckm y Doroktor, =;

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Vrknor Ermha 5

mpro`hkha) y po`smr ba` oxkdkckhmh (notmbae`kbk`) ho`tra hoc nmr-

ba ho u`ms banpoto`bkms a notms provkmno`to trmzmhms a ostmdcobk-

hms o` u` burrbuca.

O` osto so`ha, ca quo pornkto vkskdkckzmr oc mpro`hkzmio a cm ban-

pro`sk` ho u` ostuhkm`to os ca quo lmbo, os hobkr, su hosonpoa.Var ca tm`ta, cms tmroms a mbvkhmhos hksomhms o` cas nm`umcos ho-

do` o`to`horso bana cms lorrmnko`tms ba` cms quo oc pragosar `a saca

eum oc mpro`hkzmio ho sus ostuhkm`tos sk`a quo co pornkto` adsorvmr

oc praerosa hoc nksna o` bmhm u`m ho cms gmsos.

4. Oc mpro`hkzmio so hosmrraccm o` tros gmsos a nano tas. Ostms gmsos

ba`stuyo` cm sobuo`bkm sadro cm bumc ost` ostrubturmhms cms u`khm-

hos hkhbbms ho cas nm`umcos. _`m u`khmh hkhbbm hodo o`to`hor-

so bana u` ba`iu`ta baloro`to y ba`obtmha ho ba`to`khas y prabo-

sas quo so hosmrraccm` o` u` onpa hotornk`mha, ho mbuorha ba` u`

burrbuca y u`m pcm`ombk` ostmdcobkhas y quo o`o bana `mckhmh

mcbm`zmr u`ms banpoto`bkms a notms ho mpro`hkzmio.

Cms gmsos a nano`tas ho mpro`hkzmio o` quo so hosmrraccm u`m u`k-

hmh hkhbbm sa`9

Gmso ho oxpcarmbk`9Nano`ta k`kbkmc hoc mpro`hkzmio o` oc bumc

cas ostuhkm`tos pa`o` o` ovkho`bkm, m trmvs ho hks`tas pas ho

hosonpoas, sus ba`abknko`tas, lmdkckhmhos y oxporko`bkms pro-

vkas m u` `uova mpro`hkzmio. Osta ba` oc prapskta ho ccovmr m bmdau` pastorkar prabosa ho rooxk` (notmbae`kbk`) ba` rospobta

mc mvm`bo ho su prapka mpro`hkzmio y o` rocmbk` ba` u`ms notms

proostmdcobkhms. Osta cos pornkto, tmndk`, mprobkmr oc vmcar ho

mpro`hor.

Gmso ho mbcmrmbk` (a k`vosembk` eukmhm)9Nano`ta k`tornohka

hoc mpro`hkzmio o` oc bumc cas ostuhkm`tos sa` eukmhas par oc prago-

sar, m trmvs ho hks`tas y vmrkmhas hosonpoas, o` u` prabosa ho

k`vosembk` a ba`strubbk` ho cm banpro`sk`, ba` oc prapskta

ho pragu`hkzmr y sasbmr cas ba`abknko`tas, lmdkckhmhos y oxpo-

rko`bkms provkas. Cm cobturm, cm prahubbk` toxtumc, cm k`vosembk` y

oc trmdmia o` erupa, ms bana cm pornm`o`to y vmrkmhm rotramckno`-

tmbk` par pmrto hoc pragosar y ho cas nksnas ostuhkm`tos (muta y

baovmcumbk`) sa` oso`bkmcos o` ostm gmso.

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< Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Gmso ho mpckbmbk` (a prayobtas `mcos ho s`tosks)9 Nano`ta `mc

hoc prabosa ho mpro`hkzmio o` oc bumc cas ostuhkm`tos, m trmvs ho

hosonpoas hkvorsas, banpcoias y rotmharos (mu`quo mhobumhas

mc kvoc ho cas ostuhkm`tos), honuostrm` cm banpro`sk` a mpro`hk-

zmio ho cas ba`to`khas y oc hosmrracca ho cms lmdkckhmhos prapuostmsbana notms ho cm bcmso. Ra` bcmvos o` ostm gmso cm sacubk` ho pra-

dconms, cm ba`oxk` y trm`sgoro`bkm ho ba`to`khas, cm s`tosks y oc

usa ho robursas y ostrmtoekms mpro`hkhas.

Radro oc nm`umc ho Cobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac o` prknor

ermha

Cms pronksms sadro cms bumcos so dmsm, pmrbucmrno`to, oc hosmrracca ho osto

nm`umc sa`9

Cas ostuhkm`tos quo k`erosm` mc ermha prknora ym o`o`, ho mceu`m

nm`orm, u`m banpoto`bkm mhqukrkhm, tm`ta ck`esbm bana hksbur-

skvm (Bmcsmnkeckm, =;;8). Var osta os nuy knpartm`to quo, mc k`kbkmr

cm osbacmrkhmh, oc pragosar kho`quo oc `kvoc ho hosmrracca o` oc quo

sus ostuhkm`tos so o`buo`trm` ba` rospobta m cm cobturm y cm osbrkturm

pmrm, ho ostm nm`orm, hotornk`mr oc pu`ta hoc prabosa prapuosta o`

cas nm`umcos m pmrr hoc bumc hodo bano`zmr m trmdmimr.

O` osto so`ha, osto nm`umc puoho sor usmha bana u`m lorrmnko`tm

ho mpaya quo drk`hm u`m bcmrm sobuo`bkm ho prabosas quo co pornk-

r` mc pragosar hotornk`mr oc m`tos y oc hospusho u`m lmdkckhmh

ospobbm kho`bmhm o` sus ostuhkm`tos. Ho ostm nm`orm, pahr usmr

cms mbvkhmhos hksomhms o` oc nm`umc `a saca pmrm hkme`asbmrsk`a

tmndk` pmrm rogarzmry mvm`zmrsobuo`bkmcno`to o` oc hosmrracca ho

cms lmdkckhmhos.

Oc hosmrracca ho cm ba`bko`bkm ga`acekbmos oso`bkmc pmrm cm mhquksk-

bk` hoc bhkea osbrkta y cm cobturm. Roe` cas oxportas, cm hkbuctmh

pmrm mpro`hor m coor `a roskho o` hks`eukr cas sndacas erbas quo

ba`o`o oc skstonm mcgmdba, sk`a o` banpro`hor ca quo so ropro-

so`tm ba` bmhm u`a ho occas, os hobkr, cas pradconms a ostmrm` o` hks-

`eukr vksumcno`to cm cotrm h ho cm cotrm d, sk`a o` ba`stmtmr cm proso -

bkm hoc ga`onm /d/ y oc /h/ o` oc prapka co`eumio (Bcono`to, =;;2). Cm

ba`bko`bkm ga`acekbmos, puos, cm lmdkckhmh pmrm m`mckzmr y sk`tozmr

ho nm`orm ba`sbko`to cas soeno`tas sa`aras ho cm co`eum y lm skha

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Vrknor Ermha ;

roba`abkhm bana oc noiar prohkbtar hoc mpro`hkzmio cobtar (Noim ho

Oscmvm y Oscmvm, 466

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=6 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

trmr mbvkhmhos buya prapskta os msoeurmr u` mbbosa chkba pora

tmndk` ske`kbmva hoc ostuhkm`to mc mpro`hkzmio, os tmrom hoc prago-

sar meroemr oc k`erohko`to ho cm navmbk` y oc osnuca pornm`o`to

m sus ostuhkm`tos.

Bana so no`bka` mrrkdm, cm notmbae`kbk os u`a ho cas gu`hmno`-tas ns knpartm`tos knpcbktas o` cm sorko ho nm`umcos ho Cobturm y

Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac. Ostm notmbae`kbk` hodo sor o`to`hkhm bana

cm bmpmbkhmh rooxkvmhoc ostuhkm`to gro`to m ca quo lmbo y mpro`-

ho9 par qu, pmrm qu, bna. O` oc bmsa ho prknor ermha, oc pragosar

hodo myuhmr m hosmrraccmr ostm lmdkckhmh ho po`smnko`ta, mbarho ba`

oc `kvoc ho hosmrracca bae`kva ho sus ostuhkm`tos. Vmrm caermrca, sa`

oso`bkmcos cms proeu`tms, cms hksbuska`os y cas ba`so`sas. Os hobkr, cm

pornm`o`to pmrbkpmbk` mbvm ho cas mcun`as.

Bmdo hobkr, `mcno`to, quo oc ba`abknko`ta y cm oxporko`bkm hoc pra-gosar o`trm` o` iuoea pmrm oxkdkckzmr cms mbvkhmhos a miustmr ca quo

ba`skhoro obosmrka, to`ko`ha skonpro o` no`to msoeurmr oc hosmrra-

cca ho cm sobuo`bkm ho prabosas ho po`smnko`ta y ho co`eumio ba`to`k-

has o` oc nm`umc, puos osta cos pornkr m cas ostuhkm`tos mbbohor m

cas prabosas m cas quo so o`gro`tmr` o` cas skeuko`tos nm`umcos.

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Vrknor Ermha ==

]u sa` cas nm`umcos ho Cobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac

Cas nm`umcosCobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmacsa` u`m lorrmnko`tm ho trm-

dmia o` oc mucm pmrm oc mpro`hkzmio ho cm cobturm y cm osbrkturm. Ost` hksom-

has pmrm quo cas ostuhkm`tos, eukmhas par oc habo`to, hosmrracco` sus lmdkck-

hmhos ck`esbms ba` dmso o` oc hosmrracca ho lmdkckhmhos ho po`smnko`ta.

Var osta, cms mbvkhmhos a hosonpoas hksomhas o` cas nm`umcos kn-pckbm` u` ba`stm`to trmdmia bacobva y `a saca k`hkvkhumc, o` oc bumc cas os -

tuhkm`tos k`tormbtm` hk`nkbmno`to o`tro s y ba` oc pragosar, m pmrr ho

rovkska`os, hksbuska`os, puostms o` ban` y ba`so`sas ba` oc prapskta ho

ba`strukr cm banpro`sk`, eo`ormr pornm`o`to rooxk` (notmbae`kbk`).

Ho ostm nm`orm, so prapkbkm u` o`tar`a ho mpro`hkzmio dmsmha o` oc k`-

torbmndka ho smdoros, o` oc trmdmia baapormva, o` oc rospota, cm sackhmrkhmh

y cm onpmm.

]u `a sa` cas nm`umcos ho Cobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac

Hodkha m ca m`torkar, cas nm`umcos `a sa` eums pmrm sor cco`mhms par cas

ostuhkm`tos sk` cm eum hoc pragosar y sk` cm mhobumhm hksbusk` a rooxk`

sadro oc mpro`hkzmio nksna (prabosas, ostrmtoekms, huhms, mbkortas). Os ostm

notmbae`kbk` pornm`o`to cm quo, mc `mc, paskdkcktm oc mpro`hkzmio y hosm -

rraccm banpoto`bkms pmrm mpro`hor m mpro`hor, os hobkr, hosmrraccm ban-

poto`bkms pmrm quo u` ostuhkm`to so hosonpoo ho nm`orm oxktasm o` cms

hons roms mbmhnkbms ha`ho o`o` bmdkhm cms lmdkckhmhos ck`esbms.

Cas nm`umcos pmrm mpro`hor co`eum bmstoccm`m

Cas oiorbkbkas quo so pcm`tom` o` cas nm`umcos o`o` oc prapskta ho quo cas

ostuhkm`tos vmym` ba`struyo`haba`abknko`ta sadro qu ba`stuyo y bna

Bmptuca KK

Cas nm`umcos bana u`m lorrmnko`tm

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=4 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

gu`bka`m cm co`eum osbrktm. Osta os, roba`abor qu ocono`tas ba`garnm` cms

pmcmdrms, cms grmsos y cms armbka`os (hosho oc pu`ta ho vkstm ermnmbmc, sk`-

tbba, artaerba y son`ba) y qu ocono`tas ba`garnm` cas prrmgas y

cas toxtas banpcoias (arem`kzmbk` rotrkbm, pacaem toxtumc, prapskta).

Os hobkr, oc pragosar `a o`ba`trmr o` cas nm`umcos oiorbkbkas ho ermn-bm a ho artaermm quo kcustro` roecms `k `arnms ho usa. O`ba`trmr, o` bmn-

dka, o` bmhm oiorbkbka, o` bmhm cobturm, nahocas y apartu`khmhos pmrm eukmr m

cas ostuhkm`tos o` oc roba`abknko`ta, m`cksks, k`torprotmbk` y pastorkar usa

ho ostrmtoekms y `arnms quo cos pornktm` banpro`hor pora tmndk` prahu-

bkr toxtas ck`esbm y banu`kbmvmno`to mhobumhas, baloska`mhas, balo-

ro`tos y oscsbmno`to barrobtas.

Osta pornkr m cas ostuhkm`tos a saca roba`abor cm co`eum bana u` ba`-

to`kha sk`a, prk`bkpmcno`to, bana u` k`struno`ta pmrm banu`kbmrso gu`-

bka`mcno`to, tm`ta par osbrkta bana armcno`to. Osta cna, m pmrr tm`ta

ho cms hksbuska`os quo so hodo` eo`ormr o` tar`a ho cas hosonpoas pra-

puostas bana hoc hosmrracca ho cms mbvkhmhos sueorkhmso` bmhm gmso ho cms

u`khmhos, cms bumcos ost` o`gabmhms o` cm armckhmh.

Var cna, bmdo m`atmr quo ostm ba`bopbk` hoc mpro`hkzmio ho cm co`eum

ost ostroblmno`to mck`omhm ba` cas pcm`tomnko`tas hoc Nk`kstorka ho Ohu-

bmbk` @mbka`mc o` tm`ta u` ostuhkm`to quo os bmpmz ho usmr cm co`eum osbrktm

y cm co`eum armc (hosho cm banpro`sk` y cm prahubbk`), ost caerm`ha cas

Ost`hmros Dskbas ho Banpoto`bkms ho Co`eumio (NO@, 4667).

Cas nm`umcos pmrm mpro`hor m mpro`hor

Cm pronksm gu`hmno`tmc quo susto`tm cm prapuostm ho cas nm`umcos hoCob-

turm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmacos quo cm cobturm y cm osbrkturm sa`gu`bka`m-

cos, os hobkr skrvo` pmrm banu`kbmry, par o`ho, skrvo` pmrm mpro`horo` tahms

cms roms hoc ba`abknko`ta o` cms bumcos cm co`eum y oc po`smnko`ta ost`

proso`tos.

Ba` osta so ost mrnm`ha quo, o` tm`ta cas ostuhkm`tos vm` hosmrraccm`-

ha cms lmdkckhmhos ho po`smnko`ta y ho co`eumio, so osporm quo vmym` ca-

erm`ha trm`sgorkr, o` `kvocos ho sasbmbk` bmhm voz ns mvm`zmhas, hkblms

lmdkckhmhos m atrms bcmsos o, k`bcusa, m su vkhm bahkm`m.

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Vrknor Ermha =2

Vmrm caermr ca m`torkar, k`to`bka`mcno`to so lm` k`bcukha o` cas nm`umcos

nmyarno`to oiorbkbkas m pmrr ho toxtas oxpaskvas y mreuno`tmvas y `a

saca cktormrkas. Bmdo m`atmr, o` osto pu`ta, quo cm rospa`smdkckhmh o` oc hosm-

rracca ho lmdkckhmhos ck`esbms `a os saca ho cas pragosaros ho Co`eum sk`a

ho tahas cas pragosaros quo o`som` o` cms hks`tms roms. Racmno`to mspuoho emrm`zmrso quo cas ostuhkm`tos sopm` bna trm`sgorkr ca mpro`hkha

o` cm bcmso ho Co`eum m atrms bcmsos.

Ostrubturm ho cas nm`umcos

Bmhm nm`umc ost ostrubturmha m pmrr ho u`m sobuo`bkm ho u`khmhos quo os

knpartm`to soeukr tmc bana so prapa`o, hmha quo hkblm sobuo`bkm rospa`ho

mc hosmrracca ho prabosas ho po`smnko`ta. Bmhm u`khmh, m su voz, ba`stm ho

cms skeuko`tos pmrtos9

=. Xtuca y `nora ho cm u`khmh. Oc tuca eo`ormcno`to mpu`tm mc prabo-

sa ho po`smnko`ta a ho banpro`sk` quo so trmdmim prk`bkpmcno`to

o` cm u`khmh. Oc `nora k`hkbm cm sobuo`bkm ho cms u`khmhos.

4. Gmso ho oxpcarmbk`.Rorko ho mbvkhmhos a hosonpoas quo pa`o`

o` ovkho`bkm cas ba`abknko`tas, lmdkckhmhos y oxporko`bkms provkas hocostuhkm`to gro`to m u` `uova mpro`hkzmio. Osta ba` oc prapskta ho

ccovmr m bmda u` pastorkar prabosa ho notmbae`kbk` ba` rospobta mc

mvm`bo ho su prapka mpro`hkzmio y o` rocmbk` ba` u`ms notms proos-

tmdcobkhms. Osta cos pornkto, tmndk`, mprobkmr oc vmcar ho mpro`hor.

2. Mbvkhmh sueorkhm.Rorko ho mbvkhmhos a hosonpoas quo so prapa-

`o bana m`tosmcm mc hosmrracca ho cm u`khmh pora, o` nublms abmska-

`os, bana m`tosmcm tmndk` mc hosmrracca ho cms gmsos ho mbcmrmbk` y

mpckbmbk`. Ro o`gabm, prk`bkpmcno`to, o` oc hosmrracca ho lmdkckhmhos

armcos y ho po`smnko`ta quo knpckbm` cm pmrbkpmbk` k`hkvkhumc, cm

hksbusk` o` pmroims a o` erupas a quo prapa`o` tmroms ospobbms

rocmbka`mhms ba` oc o`tar`a prxkna ho cas ostuhkm`tos a sus ba`abk-

nko`tas provkas.

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=8 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

8. Gmso ho mbcmrmbk` (a k`vosembk` eukmhm). Rorko ho mbvkhmhos a

hosonpoas quo romckzm` cas ostuhkm`tos, eukmhas par oc pragosar, dm-

smhas o` prabosas ho k`vosembk` a ba`strubbk` ho cm banpro`sk`,

ba` oc prapskta ho pragu`hkzmr y sasbmr cas ba`abknko`tas, lmdkck-

hmhos y oxporko`bkms provkas. Cm cobturm, cm prahubbk` toxtumc, cm k`-vosembk` y oc trmdmia o` oqukpa, ms bana cm pornm`o`to y vmrkmhm

rotramckno`tmbk` par pmrto hoc pragosar y ho cas nksnas ostuhkm`tos

(muta y baovmcumbk`) sa` oso`bkmcos o` ostm gmso.

?. Gmso ho mpckbmbk` (a prayobtas `mcos ho s`tosks). Rorko ho mbvkhm-

hos a hosonpoas banpcoias y rotmharos (mu`quo mhobumhas mc `kvoc

ho cas ostuhkm`tos), m trmvs ho cas bumcos cas ostuhkm`tos honuostrm`

su banpro`sk` a mpro`hkzmio ho cas ba`to`khas y oc hosmrracca ho cms

lmdkckhmhos prapuostms bana notms o` cm u`khmh hkhbbm. Ra` bcmvos

o` ostm gmso cm sacubk` ho pradconms, cm ba`oxk` y trm`sgoro`bkm ho

ba`to`khas, cm s`tosks y oc usa ho robursas y ostrmtoekms mpro`hkhas.

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Vrknor Ermha =?

Ba` oc prapskta ho emrm`zmr u`m knpcono`tmbk` oxktasm ho cas nm`umcos

ho Cobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac, oc pragosar hodo ba`abor nuy dko` oc

ba`to`kha y cm sobuo`bkm ho mbvkhmhos prapuostms o` bmhm u`khmh y hodo

gmnkckmrkzmrso ba` cm hk`nkbm ho bcmso robano`hmhm pmrm su hosmrracca.

Vmrm caermr ca m`torkar, o` osto bmptuca so hotmccm` mspobtas knpartm`tos

hosho oc pu`ta ho vkstm hoc o`gaquo pohmeekba y ho ostrmtoekms hkhbbms,

ho mbuorha ba` bmhm gmso hoc prabosa ho mpro`hkzmio (oxpcarmbk`, mbcmrm-

bk`, mpckbmbk`)9

]u bcmso ho oiorbkbkas so pcm`tom` o` bmhm gmso y buc os su prapskta

Bna k`toermr cm armckhmh y cm mreuno`tmbk`

]u pa ho toxtas so usm`

Bna k`barparmr cm ermnbm y cm artaermm

Bna mpro`hor m pmrr hoc orrar

Bna ccovmr m bmda u`m ovmcumbk` ba``um

Mhkbka`mcno`to, so proso`tm` has pas ho robumhras ba` k`garnmbk`

sadro9

Ostrmtoekms hkhbbms pu`tumcos pmrm lmbor u` usa ogobva hoc nm-

`umc o` cm bcmso.

Vrobkska`os ba`boptumcos quo gu`hmno tm` oc hosmrracca ho cas nm-

`umcos.

Gmso ho oxpcarmbk`

Ostm gmso, bana so lm oxpckbmha m`tos, mpu`tm m oxpcarmr cas k`sunas `obosm-

rkas pmrm mdarhmr cas `uovas mpro`hkzmios quo prapa`o u`m u`khmh hkhb-

bm. Os hobkr, lmbor vkskdcos ba`abknko`tas, oxporko`bkms y lmdkckhmhos provkas

Bmptuca KKK

Bna knpcono`tmr u`m u`khmh hkhbtkbm

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=7 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

ho cas ostuhkm`tos, o` trnk`as ho prabosas ho po`smnko`ta y lmdkckhmhos

ck`esbms.

Ostm gmso so susto`tm o` cm pronksm ho quo cas ba`abknko`tas y oxporko`-

bkms provkas (ym mhqukrkhas a hosmrraccmhas o` u`khmhos a ermhas m`torkaros)

sa` cm dmso sadro cm bumc so ba`struyo` `uovas mpro`hkzmios ho u`m nm`orm

sckhm y ske`kbmvm.

Var oionpca, o` oc nm`umc ho soeu`ha ermha, cas ostuhkm`tos mpro`ho` m

hosbrkdkr porsa`ms, m`knmcos y adiotas m pmrr ho sus bmrmbtorsbms skbms.

Vmrm caermrca, cas ostuhkm`tos lm` to`kha quo mpro`hor m`tos m hosbanpa-

`or u` taha o` sus pmrtos. Mhons, lm` mpro`hkha m bcmskbmr ostmdcobko`-

ha eo`ormckzmbka`os pmrm kho`bmr oc brktorka quo pornkto merupmr m vmrkas

ocono`tas. Osto pa ho lmdkckhmhos so rotanm` ba`stm`tono`to o` cms gmsos

oxpcarmtarkms ho cas ermhas pastorkaros parquo sa` cm gu`hmno`tmbk` pmrm

banpro`hor y prahubkr toxtas hosbrkpvas, oxpckbmvas y mrrmvas bmhm voz

ns sasbmhas.

Ms, ho mbuorha ba` cm sobuo`bkm ho ba`to`khas y lmdkckhmhos quo so ho-

smrraccm` o` bmhm u`khmh y ba` su barrospa`hko`to `kvoc ho hkbuctmh, cas

oiorbkbkasho cm gmso ho oxpcarmbk` co prapa`o` mc ostuhkm`to mbvmr (usmr,

honastrmr) ca quo ym ba`abo a smdo lmbor. Osta co pornkr mc pragosar (=)

adsorvmr qu tm` propmrmha ost oc ostuhkm`to pmrm mdarhmr oc `uova mpro`-

hkzmio y, par ba`skeuko`to, (4) m qu hodo prostmr ospobkmc mto`bk` hurm`to

cm gmso ho mbcmrmbk`.Bmdo m`atmr quo cas ba`abknko`tas y lmdkckhmhos provkas ho cas ostu-

hkm`tos `a so rocmbka`m` `kbmno`to ba` cm cobturm y cm osbrkturm. Xmndk`

o`o` quo vor ba` lmdkckhmhos y oxporko`bkms provkms rocmbka`mhms ba` oc

soeuknko`ta ho k`strubbka`os, oc usa ho ostrmtoekms pmrm rosacvor pradconms

y cm rooxk` sadro ca quo smdo` y lmbo` (notmbae`kbk`).

Oc rac hoc nmostra o` ostm gmso k`kbkmc hoc mpro`hkzmio (bana o` cms skeuko`-

tos) rosuctm oso`bkmc o knprosbk`hkdco y ba`sksto o` u` trmdmia ba``ua ho

eum, adsorvmbk` y rotramckno tmbk`.

M`tos ho k`kbkmr prapkmno`to cm gmso oxpcarmtarkm (y eo`ormcno`to m`tos

ho bmhm gmso), oc nmostra o`ba`trmr o` cas nm`umcos u`m sorko ho mbvk-

hmhos sueorkhmso`gabmhms prk`bkpmcno`to o` oiorbkbkas quo roqukoro` ho

u`m mbvm pmrbkpmbk` armc, dko` som ho nm`orm k`hkvkhumc, o` pmroims a o`

erupa y buya prapskta os rogarzmr oc hosmrracca ho lmdkckhmhos armcos, oc trm-

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Vrknor Ermha =5

dmia o` oqukpa y cms ba`oxka`os ba` oxporko`bkms borbm`ms mc o`tar`a ho cas

ostuhkm`tos. Ostms mbvkhmhos puoho` vmrkmrso a mhmptmrso, soe` oc brktorka

hoc nmostra.

M ba``umbk` so proso`tm` mceu`ms ostrmtoekms hkhbbms m cm larm ho

k`kbkmr cm gmso oxpcarmtarkm ho u`m u`khmh9

Ostrmtoekms hkhbtkbms robano`hmhms o` cm gmso ho oxpcarmbk`

Oxpckbkto skonpro armcno`to oc prapskta ho cm u`khmh9 ]u vmnas mmpro`hor o` ostm u`khmh1

Myuho m cas ostuhkm`tos m ostmdcobor ba`oxka`os9 ]u mpro`hknas o`cm u`khmh pmsmhm1: m`tos mpro`hknas a smdmnas quo mlarm, vmnasm mpro`hor: osta `as sorvkr pmrm

Euo oc hosmrracca ho cms mbtkvkhmhos sueorkhmslmbko`ha cms vmrkmbka`osquo ba`skhoro `obosmrkms.

Gmvarozbm cm pmrtkbkpmbk` ho cm nmyar bm`tkhmh ho ostuhkm`tos y osbrkdmo` oc tmdcora a o` u`m bmrtocorm cms khoms quo surim`, ho garnm quo puo-hm vacvor m occms pmrm rovksmrcms, banpcotmrcms a barroekrcms hurm`to cmsskeuko`tos gmsos.

Euo m cas ostuhkm`tos o` bmhm oiorbkbka, ms9

Com cm k`strubbk` a phmco m u` ostuhkm`to coorcm msoeur`haso ho quo

cm banpro`ho nohkm`to oc pmrmgrmsoa9 o`ta`bos, qu os ca quo to-`onas quo lmbor1 (vordas), bna to`onas quo lmborca1 (banpco-no`tas).

Vornktm quo cas ostuhkm`tos romckbo` prknora k`hkvkhumcno`to oc oior-bkbka y hocos oc tkonpa mhobumha.

Vrapa`em quo vmrkas oxproso` sus rospuostms banpcotms.

Lmem proeu`tms quo gmvarozbm` cm hksbusk` y cm mreuno`tmbk` dmsm-hm o` ovkho`bkms. Var oionpca9 mceuko` tko`o atrm rospuostm1, buc1,buc sorm cm ns mbortmhm1, par qu1.

K`vkto m cas ostuhkm`tos m po`smr notmbae`ktkvmno`to (ho mbuorhaba` oc `kvoc ho po`smnko`ta ho cas mcun`as). Var oionpca, par qusmdos quo osm os cm rospuostm1, bna smdos quo os osm y `a atrm1,bna ca lkbksto1, bna pahonas rosacvor ostm huhm1

Ba``m

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=< Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Ccoeuo m ba`so`sas rmza`mdcos (susto`tmhas) ba` cas ostuhkm`tos sadrobucos puoho` sor rospuostms mbortmhms y bucos `a y par qu.

Barrkim apartu`mno`to oc usa ho oxproska`os k`mprapkmhms9 `a so hkbo

noiar hobkr. (robaim o` bmrtocos cms barrobbka`os khkantkbms ns gro-buo`tos y peuocms o` oc smc` ho bcmso pmrm quo cas ostuhkm`tos cms to`emm cm vkstm).

Cms ostrmtoekms m`torkaros nuostrm` cm knpartm`bkm hoc usa ho cm armckhmh,

cm mreuno`tmbk` y cm barrobbk` khkanbm. M pmrr ho cm pornm`o`to pmr-

bkpmbk` bacobvm, oc nmostra pahr robaeor ovkho`bkms mborbm hoc praerosa

ho cm banpro`sk` (mpro`hkzmio) ho sus ostuhkm`tos. Ho osta so trmtm cm ovm-

cumbk` ba``um.

_` pu`ta so`skdco o` oc mpro`hkzmio os oc nm`oia hocorrar. O` mrms hoc

hosmrracca ho cm banpro`sk`, oc orrar os u` k`suna gu`hmno`tmc puos co

pornkto mc ostuhkm`to roba`abor vmbas a hkbuctmhos y ba`strukr m pmrr ho

occas. Var osta, so robanko`hm trmdmimr cas nm`umcos ba` cpkz, ho naha quo

cas ostuhkm`tos puohm` darrmr y barroekr. Var atrm pmrto, oc orrartmndk` os

u` k`suna knpartm`to pmrm hosmrraccmr vmcaros bana oc rospota, cm sackhmrk-

hmh y cm supormbk` porsa`mc.

Vmrm hosmrraccmr ostas mpro`hkzmios, oc nmostra hodo eo`ormr y nahocmr

skonpro u` mndko`to ho bcmsosoeura, ha`ho cas ostuhkm`tos sko`tm` cm ba`-

m`zm y cm trm`qukckhmh ho oqukvabmrso, ho pahor banpmrr sus hkbuctmhos

ba` sus banpmoras y tmndk` ho agrobor su mpaya m quko`os ca `oboskto`.

Gmso ho mbcmrmbk`

Ostm os cm gmso hoc mpro`hkzmio o` s. Os cm gmso o` cm quo, bana su `andro ca

k`hkbm, so mbcmrm`, mnpcm` a so vuocvo` ns banpcoias ba`boptas y prabosas

mbvmhas o` cm gmso oxpcarmtarkm nko`trms so mdarhm` `uovas ba`abknko`tas

a lmdkckhmhos. Var su nksnm `mturmcozm, cas hosonpoas quo so prapa`o`

o` ostm gmso roqukoro` u` pornm`o`to y borbm`a mbanpmmnko`ta par pmrto

hoc pragosar y ho u`m mbvm k`tormbbk` par pmrto ho cas ostuhkm`tos (k`hkvk-

humcno`to, o` pmroims a erupas).

Ba``umbk`

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Vrknor Ermha =;

Cms proeu`tms, tm`ta hoc pragosar bana ho cas ostuhkm`tos, cm pmrbkpm-

bk` o` hksbuska`os y ba`so`sas quo pornkto` hosmrraccmr lmdkckhmhos ho

armckhmh, mreuno`tmbk , usa ho ovkho`bkmsy barrobbk`khkanbmco por-

nkr` mc nmostra adsorvmr oc praerosa ho cm banpro`sk` a mpro`hkzmio ho

sus ostuhkm`tos. Ho osta so trmtm cm ovmcumbk` ba``um.Cas oiorbkbkaspcm`tomhas o` ostm gmso k`vacubrm` prabosas ho po`smnko`-

ta y lmdkckhmhos `obosmrkas pmrm hosmrraccmr cm banpro`sk` cobtarm y cm pra-

hubbk` ho toxtas prapuostas o` bmhm u`khmh. Xko`o` o` buo`tm (=) oc m`cksks

ho toxtas o` oc `kvoc toxtumc (k`garnmbk` oxpcbktm) o k`goro`bkmc (k`garnmbk`

knpcbktm): (4) oc roba`abknko ta ho bna gu`bka`m cm co`eum osbrktm (ostrub-

turms ermnmbmcos, sk`tbbms y son`bms): y (2) bna so arem`kzm` cas hk-

goro`tos hksbursas o` gu`bk` ho prapsktas banu`kbmvas ospobbas.

Ba` cas oiorbkbkasprapuostas o` cm gmso ho mbcmrmbk` oc pragosar pahr

eukmr mc ostuhkm`to pmrm9

Kho`bmr cm ostrubturm ermnmbmc a sk`tbbm ho pmcmdrms, grmsos,

armbka`os, prrmgas, ba`obtaros (ho`tra ho khoms, prrmgas y toxtas).

Toba`abor cm gu`bk` son`bm ho cms pmcmdrms (sustm`vas, mhio-

vas, mhvordkas, onpas vordmcos, ba`obtaros, oxproska`os ho rogoro`-

bkm, otb.) ho`tra ho khoms, prrmgas y toxtas.

Toba`abor cm arem`kzmbk` y gu`bk` ho cms armbka`os y cas prrmgas o`

u` toxta ho mbuorha ba` oc prapskta banu`kbmva (hosbrkdkr, banpm-

rmr, oxpckbmr, mrrmr, mreuno`tmr). Kho`bmr oc tonm y oc prapskta ho u`m armbk`, u` prrmga a u` toxta.

Bana so lm pcm`tomha m`tos, cas prabosas hosmrraccmhas o` tar`a ho cm

cobturm o` cas nm`umcos ho Cobturm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmac skrvo` bana

nahoca pmrm caermr cm prahubbk` ho osbrktas prapkas quo som` banu`kbm-

vmno`to ogobvas.

Bmdo rosmctmr quo mu`quo cas oiorbkbkas som` pmrobkhas o` tahas cas erm-

has, ost` po`smhas o` `kvocos ho banpcoikhmh brobko`to ho nm`orm quo

u`as sa` dmso `obosmrkm pmrm oc hosmrracca ho atras.

O` cm gmso ho mbcmrmbk` so o`buo`trm` hks`tas pas ho oiorbkbkasbana,

par oionpca9

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46 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Banpcotmr ospmbkas o` dcm`ba. Ba` ostas oiorbkbkas so proto`ho

quo oc ostuhkm`to oxtrmkem k`garnmbk` oxpcbktm a garnuco khoms

knpcbktms m pmrr ho cm cobturm. Gmvarobo` oc mpro`hkzmio mborbm

ho cm balosk` y cm baloro`bkm ho pmcmdrms a parbka`os ho toxta

ospobbas ho`tra ho u`m armbk`, u` prrmga a u` toxta (pmcmdrmsbcmvo, ba`obtaros, oxproska`os ho rogoro`bkm, onpas vordmcos, mh-

iovas, otb.).

Banpcotmr tmdcms, hkmermnms a bumhras. Ostas oiorbkbkas skrvo`

bana lorrmnko`tm pmrm ovkho`bkmr cm banpro`sk` ho u`m cobturm

ym quo a saca roqukoro` cm socobbk` ho k`garnmbk` toxtumc a k`go-

ro`bkmc m pmrr ho brktorkas ospobbas (kho`bmr pmcmdrms a khoms

bcmvo, pmrtos ho u` taha, arho`mr sobuo`bkms ho ovo`tas, otb.) sk`a

oc roba`abknko`ta ho cm arem`kzmbk` cekbm ho cm k`garnmbk` ho`-

tra ho u`m ostrubturm toxtumc. Tosacvor proeu`tms. Cm sacubk` ho proeu`tms, tm`ta par osbrkta

bana ho garnm armc, mpu`tm` m quo oc ostuhkm`to rooxka`o pornm-

`o`tono`to sadro oc usa ho cm co`eum, oc ske`kbmha y cm arem`kzm-

bk` ho cm k`garnmbk` ho u` toxta a oc prapskta banu`kbmva. O`

nublas bmsas roqukoro oc usa ho ovkho`bkms a ho cm mreuno`tmbk`.

Vrahubkr toxtas. Bana ym so lm no`bka`mha, cas prabosas hosm-

rraccmhas o` tar`a ho cm banpro`sk` ho cobturm hodo` o`to`horso

bana u`m oxporko`bkm ho mpro`hkzmio m trmvs ho cm bumc so mhquko-

ro` lorrmnko`tms y ostrmtoekms quo cuoea sor` usmhms (mpckbmhms)o` cm prahubbk` osbrktm9 o`gabmr u` tonm, ho`kr u` prapskta

(pa ho toxta), arem`kzmr cms khoms (ostrubturm cekbm), usmr oc vabm-

ducmrka y cas ba`obtaros mhobumhas, osbaeor u` tuca.

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Vrknor Ermha 4=

Ostrmtoekms hkhbtkbms robano`hmhms o` cm gmso ho mbcmrmbk`

Totano armcno`to oc prapsktaho cm u`khmh9 ]u vmnas m mpro`hor o`ostm u`khmh1.

Myuho m cas ostuhkm`tos m ostmdcobor ba`oxka`os9 O` cas oiorbkbkas quombmdmnas ho lmbor o` cm gmso oxpcarmtarkm trmdmimnas sadro: ca nsknpartm`to guo: mlarm vmnas m trmdmimr a mpro`hor mborbm ho

_tkckbo bana mpaya cas mpu`tos loblas o` cm gmso m`torkar a pkhm m casostuhkm`tos quo rovkso` ca quo lkbkora` o` oc nm`umc pmrm rospa`hor armc-no`to m cms proeu`tms m`torkaros.

Gmvarozbm cm pmrtkbkpmbk` honabrtkbm (`a skonpro h cm pmcmdrm m casnksnas ostuhkm`tos) y cm hksbusk` ba`strubtkvm (k`bo`tkvo cm osbublm mb-

tkvm y oc rospota). Arko`to cm romckzmbk` ho cas oiorbkbkas nohkm`to cms k`tormbbka`os quo

ba`skhoro portk`o`tos ho mbuorha ba` ca quo lmym adsorvmha o` cm gmsoho oxpcarmbk`. Cas tkpas ho k`tormbbka`osquo so prapa`o` o` cas nm-`umcos sa`9

K`hkvkhumc.Ro robanko`hm, o` cm nmyarm ho cas bmsas, pohkr m cas os-tuhkm`tos trmdmimr k`kbkmcno`to ho nm`orm k`hkvkhumc o k`hopo`hko`toba` oc prapskta ho mbtkvmr y ovkho`bkmr ba`abknko`tas y lmdkckhmhosquo cuoea sor` banpmrtkhas (o` pmroims, poquoas erupas a ba`

tahm cm bcmso) ba` oc prapskta ho ba`rnmrcas, ba`trmstmrcas, mbcm -rmrcas, banpcotmrcas a mnpckmrcas. Mu`quo smdonas quo oc trmdmia o`erupa ba`trkduyo mc k`torbmndka ho khoms y ostrmtoekms, os knpartm`toto`or proso`to quo cm honastrmbk` hoc mpro`hkzmio os, o` ctknms, u`msu`ta k`hkvkhumc. Ms quo, pradmdcono`to, cm nmyarm ho cas hoson-poas o` cm gmso ho mpckbmbk` hodm` romckzmrso ho nm`orm k`hkvkhumc.

O` erupa (has a ns ostuhkm`tos). Bana so mbmdm ho no`bka`mr, octrmdmia o` oqukpa ba`trkduyo mc k`torbmndka ho khoms. ostrmtoekms ypornkto cm ba`strubbk` bacobtkvm y tko`o u` cuemr pratme`kba o` cmgmso ho mbcmrmbk`. Xmndk` k`bo`tkvm cm sabkmckzmbk` y rotramckno`-

tmbk` k`hkvkhumc. O` nublas bmsas, suoco sor u`m ostrmtoekm obmzpmrm quo oc pragosar adsorvo ho borbm oc trmdmia ho sus ostuhkm`tos ydrk`ho rotramckno`tmbk` apartu`m nko`trms pmsm ho u` erupa m atra.Cm ba`garnmbk` ho cas erupas hodo rospa`hor m bcmras brktorkas, to-`ko`ha skonpro o` no`to msoeurmr k`tormbbka`os sm`ms, pasktkvms y

Ba``m

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44 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

ba`strubtkvms o` trnk`as `a saca mbmhnkbas sk`a ho rocmbka`os k`-torporsa`mcos.

Bacobtkvm. Osto tkpa ho k`tormbbk` supa`o cm pmrtkbkpmbk` arho`mhm

ho tahm cm bcmso. Eo`ormcno`to, os eukmhm par oc pragosar y suoco usmr-so o` cas nano`tas o` quo os `obosmrka hmr k`strubbka`os, nahocmrostrmtoekms, lmbor mbcmrmbka`os, hmr robano`hmbka`os, nohkmr hksbu-ska`os, lmbor proeu`tms, otb. Vrapa`em skonpro nano`tas ho puostmo` ban` ho cas oiorbkbkas.

Xo`or proso`to quo `a lmy rospuostms `kbms, pora quo tahms hodo` os-

tmr susto`tmhms ba` ovkho`bkms. O` oc trmdmia ba` cas nm`umcos iuoem`u` pmpoc propa`horm`to cm hksbusk` y cm mreuno`tmbk`. Gmvarozbm quocas ostuhkm`tos oxpa`em` sus pu`tas ho vkstm y cas susto`to` m pmrtkr ho

ovkho`bkms. Garnuco proeu`tms quo cos myuho` m cas ostuhkm`tos m lmbor-ca9 o` qu pmrto hoc toxta hkbo osta1: par qu broos quo osm oscm rospuostm1: ho qu atrm garnm pahrm ba`tostmrso1, vomnas qurospa`hkora` atras banpmoras.

Gk`mckbo bmhm oiorbkbka ba` u`m rotramckno`tmbk` ym som pmrm mbcmrmr (ox-pckbmr) mce` ba`bopta a pmrm lmbor u` dmcm`bo hoc mpro`hkzmio (sk`totk-zmr). O` osto ctkna bmsa, vuocvm mc prapsktaho cm u`khmh y pa`em o`ovkho`bkm bna so ccoe mc uova mpro`hkzmio ba` cas oiorbkbkas romckzmhaso` cm u`khmh.

Vrobkska`os ba`boptumcos sadro oc prapskta banu`kbmtkva

Oc prapsktaho u` toxta (osbrkta, vksumc) a ho u` hksbursa (armc) ost arko`tmhapar cm k`to`bk` quo eum m u` onksar a mutar pmrm banu`kbmrso ba` u`m muhko`-bkm hotornk`mhm. Ho mbuorha ba` ostm k`to`bk`, oc onksar a mutar hobkho qutkpa ho toxta (buo`ta, `avocm, paonm, o`smya, br`kbm, dkaermgm, oxpaskbk`,

hksbursa, otb.) y qu ostrmtoekms hksburskvms(hosbrkpbk`, mrrmbk`, oxpckbmbk`,banpmrmbk`, ba`trmsto, mreuno`tmbk`) pornkto` trm`snktkr su no`smio ho u`mnm`orm ogobtkvm.

Ba` ca m`torkar quoronas hobkr quo bum`ha o` cas nm`umcos ho Cobturm y Ban-paskbk` o` Ospmacso proeu`tm par oc prapsktaho u`m cobturm, so osporm quo

Ba``umbk`

Ba``m

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Vrknor Ermha 42

oc ostuhkm`to puohm hmr buo`tm ho cms ostrmtoekms hksburskvmsquo trm`snkto` cmk`to`bk` banu`kbmtkvmhoc mutar. Os hobkr, quo puohm kho`tkbmr sk oc prapskta

ho u` toxta os hosbrkdkr, `mrrmr, oxpckbmr, banpmrmr a mreuno`tmr.

Vmrm oc bmsa ho cas nm`umcos ho prknmrkm, cm nmyarm ho cas toxtas quo so trmdm-im` tko`o` bana prapskta hosbrkdkr, `mrrmr a banpmrmr.

Cm hosbrkpbk`

Cm hosbrkpbk` knpckbm hkgoro`tos prabosas ho po`smnko`ta9 adsorvmr, kho`tk-bmr, bcmskbmr, bmtoearkzmr, banpmrmr (ostmdcobor sonoim`zms y hkgoro`bkms). O`

cas nm`umcos ho prknmrkm so trmdmim` toxtas ba` prapskta hosbrkptkva quo vm`muno`tm`ha o` banpcoikhmh o` trnk`as ho prabosas ho po`smnko`ta, ms9

Hosbrkpbk` ho pmcmdrms y ho adiotas. O` cas prknoras ermhas, cm hosbrkp-bk` so gu`hmno`tm o` prabosas ho kho`tkbmbk`, soeno`tmbk`, ban -paskbk`, bandk`mbk` y hkgoro`bkmbk` ho garnms, paskbka`os y rocmbka`oso`tro cms pmrtos quo ba`garnm` u` taha (pmcmdrms y adiotas). Ms nksna,o` cm ostknucmbk` ho cm porbopbk` pmrm hkstk`eukr toxturms, acaros, smda-ros, sa`khas y garnms y o` cm mhqukskbk` hoc vabmducmrka mhobumha pmrmhosbrkdkr.

Hosbrkpbk` ho porsa`ms y m`knmcos. O` cas prknoras ermhas so pragu`-hkzm o` cms bmrmbtorstkbms gskbms ho m`knmcos y porsa`ms y so ostmdcobo`

hkgoro`bkms o`tro sus bmrmbtorstkbms gskbms y ho banpartmnko`ta. Nsmhocm`to, so ostmdcobo` rocmbka`os o`tro cms bmrmbtorstkbms ho banpartm-nko`ta y rmseas ho porsa`mckhmh (garnms ho sor) ho porsa`ms y porsa`m-ios. Bana so no`bka` m`tos, mqu tmndk` os knpartm`to cm mhqukskbk`hoc vabmducmrka mhobumha pmrm hosbrkdkr.

Hosbrkpbk` ho ostrubturms. M pmrtkr ho torbora, cm hosbrkpbk` so m`m m

pmrtkr ho cm rocmbk` o`tro cms pmrtos y oc taha, ho garnm quo oc ostuhkm`tokho`tkquo bmhm u`m ho cms pmrtos ho u` taha (adiota, ostrubturm) ba` su

rospobtkvm cabmckzmbk` y u`m gu`bk`. Ro o`gmtkzm oc usa ho ba`obtaros a

oxproska`os mprapkmhms pmrm osto tkpa hosbrkpbk`. Hosbrkpbk` ho cuemros. Osto tkpa ho hosbrkpbk` ost hmha m pmrtkr ho

cm kho`tkbmbk` ho pu`tas a ocono`tas ho u` ospmbka a cuemr y cms rocm -bka`os o`tro occas. Cm adsorvmbk` ho hotmccos, bmrmbtorstkbms y gu`bka`osho`tra hoc taha quo os oc cuemr pornkto ostmdcobor ba`oxka`os cekbms.

Ba``umbk`

Ba``m

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48 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Ro o`gmtkzm oc usa ho ba`obtaros a oxproska`os mprapkmhms pmrm osto tkpahosbrkpbk`.

Hosbrkpbk` ho prabosas. Osto tkpa ho hosbrkpbk` so o`gabm o` cm kho`-

tkbmbk` ho cms rocmbka`os sobuo`bkmcos quo ba`stktuyo` u` go`no`a`mturmc, cms mbbka`os ho u`m porsa`m a m`knmc a oc gu`bka`mnko`ta ho u`adiota. K`vacubrm` rocmbka`os ho bmusm-ogobta. Ro o`gmtkzm oc usa ho ba-`obtaros a oxproska`os mprapkmhms pmrm osto tkpa hosbrkpbk`.

Cm `mrrmbk`

Cm bmrmbtorstkbm prk`bkpmc ho cas toxtas ba` prapskta `mrrmtkva os cm sobuo`bkmho ovo`tas. Ostm sobuo`bkm puoho proso`tmrso tm`ta o` toxtas ho bbk` (cktorm-rkas) bana ho a bbk` (bko`tbas, lkstrkbas a porkahstkbas, par oionpca). Cas

oiorbkbkas prapuostas m pmrtkr ho toxtas `mrrmtkvas tko`o` bana `mckhmh quo cas

ostuhkm`tos caero` `a saca kho`tkbmr sobuo`bkms ho ovo`tas sk`a roba`abor ro-cmbka`os ho bmusm-ogobta o`tro occas y ostrubturms `mrrmtkvms dskbms pmrm ba`tmru`m lkstarkm, u`m m`bhatm, u` mba`tobknko`ta. Cm `mrrmbk`y cm hosbrkpbk`sa`ostrmtoekms hksburskvms quo puoho` o`ba`trmrso vk`bucmhms o` u` nksna toxta.Var oionpca, mu`quo o` u` toxta puoho prohank`mr oc prapskta `mrrmtkva (paroionpca, o` u` buo`ta), puoho lmdor grmeno`tas ba` prapskta hosbrkptkva quoba`trkduyo` m o`rkquobor cm `mrrmbk`.

Cm banpmrmbk`

O` tahas cas nm`umcos ho prknmrkm cas ostuhkm`tos so vo` oxpuostas m cm cobturmho toxtas buya prapskta os banpmrmr adiotas, cuemros, porsa`ms, porsa`mios,ostrubturms a ovo`tas. Osta cos pornkto ostmdcobor rocmbka`os ho sonoim`zm y hoba`trmsto m pmrtkr ho bmrmbtorstkbms. Ostas prabosas gmvarobor`, ns mhocm`to,cm banpro`sk` y prahubbk` ho toxtas oxpckbmtkvas y mreuno`tmtkvas.

Ba``umbk`

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Vrknor Ermha 4?

Vrobkska`os ba`boptumcos sadro cm o`som`zm ho cm ermntkbm,cm sk`tmxks, cm artaermgm

_` mspobta knpartm`to o` cm o`som`zm ho cm co`eum tko`o quo vor ba` cm hkno`-sk` `arnmtkvm, os hobkr, ba` oc ba`abknko`ta ho roecms ho usa y ho prk`bkpkasquo oxpckbm` oc gu`bka`mnko`ta ho cm ermntkbm, cm sk`tmxks y cm artaermgm. Rk`ondmrea, ba`sksto`tos ba` su o`gaquo banu`kbmtkva, o` cas nm`umcos ho Cob-turm y Banpaskbk` o` Ospmacu` pragosar hodo mdarhmr ostas ba`to`khas o` cmnohkhm o` quo rosucto` obosmrkas pmrm msoeurmr oc hosmrracca ho cms lmdkckhmhosck`estkbms ho sus ostuhkm`tos (osbublmr, lmdcmr, coor, osbrkdkr), to`ko`ha skon-pro proso`to u` ba`toxta ske`kbmtkva, osta os, gu`hmno`tmcno`to o`nmrbmha

o` cms `abka`os ho prapsktabanu`kbmtkvay muhko`bkm(Ukhhawsa`, =;5

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47 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Gmso ho mpckbmbk`

Ostm gmso `mc hoc mpro`hkzmio so bmrmbtorkzm parquo knpckbm cm trm`sgoro`bkm

a k`toermbk` ho ca mpro`hkha o` u`m u`khmh hkhbbm m `uovms sktumbka`os

a hosonpoas. Os oc nano`ta o` oc quo so robaeo` a sk`tozm` cas mpro`hk-

zmios ba` oc prapskta ho honastrmr cm banpro`sk` caermhm.

Cas oiorbkbkasquo so o`buo`trm` o` ostm gmso sa` ho has bcmsos9

Ho banpro`sk` ho cobturm.O` ostas oiorbkbkas cas ostuhkm`tos o`o`

quo usmr hks`tas prabosas ho po`smnko`ta bana adsorvmr, kho`-

bmr, bcmskbmr, bmtoearkzmr, banpmrmr (ostmdcobor sonoim`zms y hkgoro`-

bkms): ms bana roba`abor oc tonm, oc prapskta y cm arem`kzmbk` ho

khoms ho u` toxta.

Ho prahubbk` osbrktm.O` ostas oiorbkbkas cas ostuhkm`tos ccovm` m bmda

prabosas ho po`smnko`ta y usm` ostrmtoekms pmrm osbrkdkr toxtas ba`

hks`tas prapsktas (hosbrkdkr, `mrrmr, oxpckbmr, banpmrmr a mreuno`-

tmr). Ra` knpartm`tos o` ostas oiorbkbkas cas nano`tas ho pcm`ombk`,

rohmbbk` y rovksk` ho osbrktas.

Ostrmtoekms hkhbtkbms robano`hmhms o` cm gmso ho mpckbmbk`

Oxpckbkto armcno`to oc prapsktaho cm u`khmh9 ]u hodmnas mpro`horo` ostm u`khmh1.

Myuho m cas ostuhkm`tos m ostmdcobor rooxka`os m trmvs ho proeu`tms9]u guo ca ns knpartm`to a k`torosm`to quo mpro`hknas o` ostm u`k-hmh1: ]u hkbuctmhos tuvkora` y bna cms rosacvkora`1: Vmrm qu

`as vm m sorvkr ca quo mpro`hknas1.

Gmvarozbm oc trmdmia k`hkvkhumc puos co pornktkr smdor o` qu `kvoc soo`buo`trm` cas ostuhkm`tos tm`ta o` banpro`sk` ho cobturm bana o` os-brkturm. Oc trmdmia o` pmroims a bacobtkva puoho usmrso pmrm pastorkarosprabosas ho rotramckno`tmbk`.

Hosmrraccmr cas oiorbkbkas prapuostas u`a par u`a ba` cas ns poquoas(ho = m 2), ho garnm quo so msoeuro u` mhobumha soeuknko`ta ho k`strub-bka`os. Cas ostuhkm`tos nmyaros (ho 8 y ?) puoho` romckzmr cas oiorbkbkassacas.

Ba``m

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Vrknor Ermha 45

Vmrm cas oiorbkbkas ho banpro`sk` cobtarm9

Vornktm quo cas ostuhkm`tos lmem` cm cobturm y hosmrracco` cas oiorbk-bkas ho m`cksks par s nksnas y hocos oc tkonpa subko`to.

Toburhocos quo puoho` vacvor mc toxta bmhm voz quo ca `oboskto` yquo puoho` osbrkdkr, sudrmymr a o`borrmr k`garnmbk` bana ostrmto-ekm pmrm romckzmr cas oiorbkbkas.

Vrapa`em u`m pco`mrkm ho rotramckno`tmbk`, ho garnm quo so caerocm hksbusk` y ba`so`sa rmza`mha ho cms rospuostms susto`tmhms ba`ovkho`bkms toxtumcos.

Vmrm cas oiorbkbkas ho osbrkturm, ostmdcozbm bcmrms k`strubbka`os a brktorkas(puoho sor m trmvs ho rdrkbms a nmtrkbos) y euo oc hosmrracca ho cas na-no`tas hoc prabosa9

Vcm`ombk`9 Nano`ta k`kbkmc o` oc quo cas ostuhkm`tos osbaeo` octonm, pcm`tom` oc prapskta banu`kbmtkva, o`gabm` cm muhko`bkm, o`u-norm` khoms, cms arho`m` y merupm`.

Tohmbbk`9 Nano`ta o` quo so osbrkdo oc toxta usm`ha a hosmrraccm`-ha cm pcm`ombk` m`torkar.

Tovksk`9 Nano`ta o` oc quo, par nohka ho cm mutaovmcumbk`, bao-vmcumbk` a lotoraovmcumbk`, cas ostuhkm`tos barrkeo` sus osbrktassoe` cas brktorkas ostmdcobkhas provkmno`to.

Ohkbk`9 Nano`ta o` oc quo cas ostuhkm`tos propmrm` sus osbrktaspmrm sor cohas par atras, oxpuostas a pudckbmhas. Knpckbm hotmccos hohksoa y tkpaermgm mhobumhas mc prapskta y cm muhko`bkm.

O` ostm gmso `mc hoc mpro`hkzmio, oc orrarhodo pornkrco mc habo`to kho`-

bmr bucos mpro`hkzmios quohmra` ba`sackhmhas y bucos `a, pmrm vacvor m

occas y prapa`or atrms mbvkhmhos ho mbcmrmbk` a roguorza. Cas ostuhkm`tos

hodo` robkdkr rotramckno`tmbk` ho garnm quo vmym` hosmrraccm`ha u` prabo-

sa ho mutaovmcumbk` mut`anm.

Ba` cas ns poquoas so robanko`hm ospobkmcno`to cm baovmcumbk` y

lotoraovmcumbk` ho osbrktas, ym quo kho`bmr par s nksnas cas prapkas

orraros puoho roquorkr ho cas mcun`as u` `kvoc notmbae`kva sasbmha. Os

par osta quo so robanko`hm ocmdarmr rdrkbms a nmtrkbos ho ovmcumbk` o`

ba`iu`ta ba` cas ostuhkm`tos, m pmrr ho ca quo lm` mpro`hkha o` cm gmso ho

mbcmrmbk`.

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4< Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Vrobkska`os ba`boptumcos sadro cm rovksk` ho cm prahubbk` osbrktm

Oc prabosa ho osbrkturm os u`m lmdkckhmh quo ost o` ba`tk`ua hosmrracca y quo so

mpro`ho m ca cmrea ho cm osbacmrkhmh. Rk so qukoro quo cas ostuhkm`tos hosmrracco`ostas prabosas ho garnm mut`anm pmrm quo som` osbrktaros obko`tos y ogob-tkvas (ho hkstk`tas tkpas ho toxta), os `obosmrka o`somrcos bna lmborca y ostompro`hkzmio hodo bano`zmr o` cas ermhas ho prknmrkm.

Cm rovksk`os, qukzs, oc nano`ta ns knpartm`to ho osto prabosa parquo osiustmno`to bum`ha `a saca so m`mckzm` notmbae`ktkvmno`to mspobtas ho garnmho cm osbrkturm (artaermgm, bmckermgm, ermntkbm, sk`tmxks, balosk`), sk`a ho ba`-to`kha(baloro`bkm, mhobumbk`, prapskta banu`kbmtkva).

Var osta os knpartm`to lmbor par ca no`as u` pmr ho darrmharosho garnm quo

`a saca so caero kho`tkbmr mbkortas y pradconms o` cm osbrkturm, sk`a adsorvmr casmiustos loblas m pmrtkr ho adsorvmbka`os pu`tumcos. Ro robanko`hm, o`ta`bos,rovksmr u` osbrkta ba` hkstk`tas y sobuo`bkmhas prapsktas9

O` u` prknor darrmhar so hodo o`gabmr cm rovksk` o` cas mspobtas ecadm-cos hoc toxta9 ostrubturm y arem`kzmbk` cekbm ho cms khoms, o`gaquo soe`oc prapskta banu`kbmtkva, bmckhmh y bm`tkhmh ho k`garnmbk` k`barparmhm(k`bcukha oc usa ho oxproska`os ho rogoro`bkm, ho ockpsks a suiota tbkta).

O` u` soeu`ha darrmhar so hodo o`gabmr cm rovksk` o` mspobtas garnm-cos hoc toxta9 pu`tumbk` (bana robursas quo mpartm` mc so`tkha ho cms

khoms), usa mprapkmha ho ocono`tas ermnmtkbmcos y sk`tbtkbas, artaermgmy barrobbk` khkantkbm.

Oc prabosa ho pcm`ombk`, rohmbbk` y rovksk` puoho lmborso tm`ta m nm`abana utkckzm`ha robursas tob`acekbas. Ca knpartm`to os quo provmcozbm u` bcm-ra prapskta pohmeekba.

_`m ba`skhormbk` `mc tko`o quo vor ba` oc lobla ho quo `a `obosktmnas po -hkrcos m cas ostuhkm`tos prahubkr toxtas nuy oxto`sas pmrm honastrmr sus lmdkck-hmhos ck`estkbms. Var oc ba`trmrka, to`onas quo msoeurmr`as ho quo oc prabosaho prahubbk` osbrktm som obko`to y ske`kbmtkva.

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Vrknor Ermha 4;

Tobano`hmbka`os provkms mc usa hoc nm`umc o` bcmso

O` bmhm u`m ho cms gmsos hoc mpro`hkzmio so prapuskora` robano`hmbka`os

hkhbbms pmrm usmr oc nm`umc bana u`m lorrmnko`tm ogobvm hurm`tobcm-

so. M ba``umbk` so proso`tm` mceu`ms robano`hmbka`os pmrm oc pragosar,

provkms mc usa hoc nm`umc o` bcmso.

M`tosho usmr oc nm`umc ba` cas ostuhkm`tos9

Tosuocvm ustoh nksna cas oiorbkbkas quo so prapa`o` o` bmhm u`khmh.

Osbrkdm iu`ta m bmhm oiorbkbka qu so proto`ho ba` c y bna ccovm mc

prapskta ho cm u`khmh.

M`bkpo cms hkbuctmhos quo pahrm` o`ba`trmr sus ostuhkm`tos y bna

pahrm sacubka`mrcms, qu oxpckbmbka`os hodo hmrcos pmrm quo puohm`

hosmrraccmrca, qu proeu`tms hodo prapa`or pmrm gmvarobor cm hksbu-

sk` y cm mreuno`tmbk`, bna ccovmr m bmda cm rotramckno`tmbk` y

h`ho pa`hr oc `gmsks o` cm ovmcumbk` ho bmhm gmso hoc mpro`hkzmio.

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26 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

O` osto bmptuca so proso`tm, m nm`orm ho oionpca a nahoca, u`m hotmccmhm

hosbrkpbk` ho bna trmdmimr o` bcmso u`m u`khmh banpcotm ho osto nm`umc.

K`bcuyo ostrmtoekms hkhbbms mborbm ho cas pas ho proeu`tms quo so hodo`

lmbor y bna eukmr cms hksbuska`os y oxpckbmbka`os pmrm msoeurmr cm banpro`-

sk` ho cas ostuhkm`tos.

Bmdo m`atmr quo, o` taha bmsa, saca cm mprapkmbk` (propmrmbk`) ho cms

mbvkhmhos par pmrto hoc nmostra, m`tos ho trmdmimrcms o` bcmso, gmvarobor

quo so caero oc hosmrracca ho cms lmdkckhmhos ck`esbms y ho po`smnko`ta ho

cas ostuhkm`tos, os hobkr, cm paskdkckhmh ho caermr cms banpoto`bkms prapuos-

tms o` cm banpro`sk` y prahubbk` ho toxtas osbrktas.

Cm hosbrkpbk` ho cm u`khmh ba`stm ho cms skeuko`tos pmrtos9

Ermha y tuca ho cm u`khmh quo so hosbrkdkr.

Xmdcm quo ba`o`o9

Gmsos ho mpro`hkzmio9Nano`tas o` quo so hosmrraccm oc prabosaho mpro`hkzmio (oxpcarmbk`, mbcmrmbk`, mpckbmbk`).

Hosonpoas ho banpro`sk`9 Robuo`bkm ho mbvkhmhos quo cas

ostuhkm`tos hodo` caermr o` bmhm gmso hoc prabosa ho mpro`hkzmio.

Tobursas9K`sunas `obosmrkas pmrm oc hosmrracca ho cms mbvkhmhos

a hosonpoas (nmtorkmcos, lorrmnko tms, toxtas, otb.).

Ovmcumbk` ba``um9 K`hkbmharos quo oc nmostra hodo adsorvmr

o` cas hosonpoas ho cas ostuhkm`tos pmrm hotornk`mr su `kvoc ho

caera.

Lmdkckhmhos o` hosmrracca9Vrabosas ho po`smnko`ta y lmdkckhmhosck`esbms trmdmimhas o` cm u`khmh.

HDM9Horoblas Dskbas ho Mpro`hkzmio vk`bucmhas ba` cms lmdkckhm-

hos hosmrraccmhms o` cm u`khmh.

Bmptuca KW

Bna knpcono`tmr u`m u`khmh hkhbtkbm

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Vrknor Ermha 2=

Xkonpa osnmha9 Vorkahas ho bcmso bmcbucmhas pmrm oc hosmrracca

ho cm u`khmh (pora quo puoho` oxkdkckzmrso ho mbuorha ba` oc ba`-

toxta ho mpro`hkzmio).

Kba`asquo kho`bm`9 cms gmsos hoc mpro`hkzmio, mbvkhmh sueorkhm,

prapskta, trmdmia o` erupa, pco`mrkm, trmdmia k`hkvkhumc. Bmimsba` ostrmtoekms hkhbbms robano`hmhms pmrm mpaymr y emrm`-

zmr cm nmyar ogobvkhmh o` oc caera ho cas mpro`hkzmios prapuostas.

Mceu`ms ho cms ostrmtoekms quo hodo` lmborso pornm`o`tono`to ox-

pcbktms par pmrto hoc nmostra hurm`to oc hosmrracca ho cms mbvkhmhos

hoc nm`umc o` bcmso so rocmbka`m` ba` HDM.

Var oionpca9

Mc osbrkdkr u`m pmcmdrm o` oc tmdcora, ym som pmrm nastrmr u` oion-

pca, roekstrmr cm rospuostm ho u` ostuhkm`to a roproso`tmr ca quo

cas ostuhkm`tos o`o` o` sus nm`umcos, uckzmr cotrms nmysbucms

y nk`sbucms pmrm rogarzmr vksumcno`to cm barrospa`ho`bkm ermgo-

nm-ga`onm (HDM 4).

O` cm nohkhm quo so vmym` lmbko`ha oiorbkbkas quo pornktm` oc ro-

ba`abknko`ta y nm`oia ho cm u`khmh skcdkbm, pu`tumckzmr o` oc sa-

`kha ho ermms mc k`kbka y mc `mc ho cm pmcmdrm (HDM 7).

Nm`to`or ru`ms dskbms mc nano`ta ho osbrkdkr bana, par oion-

pca9 lmbor ba`sbko`to cm pasturm barparmc, vorkbmr cm paskbk` o

k`bck`mbk` ho cm laim, somcmr ba` oc hoha `hkbo ha`ho hodo` k`k-

bkmr m osbrkdkr, cuoea robarror ba` oc hoha cm trmyobtarkm hoc ro`ec`

ha`ho osbrkdkr` lmbko`ha oxpcbktm cm hkrobbka`mckhmh quo hodo`

soeukr, ho kzqukorhm m horoblm y ho mrrkdm mdmia (HDM =6).

Mu`quo oc nm`umc ost hksomha pmrm osbrkdkr bmhm voz ba` nmyar

banpcoikhmh, bano`zm`ha ba` scmdms o` cm u`khmh = y tornk`m`ha

ba` armbka`os so`bkccms, robarhmr skonpro quo ostms so hodo` k`k-

bkmr ba` nmysbucm y `mckzmr ba` pu`ta (HDM =5).

Nm`to`or ru`ms dskbms mc nano`ta ho coor bana, par oionpca9

usmr oc tuca y cms kcustrmbka`os pmrm hosbudrkr m trmvs ho cm armck-

hmh ocono`tas quo gmbkckto` cm banpro`sk` (HDM =2): mbanpmmr

cm cobturm k`kbkmcno`to, y hurm`to oc onpa quo som `obosmrka, ba`

oc hoha `hkbo a u` cpkz pmrm somckzmr cm pmcmdrm quo so ost co-

yo`ha ba` oc ` ho osnucmr cm cobturm ecadmc o k`torkarkzmr quo cms

armbka`os osbrktms ost` ba`garnmhms par pmcmdrms sopmrmhms (HDM

==).

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24 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Ermha prknora

_`khmh =9 Kho`bmbk`

Gmsos hompro`hkzmio

Hosonpoasho

banpro`sk`Tobursas

Ovmcumbk`ba``um /

Oc ostuhkm`toHDM

Lmdkckhmhos o`hosmrracca

Xkonpaosnmha

Oxpcarmbk`

Hkgoro`bkmbk`muhkvm y er-

bm ho vabmcos yba`sa`m`tos

Mbvkhmh sueo-rkhm (pek`m 8)

Kho`bm cas sa`k-has quo barrospa`-

ho` m cms cotrms hocmcgmdota

=

4

8

?

7

Ho po`smnko`ta

Kho`bmbk`9 Cotrms hoc mcgmdota

Rcmdms k`kbkmcos, no-

hkms a `mcos

Bcmskbmbk`9 Arho` ho scmdms Merupmbk` ho pmcm-

drms soe` oc `noraho scmdms

M`cksks9

Garnmbk` ho pmcmdrms

m pmrr ho scmdms

4?porkahas

ho bcmso

Kho`bmbk`ho cotrms

Rapm ho cotrms

(pek`m 8)Toba`abo cms cotrms

hoc mcgmdota

Kho`bmbk`ho scmdms k`k-

bkmcos

Kneo`os hopmcmdrms (pek-`ms ? y 7)

Msabkm u`m knmeo`

ba` cm scmdm k`kbkmc

Osbrkdo cm scmdm

k`kbkmc ho pmcmdrms

roproso`tmhms o`kneo`os

Ba``m

Xo`or o` buo`tm cas nano`tas ho cobturm romckzmhm par oc mhucta

quo so suekoro` o` oc nm`umc, sk` oxbcukr cm paskdkckhmh ho quo som`

cas ostuhkm`tos cas quo tano` cm k`kbkmvm ho coor k`hkvkhumcno`to

u agroborso vacu`tmrkmno`to m coor ym som u`m k`strubbk` a u` tox-

ta so`bkcca y barta. Nahocmr y prmbbmr cm cobturm o` vaz mctm par pmrto hoc pragosar,

o` pmroims a o` bara, roguorzm cm mhqukskbk` ho praeroskvm ukhoz,

roba`abknko ta ho hkrobbka`mckhmh y roba`abknko`ta ho ske`as ar-

taerbas (HDM =4).

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Vrknor Ermha 22

Gmsos hompro`hkzmio

Hosonpoasho

banpro`sk`Tobursas

Ovmcumbk`ba``um /

Oc ostuhkm`toHDM

Lmdkckhmhos o`hosmrracca

Xkonpaosnmha

Mbcmrmbk`

Kho`bmbk`ho scmdms pmrm

banpcotmr pmcm-drms

Kneo`os, scm-dms y pmcmdrms

k`banpcotmsMbvkhmhos KKM y D (pek`ms5 y

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28 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Gmso ho oxpcarmbk`

Hosmrracca ho cas hosonpoas ho banpro`sk`9

Kho`bmbk` ho cotrms y scmdms quo ba`garnm` cms pmcmdrms

@AXM9 Vmrm ogobtas ho banpro`hor cm oxpckbmbk` quo so lmbo o` osto

bmptuca ba` rospobta m cas oiorbkbkas pmrm hosmrraccmr cm ba`bko`bkm ga`-

nkbm, so lmdcmr ho sa`kha(ga`onm), quo mpmrobor osbrkta o`tro dmrrms

k`bck`mhms, y so lmdcmr ho cotrm a scmdm (ermgonm, ermm), quo mpmro-

bor` osbrktms sk` dmrrms. Ms, mc rogorkr`as m ga`onm, so osporm quo oc

pragosar a oc ostuhkm`to onktm` oc sa`kha barrospa`hko`to m u`m cotrm a

scmdm hotornk`mhm: nko`trms quo, mc rogorkr`as m cotrm a scmdm, so ospo-

rm quo oc pragosar a ostuhkm`to osbrkdm` a nuostro` bna so osbrkdo`.

M`tos ho romckzmr cm mbvkhmh sueorkhm, rovkso cms k`hkbmbka`os

pmrm u`m Adsorvmbk` k`kbkmcy bano`tmrkas sadro Vro-osbrkturm

y pro-cobturm, hosbrktas o` oc bmptuca WK.

Vmrm cm mbvkhmh sueorkhm, propmro ba` m`bkpmbk` blms a bmr-

tocos ba` cms cotrms hoc mcgmdota y osbaim tm`ta cms vabmcos bana

cms ba`sa`m`tos ba` cms quo romckzmr cm mbvkhmh.

Vmrm hosmrraccmr cm hksbrknk`mbk` muhktkvm, prknora phmcos quo so pmro`mcomtarkmno`to gro`to m ustoh eumrhm`ha u` ospmbka pruho`to u`as ba` atrasparquo vm` m `obosktmr navorso u` paba.

M ba`tk`umbk`, hemcos quo pra`u`bkmr u`m ckstm ho pmcmdrms y quo saca mcosbublmr mquoccms quo onpkozm` ba` u`m scmdm hmhm, par oionpca, /bm/, hodo`hmr u` smcta.

M`tos ho onpozmr, pkhm u` oionpca ho u`m pmcmdrm quo onpkozm par osm scmdm(/bm/), ropktm cm pmcmdrm guortono`to y nuostro oc navknko`ta quo ospormvor o` occas. Bana prbtkbm, hkem u`m sorko ho 8 pmcmdrms o` u`m vocabkhmhnohkm9 porra, bmsm, `ka, bmrra. Adsorvo sk cm nmyarm smct apartu`mno`to:

sk `a guo cm rospuostm ospormhm, ropktm porra y proeu`to9 hodo` smctmr1, mca bumc rospa`hor` `a. Topktm bmsm y proeu`to9 hodo` smctmr1 M ca quoso osporm quo hkem` s y ca lmem`. Lmem `uovmno`to oc oiorbkbka ba` cmspmcmdrms bmim, Bmck, tmrra, bmnm.

Cuoea, puoho lmbor tros vmrkmbka`os9 romckzmr oc iuoea ba` trkscmdms banabmnksm, bublmrm, ptmca, bmdozm: puoho bmndkmr cm scmdm ho roba`abknko`ta aoc navknko`ta barparmc ospormha (covm`tmr cm nm`a, so`tmrso, otb.)

Mbtkvkhmhsueorkhm

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Vrknor Ermha 2?

Banko`bo oxpckbktm`ha oc prapsktaho cm bcmso9 O` ostm bcmso vm-

nas m kho`bmr cms cotrms y scmdms quo ba`garnm` cms pmcmdrms.

Lmem mceu`ms proeu`tms quo pornktm` m cas ostuhkm`tos pa`or o`

ban` sus ba`abknko`tas provkas sadro oc tonm. Var oionpca9

qu os u`m cotrm1, qu cotrms ba`abo`1, qu puoho lmbor u`a

ba` cms cotrms1 qu os u`m scmdm1, qu oionpcas pahonas hmr

ho scmdms1

M`kno m cas ostuhkm tos m osbrkdkr sus oionpcas o` oc tmdcora y

pranuovm cm pmrbkpmbk` k`trahubko`ha ocono`tas hkgoro`tos

bana cotrms nmysbucms, `noras, sndacas, cotrms o` burskvm a

sbrkpt. Var oc nano`ta ho hosmrracca o` oc quo so o`buo`trm` sus

ostuhkm`tos, cms rospuostms puoho` ostmr hkrkekhms lmbkm pmrm

qu skrvo` cms cotrms y quoror banpmrr nuostrms ho bna so

u`o`. Nublas k`to`tmr` hmr oxpckbmbka`os armcos, cms bumcos ho-

do` sor arko`tmhms lmbkm oc prapskta k`kbkmc ho roba`abknko`ta

ermgonm-ga`onm.

Vco`mrkm

Xrmdmiak`hkvkhumc

M`tos quo lmbor ho`kbka`os, cas ostuhkm`tos o` ohmhproosbacmr drk`hm` `unorasas oionpcas quo skrvo` hok`suna pmrm hksbutkr y ba`trmstmr sus apk`ka`os. Ostknucocm pmrtkbkpmbk` y pranuovm cm osbublm o`tro u`as y atras.Ba`bcuym skonpro mc `mckzmr cms k`torvo`bka`os.

Vroeu`to9 ]u pmcmdrms onpkozm` ba` oc sa`kha /n/1 Osbublo susrospuostms. Topktm cm proeu`tm bmndkm`ha oc ga`onm. Rk cas `kas quo tko`ho`m rospa`hor sa` skonpro cas nksnas, arem`kbo oc erupa par pmroims ho tmcnm`orm quo u` `ka quo `a som tm` pmrtkbkpmtkva a quo to`em hkbuctmhos pmrmo`ba`trmr oionpcas, puohm mpaymrso o` u` banpmora(m) quo ca myuho h`haco

mceu`ms bcmvos. Mlarm proeu`to9 ]u pmcmdrms onpkozm` ba` ostm cotrm p1 K hkbm`ha ba` su

nm`a cm blm a bmrtoc ba` oc ermgonm. Cuoea, utkckbo blms a bmrtocos ba` casermgonms, pmrm lmbor proeu`tms bana9 ]u pmcmdrms onpkozm` ba` ostm cotrmp1, k`hkbm`ha ba` su nm`a cm blm a bmrtoc. Vuoho lmbor proeu`tms mctor`msbana qu basms so vo` o` cms bmccos quo onpkozm` ba` ostm cotrm1

Vrapskta

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27 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

K`vkto m cas ostuhkm`tos m quo romckbo` k`hkvkhumcno`to cm mbvk-

hmh M hoc nm`umc o` cm pek`m 8. Com o` vaz mctm cm k`strubbk` y

agrozbm u` oionpca o` oc tmdcora ho bna osbrkdkr cotrms mhkbka-

`mcos sk cms `obosktm` pmrm bunpckr ba` cm tmrom.

Adsorvo oc trmdmia quo ost` romckzm`ha sus ostuhkm`tos. _ckboosto nano`ta pmrm k`hmemr cm barrospa`ho`bkm quo lmbo` o`tro

ermgonm- ga`onm. Buc os oc sa`kha ho ostm cotrm1 (somcm`ha

mceu`m ho cm sapm ho cotrms) y ostm1 Hemcos, par oionpca, quo

ustoh ba`abo pmcmdrms quo onpkozm` ba` osm cotrm (t), pora `o-

bosktm quo co barrkim` sk tahms sa` barrobtms9 zm, tara, gata, tm -

nmc. Vuoho roporcms y ospormr quo co rospa`hm` quo cm pmcmdrm

gata os k`barrobtm. Vhmcos quo co oxpckquo` a co nuostro` par

qu (notmbae`kbk`).

K`vkto m cas ostuhkm`tos m romckzmr k`hkvkhumcno`to cm mbvkhmh D

o` cm pek`m ? hoc nm`umc. Com o` vaz mctm cm k`strubbk` y uck-

Xrmdmiak`hkvkhumc

Vmrm romckzmr iuoeas ho hksbrknk`mbk` muhktkvm y vksumc ho scmdms, propmroba` m`tkbkpmbk` blms ha`ho ost` osbrktms scmdms (u`m scmdm o` bmhmblm). Ostms blms hodo` sor ho u` tmnma vkskdco pmrm tahas y hogbkc nm`oia ba` oc ` ho pmsmr rpkhmno`to u`m trms atrm. @a `obosktmbandk`mr u`m ba`sa`m`to ba` tahms cms vabmcos pora s msoeurmrso hoto`or n`kna has o` oc erupa ho blms quo utkckzmr. Var oionpca9 gm, ga, do,dk, du, po, pk, cm, ca,cu, sk, sa.

Hksp`emcms u`m hotrs ho atrm y proproso pmrm nastrmr cms blms (sk`pra`u`bkmrcms) ho nm`orm ratmtkvm, os hobkr, nuostro cm prknorm blmo k`nohkmtmno`to psocm ho ctknm o` oc sot, hoim`ha mc hosbudkortacm soeu`hm blm o` oc na`ta quo sastko`o o`tro cms nm`as y ms lmstmnastrmrcms tahms.

K`hkquo quo hodo` mpcmuhkr bum`ha vom` cm scmdm par cm quoonpkozm cm pmcmdrm cuca, par oionpca. Onpkobo m ratmr cms blms yadsorvo sk romckzm` oc navknko`ta ba` barrospa`ho`bkm. Rk ca lmbo`mprapkmhmno`to, bmndko cm pmcmdrm ho cm scmdm quo so vm m hksbrknk`mr yropktm oc navknko`ta ho ratmbk` ho blms.

Vuoho vmrkmr cm vocabkhmh ba` cm quo bmndkm cms blms a k`trahubkr haspmcmdrms pmrm quo cas ostuhkm`tos hkstk`em` vksumcno`to has scmdms m cmvoz.

Rk mc romckzmr ostms mbtkvkhmhos adsorvm quo hodo tanmrso ns tkonpapmrm trmdmimr o` oc roba`abknko`ta ho scmdms, rontmso mc bmptuca WK(Toguorza k`kbkmc ho scmdms).

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Vrknor Ermha 25

zm`ha cm scmdm /rm/, agrozbm u` oionpca o` oc tmdcora ho bna

u`kr ba` u`m c`om cm scmdm k`hkbmhm o` oc bumhra ba` bmhm u`m

ho cms kneo`os quo roproso`tm` pmcmdrms quo k`kbkm` ba` hkblm

scmdm (rmt`, rm`m, otb.).

Bmnk`o o tro cas ostuhkm`tos, adsorvo, suporvkso su trmdmia ympravoblo osto nano`ta pmrm k`hmemr cm barrospa`ho`bkm quo

lmbo` o`tro scmdms k`kbkmcos o kneo`os. Vroeu`to buc os cm s-

cmdm osbrktm o` oc bumhra1 Adsorvo cms msabkmbka`os quo lmbo` y

pkhm oxpckbmbk` par mquoccms kneo`os quo `a u`o`9 ba` qu

scmdm k`kbkm ostm knmeo`1

Bum`ha cas ostuhkm`tos `mckbo` mndas oiorbkbkas, lmem cm rotra-

mckno`tmbk` o` pco`mrkm. Totano cm mbvkhmh ba` cm scmdm /nm/

y lmem cms skeuko`tos proeu`tms9 hoda u`kr /nm/ ba` cm knmeo`

ho nosm1 Cuoea ropktm cm mbbk` ba` bmhm u`m ho cms kneo`os

rostm`tos. Rk mceuko` tuva u`m rospuostm hkgoro`to, porntmco ox-

pckbmr cm rmz` par cm quo u`k a hoi ho u`kr u`m knmeo` ho-

tornk`mhm. Rk hosom, tmndk` puoho k`vktmrcas m barradarmr cms

rospuostms o`tro banpmoras.

M`tos ho hosmrraccmr cm mbvkhmh B, pmso mc gro`to m tros kas bu-

yas andros k`kbko` ba` scmdms ho ostrubturm ba`sa`m`to+vabmc,

a ba`sa`m`to vabmc+vabmc, par oionpca, Nmrka, Vmdca y Cmurm.

Vkhm m mce` vacu`tmrka quo osbrkdm o` oc tmdcora cm scmdm ba` cm

quo k`kbkm` cas `andros ho sus banpmoras.

Vkhm m cas ostuhkm`tos mdrkr oc nm`umc o` cm pek`m 7 y oxpckquo

quo cm mbvkhmh quo so vm m hosmrraccmr m ba``umbk` o` oc mpmr-

tmha B hodo rosacvorso ho cm nksnm nm`orm. Com cm k`strubbk`

o` vaz mctm o k`vkto m cas `kas m hosmrraccmr cm mbvkhmh ho garnm

k`hkvkhumc.

Vco`mrkm

Xrmdmia

k`hkvkhumc

Nahocmr gro`to m cas ostuhkm`tos bna lmbor ocoiorbkbka cos myuhm m soeukr u` arho` y m k`barparmru`m nm`orm ho prabohor skstontkbm quo cos myuhmr mromckzmr cm tmrom ogobtkvmno`to.

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2< Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Va`em o` ban` cms rospuostms adto`khms o` ostm mbvkhmh. Vuo-

ho o`ba`trmr vmrkms apbka`os, bana o` cm knmeo` pocatm, ha`-

ho cm scmdm k`kbkmc os po, pora tmndk` puoho ccmnrsoco barrob-

tmno`to dmc` buym rospuostm os dm. Mpravoblo cms kneo`os

pmrm proeu`tmr atrms scmdms k`kbkmcos, par oionpca, hkduio cm bmsm

o` oc tmdcora y, somcm`ha cm blkno`om, proeu`to buc os cm scm-

dm k`kbkmc hoc `andro ho ostm pmrto ho cm bmsm1, pornktm quo u`

vacu`tmrka cm osbrkdm o` oc tmdcora.

Xornk`o cm mbvkhmh rotanm`ha ca quo lkbkora` cas ostuhkm`tos.

Lemca ba` myuhm ho occas, m pmrr ho proeu`tms bana9 buc

orm `uostra prapskta ho cm bcmso1, quk` robuorhm u`m ho cms

mbvkhmhos quo lkbknas pmrm caermrca1, sk ya lmea oc sa`kha /g/,

osto os oc sa`kha ho u`m cotrm a ho u`m scmdm1, quk` puoho

osbrkdkr cm cotrm quo roproso`tm oc sa`kha /g/ o` oc tmdcora1, sk ya

pra`u`bka /hk/, osto os oc sa`kha ho u`m cotrm a ho u`m scmdm1,

quk` puoho osbrkdkr cm scmdm quo roproso`tm oc sa`kha /hk/ o`

oc tmdcora1, qu pmcmdrm k`kbkm ba` cm scmdm hk1

Workquo cm coekdkckhmh y guorzm o` oc trmza. Rk adsorvm quomceu`as ho sus ostuhkm`tos roqukoro` trmdmia mhkbka`mc pmrmcoca mcm romckzmbk` hoc nm`umc, puoho mpaymrso o` cms robano`hmbka`oso` osto nm`umc, bmptuca WK (Hosmrracca natrkz `a).

O`rkquozbm oc vabmducmrka ho sus ostuhkm`tos lmbko`haproeu`tms mhkbka`mcos sadro cm blkno`om, par oionpcamceu`a lm vksta u`m bmsm quo tko`o blkno`om1 ]ucuemros ba`abonas quo to`em` blkno`om1

Mc `mckzmr bmhm bcmso os knpartm`to lmbor u` bkorro quo ccovo m casostuhkm`tos m9

Tocmbka`mr ca quo lkbkora` o` occm ba` oc prapskta quo so to`m. Garnmckzmr cas ba`boptas trmdmimhas hurm`to cm bcmso. Kho`tkbmr ca quo smdm` y ca `uova quo mpro`hkora` hurm`to cm bcmso.

Vco`mrkm

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Vrknor Ermha 2;

Gmso ho mbcmrmbk` (Vrknorm pmrto)

Hosmrracca ho cas hosonpoas ho banpro`sk`9Kho`bmbk` ho u`khmhos skcdkbms

Vropmro, pmrm ostm mbvkhmh, pmpoc ho bmrtuck`m o` abtmvas y nmr-

bmharos ho vmrkas bacaros, subko`tos pmrm oc trmdmia o` erupa ho

cas kas. Ocmdaro blms poquoms ha`ho bmhm u`m to`em osbrkta

u`a ho cas skeuko`tos `noras9 =, 4, 2. Hodo lmbor tm`tms blms

bana erupas ho trmdmia (ho 2 a 8 ostuhkm`tos) lmym o` cm bcmso y

hopasktmrcms o` u`m dacsm.

Banko`bo oxpckbktm`ha oc prapsktaho cm bcmso9 O` ostm bcmso

vmnas m kho`bmr scmdms pmrm banpcotmr pmcmdrms.

Vhmcos m cas ostuhkm`tos pmrmrso mcrohohar hoc smc` o` u` cuemr

ha`ho puohm` navorso sk` trapozmr ba` atra banpmora. Oxpc-

quocos quo hkr u`m pmcmdrm hkvkhk`hacm o` scmdms y quo bmhm

voz quo pra`u`bko u`m scmdm romckzmr oc nksna navknko`ta,

par oionpca, hmr u` pmsa. Nahoco gro`to m cas ostuhkm`tos cm mb-

bk` ba` cm pmcmdrm pragosarm9 pra (mvm`bo u` pmsa) -go (mvm`bo

atra pmsa) -sa (mvm`bo u` pmsa ns) -rm (mvm`bo u` cna pmsa).

Topktm cm mbvkhmh ba` vmrkms pmcmdrms ho hkgoro`to `nora ho

scmdms y vorkquo, hurm`to cm oiobubk`, cm barrospa`ho`bkm hocas navknko`tas ba` bmhm scmdm. K`vkto mc erupa m sor ba-ovmcum-

haros ho cm mbvkhmh9 ca lkbknas dko`1 hodknas mvm`zmr has

pmsas1

Vmrm k`bo`tkvmr cm pmrtkbkpmbk`, phmcos m cas ostuhkm`tos quo partur`as y ho nm`orm vacu`tmrkm vmym` pra`u`bkm`ha cm pmcmdrm quo

so vm m roproso`tmr ba` oc navknko`ta. K`trahuzbm pmcmdrms ba`hkpta`eas pmrm eo`ormr u` rota bae`ktkva. Vuoho vmrkmr cm hkstm`bkm hocas pmsas (ns bartas a ns cmreas) hopo`hko`ha oc `gmsks quo qukormhmr y oc iuoea ba`tracmha quo puohm romckzmr oc erupa.

Mbtkvkhmhsueorkhm

Vrapskta

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86 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Tomckbo u`m voz ns oc oiorbkbka ba` atrm pmcmdrm y atra navk-

nko`ta (smctm`ha o` u` pko), pora m`bkpo quo meroemr` u`

ocono`ta quo sor ba`tmr cas smctas quo mc `mc so hkora`. Var

oionpca, suekorm lmborca ba` cm pmcmdrm rmstrkcca9 rms-trk-cca

y proeu`to9 bu`tas smctas o` u` pko tuvknas quo hmr1 [, sk cmpmcmdrm os baha, bu`tas smctas o` u` pko tuvknas quo hmr1

Arem`kbo erupas ho 2 a 8 ostuhkm`tos y ropmrtm, o` bmhm u`a, u`

bmrtoc y nmrbmharos. _`m porsa`m ho bmhm erupa hodo smbmr ho cm

dacsm ba` `noras u` pmpoc y hobkrco m su erupa oc `nora quo

cos barrospa`ho. Rk, par oionpca, oc nora os 4, k`hquocos m cas

ostuhkm`tos quo hodo` hkduimr o` su bmrtoc adiotas buya andro

to`em oso `nora ho scmdms, par oionpca, pk-ta, tm-zm, otb.

Vhmco m u` ostuhkm`to quo pmrmgrmsoo cm k`strubbk` ho ca quo

hodo` lmbor. Vhmco m atra quo o`u`bko o` arho` cas pmsas quo

hodo` soeukr pmrm lmbor cas miustos `obosmrkas. Nko`trms cas os-

tuhkm`tos romckzm` cm mbvkhmh, rato par cas erupas.

Borbkroso ho quo cas erupas quoho` ba`garnmhas par `kasba` hkgoro`to `kvoc ho hank`ka hoc tonm pmrm pranavor cmsvo`tmims ho trmdmimr baapormtkvmno`to ba` u` pmr quo cas rotou arko`to. Msoeroso ho quo lmym racos ho`tra hoc oqukpa y hoquo tahas pmrtkbkpo` oquktmtkvmno`to. H tkonpa subko`topmrm cm ocmdarmbk` hoc bmrtoc.

Ostm ostrmtoekm ho o`unormr cas pmsas ho u`m k`strubbk` co pornktkrmc ostuhkm`to hoto`orso o` bumcqukor nano`ta, rotanmr u` pmsabum`ha su mto`bk` `a som sasto`khm a bum`ha mc `mckzmr hodm ropmsmroc prabohknko`ta utkckzmha pmrm caermr oc adiotkva.

O`unoro y hkduio o` oc tmdcora u`as sndacas quo roproso`to` bmhm

pmsa. Vuoho osbrkdkr u`m pmcmdrm pmrm lmbor ostm rogoro`bkm, sk`ondmrea, robuorho su prabosa osbrkta lmstm mlarm onoreo`to y ock`tors par buctkvmr o` ostm ohmh cm lmdkckhmh ho k`torprotmr sndacas._stoh hobkho sk nahocmr ostms ostrmtoekms o` cas suderupas a ba` cmbcmso o` eo`ormc.

Xrmdmiao` erupa

Mbtkvkhmhsueorkhm

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Vrknor Ermha 8=

Rk mce` erupa o`o hkbuctmhos pmrm o`ba`trmr pmcmdrms, myho-

cos m ovabmr erm` bm`hmh ho vabmducmrka andrm`ha bmtoearms

a cuemros. Var oionpca, proeu`to qu basms so o`buo`trm` o`

u`m o`hm1, qu basms ost` rocmbka`mhms ba` iuoeas1 Mpravo-

blo cm ccuvkm ho khoms pmrm lmbor ba`toa ho scmdms ho bmhm u`mho cms pmcmdrms quo sureo`.

Arem`kbo u`m pco`mrkm9

Vkhm m u` erupa ho vacu`tmrkas quo pmso mc gro`to pmrm banpmrr

su trmdmia. K`hkquo m cas ostuhkm`tos quo tahas cas k`toerm`tos

hoc erupa pmrbkpmr` mc pa`or o` ban` cms rospuostms.

Mc `mckzmr cm proso`tmbk`, proeu`to sk lmy huhms a sk mceuko` ho-

som barroekr a mpartmr u`m uovm pmcmdrm. Vmso mc skeuko`to erupalmstm quo tahas lmym` romckzmha su proso`tmbk`.

Vmrm borbkarmrso ho quo cas hons ostuhkm`tos ost` osbublm`-

ha, romckbo u`m mbvkhmh mhkbka`mc9 Rk hurm`to cm proso`tmbk` ho

u` erupa mceu`a ho cas oionpcas quo no`bka`m` ym so lm hkbla,

tahas hodo` covm`tmr sus drmzas o` skco`bka y u`kr cms nm`as par

o`bknm ho cm bmdozm, dmimr cas drmzas y roerosmr m cm pasturm ba-

rrobtm o` oc msko`ta.

Xornk`o cm mbvkhmh rotanm`ha ca quo lkbkora` cas ostuhkm`tos.

Lemca ba` myuhm ho occas, m pmrr ho proeu`tms bana9 bucorm uostra prapskta ho cm bcmso1, bu`tms scmdms o`o cm pmcm-

drm m`kcca1, qu ostrmtoekm pahonas banpmrr ba` cas hons

pmrm ba`tmr cms scmdms ho cms pmcmdrms1

Vkhm m cas ostuhkm`tos quo mdrm` su nm`umc o` cm pek`m 5 y udk-

quo` cm mbvkhmh KKM. Com cm k`strubbk` o` vaz mctm has vobos.

Tobuorho quo cas `kas o` ostm ohmh roguorzm` su banpro`sk`

nohkm`to oc mpaya vksumc. Os robano`hmdco lmbor usa ho u`roprahubtar ho knmeo` a, o` su hogobta, hkduimr o` erm`ho o` octmdcora cm mbtkvkhmh quo vm` m hosmrraccmr pmrm quo, ba` cm nuostrmvksumckzmhm, puohm` udkbmrso noiar o` oc ospmbka erba y mhqukorm`ostrmtoekms ho arem`kzmbk` mc romckzmr u`m tmrom osbrktm.

Vco`mrkm

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84 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Nahoco y hosbrkdm m sus ostuhkm`tos cas pmsas par soeukr9 Vro-

eu`to m cas `kas prknora par cm knmeo` qu adiota os osto1

(somcm`ha cm skccm). Cuoea, oxprsocos quo hospus ho kho`bmr

oc adiota, hodo` coor o` arho` cms paskdcos scmdms ba` cms bum-

cos puoho` banpcotmr cm pmcmdrm y quo so o`buo`trm` ho`tra hobumhrmhas. Vkhm m u` vacu`tmrka coor bmhm u`m ho cms scmdms ho

cm pmrto suporkar9 sm, sk, sa, su, so. Mlarm phmcos tanmr u` bacar

bumcqukorm y pmrm o`borrmr cm scmdm quo banpcotm cm pmcmdrm.

Vkhm m cas `kas bapkmr cm scmdm nmrbmhm o` oc ro`ec` ba`eua

m cm knmeo`. Vroeu`to bu`tms scmdms o`o cm pmcmdrm skccm1

Ba` cm rospuostm ho cas `kas, buo`to nastrm`ha ba` oc hoha cms

has scmdms. Cuoea, k`hkquo quo hodo` osbrkdkr cm pmcmdrm skccm

banpcotm o` oc ro`ec` m cm horoblm.

Bana mbvkhmh mhkbka`mc pmrm rogarzmr oc mspobta son`ba,

proeu`to m cas `kas k`hkbm`ha ba` oc hoha cm scmdm so9 qu pm-

cmdrm ludkorm rosuctmha sk ludkorm osbaekha ostm scmdm1 Osporo

cms rospuostms y cuoea proeu`to9 Bum`ha pko`sa o` cm pmcmdrm

soccm o`o so`ha y barrospa`ho m cm knmeo` quo voa1 Tosmcto

quo ostm garnm pornkto barroekr y barradarmr cms rospuostms.

Hkem m cas ostuhkm`tos quo mlarm romckzmr` k`hkvkhumcno`to cms

has mbvkhmhos rostm`tos. Vahrm lmbor u`m pco`mrkm pmrm ban-

pmrmr cms rospuostms a puoho arem`kzmrcas o` bo`tras pmrm rovk-

smr o` poquoas erupas oc oiorbkbka.

_`m ostrmtoekm pmrm nahocmr ostrubturms no`tmcos hopcm`ombk` y m`cksks os oxprosmr o` vaz mctm cm garnm

o` quo so ost po`sm`ha rosacvor oc pradconm. Ms,cas ostuhkm`tos k`torkarkzm` mctor`mtkvms ho sacubk` ynm`orms ho prabohor gro`to m u`m tmrom. Nmrbmr ba`bacar cm rospuostm os atrm garnm ho rosmctmr y lmborm`bcmios ho k`garnmbk` quo cuoea so utkckzmr.

Xrmdmia

k`hkvkhumc

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Vrknor Ermha 82

K`vkto m cas ostuhkm`tos m romckzmr cm mbvkhmh D o` cm pek`m

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88 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

eu`to m cas ostuhkm`tos buc orm `uostra prapskta o` ostm mb-

vkhmh1, qu ostrmtoekm pahonas banpmrr ba` cas hons quo

`as myuho m osbaeor scmdms pmrm banpcotmr pmcmdrms1

Rk adsorvm quo mc `mckzmr ostms mbvkhmhos cas ostuhkm`tos ro-

qukoro` nmyar trmdmia pmrm k`torkarkzmr ostas oiorbkbkas ho bkorromuhkva o` scmdms, puoho lmbor vmrkmbka`os m cas ym hosmrraccm-

has y banpcono`tmr ba` atrms ostrmtoekms hosbrktms o` oc bmptu-

ca WK (Bkorro muhkva ba` scmdms).

M`tos ho k`kbkmr cm mbvkhmh B o` cm pek`m ;, romckbo cm skeuko`to

hk`nkbm9 Hkvkhm mc erupa o` pmroims y tras: phmcos m cms pmro-

ims dusbmr o` u`m rovkstm u` adiota buya `andro ost garnmha

par 4 scmdms y, m cas tras, dusbmr o` u`m rovkstm, u` adiota buya

`andro ost garnmha par 2 scmdms. Hodo` robartmr oc adiota oco-

ekha y cuoea poemrca o` u`m bmrtuck`m ho tmnma u` paba nserm`ho quo cm knmeo`. Ostm knmeo` hodo sor bartmhm o` tm`tms

pmrtos bana oc nora ho scmdms quo ba`garnm` cm pmcmdrm. Var

oionpca, sk so ockek u` dmc`, cuoea ho poemrca o` cm bmrtuck`m,

so robartmr par cm nktmh pmrm lmbor barrospa`ho`bkm ba` cm pm-

cmdrm dm-c`. Bmhm k`toerm`to hodo osbrkdkr o` su grmeno`ta ho

cm knmeo` cm scmdm barrospa`hko`to. Mc `mckzmr, bmhm pmroim a

tra proso`tmr su pmcmdrm mc erupa y cm hoimr poemhm o` u`m ho

cms pmrohos hoc smc` pmrm iuemr pastorkarno`to bum`ha trmdmio`

`uovmno`to o` bo`tras.

Hurm`to cm mbvkhmh, lmem m cas ostuhkm`tos proeu`tms quo cos

pornktm` rogarzmr oc roba`abknko`ta ermgonm-ga`onm y skcdkba.

Vkhm m cas ostuhkm`tos mdrkr oc nm`umc o` cm pek`m ;. K`hkquo quo

ho nm`orm k`hkvkhumc hosmrraccmr` cas oiorbkbkas prapuostas ho

cm nksnm garnm quo so lkza cm mbvkhmh k`trahubtarkm. Oxpcquocos

quo, o` osto bmsa, cm grmeno`tmbk` ho cm knmeo` ost roproso`-

tmhm par c`oms pu`tomhms. K`vtocas m osbrkdkr o` cas ro`eca`os

hoske`mhas cms scmdms quo ba`garnm` oc `andro ho cm knmeo`.

Tomckbo oc cna oiorbkbka, barrospa`hko`to m cm knmeo` hocnurbkcmea, ba` taha oc erupa. Vroeu`to9 qu m`knmc os osto1

bu`tms scmdms o`o cm pmcmdrm nurbkcmea1, bucos sa` osms

scmdms1 Tomckbo bmhm pmsa eukm`ha m cas ostuhkm`tos lmstm `mck-

zmr ba` cm osbrkturm ho cms scmdms.

Vco`mrkm

Xrmdmiak`hkvkhumc

Xrmdmiao` erupa

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Vrknor Ermha 8?

Gk`mckbo cm mbvkhmh ba` u`m prapuostm hkgoro`to9 Vkhm m cas os-

tuhkm`tos po`smr o` pmcmdrms quo occas ba`skhorm` hkbkcos ho

sopmrmr o` scmdms, ym som par su ca`ektuh a par cms cotrms quo lmy

o` occms. Vrapa`em osms pmcmdrms (y to`em propmrmhms mceu`ms)

bana k`suna pmrm quo oc erupa bacobvmno`to puohm, o` oc

tmdcora, rosacvor huhms rospobta m cm kho`bmbk` ho u`khmhos

skcdkbms.

Gmso ho mpckbmbk`(Vrknorm pmrto)

Hosmrracca ho cas hosonpoas ho banpro`sk`9

Kho`bmbk` ho u`khmhos skcdkbms quo ba`garnm` cms pmcmdrms

Vmrm ostm mbvkhmh, propmro u`m ckstm ho pmcmdrms quo uckzmr

hurm`to cm mbvkhmh. K`kbko ba` dkscmdms y cuoea vmro cm banpco-

ikhmh o` oc `nora ho scmdms a o` cm bandk`mbk` ho cms cotrms

o` cm u`khmh skcdkbm.

Banko`bo oxpckbktm`ha oc prapskta ho cm bcmso9 O` ostm bcmso

vmnas m kho`bmr y osbrkdkr cms scmdms quo ba`garnm` cms pmcm-

drms.

Oxpckquo mc erupa quo tahas sor` u` saca oqukpa, par ca tm`-

ta, cm pmrbkpmbk` hodo sor arho`mhm y roqukoro rospotmr cas

mbuorhas ho bcmso (covm`tmr cm nm`a, ospormr su tur`a, osbublmr

mc atra, `a hobkr cms rospuostms o` vaz mctm, otb.) pmrm `mckzmr

oxktasmno to cm mbvkhmh.

Osbaim u`m pmcmdrm ho cm ckstm y trmbo o` oc tmdcora u`m c`om par

bmhm scmdm quo ba`garnm cm pmcmdrm. Var oionpca, sk cm pmcmdrm os

Vco`mrkm

Osto oionpca guo k`to`bka`mcno`to prapuosta pmrm rotmr mcas ostuhkm`tos bae`ktkvmno`to o` cm kho`tkbmbk` skcdkbm hopmcmdrms ba`garnmhms par ns ho 2 scmdms, sueorkr hksbuska`osmcrohohar ho cms vabmcos y bana roguorza ho ermgonm-ga`onm mcrovksmr cms cotrms ho bmhm u`khmh skcdkbm.

Mbtkvkhmhsueorkhm

Vrapskta

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87 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

earkcm, o` oc tmdcora hodo` trmzmrso tros c`oms. K`hkquo quo oc

adiova os mhkvk`mr cms scmdms quo ba`garnm` cm pmcmdrm y pmrm

myuhmrcas, ustoh cos hmr skonpro has cotrms. Var ca tm`ta, so hodo

vor o` oc tmdcora9 Ea- QQQQQ-QQQQQ. Oxpckquo quo `a so hmr `k`-

eu`m pkstm mhkbka`mc sadro cm pmcmdrm y quo, bana rogoro`bkm hocas mbkortas y hosmbkortas, so to`hr u` hkduia bana oc skeuko`to9

ea - QQQQQ-QQQQQ

Atareuo oc tur`a pmrm quo hkem` scmdms. Var oionpca, sk hm` cm

scmdm nk, hodkha m quo `a ost ho`tra ho cm pmcmdrm, so darrm oc

darrmhar hoc cpkz. Rk o` oc skeuko`to tur`a hkbo` cm scmdm , so

darrmr cm pu`tm. Rk oc skeuko`to `ka hkbo cm scmdm rk o`ta`bos so

osbrkdo o` oc cuemr barrospa`hko`to9

ea - rk -

Tobuorho quo oc adiova os banpcotmr cm pmcmdrm m`tos ho quo oc

hkduia hosmpmrozbm.

Vhmcos m cas ostuhkm`tos mdrkr oc nm`umc o` cm pek`m ==, Mbvk-

hmh KKKM.

Vroeu`to qu adsorvm` o` ostm pek`m1 Arko`to cms rospuostms

pmrm o`gabmr cm mto`bk` `a saca o` cms scmdms y cas hkduias sk`a

o` cm hkspaskbk` o` tros bacun`ms. Oxpckquo ostm udkbmbk` nas-

trm`ha ba` su nm`a cms 2 bacun`ms. Com cm k`strubbk` y hkem quo

o` bmhm bacun`m so puoho osbaeor u`m scmdm, bano`zm`ha par

cm bacun`m ho cm kzqukorhm. Cuoea, hodo` dusbmr o` cm bacun`m

bo`trmc y o` cm horoblm, cms scmdms quo banpcotm` cm pmcmdrm y ho-

do` u`krcms ba` u`m c`om. Gk`mcno`to, ba``umr cm c`om u`k`-

hacm m cm knmeo` quo barrospa`hm.

Xrmdmiak`hkvkhumc

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Vrknor Ermha 85

Mbanpmo m sus ostuhkm`tos hurm`to oc hosmrracca ho cm mbvk-

hmh. Adsorvo cms paskdcos hkbuctmhos quo puoho` proso`tmr.

Ovmco oc pa ho myuhm ospobbm quo u` `ka obosktm pmrm rom-

ckzmr oiorbkbkas mhkbka`mcos ba` oc erupa, o`vkmr u` roguorza m bmsm

a mpaymrca o` u` suderupa poquoa hurm`to cm skeuko`to bcmso.

Vhmcos m cas ostuhkm`tos rou`krso o` pmroims pmrm robbmr sus

rospuostms. K`vkto m cas ostuhkm`tos m romckzmr cm mbvkhmh D ho cm pek`m =4.

Bana k`trahubbk` m hkblm mbvkhmh, ovaquo mceu`as oiorbkbkas

quo so lm` hosmrraccmha m`torkarno`to pmrm banpcotmr pmcmdrms

ba` cm scmdm barrobtm. O`gmbo o` oc nobm`ksna ho proeu`tmrso

m s nksna, cuoea ho lmdor osbaekha u`m scmdm, sk cm pmcmdrm o-

`o a `a so`ha.

Vhmcos m tahas pa`or su hoha `hkbo o` oc robumhra ba` cms kn-

eo`os y sackbkto, par tur`as, m mceu`as vacu`tmrkas quo `andro`

bmhm adiota quo mcc mpmrobo. K`hkquo quo ostms kneo`os sa`u`m eum pmrm banpcotmr cms pmcmdrms ba` cm scmdm barrobtm. K`v-

tocas m hosmrraccmr cm mbvkhmh ho nm`orm k`hkvkhumc y skco`bkasm.

Cuoea ho u` onpa hotornk`mha pmrm romckzmr cm mbvkhmh, p-

hmcos quo so ro`m` uovmno`to ba` su pmroim pmrm vorkbmr sus

rospuostms. Ruekorm quo hkduio` ba` u` bacar u` sndaca paskva

(bmrm gockz, u` sac, otb.) iu`ta m cms rospuostms o` cms quo lmym`

bak`bkhkha. O` taha bmsa, hodo` osbrkdkr ba` cpkz cms scmdms ba -

rrobtms hodmia ho cm knmeo` barrospa`hko to.

Mlarm phmcos m sus ostuhkm`tos udkbmr su hoha o` cm pek`m

=2. Com o` vaz mctm cm k`strubbk`. Bapko o` oc tmdcora cm pmcmdrm

pksa y phmco m u` vacu`tmrka sopmrmr osm pmcmdrm o` scmdms (ca

puoho lmbor armcno`to, ba` navknko`tas a pmsmr mc tmdcora y

hkvkhkr ba` u`m c`om9 pk/sa a pk-sa. Vroeu`to mc erupa bu`tms

scmdms ba`garnm` cm pmcmdrm pksa1

H oc tkonpa `obosmrka pmrm hosmrraccmr cm mbtkvkhmh ho nm`ormk`hkvkhumc. Rk mceu`a mbmdm m`tos ho ca provksta, suekrmco bacaromr cashkduias ho cm bacun`m ho cm horoblm o` do`obka ho su natrkbkhmh.

_tkckbo `uovmno`to cm ostrmtoekm ho o`unormr y skndackzmr o` oc tmdcora

bmhm u`a ho cas pmsas ho cm tmrom.

Xrmdmiao` erupa

Xrmdmiao` erupa

Xrmdmiak`hkvkhumc

Vco`mrkm

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8< Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Mlarm osbrkdm cm scmdm pk m cm kzqukorhm hoc tmdcora y cm scmdm sa

o` oc oxtrona apuosta, ho cm skeuko`to garnm9 pk- QQQQ QQQQQ-sa.

Vroeu`to qu ske`kbmr` cms c`oms QQQQQ1 Tobaim cms khoms y

mbcmro quo roproso tm` cm muso`bkm ho u`m scmdm mc `mc a mc k`k-

bka ho cm pmcmdrm. Var ca tm`ta, hodo` banpcotmrcms pmrm garnmr`uovms pmcmdrms. ]u scmdm so puoho usmr pmrm bromr u`m pmcm-

drm sk cm prknorm scmdm os pk1 Oxmeoro u` paba cm pra`u`bkmbk`9

/pkkkk/ y osbrkdm cms apbka`os quo hm` cas ostuhkm`tos hodmia ho

pk- QQQQ o` cm pmrto kzqukorhm hoc tmdcora (pk-ta, pk-cm, pk-m).

Mlarm ropktm oc prabohknko`ta ba` cm scmdm sa o`gmzm`ha quo

ostm voz so hodo osbrkdkr cm scmdm k`kbkmc pmrm garnmr pmcmdrms quo

tornk`o` o` -sa. Oxmeoro u` paba cm pra`u`bkmbk` o k`trahuzbm

u` rukha pmrm roproso`tmr a`anmtapykbmno`to cm scmdm muso`-

to, par oionpca9 (sapco) y hkem k`nohkmtmno`to /sa/. Osbrkdm o`cm pmrto horoblm hoc tmdcora cms paskdcos rospuostms (vm-sa, po-sa,

quo-sa).

K`hkquo quo, ho nm`orm k`hkvkhumc, rosacvor` cas 4 oiorbkbkas ho

cm pek`m =2. `kbmno`to proeu`to rospobta mc prknor hkduia,

qu os ostm knmeo`1, pmrm qu so usm u`m bmpm1, quk`os lm`

osbublmha quo usm` bmpms1 [ osbrkdm o` oc tmdcora o` cm pmrto

suporkar9 bm- QQQQ QQQQQ-pm. Vroeu`to m ba``umbk` rospobta

mc soeu`ha hkduia, qu os ostm knmeo`1, m quk` co eustm cm

porm1, co robano`hmrm` banor porm m sus mnkeas1 [ osbrkdm o`

oc tmdcora o` cm pmrto nohkm9 po- QQQQ QQQQQ-rm.

H cm k`hkbmbk` ho k`kbkmr cm mbvkhmh y adsorvo oc trmdmia quo

romckzm bmhm ostuhkm`to. Xo`em o` buo`tm m cas ostuhkm`tos quo

proso`tm` nmyar hkbuctmh y ostmdcozbm oc pa ho orrar quo

banoto a cm gmco`bkm. H u` onpa mhobumha pmrm `mckzmr oc

oiorbkbka y hotornk`o oc pa ho myuhm quo hodo hmr, skonpro

prapkbkm`ha u` bmnk`a k`hubva, m pmrr ho proeu`tms y `a ho

rospuostms par pmrto hoc pragosar.

Barrkim oc oiorbkbka ba` oc erupa, pkhko`ha m mceu`as ostuhkm`tososbrkdkr su rospuostm o` oc tmdcora, hodmia ho cm scmdm barros-

pa`hko`to. M`mckbo ba` oc erupa bmhm u`m ho cms rospuostms, os

hobkr, bmhm scmdm quo o`ba`trmra` pmrm garnmr `uovms pmcmdrms

m pmrr ho cms scmdms quo ba`garnm` cms pmcmdrms bm-pm y po-rm.

Nahoco gro`to m sus ostuhkm`tos oc m`cksks proeu`tm`ha9 Ba`

cm scmdm quo osbae, cm `uovm pmcmdrm o`o so`ha1, cm osbrkd

Vco`mrkm

Xrmdmiak`hkvkhumc

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Vrknor Ermha 8;

barrobtmno`to1 Ostm cnm pmrm vorkbmr cm sobuo`bkm ho ga`o-

nms ho`tra ho cm u`khmh skcdkbm.

M`tos ho k`kbkmr cm mbvkhmh H ho cm pek`m =8, romckbo u` oiorbkbka

ho roguorza skcdkba y natrkz. Hemcos m sus ostuhkm`tos quo cos

hmr u`m pmcmdrm m bmhm u`a cm bumc hodo` robarhmr. Voeuo o`cms pmrohos mcrohohar hoc smc` u` bmrtoc osbrkta ba` oc `nora

=, atra ba` oc 4, u` torbora ba` oc 2 y u`a ha`ho ost osbrkta 8+.

Mske`o m bmhm `ka u`m pmcmdrm. Vhmcos quo pko`so` sk su pmcm -

drm ost garnmhm par =, 4, 2, 8 a ns scmdms. Cuoea, k`hkquo quo

bum`ha ustoh buo`to lmstm tros, bmhm u`a so hodo hospcmzmr lm-

bkm ha`ho ost oc bmrtoc ba` oc `nora quo roproso`tm oc `no -

ra ho scmdms quo ba`garnm` su pmcmdrm. O` soeukhm, bmhm `ka

ho`tra ho su erupa co buo`tm m sus banpmoras cm pmcmdrm quo co

barrospa`hk. Occas hodo` osbublmr y hksbur sk ost udkbmha o`

oc erupa barrobta a `a, pora `a mdm`ha`mr oc erupa. Cuoea ho cm

hksbusk` o` erupas, so lmbo u`m pco`mrkm ha`ho bmhm ostuhkm`-

to oxprosm cm pmcmdrm quo co barrospa`hk y oxpckbm su udkbmbk`

ho`tra hoc erupa ba`tm`ha oc nora ho scmdms ho su pmcmdrm. Rk

mce` `ka so udkb k`kbkmcno`to o` oc `nora oqukvabmha, ostm

os cm apartu`khmh ho oxpckbmr su ba`gusk` y hospcmzmrso mc erupa

quo barrospa`ho.

K`hkquo m cas ostuhkm`tos mdrkr su nm`umc o` cm pek`m =8. Com o`

vaz mctm cm k`strubbk` ho cm mbvkhmh H.

Rk mc `mckzmr osto oiorbkbka o`buo`trm ostuhkm`tos quo proso`tm`hkbuctmhos pmrm romckzmr oc m`cksks-s`tosks ho cm u`khmh skcdkbm,puoho lmbor u` mcta o` oc prabosa ho soeuknko`ta hoc nm`umc yhksomr oiorbkbkas quo roguorbo` cm lmdkckhmh. O`ba`trmr mceu`mskhoms o` oc bmptuca WK (Bmndka ho u`khmhos skcdkbms).

Mpravoblo osto nano`ta pmrm nahocmr ostrmtoekmsho arem`kzmbk` y nm`oia ho ocono`tas ho trmdmia(bacaros, cpkz, ckdra, otb.).

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?6 Eum ho usa pmrm oc nmostra

Osbrkdm o` oc tmdcora ba`vo`bka`os pmrm robarhmr oc bacar ba` oc

bumc hodo` o`borrmr cm pmcmdrm ho mbuorha ba` oc `nora ho s-

cmdms quo cm ba`garnm`. Ho keumc nm`orm, bapko o` oc tmdcora a

prayobto oc bumhra ba` cms pmcmdrms quo so vm` m ostuhkmr. Romco

u`m ho cms pmcmdrms (osbaim u` arho` ho`tra hoc bumhra) y cmcm.H u` nano`ta pmrm quo bmhm ostuhkm`to o`bkorro cm pmcmdrm

ba` oc bacar barrospa`hko`to. Ba``o oc oiorbkbka lmstm `mck-

zmr cms pmcmdrms. Mc `mckzmr, rotano bmhm u`m ho cms pmcmdrms y

proeu`to par oc bacar quo uckzmra`. O` bmsa ho o`ba`trmr hksbro-

pm`bkms, hksbur cm rmz` ho sus rospuostms.

Gmso ho mbcmrmbk`(Vrknorm pmrto)

Hosmrracca ho cas hosonpoas ho banpro`sk`9

Kho`bmbk` ho scmdms bandk`mhms

Bana lm adsorvmha, cm u`khmh = ho osto nm`umc ba`stm ho has

pmrtos. Cm prknorm, rocmbka`mhm ba` cotrms hoc mcgmdota y scmdms

sknpcos y cm soeu`hm, cm bumc so hosbrkdkr m ba``umbk`, rocmbka-`mhm ba` scmdms bandk`mhms. M nm`orm ho banpcono`ta pmrm

su burrbuca ho co`eumio, so suekoro to`or o` buo`tm cms robano`-

hmbka`os provkms mc hosmrracca ho cms skeuko`tos mbvkhmhos, hos-

brktms o` oc bmptuca WK (Rcmdms bandk`mhms).

Oc nmtorkmc roquorkha pmrm cm soeu`hm mbvkhmh sueorkhm os u`

ckdra ho paonms a ho rknms pmrm coorcos m cas `kas.

Tobuorho k`kbkmr oxpckbktm`ha oc prapsktaho cm bcmso9 O` ostm

bcmso vmnas m kho`bmr scmdms bandk`mhms.

K`kbko cm mbvkhmh proeu`tm`ha qu broo` quo ske`kbm cm pmcm-drm bandk`mhm1 Osbublo cms oxpckbmbka`os y oionpcas ho cas

`kas o k`bo`vo cm pmrbkpmbk` proeu`tm`ha9 qu lm` bandk-

`mha mceu`m voz1, qu broo` quo ske`kbm scmdm bandk`mhm1,

m quk` so co aburro u` oionpca1 Vrapa`em oionpcas quo ccovo`

m hksbusk`9 osbrkdm o` oc tmdcora pct y proeu`to suo`m bana

Mbtkvkhmhsueorkhm

Vrapskta

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Vrknor Ermha ?=

u`m scmdm1 y sk osbrkdknas pcm o`o so`ha1 ba`abo` pmcm-

drms quo banko`bo` ba` pcm1 H mceu`as oionpcas ho scmdms

bandk`mhms y bano`to quo ba` ostms so trmdmimr lmstm `mckzmr

cm u`khmh.

Vhmcos m cas ostuhkm`tos arem`kzmrso o` pmroims. Bmhm pmroimdusbm u` cuemr o` oc smc` ha`ho puohm so`tmrso. Oxpckquo quo

ustoh hkr u`m scmdm bandk`mhm y cm tmrom ba`sksr o` po`smr

tahms cms pmcmdrms quo onpkozm` par ostm scmdm. Var oionpca, us-

toh hkbo /drk/, osporm`ha rospuostms bana drkcca, drksm, drkccm`-

to, otb. K`hkquo quo cos hmr u` nk`uta y nohka pmrm o`ba`trmr

pmcmdrms, par ca bumc `obosktmr` ropor y nonarkzmr cms quo vm`

o`ba`trm`ha. Mc `mckzmr oc onpa, ustoh hmr oc tur`a m bmhm

pmroim pmrm quo banpmrtm ba` oc erupa u`m ho cms pmcmdrms ho

tmc garnm quo cm pmroim skeuko`to hodo ovktmr ropor cms pmcmdrmslmstm oc nano`ta no`bka`mhms. _stoh sorvkr ho msksto`to pmrm

ccovmr o` oc tmdcora oc roekstra ho cms pmcmdrms. Va`em u`m notm

bacobvm, os hobkr, agrozbm u` k`bo`va pmrm taha oc erupa sk o`

bmhm ra`hm caerm` ccoemr m 5 pmcmdrms hkgoro`tos.

Vmrm c