guj ehl;bak; - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/other/tGr12OM Bharata Reso.pdf · ii thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y; guj...

i

guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;

thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;

juk; 12(2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)(2017Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ)

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

,yq;if

www.nie.lk

[email protected]

ii

thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;thrpg;Gj; Jiz E}y;

guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;guj ehl;bak;

juk; 12juk; 12juk; 12juk; 12juk; 12

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;>

kùfk>

,yq;if.

Kjw; gjpg;G : 2017

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw>

nkhopfs;> khDltpay; r%ftpQ;Qhd gPlk;>


kùfk>

,yq;if.

,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

gjpg;G:


kùfk>

,yq;if.

iii

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

,yq;ifg; ghlrhiy Kiwikapy;> ikag; ghlq;fshf mjhtJ gpujhd ghlq;fshf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s> jha;nkhop> fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk; Nghd;w ghlq;fSf;fhf ePz;lfhykhfg;

ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F ,izahf Mrpupau; topfhl;bAk; (Teachers’ Guide), ghlE}Yk; (Text Books)

gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd. mjw;fika Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> ghlE}iy

khztu;fSf;Fk; toq;fp khztu;fsJ mwpTf; fz;fisj; jpwf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; midtUk;

<Lgl;L tUfpd;wdu;.

mofpaw; ghlkhdJ mwpit khj;jpukd;wp ew;gz;GfisAk;> ed;kdg;ghq;FfisAk; cila

jpwd;fis tsu;g;gjpy; ngupJk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ. kdpjd; ew;gz;GilatdhFk;NghJ mtdJ

elj;ij kdpj tu;f;fj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;Fk;> #oypdJk;; ,aw;ifapdJk; ,Ug;Gf;Fk; rhjfkhf mikAk;.

mwpTk; ew;gz;GfSk; nfhz;l khztidNa ,d;iwa r%fk; Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ. mt;thwhd

xU kdpjid cUthf;Ftjw;F mofpaw; ghlj;ijAk; xU gpujhd ghlkhff; fUjpr; nraw;gLtJ

nghUj;jkhdJ. mjid czu;e;J ,g;ghlj;jpd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf ePz;l fhykhfr; nraw;gl;LtUk;

ehk;> ikag; ghlq;fis kl;Lky;yhJ ,g;ghlj;Jf;Fk; ghlE}y;fs; jahupf;fg;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ij

vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpNwhk;. ,J xU gpujhd ghlk; my;yhjNghJk;> MrpupauJ fw;gpj;jw; gzpf;Fj;

Jizahtjw;fhd xU ife;E}yhf ,t;thwhd xU Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyf; fy;tp Kiwikapy;

mwpKfQ; nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jik Fwpj;J kfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;. ,e; E}y;

khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ghlE}Yf;F xg;ghd xd;wy;y. vdpDk;> Mrpupau;f;Fk; khztu;f;Fk;

tYT+l;lj;jf;f> Njrpa uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l> xU tskhFk;. NkYk; ehnlq;fpYk;

,g;ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd xUikg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ,J JizahFk;.

tFg;giwf;F tYtl;Ltjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,f; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; ts E}iyf;

fy;tp Kiwikapy; mwpKfQ; nra;tjd; %yk; mila vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; rpwg;ghd NgWfs; tUkhW:

1. Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd ghltplaq;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; xd;W jpul;b toq;Ftjd;

%yk; MrpupaJ tpidj;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jy;.

2. Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; tpupthf ,lk; ngw;Ws;s ghltplaq;fis NkYk; tpupthf Kd;itj;jy;.

3. Mrpupau; topfhl;bf;Ff; Fiw epug;Gjyhf mikjy;.

4. fUj;J NtWghLfSf;F cs;shfj;jf;f ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfj; Njrpa uPjpapy;

,zf;fg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd jpl;ltl;lkhd tplaq;fis/ ju;f;fq;fis

Kd;itj;jy;.

5. ghltplaq;fspd; rkepiy kw;Wk; jpl;ltl;lkhd tiuaiwfis Kd;itj;jy; %yk; kjpg;gPl;Lg;;

gzpfis ,yFgLj;jy;.

6. MrpupauJ mwpit> ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;F mg;ghYk; tpupTGLj;jp> ghltpla mwpT njhlu;ghd

jd;dk;gpf;ifia cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

7. Mrpupau;fs; khztu;fs; ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;Fk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwia

mu;j;jKs;s ,dpa mDgtkhf;Fjy;.

cupa xU fw;wy; tskhfpa ,J> vkJ ehl;L khzt re;jjpapd; mwpitAk; ew;gz;GfisAk;

tsu;g;gjw;fhd ,dpa fw;ww; #oiy cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Mrpupau;f;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;.

Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsJ nraY}f;fKk; mwpthw;wYk; nkd;NkYk; tpUj;jpailal;Lk;. NkYk;

rkfhy khzt khztpau;f;F mofpaw; ghlf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jyhdJ Xu; ,dpa mDgtkhf

mikal;Lk; vdTk; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

rh];jpugjp Rjj; rkurpq;`>rh];jpugjp Rjj; rkurpq;`>rh];jpugjp Rjj; rkurpq;`>rh];jpugjp Rjj; rkurpq;`>rh];jpugjp Rjj; rkurpq;`>

gzpg;ghsu; (mofpaw; fy;tpj; Jiw)>


k`ufk.

iv

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpgpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fw;wyhdJ njhlu;r;rpahd fzpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. cau;e;j milT

kl;lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg;> gue;jsT mDgtq;fs; fpilj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gue;jsT

mDgtq;fSld; cau;e;j fzpg;gPl;ilg; ngWNthu; mjpfsT kfpo;r;rpailtu;. ,jd; nghUl;L

cupa egu;fs;> ,lq;fs;> nghUs;;fs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyfs; fpilj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

gujehl;baj;ijg; gapYk; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis tpuptilar;

nra;tjw;fhf> Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyj; jahupf;f Kbe;jikiaapl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfk; kfpo;r;rpailfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gl;l midtUf;Fk; vkJ

ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

khztu; r%fk; Nkw;gb Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iyg; gad;gLj;jp> me;E}ypy; fhzg;gLk;

Vida mwpT %yq;fisAk; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;L cau;e;j milTkl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr;

nry;y KbAk;. ,jw;fpzq;f khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu;fs; cl;gl

midtUk; ,J Fwpj;Jf; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;gb Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}iy

nkd;NkYk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd MNyhridfis midtuplKk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;. gps;isfspd; fw;wy; mDgtq;fis tpupTgLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd

rpwe;j #oy; Vw;gl Ntz;Lk; vdg; gpuhj;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

fyhepjp khk;Gy;nfhl Rkzuj;d Njuu;>

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>

nkhopfs;> khdpltpay;> r%ftpQ;Qhd gPlk;>

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

v

Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu

Gjpa rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;ff; $bajhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;;ij

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,e;j thrpg;G E}y; khztu;fspd; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;il

,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

“gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;” vd;gJ fiyfSf;Fk; nghUe;jp tUtNj. me;j

tifapy; Gjpa rpe;jidfSld; jahupf;fg;gl;L 2007Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

ghlj;jpl;lkhdJ gy Gjpa mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf ehl;by; ,dr; rkj;Jtj;JlDk;

xw;WikAlDk; thOk; Gjpa rKjhaj;ij cUthf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; jahupf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

Gjpa rpe;jidAld; Gjpa ehnshd;Wf;fhff; fhj;jpUf;Fk; khztu;fspilNa rpe;jidj;

jlq;fy;fs; Vw;gl;Ltplf; $lhJ vd;gij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,e;E}y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

rpwpasT tsq;fspy; ngUksT gad;ngwNtz;baJ ,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpd; epiyaha;

,Ug;gpDk; ,e;E}y; khztu;fspdJk; Mrpupau;fspdJk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghl;by;

ngUe;Jiz GupAk; xU rhjdkhFk;.

jpUkjp.ep\he;juhfpdp jpUf;Fkud;>

nraw;wpl;lj; jiytu;>

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw>


k`ufk.

vi

fiyj;jpl;lf; FOfiyj;jpl;lf; FOfiyj;jpl;lf; FOfiyj;jpl;lf; FOfiyj;jpl;lf; FO

MNyhridAk; topfhl;lYk; : fy;tprhh; mYty;fs; rig>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghl epGzj;Jt MNyhrid : jpU. Rjj; rkurpq;`>

gzpg;ghsh; - mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw.

ghl ,izg;ghf;fk; : jpUkjp. ep\he;juhfpdp jpUf;Fkud;>

nraw;wpl;lj; jiyth;>

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw.

vOj;jhsh; FO : jpUkjp. ep\he;juhfpdp jpUf;Fkud;>

(cs;thhp) nraw;wpl;lj; jiyth;>

mofpaw;fy;tpj; Jiw.

(ntspthhp) : jpUkjp ghujp rptNahfehjd;>

Mrphpa MNyhrfh;>

tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk;> nfhOk;G - 02.

nry;tp.,d;gkyu; gukypq;fk;>

tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>

tlkuhl;rp.

jpUkjp.NjtFkhup NahNfe;jpud;>

Mrpupia>

ah /njhz;ilkhdhW tPufj;jpg;gps;is

kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

jpUkjp.rpahjh Mde;jN[hjp>

Mrpupia>

ah /Nfhz;lhtpy; ,uhkfpU\;z

kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

nkhop Nkw;ghh;it : jpU.J.,uhN[e;jpuk;>

Xa;T ngw;w rpNu\;l tphpTiuahsh;>

jpwe;j gy;fiyf;fofk;.

fzpdp Nfhh;g;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : nry;tp nry;tuQ;rpdp nry;yj;Jiu>

Mrpupa E}yfu;>

ah / njhz;ilkhdhW tPufj;jpg;gps;is

kfh tpj;jpahyak;.

ml;ilg;gl tbtikg;G : jpU. utPe;u NjEtu.

IV

1

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : guj ehl;baj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis mgpeapg;ghu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : mlTfisg; gQ;r [hjpapy; mgpeapg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 3.1.1 : mlTfisg; gQ;r [hjpfspy; MLjy;.

gQ;r [hjpj; jjpq;fpznjhk; tupirfs;Mjpjhsk; (rJ];u jpupGil)

gQ;r [hjpj; jjpq;fpznjhk; tupirfs;Mjpjhsk; (rJ];u jpupGil) ,d;DnkhU tif

[hjp 14 0 0

1. jp];uk; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; jjpq; / >fpznjhk;

jjpq; > fp / znjhk; jjpq;> fpznjhk; //

2. rJ];uk; ; ; ; ; jfpl jjpq;fpz njhk; /

jfpl jjpq; fpznjhk; /

jfpl jjpq; fpznjhk; //

3. fz;lk; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; / >jjpq;fpz njhk;

jjpq; / fpz njhk; jjpq;fpznjhk; //

4. kp];uk; ; ; ; ; ; , jfjjpq;fp / znjhk;jf jjpq;fpz /

njhk; jf jjpq;fpznjhk; //

5. rq;fPu;zk; ; ; , jfjpF jjpq;fpz njhk; jf /

jpF jjpq; fpz njhk;j /

fjpF jjpq;fpznjhk; //

2

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : eldk; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil mk;rq;fisAk;vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : mgpeak; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghL 4.1.1 : ehd;Ftpj mgpeaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

mgpeak;

mgpeak; vd;gJ xU tlnkhopr; nrhy;. “mgp” vd;gjw;F Kd; vd;W nghUs;. eak;vd;w gjj;jpd; tpidg;gFjpahd “ eP ” vd;gjw;F “miltpj;jy;” vd;gJ nghUs;. Mifahy;‘mgpeak;’ vd;gJ ghu;g;gtu;fs; Kd;nfhz;L tUjy; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. xU vz;zf;fUitmq;f mirTfshYk; Kfghtq;fshYk; ntspapLjy; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. fjhghj;jpuj;jpd;jd;ikiaAk; nkd;ikahd czu;TfisAk; mt;tg;NghJ ghj;jpuq;fspd; gy;NtW tifg;gl;lkNdhghtq;fisAk; ghu;g;gtu;fs; fz;L ,urpf;Fk; tz;zk; mikf;fg;gl;lNj mgpeak;.

mgpeaq;fs; gw;wp ehl;ba rh];jpuKk; mgpeaju;g;gzKk; tiutpyf;fzq;fistFj;Js;sd. mgpeak; ehd;F tifg;gLk;. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUk; RNyhfk; tupirg;gLj;JfpwJ.

ehd;Ftif mgpeak;

Mq;fpNfh thrpf]; irt M`hu;a` ]hj;tpfh`/rj;thNuh mgpeahj; j;aNj tpf;ah ehl;ba ]k;];uah// .

,jd; fUj;J vd;dntdpd; Mq;fpfk;> thr;rpfk;> M`hu;ak;> ]hj;tpfk; Mfpaehd;Fk; mgpeaj;jpd; tiffs; vd mwpe;Njd;.

,e;j ehd;Ftpj mgpeaq;fSk; NtW ngau;fs; nfhz;Lk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd vdtPuuhfitadhy; jkpopy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;l mgpeaju;g;gzk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.mjhtJ> Mq;fpfk; - rhap vd;Wk; thr;rpfk; - rQ;rhap vd;Wk; M`hu;ak; - mDrhap vd;Wk;rhj;tpfk; - tpgrhap vd;Wk; me; E}ypy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mq;fq;fspdhy; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLtJ Mq;fpf mgpeak; vdTk; thu;j;ijfshy;ntspg;gLj;JtJ thr;rpf mgpeak; vdTk; Mil mzpfyd;fshy; xU fjhghj;jpuj;jpd;Fztpay;igr; rpj;jpupg;gJ M`hu;a mgpeak; vdTk; rhj;tpf czu;Tfspd; ntspg;ghNlrhj;tpf mgpeak; vdTk; ee;jpNf];tuupd; mgpeaju;g;gzk; $WfpwJ.

Nfl;Nghu; $lj;jpypUe;J eldj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf;nfhz;bUg;gtu;fs; ,f; fiyia ,urpj;Jkfpo Ntz;Lkhdhy; ehy;tif mgpeaq;fs; gw;wpa mwpit mtu;fs; rpwpjsNtDk; ngw;wpUj;jy;mtrpak;.

Mq;fpfhgpeak;

xU vz;zf;fUit cly; cWg;Gf;fshYk; Kfj;jhYk; mq;f mirTfshYk;ntspg;gLj;JtNj Mq;fpf mgpeak; MFk;. Mq;fpf mgpeak; vd;gJ mq;fq;fisg; gw;wpaJ.‘Mq;fpfk;’ vd;Dk; rk];fpUj nkhopapyike;j nrhy;Yf;F cly; vd;gJ nghUs;. Mq;fpfmgpeaj;jpy; mq;fk;> gpuj;jpahq;fk;> cghq;fk; vd;Dk; %d;W rpwg;ghd gpupTfs; cs.,tw;iwj; jpupahq;fk; vd;Wk; miog;gu;.

3

mq;fk;

Mq;fpfhgpeaj;jpy; jiy> iffs;> khu;G> gf;fq;fs;> ,il> ghjq;fs;> tpuy; MfpaVOk; mq;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

gpuj;jpahq;fk;

Gaq;fs;> Kd;iffs;> KJF> tapW> njhilfs;> Koq;fhy;fs; Mfpa MWk;g;uj;ahq;fq;fs; vdg;gLk;. rpyu; kzpf;fl;L> Koq;iffs;> Koq;fhy;fs; Mfpa mq;fq;fisAk;,g;gpuptpy; Nru;j;Jf; $Wtu;.

Mq;fpfhgpeak; 4 tifg;gLk;.

1. #rpfhgpeak; - jhtu[q;fkq;fspy; vtw;iwNaDk; if> fhy;fshy;epr;rakhf mgpeapj;jy;.

2. ghthgpeak; - jiyahYk; fz;fshYk; ghtq;fisf; fhl;LtJ.

3. njhe;jhgpeak; - jiy> fz;> ghjk;> if Mfpatw;why; ahtu;f;Fe;njupaf;fhl;ly;.

4. ,yl;rzpfhgpeak; - cyfpYs;s vy;yhg; nghUs;fSf;Fk; mJ,Jjhnddf; $whJ ahUk; fz;L mwpe;Jnfhs;SkhW MLjy;.

Mq;fpfhgpeaj;jpy; ntFthd mgpeak;> mw;gkhd mgpeak; vd ,Utifcz;L. ,uz;L iffisAk; tplhky; fhl;Lk;NghJ ghzhRud; Mapuk; iffs; cs;sJNghw;fhl;Ljy; ntFthd mgpeak; MFk;.

,we;j> epfo;> vjpu; fhyk; Mfpa Kf;fhyq;fspy; nghUl;fs; epw;Fk; epiy ,Jntd;WFwpg;ghy; mwpAk;gb fhl;Ljy; mw;gkhd mgpeak; MFk;.

cghq;fk;cghq;fk; vdg;gLtJ fz;> tpop> GUtk;> fd;dk;> %f;F> jhil> gy;> ehf;F> cjL>

Kftha; MfpaitahFk;.

,tw;iwj; jtpu kw;w mq;fq;fshd Fjpf;fhy;> fizf;fhy;> fhy;tpuy;> iftpuy;vd;gdTk; cghq;fhdp vd;Dk; eldj;jpYk; ghtpf;fg;gLk;. Xu; mq;fk; mirAk;NghJ $lNtgpuj;jpahq;fq;fSk; cghq;fq;fSk; ,ize;J mirfpd;wd.

thr;rpfh mgpeak;

thu;j;ijfspd; Nfhu;itahf tpsq;FtJ Ngr;R> ciueil> ftpij> ehlfk;> ,yf;fpak;>,jpfhrk; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;l gFjpfis thu;j;ijfshy; ntspg;gLj;JtJ thr;rpfhmgpeakhFk;.

midj;J mbg;gil mwpTk; thu;j;ijfspdhYk; Ngr;rpdhYk; ngwg;gLfpd;wJ. mjdhy;“midj;Jr; nray;fSf;Fk; mbg;gilahd Ngr;irtpl cau;e;jJ Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy” vd;Wehl;ba rh];jpuk; $Wfpd;wJ.

4

thr;rpfk; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1. RfPj thr;rpfk;.2. cgfPj thr;rpfk;.3. Rrg;j thr;rpfk;.4. cgrg;j thr;rpfk;.

,tw;Ws; RfPj thr;rpfk; vd;gJ ghj;jpukhdts; ghliyj; jhNd ghbf;nfhz;Lmgpeapj;jyhFk;.

cgfPj thr;rpfk; vd;gJ ghlfu; rigNahu; nkr;Rk;gb ghLk;NghJ ngz;fs;mgpeapj;jyhFk;.

Rrg;j thr;rpfk; vd;gJ eldkhJ fzpg;gpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl eldk; nra;tjhFk;.cgrg;j thr;rpfhgpeak; vd;gJ el;Ltdhu; jpwikahff; fzpf;f eld ghj;jpuk; Mb

mgpeapj;jyhFk;.ehlfj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nkhopfs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1. mjpghi\ - tpz;zfj;Njhupd; nkhop.2. Mu;aghi\ - cau;Fbapdupd; nkhop.3. [hjp ghi\ - ghkudpd; nkhop.4. A+d;ae;jup ghi\ - tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; gwitfspd; nkhop.

ghlfu;> ,irf; fiyQu;> kpUjq;ff; fiyQu; mlq;fpa xU ,irf;FO> xU eldk;md;Nwy; ehlfj;jpw;fhd ,iriar; rpwg;ghf toq;fpdhYk; thr;rpfh mgpeaNk xU eldf;fiyQu; jdJ mgpeaq;fspd; %yk; ghu;g;Nghiuf; ftuTk; mtu;fspd; uridiaj; J}z;burpf;fr; nra;aTk; cjTk;.

M`hu;a mgpeak;

cliy myq;fupf;Fk; myq;fhuq;fis M`hu;a mgpeak; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ehl;baehlfq;fspy; xt;nthUtUk; jkJ ghj;jpuj;jpw;F Vw;w khjpup cilazpe;J jq;fis myq;fupg;gu;.,jd; %yk; ,tuJ ghj;jpuj;ij ntspaplyhk;. mj;Jld; mtu;fSila Kfr;rhak; (MakeUp) %yk; mtu;fspd; ghj;jpuj;ij ntspaplyhk;.

c-k; : ghthil> Nrhsp (Nkw;rl;il)> gr;irkzp> gtskzp> rq;Ftis> $ilKjypatw;iwf; nfhz;L ntspg;gLj;jy;.

gpw nghUs;fshy; jhd; nrhy;ytpUk;Gk; fUj;Jf;fis czur;nra;Ak; fiy M`hu;amgpeakhFk;. muq;f myq;fhuk;> Mil> Mguzq;fs;> xg;gid> xsp> xyp mikg;Gg; gw;wpajhFk;.

xU ghj;jpuj;jpDila Fzk;> Fyk;> fhyk;> jFjp> r%fj;jpy; ngw;Ws;s ,lk;,itfisg; ghFghL nra;a vt;tpjk; myq;fupj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,Jtpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

M`hu;a mgpea tiffs; %d;W tifg;gLk;. mitahtd>1. ep[fhu;ahgpeak;2. mgprhup M`hu;ak;3. tpgrhup M`hu;ak;

ep[fhu;ahgpeak; vd;gJ mq;fjk; (thF tyak;) Kb> khu;Gg; glhif> jl;br;ry;ylk;> Kiyf;fr;R> miuQhz; vd;w mzpfyd;fSld; MLtJ.

5

mgprhup M`hu;ak; vd;gJ ,uhkhazk; Nghd;w Guhz ,jpfhr ehlfq;fSf;FVw;w Ntlq;fs; G+z;L ebg;gJ.

tpgrhup M`hu;ak; vd;gJ me;j me;j ehl;Lr; rigNahu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;gb gytifehl;baq;fSf;F xj;jrhjp cgkhdq;fs; Mfpait> xj;J mikAk;gb ,uhkhazk; Kjyhdehlfq;fis ebj;Jf; fhl;Ltjw;F Vw;w Mil Mguzq;fis mzpe;J MLtJ.

NkYk; M`hu;a mgpeaj;ij ehd;F tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit1. G\;lk;2. myq;fhuk;3. mq;fur;rdk;4. rQ;rPtk;

vd;gdthFk;.

G\;lk; vd;gJ ngupa muz;kid> kiyfs;> kuq;fs; Nghd;w nghUs;fisr; rpwpakhjpup cUtq;fshy; muq;fpw;Ff; nfhzu;jy;.

myq;fhuk; vd;gJ Mil> mzpfyd;fs;> kyu;fs;> khiyfshy; myq;fupj;jy;.mq;fur;rdk; vd;gJ xg;gid nra;jy;> Kfg;G+r;R> tu;zk; Nghd;wtw;iwg; G+Rjy;.

rQ;rPtk; vd;gJ capUs;s capupdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.

,g; gpupTfspy; myq;fhuKk; mq;fur;rdKk; Neubahf ebfUlNdh md;Nwy; eldf;fiyQUlNdh njhlu;Gilait.

G\;lKk; rQ;rPtKk; muq;fj;jpYs;s nghUs;fSld; njhlu;Gilait.

rhj;tPfh mgpeak;

rhj;tPfh mgpeaj;ij vLj;jf;nfhz;lhy; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd eld ght>ya topahf ntspg;gLj;jy;> fUj;Jf;F Vw;gj; jk;ik kwe;J Kaw;rp ,y;yhky; mjpNyNaxd;wp mgpeapg;gJ rhj;tPf mgpeak; vdg;gLk;.

NkYk; cs;sj;J czu;Tfis Kfghtj;jhYk; cly; cWg;Gf;fshYk; thf;fpdhYk;ntspg;gLj;JtJk; rhj;tPfh mgpeak; vdg;gLk;.

rhj;tPfk; vd;gJ rj;t md;Nwy; kdk; vd;w thu;j;ijapypUe;J gpwe;jJ. cs;sj;JvOk; czu;r;rpfSf;F czu;Nt fhuzk;. ,e;j czu;r;rpiaj; jhd; guju; ‘]j;t’ vd;fpwhu;.]j;tk; vd;gJ ,aw;ifahff; fiyQuplj;Nj gpwtpf; Fzkhfj; Njhd;w Ntz;Lk;.

xt;nthU czu;r;rpf;Fk; jf;fthW Fuypy; khWjy; Vw;gl;Lg; NgRjYk; ghLjYk; $l,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ‘]j;t’ j;jpd; mjpfupg;ghy; clypy; cz;lhFk; vl;L epiyfisAk; guju;]hj;tpf ghtk; vd;W tptupf;fpwhu;. Ritahd nka;rpypu;j;jy;> fz;zPu;tpLjy;> Kfj;jpd;tz;zk; khWjy;> ];jk;gpj;jy;> tpau;j;jy;> eLq;Fjy;> Fuy; khWjy;> kaq;fp tPo;jy;MfpaitfshFk;. ]j;t vd;gJ kdk; Cd;wpa epiyahFk;. MfNt ]hj;tpfh mgpeaj;jpd;NjitAk; ,JNtahFk;. kdk; rydg;gl;lhy; ,e;j mgpeak; rupahf ,aq;fhJ.

,urKk; ghtKk; rhj;tpf mgpeaj;jpd; ,U Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; MFk;. kapu;f;$r;nrwpjy;>fz;zPu;tpLjy; ,itNghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; rj;Jt epiyapd; cld; tpisthfg; gpwg;git.,itfisr; rhj;tPf ghtq;fs; md;Nwy; mjidr; rhu;e;j czu;Tfs; vd;Wk; $wyhk;.rhj;tpfh mgpeaKk; Mq;fpfh mgpeaKk; vg;NghJk; xUq;fpize;J nry;git. KjyhtJfjhghj;jpuj;jpd; kdepiyNahL njhlu;GilaJ.

6

,uz;lhtJ me;j kdepiyapd; tpisthf vOk; cly; mirTfNshLnjhlu;GilaJ.

rhj;tpf ghtq;fs; vl;L tifg;gLk;.

];jk;gg; gpusa NuhkhQ;Nrh ];NtNjh ittu;za NtgJ`_m\;U it];tu;a kpj;a\;nls rhj;tpfh` gufPu;j;jpjh`.

fUj;J :

1. ];jk;gk; - ];jk;gpj;jy;

2. gpusa - %u;r;rpj;jy;

3. NuhkhQ;r - Gy;yupj;jy;

4. ];Ntj - tpau;j;jy;

5. ittu;za - epwkhw;wk;

6. NtgJ - eLq;Fjy;

7. m\;U - fz;zPu; nrhupjy;

8. it];tu;a - Fuy; khw;wk;

NkYk; rhj;tpfh mgpeak; ,U tifg;gLk; vd mgpeaju;g;gzk; $WfpwJ. mit

1. rhl;R\pa rhj;tpfk;.2. tpaQ;rfk;.

rhl;R\pa rhj;tpfk; vd;gJ ghj;jpuk; fz;fisf; nfhz;L mgpeapj;jy; MFk;.tpaQ;rfk; vd;gJ fz;> jiy ,tw;wpdhy; mgpeapj;jy; MFk;.

7


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : gujehl;baj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg;gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.3 : gf;jp khu;f;fk;. mwpjy;.

gf;jp khu;f;fk;

,e;jpa ehl;bNy gf;jp fhyj;jpy; gytpj;thd;fs; tlkhepyj;jpNyAk; njd;khepyj;jpNyAk;rpy gf;ju;fs;> Mo;thu;fs;> Gytu;fs;> gf;ijfs;> gf;jpapd; ngUf;fhy; uhkd; ngaupYk;>fpU\;zd; ngaupYk; ghbAs;sdu;.

tlkhepyj;;jpNy Jsrpjhru; uhkidj; jhd; topgLk; nja;tkhff; fUjp uhk rupj;jkhd];vd;w Jsrp uhkhazj;ij Mf;fpdhu;. #u;jhru; n[aNjtu;> kPuhgha; Nghd;wtu;fs; fpU\;zd;gf;ju;fshf tho;e;J fpU\;zid topgl;lhu;fs;.

njd;dhl;by; Ml;thuhjpfSk; Mz;lhs; muq;fd; Nky; ghRuk; ghbAk; fk;gu;> tpy;ypGj;J}uu;Nghd;wtu;fs; uhkhazj;ijAk; ghujj;ijAk; ,aw;wpg; gf;jpiag; gug;gpdhu;fs;. MifapdhNyjpt;a gpuge;jq;fs;> uhkhazk;> kfhghujk; Nghd;w it\;zt E}y;fSk; mg;gu;> Re;juu;>Qhdrk;ge;ju;> khzpf;fthrfu; Nghd;NwhUk; Nrf;fpohu;> guQ;NrhjpKdptu;> fr;rpag;gr; rpthr;rhupahu;KjypNahu; ,aw;wpa Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> ngupa Guhzk;> fe;jGuhzk;> jpUntk;ghitvd;gdTk; itzt> irt gf;jp khu;f;fj;jpy; kyu;e;jitahFk;.

NfhghyfpU\;zghujp ghba ee;jd; rupj;jpuk; rptd;ghy; ee;jd; nfhz;Ls;s gf;jpiaAk;rptjhz;ltj;ijAk; tu;zpj;Js;sJ. rpy ehl;baj;jpy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

gf;jp gytifg;gl;lit. khJupagf;jp> yhtz;agf;jp. %u;f;f gf;jp. rhf;fpa gf;jp>thj;ry;a gf;jp vdg; gytifg;gLk;.

yhtz;a gf;jp> khJupa gf;jpapNyh flTspd; rTe;ju;a myq;fhuq;fis tu;zpj;Js;sdu;.%u;f;f gf;jpapy; fz;zg;g ehadhiug; Nghy; jdf;Fj; Njhd;wpa tifapNy Kul;Lg; gf;jpiaf;flTsplk; nrYj;jp topgl;lhu;.

rhf;fpa gf;jpapy; fz;zidj; Njhodhfg; ghtpj;Jg; gf;jp nrYj;jpg; ghujpahu;ghbaJNghy; NjhodhfTk; Foe;ijahfTk; ghbAs;shu;.

8


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2.4 : guj ehl;baj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg;gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL : jhsjrg; gpuhzd;fisg; gw;wp mwpjy;.

jhsjrg; gpuhzd;

jhsj;jpy; gj;J capu; epiyfs; cs. ,tw;iwg; gpd;tUk; RNyhfk;tiuaWf;fpwJ.

fhNyh khu;f;f f;upahq;fhdp f;uN`h [hjp fsh ya` /ajp gpu];jhuf]; Nrjp jhs gpuhzh j\]; ];k;Ujh`//

fUj;J :fhyk;> khu;f;fk;> fpupia> mq;fk;> fpu`k;> [hjp> fis> yak;> ajp> gpu];jhuk; Mfpa

gj;Jk; jhsj;jpd; capu;epiyfs;.

,tw;iw tpsf;FKd;du; jhsk; vd;why; vd;dntd mwpNthk;. jhsk; vd;gJ fhyg;gpukhzj;ijf; fhl;Lk; xU fUtpahFk;. ,t; ,e;jpa ,irfspy; Kf;fpakhfg;gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NtW ve;j ehl;L ,irfspYk; ,g;gbg;gl;l rpf;fyhd mikg;Gf;fiscila jhsq;fs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

jhsq;fs; vy;yhkhf mjhtJ mbg;gilahd jhsq;fs; VO. ,it rg;jjhsq;fs;vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd JUtjhsk;> kl;bajhsk;> &gfjhsk;> [k;igjhsk;>mljhsk;> jpupGiljhsk;> Vfjhsk; vd;Dk; VOkhk;.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,j; jhsq;fs; ahTk; gy mq;fq;fis cilad. ,t; mq;fq;fs;\lhq;fq;fs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit mDj;Ujk;> j;Ujk;> yF> FU> g;Yjk;>fhfghjk; vd;gd. FU> g;Yjk;> fhfghjk; Mfpa %d;Wk; jhsj;jpy; ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy.Kjy; %d;Wk; mjhtJ mDj;Ujk;> JUjk;> yF Mfpa %d;WNk jhsj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

rg;j jhsq;fspy; Vf jhsk; khj;jpuk; xU mq;fk; cilaJ. kw;iwa jhsq;fs; gymq;fq;fspdhy; Mdit.

,e;j mq;fq;fspNy yFitj; jtpu Vidait khw;wkilakhl;lh. yFtpd;fhyg;gpukhzk; epue;jukw;wJ. Vnddpy; yFthdJ [hjp Ngjq;fspdhy; khw;wkilfpd;wgbahy;fhyg;gpukhzKk; khWk;. [hjp Ngjk; yFtpw;F kl;LNk cupaJ. [hjpfs; vy;yhkhf Ie;J.mitahtd jp];uk;> rJ];uk;> fz;lk;> kp];uk;> rq;fPu;zk; MFk;.

jhsk; vd;gjw;F tbtk; nfhLg;git mjd; gj;Jg; gpuhzd; (ehb)fshFk;. ,itjhsj;jpd; capu;ehb Nghd;wd. ,tw;wpw;F ‘jhsjrg; gpuhzd;’ vd;W ngau;.

,itfSs; Kjy; Ie;jhd fhyk;> khu;f;fk;> fpupia> mq;fk;> fpu`k; Mfpaitfiskfhgpuhzd; vd;gu;.

gpe;jpa Ie;jhfpa [hjp> fis> yak;> [jp> gpu];jhuk; Mfpa Ie;ijAk; cggpuhzd;vd;gu;.

9

1. fhyk; :fhyk; vd;gJ ,irapDila md;Nwy; eldj;jpDila Ntfk; (Tempop) MFk;. ,J

Kjy; fhyk;> ,uz;lhk; fhyk;> %d;whk; fhyk; vdg; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; Kjw; fhyk;vd;gJ ghl;bd; kpjkhd Ntfj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. Kjw; fhyj;jpd; ,ul;bg;G NtfNk ,uz;lhk;fhyk; MFk;. ,uz;lhk; fhyj;jpd; ,ul;bg;G NtfNk %d;whk; fhyk; MFk;. E}W xNumsthd jhkiu ,jo;fis mLf;fLf;fhff; fl;b mjid Crpahy; Fj;Jk; Ntfk; jhd;fhyj;jpd; Muk;gk;. ,J xU fzk; vdg;gLk;. rpl;bif NghLtijAk; xU fzk; vd;wiog;gu;.,J jhsj;jpd; xt;nthU vz;zpf;ifapd; fhy msitAk; epu;zapf;fpd;wJ.

8 fhyk; - 1 fzk;8 fzk; - 1 ytk;8 ytk; - 1 fh\;lk;8 fh\;lk; - 1 epkp\k;8 epkp\k; - 1 fis2 fis - 1 rJu;ghfk;2 rJu;ghfk; - 1 mDj;Ujk;2 mDj;Ujk; - 1 JUjk;2 JUjk; - 1 yF2 yF - 1 FU3 yF - 1 g;Yjk;4 yF - 1 fhfghjk;

,g;gd;dpuz;L myFfspy; Kjy; MW myFfSk; #f;Fk fhyq;fs; vdTk; gpd;MW myFfSk; ];J}y fhyq;fs; vdTk; $wg;gLk;.

2. khu;f;fk; :

khu;f;fk; vd;gJ top vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ,J jhsj;ij vg;gbg;Nghl Ntz;Lk;vd;W epu;zapf;fpd;wJ.

xU ghl;bd; ];tu md;Nwy; rhfpj;jpa mikg;gpw;Fk; jhs ml;ruj;jpw;Fk; cs;snjhlu;ig khu;f;fk; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J khj;jpiuapd; fhy msitf; nfhz;l MW fhyj;ijf;Fwpf;Fk;.

“rq;fPj uj;dhfuj;jpy;” yFtpd; fhy msitf; nfhz;Nl khj;jpiuiaepr;rapj;jpUg;gjhy; 4 ml;ruq;;fspd; msitf; nfhz;lNj (rJ];u yF) xU khj;jpiuvd;gJ mDgtuPjpahfg; nghUe;Jk;.

MW khu;f;fq;fs; tof;fj;jpy; cs. ,it \l;khu;f;fk; vdg;gLk;.

1. j\pzk;.2. thu;j;jpfk;.3. rpj;jpuk;.4. rpj;jpujuk;.5. mu;j;jrpj;uk; md;Nwy; rpj;jpuhj;jk;.6. mjprpj;jpujk;.

10

fhyk; khj;jpiu khu;f;fk;

6Mk; fhyk; 8 j\pzk;5Mk; fhyk; 4 thu;j;jpfk;4Mk; fhyk; 2 rpj;jpuk;3Mk; fhyk; 1 rpj;jpujuk;2Mk; fhyk; 1/2 mu;j;jrpj;uk;1Mk; fhyk; 1/4 mjprpj;jpujk;

Nkw;$wg;gl;l MW khu;f;fq;fspy; Kjy; %d;Wk; gy;ytp ghLk; Kiwapy; jhd;gad;gLk;.

vQ;rpAs;s %d;Wk; fpUjpfspYk; kw;w ,ir tbtq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3. fpupia :

fpupah vd;why; nra;if vd;W fUj;J. mjhtJ jhsj;ij vg;gbf; fhl;Ljy;>vz;Zjy; Nghd;w nra;iffis mlf;fpaJ. mit khu;f;fk;> Njrpfk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

khu;f;fk; kPz;Lk; eprg;jk;> rrg;jk; vd;W gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. eprg;jf;upah :

,J rj;jkw;w nra;ifahFk;. ,jpNy yF (vz;zpf;if) JUjk; (tPr;R)vd;gd mlq;Fk;.

,e;j eprg;jf;upah vd;gJ Myhgk;> ep\;fpuhkk;> tpl;Nrgk;> gpuNtrk; vdehy;tifg;gLk;.

fpupah

khu;f;fk;

Njrpfk;

eprg;jk;

rrg;jk;

rd;dpghjk;jhsk;

gjhfk;

gjpjk;tp\pg;jk;

JUtfk;

gpuNtrk;ep\;fpuhkk;Myhgk;

tpl;Nrgk;

ru;g;gpzp tpru;zpjgj;kpdpfpU\;ah

j;Utk; rk;ak;

11

1. Myhgk;:

tpuy;fisr; rj;;jkpd;wp vz;Zjy; MNyhgk; vdg;gLk;.

2. ep\;fpuhkk; :vz;zpa tpuy;fisg; gpupj;jy; ep\;f;uhkk; vdg;gLk;.

3. tpl;Nrgk; :ifia ntspg;gilahf tyJ gf;fj;jpy; Rw;Wjy; tpl;Nrgk;vdg;gLk;.

4. gpuNt\k; :ifia ,lJ gf;fkhfr; Rw;Wjy; gpuNt\k; vdg;gLk;.

2. rrg;jf;upah:

,J rj;jj;Jld; $ba nra;if. jhsj;jpd; mq;fq;fisf; ifapdhw; jl;b XirvOg;Gk; nray; rrg;jf;upah vdg; ngau;ngWk;. ,J ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1. j;Utk; :rpl;bir NghLjy; JUtk; vdg;gLk;.

2. rk;ak; :tyJ iff;F Nky; ,lJ ifia mbj;jy; rk;ak; vdg;gLk;.

3. jhsk; :,lJ ifapd; Nky; tyJ ifia mbj;jy; jhsk; vdg;gLk;.

4. rd;dpghjk; :,uz;L iffisAk; xNu rkaj;jpy; mbj;jy; rd;dpghjk; vdg;gLk;.

rrg;j fpupia> eprg;jf; fpupia Mfpa ,t;tpU fpupiafisAk; JUjk;> yF Mfpamq;fq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

Njrpfk; vz; tifg;gLk;.1. JUtfk;.2. ru;g;gpzp.3. fpU\;kh.4. gj;kpdp.5. tpru;zpj.6. tp\pg;jk;.7. gjhfk;.8. gjpjk;.

1. JUtfk; :rg;jkpy;yhj rpl;bif.

2. ru;g;gpzp :tyJ gf;fj;jpw;Ff; ifiaf; nfhz;L nry;Yjy;.

3. fpU\;ah :ifia ,lJ gf;fj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy;.

4. gj;kpdp :ifia jiyfPohfg; gpbj;jy;.

12

5. tpru;zpj :ifiaf; nfl;bahf %LjYk; jpwj;jYk;.

6. tp\pg;jk; :ifia tpupj;Jg; gpd; nfl;bahf ,Wf;fp %Ljy;.

7. gjhfk; :ifia NkNy nfhz;L nry;yy;.

8. gjpjk; :ifia NkypUe;J ,lJ gf;fj;jpw;Ff; fPNo nfhz;L nry;yy;.

4 mq;fk; :,J cWg;G vd;gjhfg; nghUs;gLk;. mjhtJ jhsq;fspd; cWg;Gfs; vd;gJ

mq;fkhFk;. ,J jpupahq;fk;> \lhq;fk;> N\hlrhq;fk; vd;Dk; Kg;gpupTfis cilaJ.

jpupahq;fk; vd;gJ mDj;Ujk;> j;Ujk;> yF vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;.

yF :

,jd; milahsk; . ,jw;Fg; ngau; “fiz” rhjhuzkhf ,jd; ml;ruvz;zpf;if 4 vdf; fUjg;gLk;. [hjp NtWghl;bdhy; ,jdJ ml;ru vz;zpf;ifapy;khw;wk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; nra;if (fpupia) xU jl;Lj; jl;ba gpd; Rz;L tpuy;Kjyhf [hjpf;F Vw;wthW ml;ruq;fis vz;Zjy;.

rpy E}y;fspd; yF vdg;gLtJ ml;ru fhyq;fSf;Nfw;g gj;J tifg;gLk; vdTk;mit kD\;a> ];tu;f;f> `k;]> Nj];a> rpj;u> jpt;a> rpk;`> tu;z> thj;jpa>fu;zhlfk; vd;Dk; ngau;fisAilad vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

j;Ujk; :,jd; milahsk; “ ” ,jid kjp vd;W $Wtu;. ,jd; ml;ru vz;zpf;if

khWglhky; vg;nghOJk; 2 vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jd; nra;if xU jl;Lj; jl;btPRjyhFk;.

mDj;Ujk; :,jd; milahsk; “ ” ,jid miukjp (gpiw) vdf; $Wtu;. ,jw;Fupa

ml;ru vz;zpf;if khWglhky; vg;nghOJk; 1 vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,jd; nra;if xU jl;Lkl;LNkahk;.

\lhq;fk; :jpupahq;fq;fshfpa mDjpUjk;> jpUjk;> yF Mfpatw;Wld; FU> GYjk;> fhfghjk;

Mfpa jhs mq;fq;fs; NrUk; nghOJ mit \lhq;fk; (Mwq;fk;) vd miof;fg;gLk;.

“mDj;UNjh j;Uj];irt yF FU g;Yj];jjh fhfghjk; jjh g;Nwhf;jk; jhshq;fkpjp tpl;tpk;”

vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

FU :

,J xU mDj;Ujj;ijj; njhlu;e;J K\;bf;ifia tykhfr; Rw;WtJ. ,jd;mf;\ufhyk; vl;L MFk;. ,jd; Fwp 8 .

13

GSjk; :

,J FUtpw;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;lijr; nra;jgpd; ifia NkypUe;J fPNo mirg;gJ.

,jd; mf;\ufhyk; 12. ,jd; Fwp .

fhfghjk; :

,J xU jl;Lf;Fg; gpd; ifiag; gjhfkhfg; gf;fq;fspy; mirj;J> gpwF

GSjj;jpw;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;litfisr; nra;jy;. ,jd; mf\ufhyk; 16. ,jd; Fwp + .

rpy E}y;fs;> ,t; MW mq;fq;fisj; jtpu j;Uj> N\fuk; md;Nwy; j;Uj tpuhkk;

vd;wiof;fg;gLk; xU mq;fKk; cz;L vdTk;> ,t; mq;fkhdJ ghtidapy; ,y;yhky;

tpepNahfj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ vdTk; ,JTk; \lhq;fq;fSld; Nru;tjhy; mit ]g;jhq;fk;

vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. vdpDk; j;Uj tpuhkk; vd;Dk; mq;fk;

N\hlrhq;fq;fspy; xd;whFk; vd kpUjq;f rh];jpuk;> jhs jPgpif Mfpa E}y;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; Kjy; %d;W mq;fq;fSk; #shjp rg;j jhsq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

Mwq;fq;fisAk; 108 jhsq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

,t; MW mq;fq;fSk; 16 mq;fq;fshf NkYk; tpuptilfpd;wd. ,tw;iw N\hlrhq;fk;

vd miog;gu;. \lhq;fq;fSld; tpuhkk; vd;Dk; Xu; mq;fj;ijg; nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy;

Nru;f;Fk;NghJ N\hlrhq;fq;fs; vd;Dk; 16 gpupTfis ehk; milfpNwhk;.

14

Nrhl\hq;fk;

15

5. fpu`k; :

,J ghl ;il vLj ;jy ; md ; Nwy ; njhlq ;Fjy ; vd ;W nghUs ;gLk ; .mjhtJ jhsj;jpy; ghl;L md;Nwy; [jp ve;j ,lj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fpwNjh me;j,lj;jpw ;Ff; fpu`k; vd;W ngau;. ,jidj; jkpopy; vLg;G vd;W miog;gu ; .,J ,U tifg ; gLk ; . mit rkk ; > t p\kk ; vd ; gdthFk ; .tp\kk; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit mjPjk;> mdhfjk; vd;W miof;fg;ngWk;.

1. rkfpu`k; :rkfpu`k; (rk vLg;G) vd;why; ghl;Lk; (my;yJ [jpAk;) jhsKk; xNuNeuj;jpy; Muk;gpg;gJ.

2. tp\k fpu`k; :tp\k fpu`k; (tp\k vLg;G) vd;why; ghl;L (md;Nwy; [jpAk;) jhsj;jpd;njhlf;fj;jpy; Nruhky; Kd;Ngh gpd;Ngh tUjy; tp\k fpu`k; vdg;gLk;.,J ,U tifg;gLk;. mit mjPj fpu`k; MFk;.

1. mjPj fpu`k; :ghly; vd;whYk; [jp vd;whYk; jhsk; njhlq;FKd; Muk;gpj;jy;mjPjk; vdg;gLk;.

c-k; : RUl;b ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j “,e;nje;J tr;rpjptpuh” vd;Dk; gjk;.

2. mdhfj fpu`k; :jhsk; njhlq;fpa gpd; ghl;il md;Nwy; [jpia Muk;gpg;gJ. 1/4,lk;> 1/2 ,lk;> 3/4 ,lk;> Rz;Ltpuy; vLg;G ,itahTk; mdhfjvLg;ghFk;.

cjhuzk; :Mde;j igutp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j “rfpNa” vd;W Muk;gpf;Fk; gjtu;zk;.ge;Jtuhsp ,uhfj;jpy; mike;j “`upupf” vdj; njhlq;Fk; m\;lgjpKjypad.

fpu`k; (vLg;G)

rkfpu`k; tp\k fpu`k;

mdhfj fpu`k;mjPj fpu`k;

jhsk;

ghl;L

jhsk;

ghl;L

16

jhsk;

ghl;L

6. [hjp :

,J yFtpd; vz;zpf;ifia epu;zapf;fpwJ. ,J Ie;J tifg;gLk;. mitahtd>jp];u[hjp> rJ];u[hjp> fz;l[hjp> kp];u[hjp> rq;fPu;z[hjp.

ehd;F ml;ru fhyj;ij rJ];uk; vd;Wk; %d;W ml;ru fhyj;ij jp];uk; vd;Wk;jp];uKk; rJ];uKk; Nru;e;jJ kp];uk; vd;Wk; kp];uj;ijAk; jp];uj;ijAk; Nru;j;J ,uz;lhy;tFf;ff; (fz;bf;f) fz;lk; te;jJ vd;Wk; fz;lj;Jld; rJ];uKk; Nru mJrq;fPu;zkhdnjd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.

1. jp];uk; - jfpl - 3 (1 jl;L + 2 tpuy; vz;zpf;if)

2. rJ];uk; - jfjpkp - 4 (1 jl;L + 3 tpuy; vz;zpf;if)

3. kp];uk; - jfpljfjpkp - 3+4 = 7 (1 jl;L + 6 tpuy; vz;zpf;if)

4. fz;lk; - jfjfpl - 7 +3 .-; 2 = 5 (1 jl;L + 4 tpuy; vz;zpf;if)

5. rq;fPu;zk; - jfjpkp jfjfpl - 4 +5 = 9 (1 jl;L + 8 tpuy; vz;zpf;if)

,q;F tUk; 5 [hjpfSk; jpupahq;fk; vd;Dk; %d;W cWg;Gf;fspd; Nru;f;ifapdhy;cz;lhFk; 7 jhsq;fSk; Nru;e;J [hjpNgjk; MFq;fhy; 7 x 5 = 35 jhsq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.me;j jhsq;fisAk; gQ;r fjpfspdhy; Ngjk; gz;Zk; nghOJ 35 x 5 = 175 jhsq;fs;cz;lhfpd;wd. 35 jhsq;fspy; yF xd;W kl;LNk [hjpia mDrupj;Jg; NgjkilAk;. 175jhsq;fspy; yF> JUjk;> mDj;Ujk; Mfpa %d;W mq;fq;fSNk fjpia mDrupj;Jg;Ngjk; milAk;.

7. fis :

ghl;by; gapYk; nrhw;fis Neuir> epiuair vd;W tptupg;gJNghy; ve;jj; jhsj;jpd;fhyg; gpukhzKk; fisfspy; jhd; tptupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,J 35 jhsq;fSf;Fupa fhyepu;zaj;ij KbT nra;Ak;gbahd Xu; mk;rk;.

xt;nthU ml;ruj;Js;Sk; mlq;fp epw;Fk; khj;jpiufisNa fis vd;gJk; mg;gbmlq;fp epw;Fk; fisfspd; Nru;f;ifNa fjp vd;gJk; ,t;thW FWfpa ml;rug; gpukhzj;ijitj;Nj fisiaf; fzf;fpl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; E}y; KiwahFk;.

Mdhy; eilKiwfspy; ghLfpw ghl;bd; fhyg; gpukhz mstpypUe;J fisiaKbTnra;J nfhs;tJ tof;fkha; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

“rq;fPj uj;dhfuk;” Vf fis> Jtp fis> rJu; fis vd;W %d;W tifahff;$Wfpd;wJ.

ghLfpw nghOJ FWfpa 3 Mk; fhyj;jpy; 4 Rtuk;(4 khj;jpiu) tuf;$ba 1 ml;rumsit xU fisnad;Wk;> 8 Rtuk; (8 khj;jpiu) nfhz;l Xu; msit ,uz;L fis vd;Wk;16 Rtuk; (16 khj;jpiu) nfhz;l xU ml;ru msit ehd;F fis vd;Wk; toq;fp tUfpd;Nwhk;.

17

vdNt ‘fis’ vd;gJ xU jl;bd; fhy msTf;Fs; ehd;F khj;jpiufs; (jfjpkp)tUtJ.

,jpy; ,uz;L khj;jpiufs; tUtJ (jf) miu fisahfTk; xU khj;jpiu (j)tUtJ fhy; fisahfTk; nfhs;tu;. ,J ghl;bd; fPo;f; (jhkjk; my;yJ tpsk;gk;) fhyj;jpidf;Fwpf;Fk;.

mjhtJ xU jhs ml;ruj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpW gFjpf;Ff; fis vd;W ngau;.1. Vf fis ( 1 fis) :

xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F xU ];tukhfg; ghLk;NghJ Vf fis vdg;gLk;.2. j;tp fis ( 2 fis):

xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F ,uz;L ];tuq;fs; ghLk;NghJ j;tpfis vdg;gLk;.3. rJu; fis ( 4 fis) :

xU jhs ml;ruj;jpw;F ehd;F ];tuq;fs; ghLk; NghJ rJu;fis vdg;gLk;.

fPjq;fspy; Vf fisiaAk; gjtu;zq;fspYk; rpy fPu;j;jdq;fspYk; gy fpUjpfspYk;gjq;fspYk; j;tpfisiaAk; gy;ytpfspy; rJu;fisiaAk; ehk; fhzyhk;.

“jhsjPgpfh” vd;Dk; E}ypd; gpufhuk; fis vdg;gLtJ jhsj;jpd; xt;Nthu; mq;fq;fspd;ml;ru fhyq;fSf;Fs;Ns mlq;fpAs;s ml;rufhyq;fisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. ,f; fisapd;Nru;f;if fjp vdg;gLk;. fjp vdg;gLtJ rJ];ufjp> jp];ufjp> fz;lfjp> kp];ufjp> rq;fPu;zfjpvd Ie;J tifg;gLk;.

8. yak; :

,yapj;jy; (,ire;jpUe;jy;) vd;W nghUs; nfhz;l ,r; nrhy; jhsj;jpd; Ntfj;ijf;Fwpf;Fk;.

NkYk; yankd;gJ ghl;bd; fhyg;gpukhzj;ijAk; Fwpf;Fk;.

,J tpsk;gpj yak; (nrsf;f fhyk;) kj;ak yak; (kj;jpa fhyk;) j;Uj yak; (Jupjfhyk;) vd %tifg;gLk;. ,J KiwNa Kjyhk; fhyk;> ,uz;lhk; fhyk;> %d;whk; fhyk;vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.

nghJthf tpsk;gpjk; mjw;F mLj;jgbahf kj;akk;> Ntfkhf Jupjk; Mfpafhyq;fspYk; yak; mike;jpUj;jy; Njit. ve;jf; fhyg; gpukhzj;jpy; njhlq;fpdhYk;mijj; jtwhky; njhluNtz;Lk;. mjd; Nky; fhyk;> fPo; fhyk; Mfpatw;wpYk;$l xd;wpapUg;gJyak;.

tl,e;jpa ,irapYk; fjf; eldj;jpYk; gbg;gbahf Ntfj;ij mjpfupf;fr; nra;tu;.Mdhy; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpYk; guj epUj;aj;jpYk; yak; vd;gJ xU Kiwahd fpukj;jpy;mika Ntz;Lk;.

mjhtJ tpsk;gj;jpd; ,ul;bg;G kj;jpkk; vd;Wk; kj;jpkj;jpd; ,ul;bg;G Jupjk; vd;Wk;$wg;gLfpwJ.

mjpEl;gkhd fhyg;gpukhz tpj;jpahrq;fisAk; Fwpf;Fk; nghUl;L ,k; %d;Wtpjyaq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; %d;W tiffshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit>

1. tpsk;gfhyk; :

1. tpsk;gpj - tpsk;gpj (mjp nrsf fhyk;)2. tpsk;gpj - kj;ak (nrsf fhyk;)3. tpsk;gpj - Jupjk; (Rkhu; nrsf fhyk;)

18

2. kj;ak fhyk; :

1. kj;ak - tpsk;gpj (nrsf;fkhd kj;jpak fhyk;)2. kj;ak - kj;ak (kj;jpak fhyk;)3. kj;ak - Jupjk; (Jupjkhd kj;ak fhyk; )

3. Jupj fhyk; :

1. Jupj - tpsk;gpj (Rkhu; Jupj fhyk;)2. Jupj - kj;ak (Jupj fhyk;)3. Jupj - Jupjk; (mjp Jupj fhyk; )

9. [jp :

,J jhsj;jpd; md;Nwy; ghl;bd; mikg;gpYs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif mzpiaf;Fwpf;Fk;.

xU jhsj;jpd; mikg;gpYs;s mq;fq ;fisg; gytif mikg;Gf ;fspy;gpuj;jhuk;(tpepNahfk;) nra;J fhl;LtJ.

RUjpf;F Rtug;gpuj;jhuk; vt;tsT Kf;fpaNkh mJNghy; jhsj;Jf;F ajpg; gpuj;jhsk;(tpepNahfk;) kpfKf;fpak;.

vdNt ,J yaq;fs; gytw;iw mofhfj; njhFf;Fk; Kiwfs; gw;wpa xypf;Nfhyk;vdyhk;.

NkYk; [jp vd;gJ xU jhsj;jpy; fw;gidahf mikf;Fk; filf;Fg; ngau;. rpyf;UjpfspYk; Njthuk;> jpUg;Gfo; Kjyhd cUg;gb tiffspYk; ,k; khjpup ajpfisf;fhzyhk;.

[jp md;Nwy; ];tuk; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; kFlkhf miktJ. ,J jhsg; gpu];jhuj;jpw;FxU myq;fhukhFk;.

,J mjd; mikg;igg; nghWj;J MW tifg;gLk;. \l;ajp vdg;gLk;. mit>1. rk[jp md;Nwy; gpgpypfk;.2. tp\k[jp.3. kpUjq;f [jp.4. Ntjkj;akk; md;Nwy; lkUf [jp.5. NfhGr;r [jp.6. ];NuhNjht` [jp.

MFk;.

1. rk[jp md;Nwy; gpgpypfk;:ngupa mq;fkhapDk; rpwpa mq;fkhapDk; xNu tpjkhf tUtJ. ,J gpgpypf[jpvd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.c-k; 1: jfjpkp

jf[Djfjpkpjf[D

19

c-k; 2 : fpljf jupfpl njhk;fpljf jupfpl njhk;fpljf jupfpl njhk;

c-k; 3: nja; nja; jpjp nja;nja; nja; jpjp nja;nja; nja; jpjp nja;

2. tp\k[jp :

,J rkj;jpDila vjpu;. mjhtJ vy;yh mq;fq;fSk; tupirf; fpukk; jg;gp tUtJ.,jpy; vy;yh mq;fq;fSk; xNu msthf ,Uf;fkhl;lhJ.

,jid tpUf;\ [jp vdTk; miog;gu;. tpUf;\ vd;why; tlnkhopapy; kuk; vd;WnghUshFk;. gue;J tpupe;J fplf;Fk; kuj;jpidg; Nghd;wJ tpUf;\ [jpahFk;. Fwpg;ghfvt;tpj mikg;Gkpd;wp mike;Js;s [jp tp\k [jpahFk;.

c-k; 1;: jfpljjpq;fpznjhk;jfjfjpkpjjfjpF jjpq;fpz njhk;.

c-k; 2:jupfpl njhk;jf jpF fpljf jupfpl njhk;fpljf jupfplnjhk;njhk;jfjpF fpljf jupfpl njhk;.

c-k; 3:fplnjhk;fpljf jupfpl njhk;jupfpl njhk;jf;fpljf jupfplnjhk;.

3. kpUjq;f [jp:

kpUjq;fj;jpd; mikg;igg; Nghd;W KjypYk; KbtpYk; rpWj;J eLtpy; ngUj;jpUf;Fk;.,irapYk; ehl;baj;jpYk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w ,t;tifahd [jpfs; Muk;gj;jpy; rpWj;Jk;Nghfg; Nghfg; ngUj;Jk; kPz;Lk; rpWj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;.

c-k; 1:

jf

jfpl

jf jpkp

jfpl

jf jfpl

jf jfpl

jf

jf jpkp

20

c-k; 2 :jupfpl njhk;fpl jf jupfpl njhk;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;fpl jf jupfpl njhk;jupfpl njhk;.

c-k; 3 :jupfpl njhk;fpl jf jupfpl njhk;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;fpljf jupfpl njhk;jupfpl njhk;.

4. Ntj kj;ak [jp - lkU (cLf;if)lkUfk; Nghd;W KjypYk; filrpapYk; ngUj;J eLg;gFjp rpWj;jpUf;Fk;.,irapYk; ehl;baj;jpYk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w [jpfspy; rpy Muk;gj;jpy; ngUj;Jk;Nghfg; Nghfr; rpWj;Jk; kPz;Lk; ngUj;Jk; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w [jpahFk;.

c-k; 1 :

c-k; 2 :jj;jpj;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jpj;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;fpljf jupfpl njhk;jpj;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jj;jpj;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;.

5. NfhGr;r [jp :gRtpd; thy; Nghd;W Muk;gj;jpy; ngUj;Jk; Nghfg; Nghfr; rpWj;Jk; ,Uf;Fk;.“NfhGr;rk;” vd;why; khl;bd; thy; vd;W nghUs;gLk;. khl;bd; thy; Edpapy;nfhj;jhfj; njhq;Ffpd;w ghfj;jpw;Fg; Gr;rk; vd;W ngau;.

c-k; 1:

jfjpkp

jfpl

jf

jfpl

jfjpkp

jf jfpl

jfjpkp

jf

j

jfpl

21

c-k; 2:jj; jpj;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jpj;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;fplj jupfpl njhk;jupfpl njhk;.

c-k; 3 :jfjpF jjpq;fpznjhk;jf jjpq;fpz njhk;jjpq;fpz njhk;fpz njhk;njhk;.

6. ];NuhNjht` [jp:

,J ejpiag ; Nghd ;W Kjypy ; r pWj ;Jk ; g pd ;G ngUj ;Jk ; nry ;Yk ; .,jidg; gu;tj [jp vd;Wk; miog;gu;. gu;tjk; vd;why; kiy> rpfuk; vd;nwy;yhk;nghUshFk;. ,e;j [jpf;Fupa [jpfis xd;wd; fPo; xd;whf vOjpdhy; fhz;gjw;FmJ kiyiag; Nghd;w tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.mjhtJ NkNy RUq;fpAk ; Nghfg ; Nghff ; f PNo ngUj;Jk ; ,Uf;Fk ; .

c-k; 1 :

c- k; 2:jupfpl njhk;fpljf jupfpl njhk;jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jpj; jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;jj; jpj; jf; fpljf jupfpl njhk;.

,e;j [jpfspy; kpUjq;fk;> Ntj kj;akk; (lkUf[jp) vd;W ,uz;L ,irf; fUtpfs;tpsf;fk; ngWtjhy; kw;w [jpfSf;Fk; ,irf;fUtpfspd; ngaiu tP.g.fh.Re;juk; vd;gtu;jkpopir tsj;jpy; $Wfpwhu;.

rk[jpf;Fg; Gy;yhq;Foy;> tp\k[jpf;F rq;F> NfhGr;r [jpf;F KuR> ];NuhNjhtf[jpf;F ehfRutKk; $wp ,irf; fUtpfspd; tbtpy; [jpfis tpsf;Ffpwhu;.

10. gpu];jhuk;:

jhsKof;Ff; fUtpfis ,irf;Fk; NghJ xU jhs Mtu;j;jd tl;lj;jpw;Fs; my;yJxU fhyg; gpukhz mstpw;Fs; mlq;fpg; gytifahf tpupj;J tiftifahd tpfw;gq;fiscz;lhf;fp tUtd. ahtw;iwAk; gpu];jhuk; vd;W miog;gu;.

j

jf

jfj

jfjfpl

jfpl jpfpl

22

,J jhsj;jpd; tpupthd jd;ik (nefpo;r;rp) MFk;. gpu];jhuk; vd;why; guTjy; tpupTnra;jy; vd;W nghUs;.

,J jhsj;jpd; nkhj;jf; fhy msit khw;whky; jhs mq;fq;fisg; gytifahfmikf;Fk; Kiw. mjhtJ jhshq;fj;ijNah> jdpg;gl;l mq;fj;ijNah fpukkhf khw;wptpupTgLj;JtJ. xNu fhy msTs;s jhsj;ijg; gytpj mq;fq;fshff; fw;gid nra;Ak;Kiw fw;gid. ,ul;bf;fhkypUf;fTk; fw;gidapy; VNjDk; xd;W tpl;Lg; Nghfhky; ,Uf;fTk;gpu];jhuk; cjTfpwJ.

jhsj;jpd; ml;ruf; fzf;iff; nfhz;L gytpjkha; ,izj;Jg; gpu];jupj;Jj;jhsNgjq;fisf; fw;gid nra;jNy gpu];jhuk;. ,it fzf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; vOk; tpjtpjkhdNfhu;itfs;. ,J kNdhju;kj;jpw;F mjpf ,lkspf;Fk;.

xU jhs mq;fj;ij vj;jid tpjkhf tpupj;Jf; fhl;l KbANkh mj;jid tiffspy;tpupj;Jf; fhl;Lk; NghJ me;j mq;fj;ijg; gpu];jhuk; nra;fpNwhk; vd;gJ fUj;J.

cjhuzkhf xU rJ];u yFit vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.

1. 14

= 4

2. O2 + O

2= 4

3. O2 + + = 4

4. + + O = 4

5. + O + = 4

6. + + + = 4

Mjp jhdj;Jf;F 8 vz;zpf;iffs;. ,itfis 8 tpjkhfg; gpu];jhuk; nra;ayhk;.

cjhuzk; :

1. jjpkp jfpl jf = 8

2. j - jkpj fpljf (1 + 7) = 8

3. jf - jjpkp jfpl (2 + 6) = 8

4. jfpl - jfjfpl (3 + 5) = 8

5. jfjpkp - jfjpkp (4 + 4) = 8

6. jfjfpl - jfpl ( 5 + 3 ) = 8

7. jjpkp jfpl - jf (6 + 2 ) = 8

8. jjpkp jfpl j - f ( 7 + 1 ) = 8

23

,g; gpu];jhuk; gjpdhd;F tifg;gLk;. mit>e\;lk;> cj;jp\;lk;> ghjhsk;> kfhghjhsk;> mDj;UjNkU> j;UjNkU> j;Uj tpuhkNkU>yF NkU> FU NkU> GYjNkU> fhfghjNkU> rk;NahfNkU> fz;lg;gpu];jhuk;> [jpgpu];jhuk; MFk;.

1. e\;lk; :,j;jidahtJ gpu];jhuk; vdf; fzf;fpLtJ jhsg;gpu];jhuj;ijf; fzf;fplj; jhsmq;fq;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOjp Xu; cUtj;ij cz;lhf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;TUitcz;lhf;fhky; kdf;fzf;fhf tpil fhZjy; e\;lk; vdg;gLk;. mjhtJ jtwpg;Nghdijg; gw;wpa Nfs;tp vd;W nghUs;gLk;.

2. cj;jp\;lk; :Fwpg;gpl;l cUtKs;s gpu];jhuk; vj;jidahtJ vd;W $WtJ> ,j;jidahtJgpu];jhuk; ,njd;W fzf;fpLtJ cj;jp\;lk; vdg;gLk;.

3. ghjhsk; :gpu];jhuj;jpYs;s vy;yh mq;fq;fspYk; Fiwthd mq;fk; kl;Lk; vj;jid juk;te;jpUf;fpwnjd;W fzf;fpLtJ ghjhsk; vdg;gLk;.

4. kfhghjhsk; :vy;yh mq;fq;fSk; vj;jid jlit te;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;W xUkpj;Jf;fzf;fpLtJ kfh ghjhsk; vdg;gLk;.

5. mDj;Uj NkU :xj;j vz;fs; (rkrq;if) cs;s xNu tif mq;fk; vj;jid gpu];jhuq;fspy;te;jpUf;fpwnjd;W mDj;Ujj;ijf; fzf;fpLtJ mDj;UjNkU vdg;gLk;.

6. j;Uj NkU :jhs mq;fkhfpa j;Ujk; vj;jid juk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ vdf; fzf;fpLtJj;UjNkU vdg;gLk;.

7. j;Ujtpuhk NkU :jhs mq;fkhfpa j;Ujtpuhkk; vj;jid juk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ vdf;fzf;fpLtJ j;UjtpuhkNkU vdg;gLk;.

8. ,yF NkU :,yF vj;jid juk; te;jpUf;fpwnjd;gijf; fzf;fpLtJ ,yFNkU vdg;gLk;.

9. FU NkU :vj;jid juk; FU ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpwJ vd;gijf; fzf;fpLtJ FUNkU vdg;gLk;.

10. GYj NkU :GYjk; vj;jid juk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gijf; fzf;fpLtJ GYj NkUvdg;gLk;.

11. fhfghj NkU :fhfghjk; vj;jid juk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gijf; fzf;fpLtJ fhfghj NkUvdg;gLk;.

24

12. rk;Nahf NkU :xj;j vz;Zs;s gytif mq;fq;fs; vj;jid gpu];jhuq;fspy; te;jpUf;fpd;wdvdf; fzf;fpLtJ rk;Nahf NkU vdg;gLk;.

13. fz;lg; gpu];jhuk; :mq;fq;fs; mopTglhky; ,lNgjq;fis kl;Lk; milag; gpu];jupg;gJ fz;lg;gpu];jhuk; vdg;gLk;.

14. [jp gpu];jhuk; :MWtif ajpfSf;F ,zq;f tUtJ [jpg; gpu];jhuk; vdg;gLk;.

,g; gpu];jhug; Ngjj;jpdhy; mde;jNfhb jhsq;fs; cz;lhfpd;wd. ,itfspy; tUk;fz;lg; gpu];jhuKk; [jpg; gpu];jhuKk; fpupiaf;F cupadthFk; vd;gJ Kd;Ndhu;fspd;KbthFk;.

25


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : guj ehl;baj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisg;gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 4.2.5 : mgpeaju;g;gzk;> ehl;barh];jpuk; Mfpa E}y;fspd;tpguq;fis NkNyhl;lkhf mwpe;J Fwpg;gpLjy;.

mgpeaju;g;gzk;

,e;E}y; ee;jpNf];tuuhy; tlnkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l xU E}yhFk;. “mgpeaju;g;gzk;”vd;why; mgpeaj;jpd; fz;zhb vd;W nghUs;gLk;. ,jw;fika mgpeaNk ,jpy; rpwg;ghfvLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ. ,e;E}y; 10Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; vOjg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.eld khztu;fs;> eld Mrpupau;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthd E}y; ,JthFk;. ,e;E}y;Kd;E}w;W ,Ugj;jp ehd;F RNyhfq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. “Mq;fpfk; Gtdk;;” vdr; rptDf;FupaRNyhfj;Jld; ,e;E}y; njhlq;FfpwJ.

,e;jpa rh];jpupa eldj;jpd; jdpg;ngUe;nja;tk; rptd; vd;gJ ,r; nra;AspNy uj;jpdr;RUf;fkhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. njhlu;e;J tUk; 48 nra;Al;fspNy ehl;ba cw;gj;jp> ehl;baj;jpd;Gfo;r;rp> eld mgpea tiffs;> rghgjp> ke;jpup> rgh> rghurdh> ghj;jpu yf;\zk;> mghj;jpuyf;\zk;> ghj;jpug; gpufpukk;> mgpeaq;fs;> mq;fk;> gpuj;jpahq;fk;> cghq;fk; Mfpad gw;wpf;$wg;gLfpd;wd.

njhlu;e;J xd;gJ rpNuh Ngjq;fs; mtw;wpd; tpepNahfq;fs;> ehd;F fpupth Ngjq;fs;mtw;wpd; tpepNahfq;fs; tpgupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ugj;njl;L m]k;Aj> ,Ugj;jp %d;W rk;Aj`];jq;fs; mtw;wpd; tpepNahfq;fs;> gjpd;ehd;F Njt`];jq;fs;> jrhtjhu `];jq;fs;>ehd;F [hjp> gjpndhU ghe;jt ̀ ];jq;fs;> etf;fpuf ̀ ];jq;fs; Mfpa gy;NtW ̀ ];jq;fs;tUzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwj; njhlu;e;J gjpd;%d;W epUj;j ̀ ];jq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.Mdhy; ,it m]k;Aj> ]k;Aj ̀ ];jq;fspd; ngau;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwaLj;Jg;ghjNgjq;fs; tptupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpNy gj;J kz;lyk;> MW ];jhdk;> Ie;J cj;gpstdk;>VO gpukup> vl;L rhup> gj;Jf; fjpfs; Mfpad mlq;Ffpd;wd. KbtpNy ghjNgjq;fs;mde;jk; vdf; $wp ,tw;iwr; rh];jpuk;> rk;gpujhak;> ey;Nyhupd; mDf;fpufk; Mfpatw;whNyjhd; mwpayhk; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;thW cly; $WfSf;F tpsf;fq;fisf; $wpa gpd;du; iffspd; top fz;fSk;>fz;fspd; top kdKk;> kdk; top ghtKk;> ght top u]Kk; Njhd;Wk; vd;W tpsf;FfpwJ.,e;E}Ys; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpsf;fq;fspy; rpy Gjpa nra;jpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.

kfhguj #lhkzpapy; nrhy;yg;gl;l jhtu> gwit> tpyq;Ffspd; Kj;jpiufs;gpw;Nru;f;ifahf ,e; E}Ys; jug;gl;Ls;sJ. NjtijfSf;Fupa iffs; 14 vd;W tpsf;fpamgpeaju;g;gzk; %y E}ypy; fhl;bAs;s epUj;jpf;Fk;> <rhDf;FKupa iffisr; Rl;ltpy;iy.guj #lhkzp Gj;jDf;Fk; rkzDf;Fk; iffs; nrhy;ypapUf;f> ,e; E}y; mt;tpUtUf;Fk;iffisf; $wtpy;iy. NkYk; rpy iffspd; nraw;ghLfs; %y E}ypypUe;J NtWgl;lmikg;gpy; jkpo; E}ypy; nrhy;yg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. rhd;whff; $u;kk; vDk; mtjhuj;ijf;Fwpf;Fk;NghJ $u;kf; iffis ,lf; fOj;jpDf;F Neuhfg; gpbj;jy; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wJ.Mdhy; %y E}Nyh $u;kf; iffisj; Njhs;fspd; Neuhfg; gpbj;jy; vd;Wk; guj #lhkzpNah$u;kf;if ,lf;if Neuhfg; gpbj;jy; vd;Wk; $wpAs;sd. ,t;thW mike;Js;s nray;

26

NtWghLfisf; fisa ehl;bag; Nguhrhd; midtUk; xUq;fpize;j fUj;jpid cUthf;Fjy;Ntz;Lk;. mg;NghJ jhd; eldj;jpidf; fw;fpd;wtu;fs; Fog;gkpd;wpf; fw;f ,aYk;.

,e; E}y; gy ,e;jpa nkhopfspy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e; E}iy jpU.Mde;jf;FkhuRthkp mtu;fs; Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhop ngau;e;J “j kpuu; xt; nf];ru;”( The Mirror of Gesture ) vd ntspapl ;lhu ; . jk po ; nkho pa py ; ,e ; E}iylhf;lu;.c.Nt.Rthkpehijau; mtu;fs; fyhN\j;uh ntspaPlhfg; gpuRupj;Js;shu;. 1957Mk;Mz;by; tPuuhftd; vd;ghUk; jkpopy; ,jid nkhopngau;j;J ntspapl;Ls;shu;.

27

ehl;ba rh];jpuk;

tlnkhopapy; gujKdptuhy; vOjg;gl;l guj ehl;ba rh];jpuj;ijj; jkpopy;jpU.v];.vd;.=uhkNjrpfd; nkhopngau;j;Js;shu;. ,k; nkhopngau;g;ig cyfj; jkpo; Muha;r;rpepWtdk; 2001Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;lJ.

nkhopngau;g;ghrpupau; ,e; E}ypidg; ‘gujehl;ba rh];jpuk;’ (guj Kdptu; ,aw;wpa6000 - rk];fpUj RNyhfq;fs; nfhz;lJ) vd;W Fwpg;gpl;L nkhopngau;j;Js;shu;. ,e; E}y;mzpe;Jiu> Mrpupau; ciu> KfTiu> mj;jpahag; nghUs; RUf;fk;> ,e;E}iyg; gbf;fj;njhlq;F Kd; vDk; jiyg;Gfs; ePq;fyhf 36 mj;jpahaq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. glq;fSf;Fvd xU gFjpiaj; je;Js;shu;.

guj rh];jpuj;ij nkhopngau;g;Gr; nra;j Mrpupau;> Mrpupaupd; ciu vDk; gFjpapy;rpy fUj;Jf;fisj; je;Js;shu;. mitfs; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1. gy ehl;ba rh];jpu E}y;fspy ghlNgjq;fs; Vuhsk;.2. ntFthf mgpeaju;g;gzj;jpd; rhiaia ,q;F fhzKbfpwJ.3. xt;nthU gjpg;gpYk; RNyhf vz;zpf;if khWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.4. E}y; Muk;gj;jpy; gujf;fiy nja;tPfkhdJ. gpuk;khtpdhy; njhlf;fg;gl;lJ. Ie;jhtJ Ntjkhff; fUjg;gl;lJ vdg; guju; $Wfpwhu;. Mdhy;> mtNu gujf; fiyiaAk; ebfu;fisAk; jho;j;jpAk; juf;FiwthfTk; Ngr mjw;F KdptUila rhgj;ijAk; fhuzkhff; $Wfpwhu;.

NkYk; ,e; E}ypd; KfTiu gf;fk; ixviii ,y; Mrpupau; ‘guju; vd;gJ ,aw;ngau;my;y vd;Wk; eld; vDk; nghUs; nfhz;l njhopybahf te;j ngau; vd;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs;$Wtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.’ guj vd;w nrhy; rpwg;Gg; ngauhfTk; GNuhfpjd;> nerTf;fhud;>kpNyr;rd;> kiythOed;> cUj;jpud;> mf;fpdp KjypNahiuAk; rpwg;ghf MLgtd;> ebfd;MfpNahiuAk; Fwpf;Fk; vd;W Nguhrpupau; tp.rptrhkp mtu;fs; gujf;fiy vd;Dk; E}ypy;Fwwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

‘eldj;ijj; njhopyhff; nfhz;l gujFyk; vd;gNjhu; kuG jkpo; ehl;by; njhd;Wnjhl;Ltpsq;fp tUtjw;Fg; gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fspy; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.’ ‘Guhzq;fspNyh> ,uhkhaz>ghujj;jpNyh ehl;ba rh];jpuj;ij ,aw;wpatu; guju; vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;Wfs; ,y;iy.’

‘ghtk; - ,uhfk; - jhsk; vDk; nrhw;fspd; Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs; (Fwpy;fs;) ,ize;Jgujk; Mapw;W vd;W 13Mk; E}w;whz;bduhd Ntjhe;j Njrpfu; vDk; rpwe;j itzt Mrpupau;jk; ]q;fy;g #upNahjak;’ vDk; ehlfj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

ehlfj;jpid topelj;Jk; jiytdhfg; gy ghj;jpuq;fshf ebg;gtDk; gy thj;jpaq;fis,irg;gtDk; Njitahd gytw;iw toq;FgtdhfTk; tpsq;FgtNd guj vdmiof;fg;gLfpd;whd;.‘guj’ Kdptu; vDk; xUtu;jhdh ,jid vOjpAs;shu; vd;gJ Ma;tpw;FupatplaNk.

ehl;ba rh];jpuj;ijj; njYq;fpy; nkhopngau;f;f Kide;jtUk; tlnkhopg; GytUkhd‘khdty;yp uhkfpU\;zftp;’ jhk; Nrfupj;j ehl;ba rh];jpu Xiyfs; ngUk;ghyhditnjd;dhl;ilr; Nru;e;jit vd;Nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

vdNt guju; vd;gtu; vOjpa gujrh];jpuk; vd;gJ jkpofj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ. guju; vd;ghu; jkpo;kugpy; ,Ue;j eld Kiwfis tlnkhopapy; vOjp mjw;F ehl;ba rh];jpuk; vd;W ngaupl;bUf;f

28

Ntz;Lk;. ,e; E}y; 36 mj;jpahaq;fis cilaJ. rpy gjpg;Gf;fspy; 37 mj;jpahaq;fs;cs;sd. ,tw;wpNy 1 - 27 tiuAk; 34 - 36 tiuAKs;s mj;jpahaq;fspNy ehlfk;> eldk;Kjypad gw;wpAk; 28 - 33 tiu ,ir gw;wpAk; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjy; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehl;ba rh];jpuk; Njhd;wpa tuyhW tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ. ehd;FNtjq;fspypUe;J thj;jpak;> fPjk;> mgpeak;> fhg;gpar; Rit Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L gpuk;kNjtd;ehl;baj;ijg; gilj;jhd; vd;Wk;> ,J Ie;jhtJ Ntjkhff; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;Wk;nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,uz;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehl;ba muq;FfSk;> mit fl;lg;gLk; KiwfSk; ehl;bamuq;fpd; tbt tiffSk; ehlfj;jpw;F cupa muq;F> ehl;baj;jpw;F cupa muq;F vitvd;gdTk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

%d;whk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; Gjpajhff; fl;lg;gl;l muq;Ffs;> kd;wq;fs; ,itfSf;Fupanja;tq;fis topgLk; Kiw jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

ehd;fhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; gpuk;kd; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;j mk;Uj kjdk; vDk; epUj;jpaehlfk; gw;wpAk; mjidg; guju; muq;Nfw;wk; nra;j tpjKk; gpd;du; jpupGujh`k; vDk;ehlfk; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ gw;wpAk; tpsf;fp ,Wjpapy; rptgpuhd; jhd; Gupe;jjhz;ltq;fSf;Fupa tpsf;fq;fisAk; je;Js;shu;. mjd; gpd; fuz tif 108 ck; tpsf;fpciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ie;jhk; mj;jpahak; ehl;bak; epfo;j;Jtjw;F Kd; muq;fpy; nra;ag;glNtz;banray;fis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

MW> VO vDk; ,uz;L mj;jpahaq;fspy; Ritfs; vl;L. mitfis czu;j;jr;nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba mgpea Kiwfs;> ehl;bak; nra;Ak; khe;ju;fSf;F cupa ghly; Kiwfs;tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

vl;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; cly; cWg;Gfspd; Jiznfhz;L nra;ag;glf;$ba El;gkhdmgpeaq;fs; tpsf;fp ciuf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

xd;gjhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; xw;iwf;if Kj;jpiufs;> ,ul;ilf;if Kj;jpiufs;> khu;G>tpyhg;Gwq;fs; ,uz;L> tapW> ,Lg;G ,itfspd; mirTfs;> mt;tirTfisg; gad;gLj;Jk;Kiw tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

gj;jhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; jdJ fz;> nray; ,itfshy; vt;thW jd; fhjiyntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp vy;yhk; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

gjpNdhuhtJ mj;jpahak; rhuptpjhd mjhtJ rhup mirTfspd; tpsf;fkhfmike;Js;sJ.

gd;dpuz;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; kz;lyq;fs; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

gjpd;%d;whk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehlfj;jpy; Njhd;Wk; fjh ghj;jpuq;fs; xt;nthd;Wk;vt;thW Nkilapy; elf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; kpUfq;fs;> gwitfs; Kjypadtw;wpd; fjpiaAk;glfpy; nry;Yjy;> Fjpiu Vw;wk; ,itfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd eilfisg; gw;wpAk; ,u]q;fisg;gpujpgypf;Fk;NghJ vt;ntt; tifahd eilfisf; ifahsNtz;Lk; vdTk; ,jpy; tiuaWj;Jf;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

29

kdpjdpd; cs;sj;J czu;r;rpfspd; ajhu;j;jG+u;tkhd ntspg;ghLfis Nyhfju;kp>ehl;baju;kp vd ,Utifg;gLj;jp gjpdhd;fhk;> ,Ugj;J %d;whk; mj;jpahaq;fspy;$wpAs;shu;.

gjpdhd;fhk; > gjpndl;lhk;> ,Ugj;Njhuhk; mj;jpahaq;fspy; gz;ila ,e;jpahtpd;efuq;fspd; ngau;fSk;> fpuhkq;fspd; ngau;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

gjpide;jhk; mj;jpahak; thf;fpahgpeaj;ijAk;> gjpdhwhk; mj;jpahak; rz;Nlhtp]pl;bvd;gijAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

gjpNdohk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehlfj; jahupg;GKiw. ehlfj;jpd; ,yf;fpak;> fhg;gpak;>ahg;G> rk];fpUjk;> fpuhfpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfs; fhg;gpa mzpfs;> ctik KjypadTk;fhtpage;jj;jpd; 36 tif Fzq;fSk; tpsf;fkhf tu;zpf;fg;gl;ls;sd.

gjpndl;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; gh\htpjhd gw;wpAk; gj;njhd;gjhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy;thf;atpjhd gw;wpAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

j\tpj &gfq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; gj;J tifahd ehlfq;fSk; yh];ak; vd;wMly; tifapd; gy tbtq;fSk; ,Ugjhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; tu;zpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

ehlff; fijaikg;G ,Ugj;Njhuhk; mj;jpahaj;jpYk;> ehy;tif tpUj;jp,Ugj;jpapuz;lhk; mj;jpahaj;jpYk;> ,Ugj;J %d;whk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; M`hu;ahgpeaKk;tpgukhf tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,Ugj;jpehd;fhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ehlfj; jiytd;> jiytp> #j;jpujhud;> ehl;bakq;if Nghd;Nwhupd; ,yf;fzq;fs; nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd.

,Ugj;ije;jhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,uT> gfy;> epyh> kfpo;r;rp> Cf;fk;> gfytd;Nghd;witfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw mitfSf;Fupa mgpeaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,Ugj;jhwhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,aw;ifapd; khWghLfs;> Mz; ngz;zhfTk; ngz;MzhfTk; Ntlkpl;L ebg;gijAk; ,isQd; tNahjpgdhfTk; tNahjpgd; ,isQdhfTk;Ntlkpl;L ebf;fpd;wNghJ ftdpf;f Ntz;ba nra;jpfisAk; nrhy;Yfpd;wJ.

,Ugj;Njohk; mj;jpahak; ehl;bak; ntw;wpngwj; Njitahd midj;Jk; vt;thWnghUj;jKld; ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;ffpd;wJ.

,Ugj;njl;lhk; mj;jpahak; Kjy; 33Mk; mj;jpahak; tiuAs;s gFjpfspy;,ir>gz;>jhsk;>jhs[jpfs; ,itfs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Kg;gj;jp ehd;fhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; jhsf; fUtpfs; tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Kg;gj;ije;jhk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ghj;jpuq;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Kiw tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.Kg;gj;jhwhk; mj;jpahak; eldj;jpd; gaid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

,t;thW ehl;ba rh];jpuk;> ehl;baj;jpd; midj;J nray;ghLfisAk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ.ehlf muq;Ff; fiyAld; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; midj;ijAk; gw;wpf; $Wk; ngUk;fiyf;fsQ;rpakhfNt ,e;E}y; tpsf;FtJ njl;lj;njspT.

30

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : rh];jpupa eldq;fSld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l tuyhw;W uPjpahdtplaq;fis ca;j;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : ,e;jpa rh];jpupa eldq;fspd; tuyhWfisNtWgpupj;jwpthu;.

nraw;ghL 5.1.1 : rh];jpupa eldq;fis KOikahf mwpjy;.

guj ehl;bak;

kdpj tuyhw;wpNy fiyfs; xU Kf;fpakhd ,lj;jpid tfpj;J te;Js;sd. mitkf;fs; tho;tpid tsk;gLj;jpAk;> nrk;ikg;gLj;jpAk; te;Js;sd. Mjpfhyk; njhl;Lj; jkpou;tho;tpNy fiyfs; xd;wpize;J tsu;e;J te;Js;sd. mit ghuk;gupakhfg; Ngzg;gl;Lk;tsu;f;fg;gl;Lk; te;Js;sd.

kdpju;fs;> kpUfq;fs; miye;J jpupe;j kpfg; Guhjd fhyj;jpw;$l xUtifahdeldf;fiy epytpw;W. Ngr;Rf;fiy> vOj;Jf;fiy Njhd;WKd;Ng eldf;fiy Njhd;wptpl;lJ.Guhjd kdpjdpd; mirT nespTfspypUe;J eldk; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. jdJ fUj;ij kw;wtu;fSf;Fntspg;gLj;j mtd; ghtid nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

,ir> eldk; Mfpa fiyfspd; Njhw;wk; njhd;ikapy; kiwe;Js;sJ. Mjpfhykdpjd; ,aw;ifNahL xd;wpize;J tho;e;jjhy; mtd; ,aw;ifapd; gps;isaha; tho;e;jhd;.jd;idAk;> jd;idr; #o;e;Js;s ,aw;ifiaAk; gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fTk; njhlq;fpdhd;. ,aw;ifapy;vOk; gpw xyp mirTfisj; jdJ xyp mirTfSld; xg;gpl;L xUikg;gLj;j Kw;gl;lhd;.,e;epiyapy; jhd; fiyfs; Njhd;wpd.

,jd; gpd; ,df; FOkr; rKjhaj;jpNy kf;fs; FbapUg;Gf;fis mikj;J thoj;njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. ,aw;ifr; rf;jpfSf;F Kd; Guhjd kdpjd; gytPdkhdtdhfNt fhzg;gl;lhd;.vdNt mjid tzq;fTk; Kw;gl;lhd;.

,k; Kaw;rpapd; njhlu;r;rpahf xU fw;gidiag; Nghyr;nra;jyhfNth> ghtidr;nrayhfNth epfo;j;Jtjd; %yk; ajhu;;j;j tho;tpy; mf; fw;gidapid cz;ik epfo;thfkhw;wKbAnkd;W Guhjd kdpjd; ek;gpdhd;. ,e;epiyapd; ntspg;ghlhf rlq;FfSldhdMly;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.

,t;thW rlq;FfSld; ,ize;J tsu;e;J te;j fiyahdJ rq;f fhyj;jpYk; jdpkhDlf; fhjypd; Jd;gk;> ,og;G> kfpo;r;rp Nghd;wtw;iw ,aw;ifr; #oYld; ,ize;jgwit> tpyq;F Nghd;wtw;NwhL xg;gpl;ldNuad;wp nja;tq;fisr; Rl;b xg;Gik VJk;nra;atpy;iy. tho;tpd; midj;J epiyfspYk; khe;ju; nra;fpd;w jtWfis mwk;jz;bf;Fnkd;wdNuad;wp nja;tk; jz;bf;Fk; vd;W vq;Fk; $wg;gltpy;iy.

,f; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ghzu;> tpwypau;> $j;ju; Nghd;Nwhu; kd;du;fisg; Gfo;e;Jk;kd;ddpd; ntw;wpiag; Nghw;wpAk; ghliy ,irj;Jk; Mliyr; nra;Jk; te;jhu;fs;.

gpd;G ,f; $j;Jf;fiy Nghu;r; r%fj;jpypUe;J jsk; khwp xU vopyhu;e;j fiyahfkhw;wk;ngw;wJ. eldk;> ,ir vd;gd vopyhu;e;j fiyahf khw;wk; ngw;w gpwF khDlczu;tpy; fhjy; vd;Dk; czu;T kl;LNk ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ.

31

NkYk; Nghu;f;fhyr; #oypy; ,Ue;j tpwyp> $j;ju; Nghd;Nwhu; ,ay;ghd r%f tho;tpy;xJf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l eldk; Nghd;w nray;fSk; nky;y nky;y kjpg;gpid,of;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.

eldj;jpd; %yk; ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;l czu;TfSk; nraw;ghLfSk; khe;juplk; fpsu;r;rpiaj;J}z;Ltjhf mike;jd vDk; fhuzj;jpdhy; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; gpd; Njhd;wpa mw,yf;fpaq;fs; eldj;ijg; gopj;Jk; ,opj;Jk; Ngrj; jiyg;gl;ld NghYk;. mjdhy; jhd; mw,yf;fpaq;fSs; eldkhLk; ,lj;jpw;F Md;Nwhu; nry;ykhl;lhu; vDk; fUj;Jk;> eldkhju;fis,opthf vLj;Jf; $Wk; ghly;fSk; Njhd;wpd.

mw ,yf;fpaq;fisj; njhlu;e;J Njhd;wpa fhg;gpa ,yf;fpaq;fSs; jiyahaJrpyg;gjpfhuk;. rpyg;gjpfhuKk; eldf; fiyf;F xU fzpifiaf; fhl;baNjad;wp xUFyg;ngz;izAk; Rl;ltpy;iy. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;Js; Ml;ld; mj;jp> Mjp ke;jp vd;Dk; murFyj;J khe;ju;fs; eldkhbajhff; $Wk; ghly;fspypUf;f fhg;gpaj;jpy; fzpifad;wp NtWgpw ngz;fs; eldkhbajhff; $wg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; fzpifau; jkJ ,ay;ghdnray;ghl;bypUe;J tpyfp tho;tJk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;glhJ ,Ue;j epiyia kzpNkfiyapy;fhz;fpd;Nwhk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; gy Nfhapy;fspd; ngau;fnsd Cu;f;Nfhl;lk;> epyhf;Nfhl;lk;>cr;rpf;fpohd; Nfhl;lk;> gpwthg; ngupNahd; Nfhapy; vd;w Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdNtad;wp ,iwtd;eldf; Nfhyj;jpy; vq;Fk; Fwpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,g; gjpndhU Mlypd; %yk; kf;fspd; czu;Tepiyapy; eldk; xU jho;ikAila fiy my;y cau;Tila xd;Nw vDk; fUj;jpidCl;b khw;wk; fhzr;nra;fpd;w nrayhfNt Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; kd;ddpd; ntw;wpiaf; $j;jpd; nghUshff; nfhz;bUe;j epiyapy;fhg;gpa fhyq;fspy; ntw;wpia kd;ddplkpUe;J ,lkhw;wk; nra;J nja;tq;fsplk; nfhz;LNru;f;Fk; njhlf;f fhyr; nrayhfNt Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

NkYk; fhdy;tup jdp kdpj czu;Tfspd; ntspg;ghLfs; vd;gjhy; mjid czu;Tj;njhlu;Gila ,Utiuf;nfhz;Nl ghl;Lk; eldKk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Mdhy; Vida%d;wpy; FO eldkhfNt Rl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. fhuzk; kf;fis eldj;jpd; %yk; ,iw topghLnra;aTk; ,iwtopghl;bd; %yk; eldj;jpw;F xU r%fj;jFjp cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;vd;Dk; vz;zKk; ,Ue;jNj MFk;.

khjtp> Nfhtyd; ,we;jhd; vd;w nra;jp Nfl;L eldj;ij KOikahfj; Jwg;gNjhLjd;kfSk; mf; fiyiar; nra;ahjpUf;Fk; nghUl;L mtisj; JwT newpapy; elf;fr;nra;fpd;whs;. vdNt fhg;gpa fhyj;jpy; eldNkh eldk; nra;thNuh xU r%f mq;fPfhuj;jpw;Fj;jq;fisj; jahu;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s cupa Kaw;rpfisr; nra;jdu; vd;W njspthfpd;wJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; eldk; ,oe;j r%f mq;fPfupg;ig rpe;jhkzpf; fhyj;jpy;nky;y nky;y ngwj;njhlq;fpaJ vdyhk;. ,jw;fpilapy; jkpofj;ij khw;W nkhopAk;gz;ghLk; cs;s ,dkhfpa fsg;gpuu; Ml;rp nra;j NghJ jkpou;fspd; gy nray;fs;mopf;fg;gl;lJ Nghy eldKk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ NghYk;.

gy;ytiuj; njhlu;e;J fsg;gpuu;fs; jkpofj;ij Ml;rp nra;j fhyj;jpy; rka kWkyu;r;rpVw;gl;L gf;jp ngUkstpy; tsu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. mf; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa gf;jp ,af;fk; tlehLtiu nrd;W mq;Fk; gf;jp ,af;fj;jpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,jdhy; fiyfspYk; gf;jpapd;jhf;fk; vw;gl;lJ. eldKk; jdJ jsj;jpid khw;wpf;nfhz;LtpLfpwJ. jkpod; jdJ midj;Jczu;TfisAk; ,iwtNdhL njhlu;GgLj;jpf; fhzj; njhlq;fpdhd;. jkpofj;jpy; eldkhdJMLk; Kiwapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;shJ eldj;jpd; ghLnghUspy; khw;wq;fisVw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lJ.

32

rpyk;gpy; $wg;gl;l epyk;rhu; tupg; ghly;fs; ,iwtidg; GfOk; Mly;fshf khw;wk;

ngw;wd. tlehl;Lf; fz;zd; jkpo; eldj;jpd; ML nghUshff; nfhs;sg;gl;l mNjNtis

jkpo;f; flTshd KUfd; tlehl;L eldj;jpy; MLnghUshf Vw;ftpy;iy. vJ vt;thwhapDk;

tlehl;L khe;jUk; jkpoff; fiyahd gujf; fiyapid xU rpwe;j Clfkhff; nfhz;ldu;

vd;gjpy; NtWghby;iy.

tlGyk; ,k; khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gl;l epiyapy; jkpofj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;j midj;J fiyrhu;

E}y;fSk; tlnkhopapy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;ld. nkhopngau;g;gpdhy; tlnkhop tsu;e;jJ xU

gf;fnkdpy;> kWgf;fk; jkpodpd; eldf;fiy E}y;fs; nky;y nky;y kiwf;fg;gl;ld. rpy

fhyk; nrd;wgpd; kiwe;Nj Nghapd.

eldk; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jFjp ngw;wJk; eldj;ijf; Nfhapy;fspNyNa Mlr;nra;J

mf;fiyia ,iwj;jd;ikAila fiy vd;W khw;wpdu;. mjdhy; eldf;fiy nja;tPfj;

jd;ikAila fiyaha; khw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jdhy; ,iwtDk; eldj;jpd; ,iwtdhf khw;wk;

ngw;whd;. ,j;jF #oiy cs;thq;fp gf;jp ,yf;fpaq;fs;> gf;jp> rkak;> jj;Jtk; tsu;e;jJ

Nghy; eldf; fiyAk; tsu;e;jJ my;yJ tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

ehl;ba ,yf;fz E}Ny jkpof ehl;baj;jpw;F E}yhf khw;wk; ngw;wJ. vdNt eldk;

nghOJNghf;fpd; ntspg;ghlhfTk; fUj;jpid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ClfkhfTk; ,Ue;j epiyapid

,oe;J Gdpjkakhf;fg;gl;l eldj;jpd; topepd;W gf;jp tsu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Nfhapy;fspy; kl;Lkd;wp muz;kidfspYk; MlYk; ghlYk; kd;ddhy; fhzTk;

Nfl;fTk;gl;lJ vd;gij ePyNfrpg;glyk; xd;W tpsf;fp epw;fpwJ. NkYk; Mltu; ngz;fs;

vd ,U jpwj;jhUk; eldj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;jikiaAk; ,e; eldj;jpidr; nra;tjw;F Mapukhapuk;

eldg; ngz;fs; ,Ue;jdu; vd;gijAk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

gy;ytu;fSf;Fg; gpwF jkpofj;ij Ml;rp nra;jtu;fs; gpw;fhyr; Nrhou;fs; Mtu;.

tp[ahyad; Kjy; ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfd; vDk; Re;juNrhod; tiu ehl;bd; ghJfhg;G> gif

mopj;jy;> ehl;bid tpupTgLj;jy; Nghd;w nray;fisNa Nrho kd;du;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ljhy;

mtu;fs; fhyq;fspy; ngupastpy; fiy tsu;r;rp ,lk;ngwtpy;iy vdyhk;.

Re;ju Nrhodpd; ,uz;lhtJ kfdhd mUs;nkhoptu;kd; vDk; ,uh[uh[d; Ml;rpg;

nghWg;gpy; mku;e;jgpd;du; Nrhou; fhyj;jpd; nghw;fhyk; njhlq;fpaJ vdyhk;. mJ FNyhj;Jq;fd;

Ml;rpf;fhyk; tiu njhlu;e;jJ vdyhk;.

,uh[uh[d; Kjy; FNyhj;Jq;fd; tiuapyhd fhyq;fspy; fiy> ,yf;fpak;> rpw;gk;>

eldk; vd;gd nropj;jd> tsu;e;jd> rpwe;jd vdyhk;. Nrhou; fhyf; Nfhapy;fs; midj;jpYk;

NfhapYf;Fg; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l jsp,yhu;> Njtubahu; Nghd;Nwhupd; nray;fs;> flikfs;

Nghd;wd fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;ls;sd. mur Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;j rpyUk; eldkzpfshf

tpsq;fpdu;. gue;j Nrhog; NguurpNy jpwikahd epu;thfk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Nguurpd; ngUk;gug;G>

ngUtdk;> kd;dupd; NguhjuT Kjypatw;wpw;Nfw;g ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; jkpopNy Njhd;wpd.

Nguurpd; rpwg;Gf;fis ed;F ntspg;gLj;Jtd Nghy; Ez;fiyfSk; ed;F mgptpUj;jpaile;jd.

kd;dUk; kf;fSk; fiyfspNy ngUk; <LghL nfhz;bUe;jdu;. mtw;wpw;F MjuT ey;fpg;

Nghw;wpdu;. ,jd; tpisthf Kw;gl;l fhyf; Fwpg;ghfg; gy;ytu;fhyf; fiyfs; NkYk; mjPj

tsu;r;rpAk;> kWkyu;r;rpAk; ngw;wd. gy;ytu; fhy ,ir eld kuGfs; Nrhou; fhyj;jpNy

33

ed;F Ngzg;gl;L tsu;f;fg;gl;ld. ,f; fiyfisr; rh];jpupa uPjpapNy Ngzp tsu;f;Fk;

Kaw;rp rpwg;ghf eldf; fiyapNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljw;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

Nrhou; NguurUf;Fg; gpd; jkpofj;jpNy gpw;fhyg; ghz;bag; ngUkd;dUk; tp[a efug;ngUkd;dUk; mtu;fSila ,uhZtj; Njrhjpgjpfshfpa ehaf;fUk; kuhj;jpa kd;dUk;18Mk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;L Kw;gFjpapNy rpy fhykhf K];ypk;fSk; Ml;rp nra;J te;jdu;.18Mk; E}w;whz;L gpw;gFjpapy; gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp Vw;gl;L 1947Mk; Mz;by; KbTw;wJ.

tp[a efu kd;dUk; ehaf;fUk;> kuhj;jpaUk; jkpofj;jpw;F tlf;NfAs;s khepyq;fisr;Nru;e;jtu;fs;. Mdhy; fiyfspNy kpf;f <LghLs;stuhf NtWghbd;wp mtw;iwMjupj;jdu;.,tu;fs; %ykhfj; njYq;F nkhopf;fiyfs;> kuhj;jpa nkhopf; fiyfs; vd;gdjkpofj;jpNy gutpd. mNjNtis jkpOk; tlnkhopf; fiyfSk; njhlu;e;J NkYk; Nghw;wg;gl;ld.,f; fhyg;gFjpapNy fu;ehlf ,irapYk; guj ehl;baj;jpYk; Kf;fpakhd mgptpUj;jpfs;Vw;gl;L te;jd. ,f; fiyfs; ,d;iwa epiyapid ,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyjhd; ngupJk;ngw;Wtpl;ld. jkpo;> njYq;F> rk];fpUjk;> kuhj;jp Kjypa nkhopfspNy ,ir> ehl;baE}y;fs; gy vOjg;gl;ld. NkYk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tlGyj; njhlu;GfshNy fPu;j;jid (tl,e;jpaf; fPu;j;jid) m\;lgjp> jpy;yhdh> [htsp Kjypa ,ir tbtq;fs; jkpofj;jpNygutp ,irapYk; ehl;baj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwyhapd.

,U tifahd eldkhju;fSs; xU rhuhu; jiyefupNy Rje;jpukhf tho;e;jdu;. mq;Feilngw;w r%f itgtq;fspYk; gq;F gw;wpdu;. muritapYk; Mbdu;. kd;dupd; MjuTk;ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;. kw;iwatu;fs; Nfhtpy;fspNy rkag; gzpGupe;j Njtjhrpfshtu;. ,tu;fSf;Fk;murit itgtq;fSf;Fk; njhlu;gpy;iy. ,tu;fspy; xU rhuhu; xOf;fk; Fiwe;jtu;fsha;,Ue;jhYk; r%fj;jpy; kjpg;Gs;stu;fspy; ,tu;fSk; mlq;Ftu;.

ehaf;fu;fhyf; fiyfs; njhlu;e;J GJnkUFld; kuhj;jpau; fhyj;jpYk; tsu;r;rpaile;jd.ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; Mf;fq;fspy; [jp> [jp];tuk;> nrhw;fl;L Kjypad fpilf;ftpy;iy.jQ;ir kuhj;jpa kd;dd; rh`[papd; gilg;Gf;fspy; ];tu[jp> nrhw;fl;L> [jP];tuk; Kjypadcs;sd.

,lk;ngw;w eld epfo;r;rpfisj; njhFj;J Nehf;Fk;NghJ ,f; fhyj;jpy; ed;F rpwg;Gw;Wepytpa guj ehl;ba kuG Vw;fdNt neLq;fhykhfj; jkpofj;jpNy epytpte;Js;sik njspT.,f; fhyfl;lj;jpNy jQ;rhT+u; xU Kf;fpakhd murpay; gz;ghl;L ikakhf kpspu;e;jJ.,d;iwa guj ehl;baf; fr;Nrup Kiwf;fhd gpd;dzpAk; mk;rq;fSk; njhlu;e;J cUthfpte;jd.

,d;iwa guj ehl;baf; fr;Nrup Kiwapid xOq;FgLj;jpatu;fshd jQ;ir ehy;tUk;>jQ;rhT+upNy 19Mk; E}w;whz;L Kw;gFjpapy; tho;e;jtu;fs; guj ehl;ba cUg;gbfspNy[jp];tuk; ,tu;fspd; Gjpa Mf;fk; vd xU rhuhu; fUJfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs Vfhu;j;jkhf (xU tplaj;jpidf; $Wtjhf) ,Ue;j ehl;baf; fr;Nrupapidg; gpUj fu;j;jkhf (gy tplaq;fisj;jdpj;jdpahff; $Wtjhf) khw;wpdu; vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

,f; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtpy;fspYk;> kd;du; mitapYk;> tpohf;fspYk; itgtq;fspYk;gujehl;bak; ,lk; ngw;Wte;Js;sJ. kf;fSf;F kfpo;T+l;Lk; fiyahfTk;> Nfhapw;fiyahfTk;,J kpspu;e;Js;sJ. ehl;ba rh];jpuk;> rpyg;gjpfhuk; Kjypa E}y;fspy; $Wfpd;wthWmuq;Ffspy; ,f;fiy Mlg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l K];ypk; Ml;rp> gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd;NghJ RNjrf; fiyfs;eypTw;wd. ,Nj fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpYk; rpy rPu;NfLfs; epytpd. ,tw;wpd; jhf;fk; eldf;

34

fiyapidAk; ghjpj;jJ. Mlw;fiyQupd; xOf;ff;NfLk; kd;dupd; Mjutpd;ikAk; gzj;ijNagpujhdkhd ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mtu;fs; MbaikAk; fiyiag; ghjpj;jd.

gpupj;jhdpau; jkJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; RNjrf; fiyfspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdu;. ,NjNtisapy; ,f; fiyapidr; rpWngz; gps;isfs; gapyf; $lhnjdTk; ,jidf; Nfhtpy;fspNyMLjy; jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;LnkdTk; xU rhuhu; 20Mk; E}w;whz;L Kw;gFjpapNy typAWj;jpte;jdu;. ,tu;fspNy rpy Mq;fpNyaUk; gbj;j ,e;jpa mwpQu;fSk; gpwUk; mlq;Ftu;.

1910Mk; Mz;bNy ik#upYk; 1930Mk; Mz;bNy jpUtde;jGuj;jpYk; Nfhapy;fspNy eldkhLjy;rl;l%yk; jLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1947Mk; Mz;by; Njtjhrpfisf; NfhtpYf;F mu;g;gzpf;Fk; Kiwrl;lG+u;tkhfj; jkpo; ehl;by; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpwFjhd; ghyru];tjpNjtp> Rtu; ru];tjp>ikyhg;G+u; nfsup mk;ghs;> Kj;Juj;jpdk;khs;> ghDkjp> tuyl;Rkp> gl;L> [Ptuj;jpdk;> uh[yf;RkprNfhjupfs; Nghd;wtu;fs; jpUf;NfhapypypUe;J ntspNa te;J guj ehl;baj;jpy; gpygykhdhu;fs;.

,e;jpahtpNy Kfpo;e;J kWkyu;r;rp ngw;w Ez;fiyfspNy ehl;baf;fiy ed;FFwpg;gplw;ghyJ. 1885Mk; Mz;by;; cjakhd ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; RNjrf; fiykWkyu;r;rpf;Fk; topNfhypaJ. 1893Mk; Mz;by; Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju; ,e;J rkar; rpwg;gpidmnkupf;fhtpNy eilngw;w cyf rkag; ghuhSkd;wpNy gpukhjkhf vLj;Jiuj;jhu;. jk;ik,opthff; fUjpa ,e;jpau; jiyepkpu;e;jdu;. Rje;jpu ,af;fk; ed;F tYg;ngWtjw;Ff; fiyfs;Ngzg;gLjYk;> kWkyu;r;rpailjYk; Kf;fpakhdit. nrd;w E}w;whz;L (ehw;gJfspy;) tOT+u;,uhikahg;gps;is Nghd;Nwhu; gujf; fiyapidr; Rje;jpu ,af;fj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jpaikkdq;nfhsw;ghyJ.

guj ehl;baj;jpd; ,UngUk; ghzpfis ge;jiz ey;Y}u;g; ghzpapYk;> tOT+u;g;ghzpapYk; kpFe;j Nju;r;rpAs;s Mrhd;fshfg; ge;jiz ey;Y}u; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;ismtu;fSk;> tOT+u; ,uhikahg;gps;is mtu;fSk; ,t;tpU ghzpfspYk; rpwg;G tha;e;jeldkzpfis cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. ,tu;fspd; rp\;au;fs; ,e;jpahtpYk; ,yq;if Nghd;wntspehLfspYk; ,f; fiyapid ed;F tsu;j;J tUfpd;wdu;.

NkYk; guj ehl;bak;> fu;ehlf ,ir Nghd;wit jw;NghJ gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;wepWtdq;fs; uPjpapYk; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; fiykhzp> KJfiykhzp>fyhepjpg; gl;lq;fSf;fhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wdu;.

‘Njtjhrp eldk;’> ‘rjpu;’ vd;nwy;yhk; miof;fg;gl;Lr; r%fj;jpNy gz;Gs;Nshuhy;tpUk;gj;jfhJ ,Ue;j fiy> kWkyu;r;rpapd; gpd; gujehl;bak; Mfp xU Gdpj ghuk;gupaKk;njhd;ikAk; rpwg;GkpUg;gJ czu;j;jg;gl;lJ. Nfhtpw;fiy> muq;ff; fiyahfpaJ. ,f;fiy jkpoupd; jdpr; rpwg;ghd Ez;fiyahf kl;Lkd;wpg; ghuj Njrj;jpw;Fg; nghJthdEz;fiyahfTk; jpfo;fpwJ.

35

fjfsp

Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

njd;dpe;jpahtpYs;s Nfus khepyj;jpw;NfAupa rpwg;ghd eldk; fjfspahFk;. ,e;jeldg; ghzp ,e;jpahtpd; njd;Nkw;Fg; gFjpapNy gutpAs;s gy eld kuGfspypUe;JNjhd;wpaJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;. goq;fhyk; njhl;Nl Nfush> muq;ff; fiyfSf;F xU,Ug;gplkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,tw;wpy; rpy G+uzkhfr; rlq;fpay;Gs;sit. ,it Njtijfs;>Mtpfs;> fhyQ;nrd;w tPuu;fs; ,tu;fis Ntz;bf;nfhz;L epiwNtw;WtjhFk;. Kfj;jpNyjPu;f;fkhd G+r;Rk; clypNy fKF> gid Xiyfspdhyhd cilAk; Ml;fisj;NjtijfshfTk;> G+jq;fshfTk; khw;wptpLfpd;wd.

rpyNtisfspy; nja;tj;jpd; Xtpak; jiuapy; tiuag;gl;L mg;ghy; #oYk;> NtWgy ,irf;fUtpfSk; Jiz nra;af; fij ebj;Jf; fhl;lg; ngwTk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.,g;gbf; $j;J> Ml;lk;> gftjp fhsp Nghd;w tbtq;fs; Nfusj;jpy; rpwg;ghff; fz;zD}upYk;mjd; mUfpYs;s khtl;lq;fspYk; gutpapUf;fpd;wd.

fjfsp> guj ehl;bak; Nghd;W jdp eldKk; my;y. fjf; Nghd;W murit eldKk;my;y. gjpyhff; fjfspapd; Kidg;ghd $W mjd; mirf;fnthz;zhj ehlfg; gz;Gjhd;.,e;j ebfu;fspd; xg;gidf;F xU jdp nksR cz;L. ebfidj; Njtijahf;Ffpw Kidg;ghdrlq;fpd; kugpypUe;J ,e;j ePz;l xg;gidAk; fjfspapd; gj;jjpAk; Njhd;wpapUf;fyhk;.

$bahl;lk; fhyq; fhykhfg; gz;ghl;Lld; xU ehlfg; ghzp tsu;r;rp ngw;W te;jJ.,f; $bahl;lKk; topghL> rlq;Ffs; kype;j Mly; tiffSk; fjfsp cUthtjw;FKd;Ndhbfshf mike;jpUe;jd. cly; gapw;rp cliyj; Nja;j;Jg; gpbj;Jr; rPu;nra;JtpLjy;>mG+u;tf; fhy; ePl;ly;> Fjpj;jy;> gha;jy;> ths; gapw;rp vy;yhtw;wpypUe;Jk; cs;thq;fpf;nfhz;Lfjfspapd; cj;jp cUthfpapUf;fpwJ.

,J 17MtJ E}w;whz;by; (1650) jhd;> jdpahd xU eld ehlfg; gj;jjpahfcUthdJ. ,jpy; fs;spf;Nfhl;il ]hkupDf;Fg; ngUk; gq;Fz;L. fpU];z gf;juhdjdhNy, t u; [ Nj t upd ; c z u;T g; ghl y ;f s hd “fPjNfhtpe;jj;ijg;” Nghy “fpU];zdhl;lk;” vd;wngaupy; gy ehlfq;fs; Gide;jhu;. ,J njhlu;ghf vOjg;gl;L vl;L ,uTfspy; NghLk;gbahfmikf;fg;gl;lJ.

xU fu;zguk;giur; nra;jpg;gpufhuk; nfhl;lhuf;fiu muru; fpU];zdhl;lk;epfo;j;Jtjw;fhfj; jpUthq;$Uf;F me;j ebfu; Fohj;ij mDg;Gk;gb fs;spf;Nfhl;il]hkupidf; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhuhk;. ]hkupd; kWj;Jtpl;lhu;. vdNt nfhl;lhuf; fiu muru;‘,uhkdhl;lk;’ vd;w 8 ehlfq;fisf;nfhz;l xU njhliuf; fpU];zdhl;lj;Jf;Fg; gjpyhfvOjp 17Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; ebf;f top nra;jhh; vd mwpaKbfpwJ.

,irghLgtu;fs; Jiz nra;a tpupthd clyirTfSld; epWj;jpajhdJ trdk;Ngrhj ebg;Gf;F ,d;Dk; nkUF Nru;j;jJ. tha;g;ghl;Lk; fUtpfSk; ehlfj;jpd; ,iraikg;G>eld mikg;ig epu;zak; nra;jJ. Rj;j eldj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd nrhw;fl;Lfs; G+uzkhfg;gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,jd; fUg;nghUs; kfhghujk;> ghftj Guhzk;> rptGuhzk;> ,d;Dk; gyGuhzq;fspypUe;Jk; ,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;Jk; vLf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l ehlfq;fs;MFk;.

,e;j xg;gidapd; Nehf;fk; kdpj Kfj;ij %LtJ kl;Lky;y. ghj;jpukhfNt ,Ue;jhy;gr;ir tu;zk; fd;dq;fspypUe;J jhil vYk;G tiu ke;jkhd gr;ir epwKs;s Rz;zhk;G

36

G+rg;gLfpwJ. new;wpf;F nts;isr; Rz;zhk;Ngh my;yJ ghj;jpuq;fs; %u;f;fj;jdj;ijVw;Wf;nfhz;lhy; xU ngupa F&ukhd fUkPir> mb epwkhd gr;ir NkYjl;bypUe;J Nky;fd;d vYk;Gtiu tiuag;gLk;. gpuj;jpNafkhd tifg; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Ff; fjfspapd; ‘jhb’vd;w xg;gid nra;ag;gLfpwJ. fUe;jhb fjhehafdpd; vjpup> muf;fu;fisf; Fwpg;gJ ntz;jhbmDkhd; Nghd;w nja;tq;fspw;F xg;gid nra;ag;gLk;.

nfhl;lhuf;fiu> Nfhl;ilak; mjpgu;fisj; jtpug; gy Mrpupau;fs; ,g;Nghija fjfspeld tupirf;Fj; jq;fs; gq;fspg;igr; nra;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;. fhu;j;jpifj; jpUehs;> mRtjpjpUehs;> tpj;thd; Fapy;jk;gpuhd;> Gfo;ngw;w cd;dapthupau; ,e;j Mrpupau;fSs;Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.

jpUthq;$u; kfhuh[hf;fshfpa ];thjpj; jpUehs;> ,uhktu;kh MfpNahu; ,f; fiyf;FMjutspj;jdu;.

njw;fj;jpa ghzp> tlf;fj;jpa ghzp vd;W ,uz;L ghzpfs; Njhd;wpd. mjd; mikg;G>cWjpAk; KOikAk; nfhz;lJ. ,J Myag; gFjpf;F ntspNa toq;ff;$ba fhyfl;lj;Jf;Fte;Jtpl;lJ. Mya tshfj;jpypUe;J mJ muritfs;> fpuhkg; Gwq;fs; kw;Wk; ntw;wplq;fs;>mg;ghy; Kf;fpakhd muq;f Nkilf;Fk; nrd;Wtpl;lJ.

gyuhk ghujj;jpd; cg mj;jpahak; xd;wpy; fjfspapy; cs;s mirTfSf;fpzq;fKl;btisjy;> ghjePl;ly; Nghd;w mq;f mirTfisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; tUfpwJ. ,jidxl;b tUk; E}y; “`];jy\z jPgpfh” MFk;.

mbg;gil fjfsp mirTfSf;F 16MtJ E}w;whz;bNyNa Mjhuk; Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJvd;gjw;Ff; Nfusf; Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fSk; gj;kehg Rthkp Nfhapy; - kl;ld; Nrup Nfhapy;Xtpaq;fSk; mj;jhl;rp.

20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ‘nja;tk;’ > ‘gftjp topghL’ Nghd;w rlq;F eldehlfkuGfs; njhlu;e;J ele;J nfhz;bUf;f Mya ehl;bak;> nkUNfwpa rlq;Ff;fiyfshd$bahl;lk;> fjfsp> fpU];zdhl;lk;> ,uhkdhl;lk; ,it kq;fp ntFrpy ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk;VNdhjhNdhntd;W ele;J te;jd. guj ehl;bak; Nghy; fjfspAk; capu;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ek;fyhrhuj;jpd; ,e;jpag; gz;Gf;F xU Kidg;ghdNjly; vd;w Kiwapy; Nfushtpd;ftpts;sj;Njhy; ,ijr; nra;jhu;. 1932Mk; Mz;L mtu; njhlq;fpa ‘Nfus fyh kz;lyk;’1936Mk; Mz;by; Kiwahf epWtg;gl;lJ. FU ,uhKz;zpNkdd;> FUFQ;RFUg; Nghd;wehl;ba Mrpupau;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;L fjfspf;Ff; ftpijg; gz;Gk; ,yf;fpag; gz;Gk;je;J mjw;F xU Gjpatbtj;ijf; nfhLj;jhu;. mJjhd; ,g;nghOJ toq;Fk; fjfsp. ,e;jr;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; xU gioafiyf;F xU Gjpa cj;Ntfk; jug;gl;lJ.

Ml;lKiw

rpUq;fhu urk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. tPuk;> Nfhgk; Nghd;w kNdhghtq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;kpf EZf;fkhd tifapy; iffhy;fspd; mirT fhzg;gLk;. ghj mirTfs; nrhw;fl;bd;mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;Fk;. mgpeak; 3 gFjpahf cs;sJ.

1. xt;nthU thu;j;ijapd; nghUis tpsf;Fk; mgpeak;2. xU KO mbiaAk; tpsf;Fk; tif mgpeak;3. ghlfiug; gpd;gw;Wk; ehl;baf;fhuupd; mgpeak;

khw;WtjhFk;. xg;gidf;fhud; ‘nrsl;bf;fhud;’ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhd;. rhj;tpfg; ghj;jpukhf

37

Mil mzpfyd; xg;gid

fij khe;jupd; Fz ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; FwpaPlhff; nfhs;sg;gl;L xg;gidnra;ag;gLfpwJ.

gr;ir - ew;Fzk;

rptg;Gj;jhb - jPaFzk;

fWg;Gj;jhb - G+u;tPf Fbfs; my;yJ Ntl;Ltu;fshfNth

ntz;jhb - ghjpkdpj cU> ghjp mDkhd; cU

,sk;gr;ir - rpUq;fhuk;> rptg;G - nusj;jpuk;> kQ;rs; - mw;Gjk;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; xg;gid nra;ag;gLk;.

xg;gidfs; muprpkhtpy; gytpj tz;zg;nghbfisf; fye;Jfjhghj;jpuq;fSf;Nfw;g kzpf;fzf;fpy; xg;gid nra;thu;fs;. fpuPlk;> G[fPu;j;jpgad;gLj;jg;gLk; fijapd; ghj;jpuj;jpw;F Vw;g Mil mzpfyd; mzpag;gLk;.

,ir ,irf;fUtp

Nrhgd ,ir ifahsg;gLfpwJ. Rj;jkj;jsk;> Nrq;fyk;> nrz;il> ifkzp>,lf;if gad;gLfpwJ. vyj;jhsk;(,iyj;jhsk;)

fiyQu;

,l;buhupr;rNkdd;> Gjpaa;f;fy;jk;ghd;.

38

Nkhfpdpahl;lk;


Nfus khepyk; gy cau;e;j ehl;ba tbtq;fis toq;fpapUf;fpwJ. Nkhfpdpahl;lk;vd;w Nfusj;jpd; yh];a eldk; ,e;jf; nfhilfspy; xd;W. ngz;fSf;fhd mofpa eldkhfNkhfpdp Ml;lk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

,e;J rka Guhzf; fijfspy; jpUkhy;> Nkhfpdp (jd; mofhy; fhz;Nghiu kaf;Fgts;)tbtk; jhq;fpj; Njtu;fspd; eyidf; fhf;Fk; tifapy; mRuu;fis kaf;fp> mtu;fspd;mopTf;Ff; fhuzkhapUe;jhu; vd;W $Wfpd;wd. njd;dpe;jpa eld ehlf kuGfs; rpytw;wpNyNkhfpdp xU Kf;fpakhd ,lj;jpid tfpj;jhYk;> Nfusj;jpNy jhd; ,e;eldk; xU rpwe;jMlw;fiy tbtkhf cUg;ngw;Ws;sJ.

ngz;fs; MLk; eldk; fp.gp 3 Kjy; 8Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfspy; jhd;Nfus tuyhw;Wg; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;ag;gl;bUf;fpwJ. vg;NghJ ,e; eldk; Njhd;wpaJvd;gij cWjpahfr; nrhy;y ,ayhtpl;lhYk; Nkhfpdpahl;lk; xU gioikahd eldtbtk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. jhrpahl;lj;jpd; (rjpuhl;lk;) Nfusg; gjpg;Gj;jhd; Nkhfpdpahl;lk;vd;Wk; jhz;lt eldkhf fjfspiaAk; tplg; gioikahdJ vd;W nrhy;NthUKsu;.

fp.gp 1709Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j ‘jpU kokq;fyk; ehuhazd; ek;G+jpup’ vd;Dk;rk];fpUj mwpQuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ‘tpat`hu khy’ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Nkhfpdpahl;lj;ijg;gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU Nkhfpdp Ml;l eld epfo;r;rpf;fhff; fiyQu;fSf;Ftoq;f Ntz;ba rd;khdj;ijf; Fwpj;j tpjpKiwfisg; gw;wp ,g;gilg;G vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.NkYk; ,f;fiy gw;wp tlnkhopaps;s ‘fe;Jf je;jpuk;’ vd;Dk; E}ypy; fhzf;$bajhfcs;sJ.

jpUthq;$u; kd;duhd khu;j;jhz;ltu;khtpd; mitf; ftpQUk; Js;sy; vDk; eldj;ijcUthf;fpatUkhd ‘FQ;rd; ek;gpahu;’ vOjpa ‘Nfh\ahj;uh’ vd;Dk; E}ypYk;Nkhfpdpahl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fisf; fhzyhk;. Nfusj;jpd; epfo;fiyfisg; gw;wpf;$Wk;NghJ ek;gpahu;> Fj;J> gjf;fk;> ghitf; $j;J> jpUthjpiuf;fsp Mfpa eldq;fSld;Nkhfpdpahl;lj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpypUe;J Nkhfpdpahl;lk; rh];jpupaeldq;fspy; xd;whff; fUjg;glyhdJ. ehl;ba rh];jpuj;ijg; gw;wp kiyahsj;jpy; vOe;jMa;T E}yhd ‘ghyukh gujj;jpy;’ mjd; Mrpupau; fhu;j;jpifj; jpUehs; k`huh[hTk;Nkhfpdpahl;lj;ijf; Nfus eld tbtq;fSd; xd;whff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

,irapYk; eldj;jpYk; ngUtpUg;Gilatu;fshf ,Ue;j jpUthq;$u; kd;du;fs; ,t;tpUfiyfisAk; ed;F Mjupj;jdu;. Fwpg;ghf 19Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j Rthjpj;jpUehs;kfhuh[htpd; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Nkhfpdpahl;lk; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;Wg; Gfoile;jJ.Nkhfpdpahl;lk; ,tu; fhyj;jpy; jhd; mur MjuTk; khdpaKk; ngw;wJ.

,f; fiyf;Fg; Gj;Japu; Cl;l Ntz;Lnkd;w Mu;tj;jpy;> kfhuh[h jQ;ir rNfhjuu;fshdnghd;idah> rpd;idah> rpthde;jk;> tbNtY MfpNahiuj; jpUthq;$Uf;F tutioj;jhu;.,d;iwa Nkhfpdpahl;l eldf; fpuhkj;ijj; njhFf;f Kf;fpa fhuzfu;j;jhthf ,Ue;jtu;Rthjpj; jpUehs; kfhuh[hNt. Nkhfpdpahl;lj;jpd; ,d;iwa epiyf;Fj; jQ;irr; rNfhjuu;fspd;gq;F kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. kfhuh[hNt ,e; eldj;jpw;Fupa mNdf cUg;gbfis ,aw;wpAs;shu;.mg;NghjpypUe;J Nkhfpdpahl;lk; Nfhtpiyj; jtpu muritfspYk; muq;Nfwj; njhlq;fpaJ.,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;jhd; Nkhfpdpahl;lk; gpugy;akhfj; njhlq;fpaJ. Gjpa gupkhzk;>

GJg;nghypT> ,dpikahd GJ ,ir. eldg; gilg;Gfs; midj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhf mgupkpjkhd

39

mur MjuT midj;Jk; Nkhfpdpahl;lj;jpd; Gfio cr;rj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;Lnrd;wd. Mdhy;Jujp\;ltrkhf kd;dupd; vjpu;ghuhj kuzk; ,e; eldj;jpd; ruptpw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhfpaJkpfg;ngupa mur Mjuit ,e; eldk; ,oe;J jtpj;jJ.

Nfusj;jpNy ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk; tiu kf;fs; ngUksT kwe;Jtpl;lfiyfspnyhd;whfNt ,e;eldk; fhzg;gl;lJ. xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifg; ngz;fs; kl;LNk,jid Mb te;jdu;. guj ehl;baj;ijj; Njtjhrpfs; vDk; r%fj;jpdu; Ngzpg;ghJfhj;Jte;jJNghy ,jw;F xU jdpg;gl;l r%fj;jpdu; ,Ue;jpyu;. Kjpu;e;j fiyQupdk; fw;w xUrpy fiyQu;$l ,jidg; gfpuq;fkhf Ml ntl;fKw;wdu;. guj ehl;bak;> Nkhfpdpahl;lk;Nghd;w fiyfis vjpu;j;j xU rhuhupd; gpur;rhuq;fSk; eltbf;iffSk; ,jw;fhd xUfhuzkhFk;.

Mdhy; 1935Mk; Mz;L Nfusj;jpy; xU fiy kWkyu;r;rp cz;lhdJ. mjp\;ltrkhff;fjfspiag; Ngzp tsu;g;gjw;Ff; Nfus fyh kz;lyj;jpid cUthf;fpa ftpQu; ‘ts;sj;Njhy;ehuhaz Nkdd;’ Nkhfpdpahl;lj;jpYk; <LghL nfhz;L mjidAk; mq;F Mjupj;J tsu;f;fKw;gl;lhu;. mf;fhyf; Nfusj;jpNy fy;ahzp mk;kh> khjtp mk;kh> rpd;dK vd;Dk; %d;WNkhfpdpahl;lf; fiyQu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fs; ,sk; tajpNy jpUr;#Uf;F mz;ikapYs;sNfhuj;jp vd;Dkplj;ijr; Nru;e;j FU fpU\;z gzpf;fuhy; ed;F gapw;wg;gl;ltu;fs;.

,tu;fspy; fy;ahzp mk;kh Nfus fyh kz;lgj;jpNy Nkhfpdpahl;l Mrpupauhfepakpf;fg;gl;lhu;. uhfpdp NjtpAk; jq;fkzp (FU Nfhgpehj;jpd; kidtp) ANk Kjypy; ,f;fiyapid mq;F fw;w khztu;fshtu;. ,t; tupirapNy kpUzhspdp rhuhgha;> fdf;nwNy,tu;fSld; rhe;jh uht; Nghd;w fiyQu;fisAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,tu;fspy; fdf;nwNyrl;lg;gl;ljhup. Nkhfpdpahl;lj;jpNy fyhepjpg;gl;lk; ngw;wtu;. ,f; fiy gw;wp xU E}Yk;vOjpAs;shu;. jkJ Muha;r;rpapd; tpisthf ,f; fiyapd; rh];jpuj;jpNy rpy GjpaMf;fG+u;tkhd mk;rq;fis cl;GFj;jpAs;shu;. ,f; fiyapid xU rh];jpupa Mlw; fiyahfg;gpugykhf;FtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;..

Ml;lKiw

Nkhfpdp Ml;l mirTfs; mjpfkhfTk; Fjpj;jhLk; mlTKiwfs; FiwthfTk;fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; fhy;fs; ,uz;Lk; mfl;b itj;J MLthu;fs;. cUg;gbfspy; rpUq;fhuurKk; yh];aKk; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; [jP];tuk;> rg;jk;> tu;zk;> gjk;> nrhw;fl;LNghd;w tif cUg;gbfs; ,lk;ngWk;.

ge;jhl;lk; vDk; Mly;tif kpf mofhf Mlg;gLk;. cliy xU gf;fj;jpypUe;Jkw;wg; gf;fj;jpw;F mjp gq;fkhf NtfkhfTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; tisj;J MLjy; nkl;nlhypghlYf;F Vw;g Ml;lj;jpd; Ntfj;jpy; NtWghL fhzg;gLk;.

Mil mzpfyd;

[upif Ntiyg;ghLfs; nfhz;l nts;isg; Glit fl;b jiyapd; tyJ Gwk;rha;thff; nfhz;il Nghl;L mjpy; nts;isg; G+f;fisr; #b MLthu;fs;.

Nkhfpdpahl;lj;jpy; xd;gJ f[g;Glit mofhd epiwa kbg;Gf;fNshL fl;lg;gLk;.,J ghu;g;gjw;F Glit Nghyy;yhky;> ghthiliag; NghyNt Njhw;wkspf;Fk;. mjw;Fj;jFe;jhw;Nghy; nghUj;jkhd utpf;ifAk; mzpag;gLk;. ,Lg;Gf;Fr; rw;Wf; fPNo ghthilf;FNky; tprpwp Nghd;w kbg;Gld; xU rpwpa gFjpj; JzpAk; fl;lg;gLk;. utpf;ifapd; Nky; rpWjhtzp Nghd;w NkyhilAk; mzpag;gLk;.

40

,e; eldj;jpw;fhd Mguzq;fs; :

fLf;fd;> FilfLf;fz;> Njhlh Nghd;w fhjzpfs;> fhRkhiy> ePz;l nef;ny];>rpwpa nef;ny]; mjhtJ G+j;jhyp> ,sf;fj;jhyp> ehfglh jhyp> Ky;iy nkhl;L khiyNghd;wit.

fOj;jzpfs; :

- flfk;> tyak; Nghd;w tisay;fSk; tpuy;fspy; Nkhjpuq;fSk; ,Lg;gpy; xl;bahzk;.- ntt;NtW tifahd fpz;fpzp> fhw;rpyk;Gfs;- jiyapy; Rl;b> #upa> re;jpud; Mfpa jiy Mguzq;fs;

Nghd;wit Nkhfpdp eldf; fiyQu;fshy; mzpag;gLk;.

rpif myq;fhuk; :

Nkhfpdp Ml;lf; fiyQu;fs; jq;fs; $e;jy; KOtijAk; xd;W Nru;j;J> jiyapd;,lJgf;fk; cau;j;jpf; nfhz;ilapl;L> mij ky;ypif kyu;fshy; myq;fupj;Jf;nfhs;tu;.goikahd ,e;j rpif myq;fhuk;> Nfusg; ngz;fsplk; ,d;Wk; tof;fj;jpypUf;fpwJ.

,irf;fUtp

Nfusj;jpd; gQ;rthj;jpaq;fs; gf;fthj;jpakhf ,irf;fg;gLk; tPiz> Foy;> Rj;jkj;jsk;>

,lf;if gad;gLfpwJ. vyj;jhsk; (,iyj;jhsk;)

fiyQu;

,l;buhupr;rNkdd;> Gjpaa;f;fy;jk;ghd;.

41

Fr;Rg;Gb


Fr;rpg;Gb eldk; ,e;jpahtpd; Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; cUthd xU eld tbtkhFk;.,e;jpahtpd; Me;jpu khepyj;jpy; fpU\;zh khtl;lj;jpYs;s jptp jhYfhtpw;Fl;gl;l xUfpuhkj;jpd; ngaNu Fr;rpg;GbahFk;. fpU\;zh khtl;lkhdJ tq;ff; flypd; Xukhfmike;Js;sJ. ,q;F thOk; gpuhkzu;fs; ,g; ghuk;gupa ehl;baj;ij cUthf;fp tsu;j;Jte;jdu;. ,jdhy; ,e; ehl;ba tbtkhdJ mf;fpuhkj;jpd; ngauhd Fr;rpg;Gb vd;w ngaiug;ngw;wJ.

Nfhy;nfhz;lh kd;duhd mg;Jy; `rd; jNdrh fhyj;jpy; ,e; eldkhdJ>Neu;j;jpaile;jJ. ,k; kd;dupd; Kd;dhy; epfo;j;jg;gl;l cau;e;j ehl;ba tbtj;jhy; kfpo;e;JjNdrh kd;du; 600 Vf;fu; epyj;jpid mf;fpuhkj;J kf;fSf;F md;gspg;ghff; nfhLj;jhu;vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. rpj;Nje;jpu Nahfp vdg;gLgtNu ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w ehl;ba ehlfj;ijKjd; Kjypy; tbtikj;jtu; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

“ghk fyhgk;” mjpfkhg; Nghw;wg;gLk; mtuJ ehl;ba mikg;Gfspy; xd;whFk;. mtu;,e; eldj;ij Mz;fSf;Fupa xd;whfNt Nehf;fpdhu;. mf; fpuhkj;jpYs;s ,sk; Mz;gpuhkzu;fSf;F ,jidf; fw;gpg;gjd; %yk; mtUk; ,f;fiyia Mz;fSf;Fupa fiyahfNtNehf;fpdhu;. vdpDk; etPd fhyj;jpy; ,f;fiyahdJ ngz;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPOs;sJ.

xt;nthU fjhghj;jpuKk; Nkilf;F te;J xU rpwpa ghlYlDk; (jU) MlYlDk;jk;ik mwpKfg;gLj;jpr; nry;thu;. ,t;thW mwpKfk; nra;tjd; %yk; me; ehlfj;jpd;fjhghj;jpuj;jpw;Fj; jk;ikj; jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. gpd;du; ehlfk; Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,e;eldkhdJ fu;ehlf ,irAld; $ba xd;whFk;. ghlfUf;fhd gf;fthj;jpaf; fUtpfshdkpUjq;fk;> taypd;> Gy;yhq;Foy;> jk;Guh Nghd;wd gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

“GWF” (Booruhu) vdg;gLk; kpfTk; ghuk; Fiwe;j xUtif kuj;ijg; ghtpj;Jnra;ag;gl;l Mguzq;fNs nghJthf ,f; fiyQu;fs; mzpe;jhu;fs;. ,g; ghuk;gupaj;jpd;kpfg; gpugy;akhd Fr;Rg;Gb eld Mrhd;fspy; Ntk;gb rpd;drj;jpaj;jpd; Kjw;FUthd jNjgs;sp Ngua;ah rh];jpup (1886 - 1942) Fwpg;gplw;ghyu;. ,tu; ghkhfyhgk;> nfhy;yhfyhgk;>Mfpa eld ehlfq;fisj; NjtjhrpfSf;Fg; gapw;Wtpj;jhu;. `upkhjta;ah ,f; fiyapy;rpy GJikfis Vw;gLj;jpatu;. ,tuJ khztuhd rpe;jh ntq;fluj;jpdKk; jk;gpahdrpe;jh Ntq;fluhka;ahTk; gpugy fiyQu;fis cUthf;fpatu;fs;. Ntjhe;jk; yf;\;kp ehuhazrh];jpup fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wthW gy Gjpa mk;rq;fis ,f; fiyapy; GFj;jpdhu;.

Ntk;gb rpd;d rj;aj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khztu;fs; Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;Nlhu;,tu;fspNy re;jpufyh> it[e;jpkhyh> NrhghehAb> N`kkhypdp> ahkpdp fpU];z%u;j;jp>[ayypjh> gj;kh Nkdd; Nghd;w gyiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Mz;fs; ngupJk; Mb te;j Fr;Rg;Gbiangz;fSk; fw;Wj; Nju;r;rp ngw;W tpsq;Ftijf; fhzyhk;.

,g; gpugy;akhd Fr;Rg;Gb eldkhdJ ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; kl;Lk; kl;Lg;gltpy;iy. ,d;Wgy Fr;Rg;Gb eld Mrpupau;fs;> newpahs;ifapdu; kw;Wk; ehl;baf; fiyQu;fs; tl mnkupf;fh>mT];jpNuypah cl;gl gy ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.

Fr;Rg;Gb ,e;J rkag; Guhzq;fspy; tUk; fhl;rpfs;> ghj;jpuq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy;tuf;$ba khiafs; (Mythology) Vida ehl;baq;fs;> jdp eldk;> eld ehlftbtkhFk;.

42

Vida eldq;fs; J}a eldKk; thu;j;ijfs; ,y;yhj nray;tbthdjhfNt fhzg;gLk;.Mdhy;> Fr;Rg;Gb eldj;jpy; trdk; NgRk; mk;rKk; fhzg;gLk;. ,JNt Vida eldj;jpypUe;JNtWgLj;Jfpd;wJ. mry; Fr;Rg;Gb mikg;gpypUe;J ,d;W Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT NtWgl;Lf;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. eldkhLgtu;fNs ghliyg; ghbathW MLthu;fs;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,e;eldj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gf;jp u]k; kiwe;J Xu; kjr;rhu;gw;w jd;ik nfhz;ljhfTk; rpUq;fhuu]k; NkNyhq;fpa xd;whfTk; fpsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lfpd;w xd;whfTk; khwptpl;lJ vdtpku;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Me;jpuhit ikakhff; nfhz;L rhjth`d kd;du;> fp.K 220 - fp.gp 225 tiu Ml;rpGupe;jhu;. ,tu;fs; fiyfis Mjupj;jdu;. tp\;Ztu;kd; =fFyj;jpNy jiyefiu epWtpatu;.,tu; ngau; jhq;fpa tp\;Z Myak; ,d;Wk; cs;sJ. ,f; Nfhtpypy; eilngw;w fhiy>khiyf; fpupiafSf;fhf eldkhLtjw;F 300 Njtjhrpfis ,tu; epakpj;jpUe;jhu; vdf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs; rhd;W gfUfpd;wd. ,f; fiyQu;fspd; FUkhu; xOf;fKs;s me;jzuhtu;.

Muk;gfhy eld ehlfk; irt rkar; rhu;GilajhFk;. rpt yPyh> tp\;Z yPyheldq;fs; irt> it\;zt Nfhtpy;fspNy eilngw;wd. gpw;fhyj;jpNy fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;bNyma;ah mur tk;rj;jtuhd Ia;gh ehaf;fupdhy; vOjg;gl;l epUj;j uj;dh tyP eld rh];jpuk;gw;wpa xU Kf;fpakhd E}yhFk;. ,jpNy NjrP> khu;fP eldq;fSf;F tiutpyf;fzk;$wg;gLfpd;wJ. mf; fhyj;jpy; Nfhtpy;fspNy ehl;ba kz;lgj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Njtjhrpfspd;eldk; gw;wpAkptu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,tu; eld rh];jpuk; eld nra;if Kiwapy; Nju;r;rpngw;w Fe;j khj;a vDk; rpwe;j me;jz Mrpupaupd; khztuhthu;. jptpjhYfhitr; Nru;e;jnrg;NwhypNy Nfhtpy; fl;b mq;F 300 Njtjhrpfis Mya Nritapy; mku;j;jpdhu;.tuq;fspypUe;J Ml;rpGupe;j fhfjPa murhd fzgjpNjt Iag;ghtpd; rNfhjupiaj; jpUkzk;nra;jhu;. Iag;ghit Nrdhjpgjpahf epakpj;jhd;. Iag;gh NjtjhrpfSf;Fk; muritapypUe;juh[ eu;j;jfpfSf;Fkhf eldq;fis mikj;jhu;. xNu eldf; fiyQNu Fwpg;gpl;l ngsuhzpff;fijapy; tUk; midj;Jg; ghj;jpuq;fshfTk; MLk; ehlf ghzpapyhd af;\ fhdq;fisNkw;Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;r;rp ngw;w fiyQu; mikj;Jf; fhl;bdhu;.

fp.gp 14Mk; E}w;whz;lstpNy fypq;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j eu`ujPu;j;j vDk; Qhdp fpU\;ztopghl;bidg; gug;gp te;jhu;. gf;jp khu;f;fj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F fpU\;zu;> uhij gw;wpa fPjNfhtpe;jj;jpidg; ghb MLtjw;fhff; fypq;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J eldf;fiyQiu Me;jpuhtpw;Ff;nfhz;L te;jhu;. =fFyj;jpypUe;j Njtjhrpfs;> uh[ eu;j;jfpfSf;F fPj Nfhtpe;jghly;fSf;fhd ,ir eldk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;ld. fpU\;zu;> uhij gw;wpa ghly;fSk; =fpU\;z [y fpuPl vDk; eld ehlfKk; eu`u jPu;j;jupd; khztdhfpa NfhghyfpU\;zru];tjpahy; vOjg;gl;ld.

jpUkhy;> fpU\;z topghLfs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw me;jz gf;ju;fs; ghftj Guhzj;ijmbg;gilahff; nfhz;L eld ehlfq;fis vOjpdu;. ,it Nfhtpy; jpUtpohf;fspd;NghJmuq;fpNy Mlg;gl;ld. ,j;jifa eldf; fiyQu; ghftju; vd miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fspd;eld - ehlff; fiy tbtk; ghftj Nksk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fspd; Mrhd;fs;ehl;ba rh];jpu kugpNy ed;F Njha;e;jtu;fs;. ,t;te;jzf; FOtpdupy; xU rhuhu;jptpju;YfhtpYs;s Fr;Rg;Gb fpuhkj;jpy; tho;e;jdu;. Fr;Rg;Gb fpuhkk; ePz;lfhy ,ir> eldikakhFk;. FrPytGuk; (eld> ehlff;fhud; fpuhkk;) vDk; ngau; “RUq;fp Fr;Rg;Gb Mapw;W”vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

fyhepjp MUj;uh vd;gtu; ‘Fr;rp’ vDk; njYq;Fg; gjk; jkpopYs;s $j;jp vDk;nrhw;Nghy eldf;fhupiaf; Fwpj;jJ vdTk;> fhyg;Nghf;fpNy Mz;> ngz; ,Ughyhuhdeldf;fhuu;fisAk;> gpd;du; me;jz eldf;fhuu;fis (Mz;fs;)Ak; Fwpj;jJ vd;gu;. ‘Gb’Mw;Wf;F mz;ikapYs;s tz;ly; kz;Zs;s fpuhkj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; vdTk;> vdNt Fr;Rg;GbvDk; ,lg;ngau; Mw;Wf;F mz;ikapYs;s eldf;fhuupd; fpuhkk; vdg; nghUs;gLk; vd;W

43

mt;twpQu; fUJfpwhu;. ,f;fiyQu;fspd; topapy; te;Njhu; ,d;Wk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpYk; #o;e;Js;sgFjpfspYk; tho;fpd;wdu;.

tp[a efug; ngUkd;du; (fp.gp 1336 - 1565 tiu) fiyfis Mjupj;J te;jdu;.1565Mk; Mz;bNy eilngw;w jypf;Nfhl;il NghupNy K];yPk;fs; tp[a efu kd;didntd;wdu;. jiyefukhd tp[a efuk; #iwahlg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; Me;jpu ehl;Lf; ftpQu;>,ir tpj;Jthd;fs;> eld Mrhd;fs;> mit eldf; fiyQu;> ehlff; fiyQu; KjypNahupy;xU rhuhu; jQ;rhT+u; nrd;W murit MjuT ngw;wdu;.

500 gpuhkzghftj FLk;gq;fs; Me;jpuhtpypUe;J jQ;rhT+Uf;Fg; Gyk;ngau;e;jdu;.eld> ehlff; fiyapidg; NgZtjw;fhf mr;Ajg;g ehaf;fd; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpuhkj;ijAk;epyq;fisAk; khdpakhf toq;fpdhu;. ,f; fpuhkk; murupd; ngauhy; mr;AjGuk; vdmiof;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jw;NghJ Nkyl;^u; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Fr;Rg;GbapypUe;j ghftju;fs; jkJ Kd;Ndhupd; fpuhkj;jpNyNa njhlu;e;J tho;e;jdu;.Me;jpu Njrj;J eld> ehlf kuGfisg; Ngzp te;jdu;.

Fr;Rg;Gbapy; eld ehlfk;

mf; fhyj;jpNy NfhtpYf;F Kd; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s muq;fpNy Fr;Rg;Gb eld ehlfq;fs;,utpNy eilngw;wd. muq;fj;jpw;F ntspr;r%l;Lk; ,U tpsf;Ffis itj;jpUg;Nghu; gyepwq;fisAila jpiur;rPiyiaj; jhq;fpf;nfhz;bUg;gu;. eld ehlfj;jpw;fhd tha;g;ghl;L>kpUjq;fk;> ry;yup Kjypad ,lk;ngWk;. Mz;fNs ngz; ghj;jpuq;fshfTk; gq;Fgw;Wtu;.ghlypd; nghUs;> mgpeak;> Cik ehlfk;> eldk; Kjypatw;why; Gyg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

uhkhazj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l uhkehlfk;> Uf;kpzp fy;ahzk;>gpu ;̀yhjrupj;jpuk;> ghzhfud;> ghkhfhgk; Nghd;w ehlfq;fNs kpfg;gioa Fr;Rg;Gb eldehlfq;fshFk;.

Fr;Rg;Gb ghftju;fs; kpf tpUk;Gk; eld ehlfq;fspy; xd;whf rpj;Nje;jpuNahfpapd;ghkhfyhgk; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J fp.gp 17Mk; E}w;whz;Lg; gpw;gFjpapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. fpU\;zgfthdpd; kpFe;j md;Gf;Fupatshff; fUjpa rj;jpaghkh NjtNyhfj;jpYs;sJk;> vd;Wk;thlhj kyu;fisf; nfhz;lJkhd ghup[hj kuj;jpidj; jdJ ee;jtdj;jpNy eLtjw;fhfmjidg; ngau;j;Jf; nfhz;L tUk;gb fpU\;z gfthidj; J}z;LjNy ,jpw; $wg;gLk;. ,e;eld ehlfk; ehlf ntspg;ghl;bNy Gjpa fl;lj;jpidf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

fpU\;z gfthdpd; ,sk;gpuha tho;f;if gw;wpa fpU\;zyPyh juq;fpzpapd; MrpupauhdjPu;j;j ehuhazajp nja;tPfg; GytUk;> ,irthzUkhthu;. ,tupd; khztNd rpj;Nje;jpuNahfp>jPu;j;j ehuhazajpahfpa (ehuhaz jPu;j;ju; vdTk; miof;fg;gLtu;) jkJ FUtpd; cUf;fkhdghly;fshy;; ed;F Cf;fk; ngw;whu;. fpU\;z gfthdpd; juprdk; ngw;whu;. ,tUilatpLjiyf;fhfg; ghkhtpd; fijapid vOJkhW gfthd; ,tUf;F mUs; Gupe;jhu;. rj;jpaghkhfpU\;zgfthdplj;Jk;> fpU\;z gfthd; mtsplj;Jk; nfhz;Ls;s xg;gw;w md;G ehafehafpght Kiwapy; ,J ,lk;ngWfpwJ.

,e; eld ehlfj;jpid (ghkh fyhgj;jpid) vOjp Kbe;jgpd; rpj;Nje;jpuu; ,jidmuq;Nfw;Wtjw;fhd ebfu;fisj; Njbf; Fr;Rg;Gbf; fpuhkj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whu;. mq;fpUe;jghftju;fis mZfp> ,e; eld ehlfj;jpid ebf;FkhWk;> xt;nthU MZk; jd; tho;ehspNyxU jlitahtJ ghkh ghj;jpukhf ebf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; mtu;fsplk; Gdpjkhfthf;FWjpahfg; ngw;whu;. rkfhy nfhy;nfhz;lh ethg; (K];ypk; kd;dd;) ,e; eld ehlfj;jpNyed;F kdk; gjpe;jtdhf ghftju;fspd; fiyapidg; ghJfhg;ghjw;fhf Fr;Rg;Gbf; fpuhkj;jpidmtu;fSf;F toq;fp mjw;fhd nrg;NgL xd;wpid ntspapl;lhd;.

44

Ml;lKiw

Fjpj;jhLk; mlT Kiwfs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ghkhfyhgk;> ghup[hjhgfdk;Nghd;w ehlfq;fs; cz;L. rQ;rhup ghtq;fs; epiwe;j tu;zq;fs; njYq;F nkhop ghly;fs;>gjk;> jU> juq;fk;> rg;jk; Nghd;wd ,jpy; ,lk;ngWk;.

rpUq;fhuk; ghtk; epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. ghtNfhghyjuq;fk; MLk;NghJ jhk;ghsj;jl;bd; tpspk;gpy; epd;Wnfhz;L MLthu;fs;. nrk;ig jiyapy; itj;Jf;nfhz;Lk; iffspy;tpsf;Ffis Vw;wpf;nfhz;Lk; MLthu;fs;.

,ir ,irf;fUtp

kpUjq;fk;> flk;> jk;Guh> tPiz> Gy;yhq;Foy; my;yJ taypd; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfSld;[jp nrhy;Yk; el;LtdhUk; ,irf;FOtpy; jiyikNaw;W epfo;r;rpia elj;Jtu;. Kw;fhyj;jpy;,irf; FOtpy; ,lk;ngw;w fpshupnfhl; jw;rkak; mjpfkhf ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy.

Mil mzpfyd;fs;

mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu eldf;fiyQu;fspd; xg;gid kpfTk; vspikahf> ,aw;if%ypiffs; - fha;fwpfspy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;l Fok;Gfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.kQ;rs;> rptg;G> Jj;j ehfk; Nghd;wtw;iwj; Njq;fha; vz;nzAld; fye;J Kfj;jpw;Fg;gad;gLj;Jtu;. fz;ikiaf; nfhz;L fz;fisg; ngupJgLj;jpf;nfhs;tu;.

ngz; eldf;fiyQu;fs; vLg;ghd epwj;jpy; mike;j gl;Lg;Glitfis mzpe;jpUg;ghu;.Glitapd; eLg;gFjpia ,Lg;gpy; Rw;wp> xU gFjpia tyJfhiyr; Rw;wpAk;> mLj;jg;gFjpia ,lJfhiyr; Rw;wpAk; mikAk;gb cLj;Jtu;. ,J clyirTfisAk;fhyirTfisAk; vspjhfr; nra;a cjTk;. 32 tifahd Mguzq;fis eld kq;ifau;mzptu;. ,it kuj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;l Nyrhd mzpfyd;fs; MFk;. gy tz;z fhfpjq;fs;>fz;zhbj; Jz;Lfisf; nfhz;L ,it myq;fupf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;. ,ay;ghf mzpAk; if>fOj;J> fhjzpfisj; jtpu ,tu;fs; mzpAk; gy jiy Mguzq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

fiyQu;fs;lhf;lu; =Ntk;gb rpd;d rj;ak;> Ngua;ah rh];jpup> yf;Rkp ehuhaz rh];jpup>

rpe;jhntq;fluj;dk;> rpe;jhNtq;fluhikah.

45

fjf;Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

tl ,e;jpahtpNy rh];jpupa eldk; ‘fjf;’ tbtpNy kpfKOikahd tsu;r;rpmile;Js;sJ vdg; gpugy ehl;bakzp rPjhuhNjtp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. fjf; eldk; ,e;jpahtpd;tlgFjpapYs;s uh[];jhd;> cj;jugpuNjrk;> kj;jpagpuNjrk;> F[uhj; Kjypa khepyq;fspNyFwpg;ghf epyTfpd;wJ. ,k; khepyq;fspNy njhlu;e;J fp.gp 14Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu Nfhtpy;fs;mikf;fg;gl;Lte;jd. ,tw;wpNy eldKk; Kf;fpakhd Xuplk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,jw;Fr; rpw;gq;fspNyjf;frhd;Wfs; cs;sd. topghl;L KiwapYk; eldk; rpwg;ghd ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jJ.

,f; fhyr; rpw;gq;fspNy eldk; ed;dpiyapy; epytpajw;fhd rhd;Wfs; NghjpasTfhzg;glhtpbDk; rpw;Nwhtpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; Mzpj;jukhd rhd;Wfspd; mbg;gilapNy fp.gp14Mk; - 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fhyg;gFjpapy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tl,e;jpag; gFjpfspy; epytpte;jeldNk ,d;iwa fjf; ghzpahfg; gupzkpj;jJ vdf; fyhepjp fgpythj;];ahad; $Wfpwhu;.,e; eldghzpapd; njhlf;fj;jpidr; rkz Xtpaq;fspYk; fy;g#j;jpuk; Nghd;w Vl;Lr;RtbfspYk;fhzyhk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,r; RtbfspNy ehl;barh];jpuk; Fwpg;gpLk; mu;j;jkz;lyp>Cu;j;Jt[hDrhup> ];t];jpfrhup Kjypadtw;wpNy MLNthd; rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;shd;.

fp.gp 16 - 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;fhy uh[];jhdpa Xtpaq;fspNy eldKk; ,irAk;ed;F gythW jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fpU\;zd; NfhgpfSld; MLjy;> ̀ ];jq;fs;>ngz;fNs ngUk;ghYk; gf;fthj;jpaq;fis thrpj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw mtjhdpf;fyhk;. 16MtJE}w;whz;bNy cliyg; gpbf;ff;$ba Rupjhu;gp[hkh eldkzpapd; epakkhd cilahfVw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. 17MtJ E}w;whz;bw;F Kd; ngz;fs; kpUjq;fq;fs;> kQ;rpuh Nghd;wgf;fthj;jpaq;fSld; eldkhbdhu;fs;. 17MtJ E}w;whz;bw;Fg; gpwF jNgyh ntFthf,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.

nkhfyha murrigapy; ,ir ed;F Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. guj ehl;baj;jpd; rg;jKk; tu;zKk;Nghyj; JUgj;Jk;> faYk; ,lk;ngw;wd. fjf; eldj;jpy; fhy; mirTfs; ed;F rpwg;Gw;wd.rh`pj;jpak; ,jpy; ,uz;lhe;ju epiyngw;wJ. tl,e;jpa ,irapd; gpujhd mkprnkhd;whdJk;wp eldj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G ngw;wJ. tl,e;jpa ,irapYs;s (`pe;J];jhdp,irapYs;s) Jk;wp> g[d;> f]y; Mfpait njd;dpe;jpa eldk; fu;ehlf ,ir Mfpatw;wpYs;sgjk;> [htsp Nghd;wit.

fjf; eldk; Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;lthW tl,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fj;jpd; jhf;fk; ngw;Wtsu;e;J te;jJ. eld mikg;gpNy rpy gFjpfspy; nrhy;yhkNy ,e;J rkar;rhu;ghd fijfs;mgpeapf;fg;gl;ld.

ehl;ba rh];jpuk; $Wk; cj;gpstdq;fs; gpuk;kupfSld; xg;gplf;$ba Js;sy;fSk;>Rw;whl;lq;fSk; fjf;fpy; cs;sd. fz;GUt mirTfs; ,jpy; Kf;fpakhdit.fOj;jirTfspYk; gujehl;baj;jpw;Fk;> fjf;fpw;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gfs; cz;L. f;uPthNgjq;fs;,jpy; mbf;fb gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

fjf; vdpy; ‘fij $Wgtd;’ vdg;nghUs;gLk;. Guhjd fhyj;jpNy ghzu; vd;gtu;fs;Cu;Cuhfr; nrd;W fijfs; $wp kfpo;tpj;jdu;. ,NjNtis ,ir. eldk;> Cik> mgpeaf;$j;JMfpadTk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,JNt xU jpl;l tl;lkhd eld tbtkhapw;W. NkYk; eldk;GupAk; r%fj;jpdu; gytif eldq;fis Mb te;jdu;. ,tu;fspNy ‘fjf;’ vd;NghUk;,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fspd; Ml;lNk fjf; vd miof;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;.

,e; eldj;jpNy fpU\;z yPiyfs; gw;wpa fijfs; Njhd;wpd. ‘nja;tPf eldf;fhud;’vd;w nghUs;gLk;. ‘el tu’ vd;Dk; ngau; nfhz;Lk; fpU\;zid mioj;jdu;. u] yPiyfs;

46

ehl;ba ehlfg; ghzpapNy Mlg;gl;ld. ,tw;wpNy rh];jpupa KiwfSk; ,lk;;ngw;wd.fpU\;zUila gf;ju;fshd uRjup]; (Rasudharis) vd;Dk; fiyQu; r%fj;jpdu; ,tw;iwMb te;jdu;. Nfhtpy;fspNy Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;fspy; ‘jjp’ (Dadhi) vDk; Gdpj eldq;fs;Mlg;gl;ld.

Fu;jd vd miof;fg;gLk; gioa ,ir E}y;fis Nehf;Fk;NghJ ,tw;wpNy eldq;fSk;mjd; KiwfSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. kz;lyq;fs;> gpukupfs;> fjpfs;> ̀ ];jq;fs;> mgpeak;>kpUjq;fq;fspd; xj;jpirf;Nfw;w nrhw;fl;Lfs; vd;gd ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. vdNt ehl;barh];jpuj;jpNy $wg;gl;Ls;s rh];jpupa eldj;jpw;Fupa epUj;jk;> epUj;jpak;. ehl;bak;> u]q;fs;Kjypad ahTk; tl,e;jpa ghuk;gupa eldj;jpw; fhzg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ.

fjf; eldk; cj;jug; gpuNjrj;jpy; yf;Ndh> uh[];jhd;> [ag;G+u; Mfpa efuq;fspy;ed;F Ngzg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. uh[];jhdpNy kf;fspd; mofpa Milfs;> mur khspiffs;>Nfhtpy;fs;> Nfhl;ilfs; Mfpatw;wpNy mtu;fs; fiyAzu;T rpwg;ghff; fhzg;gl;ld. uh[;Gj;jpuu;jiy rpwe;j tPuu;> kf;fs; mzp> gfl;L> tpoh> Nfspf;if Mfpatw;wpyPLghL cilatu;fs;.vdNt ,ir. eldk; Kjypad ed;F kyu;r;rpngw;wd.

fjf; fiyQu;fspd; ghzpfs; gw;wp Nehf;Fkplj;J> yf;NdhtpNy gpuf];[p mtupd;kfd; jFu;> gpurhj; Mfpa ,U gpugy;akhd fiyQuhy; xd;wiu E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;du;cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fs; uh[];jhidr; Nru;e;j ‘uRjup’ kuigr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. jFu;> gpurhj;jpd;kf;fs;fshd gpe;jjpd;kùh[;> fy;fgpurhj;> igNuhd; gpurhj; MfpNahu; jfg;gdhu; njhlq;fpagzpiaj; njhlu;e;J nra;jdu;. gpe;jjpd; kùh[;. fy;f gpurhj; Mfpa kjpEl;gKs;s jpwikahdfiyQu;fspd; $l;lhd ngUKaw;rpahNyNa yf;Ndhfuz (Gharana) my;yJ fjf; eldghzp,e;jpah vq;fpYk; Gfo;ngw;wJ.

gpe;jjpd;kùh[; xU fpU\;zgf;ju;. ,tu; rpwe;j ghly;fis vOjpdhu;. fy;f gpurhj;Rj;jepUj;jj;jpw;Fk; mjprakhd jhs Kiwfisf; ifahStjpy; Gfo;ngw;wtu;.gpe;jjpd;kùh[pd; Jk;wp> jj;w (Dadra) f]y; ( Gaths) Kjypa gilg;Gf;fspy; ghtEZf;fq;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,it yf;Ndh ghzpapd; jdp ,ay;Gfisf; fhl;Ltd. fyfgpurhj;jpd;kf;fshd mr;rd;kùh[;> y[;][_kùh[;> rk;Gkùh[; MfpNahu; jpwikahd fjf; fiyQu;fs;mr;rd;kùh[; ,f; fiyiag; gy ,lq;fspYk; gug;gpatu;. gpe;jjpd; kfuh[; fiyEZf;fq;fisg; Ngzpatu; rPjhuhNjtpapd; jfg;gdhuhd rfNjtkùh[; gpwpnjhU gpugy;akhdfjf; fiyQu;;.

[ag;G+u; fuz my;yJ fjf; ghzpapNy gioa fiyQuhd fpu;jup[p Gfo; ngw;wtu;.,tupd; Gj;jpuu; ùpgpurhj;> `Dkhd;gpurhj; njhlu;e;J rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;fs;. ,tu;fisj;njhlu;e;J [ayhy;> ehuhazgpurhj;> Re;ju;gpurhj;> Nkhfd;yhy;> rpue;[pyhy;> FUehuhazgpurhj;Kjypa gyu; gpugy;ak; mile;jdu;.

yf;Ndh> [ag;G+u; fjf; ghzp ,e;jpahtpNy gy ,lq;fspYk; gutyhf epfo;fpd;wJ.,g;ghzpapNy ghtk;> mgpeak; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd vdf; $wpdhYk; ,UghzpfSf;FkpilNa mjpf NtWghL ,y;iy. NkYk; ‘thudhrp;’ (fhrp) apYk; jdpg;gl;lfjf;ghzp cs;sJ.

gujk; NghyNt ghtk;> uhfk;> jhsk; Mfpait fjf;fpYk; KOikahd ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.gujehl;ba rh];jpuNk ,uz;bw;Fk; %ykhapUg;gpDk; nkhop> r%f tof;F> #o;epiy> tuyhW>Mil> ,ir Mfpatw;wpd; NtWghLfspdhy; fjf; rpy tifapNy guj ehl;baj;jpypUe;JNtWgLfpd;wJ. Ml;lj;jpw;fhd tpjpfs; jj;Jtg; gpd;dzp> Nghf;Ffs;> gf;jp gw;wp mofpaghly;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy; Kjypatw;wpNy ,uz;bw;Fk; xw;WikAz;L. fjf;fpw;Fj; jdpg;gl;l`];jhgp eaq;fs;> ghtq;fs; (fj; ghtq;fs; (Ghatbhavas) gujehl;ba rQ;rhup ghtq;fs;

47

Nghd;wit) Kjypad cs;sd. fhy; mirTfs; fjf;fpy; NtWgl;lit. ghjq;fspd; mbg;gilgFjpAk; ngUtpuy;fSNk tpiuthf mirtd.

fjf; epfo;r;rp gujehl;bak; Nghd;W epUj;jj;Jld; njhlq;Fk;. fhy msTfs; gujj;jpy;Nghy cs;sd. Ie;J [hjpfspYk; mike;Js;sd. fjf; eld xOq;fpNy Mjpjhy;> [_g;jhy;jj;wjku;> nfn`u;t> JUgj;> jPe;jhy; Kjypa jhs tiffs; cs;sd. guj ehl;baj;jpYs;snrhy;Yg; Nghd;W ,q;F nghy; (BOL) vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gplw;ghyd.

nra;As; tbtpy; ,J Njhu my;yJ fFj vdg;gLk;. Njhu gujehl;bak; Nghd;Wtpsk;gpj> kj;jpk> Jupj yaq;fspNy Mlg;gLk;. jhsj;jpNy ,irf;fg;gLk; eld gupghi\apNyfl;Lf;fis xj;Js;sd. xt;nthU NjhuhfTk; %d;W juk; $wg;gLtjd; %yk; xU mirTr;Row;rp G+uzkhFk;. ‘tpsk;gpj’ “j’ vdTk; kj;a ‘J}d;’ vdTk; Jupj ‘nrsfd;’ vdTk;miof;fg;gLk;. fjf;fpYs;s rpy Njhuhf;fs; guj ehl;ba nrhy; fl;Lf;fis xj;Js;sd.xt;nthU NjhuhfTk; %d;W juk; $wg;gLtjd; %yk; xU mirTr; Row;rp G+uzkhFk;.

fjf; eld mikg;G Kiwia vLj;J Nehf;fpdhy;> rh];jpupa eldk; ahtw;wpYk;gf;jp ,lk;ngWk;. fjf;Fk; guj ehl;bak; Nghd;Nw flTs; topghl;Lld; njhlq;Fk;.

guj ehl;baj;jpy; 10 tif mlTfisr; Nru;e;j 120 mbg;gil eld xOq;Ffisf;fw;gJ Nghy fjf; ed;F gapYtjw;F 100 gud;fshtJ njupe;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. jhs thj;jpaKk;eldkhLgtupd; ghjq;fSk; KOikahf xUq;Nf nraw;gLtd.

gujehl;baj;jpYs;s jpy;yhdh Nghd;W ‘juz’ xU J}a epUj;jk;. ,J rpf;fyhdjhsq;fSk; xOq;fhd mirTfSk; nfhz;lJ. ,J kpfTk; ftu;r;rpAk; moFk; nghUe;jpaJ.kpf Ntfkhf eilngWk;.

ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w fjf; eldf;fhuu; fz;fisf; fl;bf;nfhz;L muprpkhitj; J}tpAs;sepyj;jpNy fhy;fspdhy; kapy; my;yJ ahidapid tiuthu;. eldkhLk;NghJ fl;bAs;s100 rjq;iffspNy 7 my;yJ 12 kl;Lk; rj;jk; nra;a mts; MLths;.

jhz;lt yh];a ghzpfis ed;F rkg;gLj;jpf; fhl;LtjpYk; fjf; xU Kf;fpakhdrh];jpupa eldkhf ,d;W tpsq;FfpwJ. Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk; ,jid Mlyhk;.

fjfsp jtpu;e;j Vida ,e;jpa rh];jpupa eldq;fisg; Nghd;W fjf;Fk; jdp xUeldf;fhudpd; Ml;lkhFk;. ,jw;Fk; gpw ,e;jpa rh];jpupa eldq;fSf;FkpilNa xw;WikAz;L.jg;shTk;> rhuq;fpANk ,jw;Fupa gf;fthj;jpaq;fshFk;. “yaj;jpYk;> jhsj;jpYk; NtW,e;jpa eldk; vJTk; fjf;fpw;F epfuhfhJ” vd =kjp Uf;kzp mUz;Nly; mk;ikahu; fjf;gw;wpf; $wpAs;shu;.

fjf; eldk; Nfhtpy;> murrig eldkhfTk; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. ,e; eldj;jpNy Fwpg;ghfK];ypk; Mjpf;fk;> nry;thf;F> njhlu;G Kjypatw;why; Kfhgpeak;> ̀ ];jgpeak; KjypadKO tsu;r;rpailatpy;iy. Mdhy; fhyirTfspd; rhjid gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NkYk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNy fjf; eldf;fiyAk; rPu;Fd;wpw;W. gujehl;bak; Nghy ,JTk; 1930Mk; Mz;lstpNy Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ. rkfhy ,e;jpa Rje;jputsu;r;rp ,jw;F xU gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. ,jd; rpwg;gpidj; njhlf;fj;jpNy ,e;jpahtpYk;ntspehLfspYk; jkJ fiy epfo;r;rpfs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;batu;fSs; Nkdfh vd;gtu;Fwpg;gplw;ghyu;. ,tu; xU me;jzg; ngz;> rpwe;j fiyQu;> by;ypapy; xU fjf; epWtdj;jpidVw;gLj;jpdhu;. 1947Mk; Mz;bNy ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;. by;ypapYs;s ghujPa fyhNfe;jpukfjf; eld mikg;gpid eld ehlfj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sJ. yf;Ndhitr; Nru;e;j rk;Gk`uh[;

48

,q;F fjf; fw;gpj;jtu;. fhspjhrupd; Fkhu rk;gtk; (k`hfhtpak;) gtG+jpapd; khyjP khjtk;(ehlfk;) Mfpadtw;iw gpUF k`uh[;> y[;[_ k`uh[; MfpNahu; eld ehlfkhfcUthf;fpAs;sdu;.

Ml;lKiwMl;lKiw Jupj fhyj;jpy; muk;gpj;J gpwF nrsf;f fhyj;jpy; Kbe;J kPz;Lk; Jupj

fhyj;jpy; Mlg;gLk;. guj ehl;baj;ijg; NghyNt epUj;jk;> epUj;jpak;> ehl;bak; vd;w gFg;GKiw cs;sJ.

ght> uhf> jhs Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jdpj;Jk;> Nru;e;Jk; my;yJ gyu; ,ize;Jk; Mlg;gLfpwJ.espd ghtk; FiwthfTk; Rod;W MLjy; mjpfkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;. Jupjfhyr; nrhw;fl;Lf;fSk;xt;nthU kFlj;jpw;Fk; cgNahfpf;Fk; Rw;wlTfs; gpukup Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;Fk;.

rpUq;fhu urk; epiwe;J fhzg;gLtjhy; eldj;jpd; mirTfs; th];a ghzpapy;mike;jpUf;Fk;. rpt jhz;ltk; Mlg;gLk;. ,jpy; ghjq;fspd; mirTfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. fNz\;te;jh> mkjh> guz;> ftpjh> Jf;flh> juhdh Mfpa cUg;gbfs;Mlg;gLfpwJ. ,it Mjp jhsk;. [k;ig jhsk; kw;Wk; jhj;uh> jku;> nru;th> JUgj;jPe;jhsq;fspy; nrhw;fl;LfSld; Mlg;gLfpd;wd.

mgpeag; ghlypy; Jk;up>< uhryPiy> g[d; kw;Wk; mgprhupfh eldtif Mlg;gLk;.yf;Ndhghzp> n[ag;G+u;ghzp vd ,uz;Ltif eldq;fs; cz;L.

ed;F gapw;rp ngw;w ehl;baf;fhup fz;fl;bf;nfhz;L muprp khitj;J}tpAs;s epyj;jpNyfhy;fspdhy; kapy; my;yJ ahidapid tiuths;.

gf;fthj;jpak;> ,ir

jNgyh> ,irf;fUtp gad;gLfpwJ.

Mil mzpfyd;fs;

ngz;fs; ig[hkh (Fu;jh) Nghl;Lf; nfhz;Lk; jiyapy; ,ul;ilg; gpd;dNyh my;yJxw;iwg; gpd;dNyh Nghl;Lf;nfhz;Lk; 100 ryq;if kzpfs; Nfhu;f;fg;gl;l gl;ilahd thu;f;fr;iria fhypy; fl;bf;nfhz;Lk; MLthu;fs;. jiyf;F mjpf myq;fhuk; nra;akhl;lhu;fs;.

Mz;fs; ig[hkh [pg;gh mzpe;J nfhz;L ,Lg;gpy; mq;ft];jpuk; fl;b MLthu;fs;.

fiyQu;fs;

gpufu;[pkfuh[;> gpe;ejpd;> fy;fgpurhj;

49

xbrpNjhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

xbrp ,e;jpa nrt;tpay; ehl;bag; gj;jjpfspy; kpfTk; gioikahdJ. fp.K 2 Mk;E}w;whz;bw;F Kd; Njhd;wpa xup];]htpYs;s FiffNs ,jw;Fr; rhl;rp. ,e;jf; FiffSk;Fifapy; nrJf;fpa tbtq;fSk; ehl;ba rh];jpuk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;gpUf;f Ntz;LnkdmwpQu;fs; fUJfpwhu;fs;. Fiffspd; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa Iag;ghL xUGwkpUf;f mq;Fs;stbtq;fs; epr;rakhf thj;jpaq;fSldhd ehl;baf; fhl;rpia cs;slf;fpa Kw;Wg;ngw;wKjy; cjhuzq;fs; vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.

xup]htpd; fpuhkq;fspy; gy;NtW kf;fSf;Fj; njupe;jpUe;j gy;NtW ehl;ba Kiwfs;,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,it jhk; xup]htpd; gy gFjpfspYKs;s rpy ,d kf;fspd; Jbg;ghdgioa ehNlhb eld kuGfs; MFk;. mitfspy; NjhbGgh kuG> gilf;fy kuG> kfup kuGNghd;wd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd. mitfspy; gilf;fykungd;gJ Nfusf;fiy> kzpg;Gupf;fiyfspy;,Ug;gijg;NghyNt jhf;FtJ> fhg;gJ vd;w gpuNahfq;fs; fiyg;gz;NghL mikf;fg;gl;Lrpy Ntisfspy; eldj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jg; gilf;fyr; nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; NgjNk ,y;iyNa vd;Wghu;g;gtu;fis mru itf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lit. fubtpj;ijf; fiy$l ,k; kf;fspilNacs;s xU fiy tbtkhFk;.

fp.K 2Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J 9Mk; E}w;whz;L tiuAs;s fhyfl;lj;jpd; xup]htpd;tuyhW ek; vy;NyhiuAk; ftu;tjhFk;. gy gpupTfSs;s ngsj;jk;> i[dk;> t[;uhadngsj;jk; vy;yhk; kdk; fye;J gofpd. irtf; Nfhl;ghLfs; xup]htpy; tYTld; Cd;wpaJfp.gp 7Mk; E}w;whz;byhFk;. vd;whYk; mjd; Muk;gk; fp.gp 4Mk; E}w;whz;bNyNa Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ.6MtJ E}w;whz;L njhlq;fp eldk; topghl;by; xU mq;fk; tfpj;jJ. ,e;j eld topghl;LKiwGtNdRtupapYs;s ikaf;fhy Myaq;fspy; rpw;gpfis Cf;Ftpj;jpUf;Fnkd Cfpf;fyhk;.300 Mz;LfSf;Fs; 500 Myaq;fs; Njhd;wpd. xt;nthd;Wk; xU rpw;gf;fiy uj;jpdk; vd;Wnrhy;yyhk;.

itzt topghl;Lf; nfhs;iff;F [fe;ehju; Myak; kfj;jhd ikakhfj;njhlu;e;jpUe;jJk; mjd; kl;lj;jpw;F Cf;fkhd nray;> jpwd;> Nghf;F 8Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk;10Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpNyh my;yJ 11Mk; E}w;whz;bw;Fk; 13Mk;E}w;whz;bw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpNyh fhzg;gltpy;iy. 15Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J kw;w,lq;fisg; NghyNt eldk; xU Kf;fpakhd Mu;tk; J}z;ba fiyr; nrayhfptpl;lJ.rpwg;ghfr; Rtu; Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; gpujp tpsf;fq;fs; nra;tjpy; jq;fs; rf;jpiar; nrytpl;lhu;fs;vd;W Njhd;WfpwJ.

,e;jg; gioa tpsf;fg; gpujpfspypUe;Jk; xup];]h Mya Rtu; Xtpaq;fspypUe;Jk;xU jdpj;jd;ikahd eldk; fiyQdpd; mDgtkhf kyu;e;jJ vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;fpNwhk;.xup];]htpYs;s rpw;g Mjhuq;fspd; Kiwahd njhFg;G> irtr; rhu;Gs;s nfhs;iffs;>‘yFyp]h’ cl;gl tpahgpj;jpUe;jd vd;gjw;Fk;> eld ,af;fj;ijg; gw;wpa Raghu;ittpNtfk; kf;fSf;F ,Ue;jd vd;gjw;Fk; njspthd mj;jhl;rp jUfpwJ. vq;F ghu;f;fpDk;xU eldf; fiyQu; my;yJ eldf; fiyQu;fspd; $l;lk; gytpjkhd eld cUtq;fspd;ntt;NtW Nfhyq;fs;> rpwg;ghff; fNzru;> Njtp> eluh[h; Nghd;w nja;tj; jpUTUtq;fspd;Nfhyq;fs;> ‘vy;Nyhuh’ kw;Wk; NtW ,lq;fspYs;s jhz;lt epiyfSld; ,it Nghl;bNghlf;$bait vd;W nrhy;tJ kpifahfhJ.

xup];]htpy; irtr; rhu;Gs;s GtNdRtupapy; cs;s Nfhapy;fspy; mNj vz;zpf;ifAs;s,e;j eldj; jpUTUtq;fisf; fhzKbfpwJ. ,af;f El;gk; vd;w xU Nfhzj;jpypUe;Jghu;j;jhy; mNj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij rpwg;ghf epw;Fk; epiy> mbg;gilahd mirTfs;> ,aw;ifmlTfs;> ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy $wg;gl;l ,itnay;yhk; kd;kj tbtj;jpYk; Njtp tbtj;jpYk;

50

Njha;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,e;j rpw;g Mjhuq;fs; GtNdRtupapYs;s Nfhapy;fspy; 7>8>9>10 MtJE}w;whz;LfNshL epd;W tpLfpd;wd. mg;ghy; 11MtJ 12MtJ E}w;whz;Lfspy; xup];]htpy;xU khw;wk; Vw;gl;LtpLfpd;wJ.

,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; Nfhapy;fs; ngUkhs; topghl;bw;fhf Vw;gl;ld. fp.gp 11MtJE}w;whz;by; xup];]htpw;Nf cupj;jhd itztf; nfhs;iffs; Njhd;wpd. ‘Nrhlfd; Njtu;’vd;w Gfo;tha;e;j murd; 11MtJ E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapypUe;J 12MtJ E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fk;tiuAs;s ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; [fe;ehju; Myaj;ij vOg;g Muk;gpj;jhd;. mtDf;Fg; gpd;dhy;te;jtd; ‘mdq;f gPkNjt;’. ,t;tpuz;L muru;fspd; Kaw;rpapdhy; xup];]htpd; Ke;ijagioa kuGfs; MjpthrpfspDilaJ cl;gl vy;yhk; Nru;e;J fye;J [fe;ehju; Myak;vOe;jJ.

nkhj;jj;jpy; [fe;ehju; Myak; G+upapy; Vw;gl;l xd;W vd;W vz;zptplf; $lhJ. xUfyhrhu ,af;f Muk;gNk ,e;jpahtpy; ,jd; %yk; Njhd;wptpl;lJ vd;W nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.[fe;ehju; Myak; ve;jf; fiyg;Nghf;Ff;F mwpFwpahf epd;wNjh> me;j epiyapd; ghjpg;G,e;jpahtpd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fisAk; jhf;fpaJ.

vg;nghOJ topghl;L Kiwapy; eldk; Xu; mtrpakhd tof;fr; rlq;fhapw;W vd;gJepr;rakpy;iyahapDk; [fe;ehj topghl;bd;NghJjhd;; eldk; mjpy; xU mq;fkhapw;W vd;gJ‘kz;ly gQ;[p’ vd;w fhy VLfspypUe;J njspthfpd;wJ. ngUkhSf;Fk; rptDf;Fk;mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l eu;j;jfpfs; tpguKk; mtu;fSila r%fg; nghUshjhu epWtdk; gw;wpaepiyAk; gw;wpf; fy;nyOj;Jf;fs; NgRfpd;wd.

7MtJ E}w;whz;bw;Fk; 12MtJ E}w;whz;bw;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpavy;yh Myaq;fSk; eldj;ijg; gw;wpa Mj;k tpNtfj;jpw;F Mjhuq;fs; vd;gNjhL mirtw;wepiyiatplj; Jbg;ghd ,af;fj;jpd; xU eldf; fZitj; jUk; Kaw;rpf;F mj;jhl;rpvd;gJk; tpsq;FfpwJ. nfhduhf; Myak; ,g;Nghf;Ffspd; njspthd tbtkhf xU kfj;jhdepu;khz rhjidahf tpsq;fp tUfpwJ. E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Mapuf;fzf;fhd ,e;j eldr;rpw;gq;fs; ,it xU ehl;baj;jpuNsh vd;W tpaf;Fk;gb ghu;g;gtu;fis xUikf; fpsu;r;rpf;FMshf;Ffpd;wd. Mf ,J xup]htpd; xU eldr; rpw;gr; nrhj;J. nfhduhf; Myak; Njhd;wpafhyj;jpNy gj;jjp typikAld; cWjpahfpg; gz;gl;l xU Md;kpf ,af;fk; Njhd;wptpl;lJ.

,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; irjd;aUk; G+upapy; FbNawpdhu;. ,e;jpahtpd; gy ghfq;fspypUe;Jgf;ju;fSk; G+upapy; te;J FbNawpdu;. Me;jpuhtpypUe;Jk; F[uhj;jpypUe;Jk; ehl;baf; fiyQu;fs;,q;F te;jhu;fs;. ‘Njtjhrpfs;’. ‘k`upfs;’ topghl;bw;F epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. ehl;bd; fpof;fpw;Fk;Nkw;fpw;Fk; mjpfkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J ,Ue;jJ. gu];guk; FbNaw;wk; epfo;e;j epiyapNyMe;jpuhtpypUe;Jk; F[uhj;jpypUe;Jk; eu;j;jfpfs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhu;fs; vd;Wk; tuyhWfs;$Wfpd;wd. ‘kjy; gQ;rp’ vDk; G+up efupd; VLfs; Myaj;jpy MLk; Mz;> ngz; ehl;baf;fhuu;fs; gw;wpAk; mtu;fSila r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyiaAk; NgRfpd;w tifapy; gynra;jpfisj; jUfpd;wd.

gy eld E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;ld. mtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; ngupa tpsf;fq;fs; mike;jd.xup]htpd; ,e;jf; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfis Muha;e;jhy; mit $WtJ ,iriaNah>rpw;gj;ijNah> eldj;ijNah my;yJ [aNjtupd; fPj Nfhtpe;jj;ijg; Nghd;w ftpijiaNahmy;yJ ‘mk;U rjf;ijNah> c\h gupzaj;ijNah vd;w Nfs;tpfs; vOe;jhYk; miteldf; nfhs;iff;F Kw;wpYk; nropg;ghd Cf;fj;ijj; je;jpUf;fpd;wd’ vd;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;.

51

eld tpsf;fj;ijg; gw;wpa xup];]htpd; Rtbfisf; ftdpj;jhy;> me;jf; fiyia vOj;jhsDk;XtpaDk; cw;rhfj;Jld; ngupJk; tpUk;gpdhu;fs; vd;W njupfpwJ. vdNt jpl;lkpLgtu;>jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wgtu;> eld rpw;gf; Nfhl;ghLfisf; fzpg;gtu;> gilg;Gf; fiyQu;fs;>ftpQu;fs;> rpw;gpfs;> Xtpau;fs;> eu;j;jfpau; midtUk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;nra;Jnfhz;lhu;fs; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

xb]p eldj;jpw;F Mjhuk; my;yJ ,g;nghOJ xb]pahfg; gupzkpj;jpUf;fpwKd;dhypUe;j xU gj;jjpf;F Mjhuk; vjpu;ghuhj ,lj;jpypUe;J tUfpwJ. i[d vOj;Jg;gpujpfSk; rpwg;ghf> ‘fy;g #j;jpuKk;’ > ‘fy;fhrhu;a’ fijfspYKs;s tpspk;G eldcUtq;fs; F[uhj;jpy; nra;ag;glhkYk; ,e;j tpspk;G cUtq;fspy; gpuj;jpNafkhd xb]peldg; gz;Gs;s khju;fis> epiy epw;wypYk; ,af;fj;jpYk; ghu;f;fpNwhk;. ,e;jg; gz;G kw;w,e;jpa eldg; gj;jjpfspy; ,y;iy.

topghl;L cWjpapy; ehl;baj;jpw;Fj; jug;gLk; tha;g;G Neuk;> mJ njhle;j rlq;FKiwfs; ,tw;iwg; gw;wp kjy; gQ;rpapD}lhf mwpa KbfpwJ. xup]htpd; Myaq;fspYk;muritfspYk; ehl;bak; vj;jifa Kf;fpa nraw;ghlhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij NtW gytuyhw;W VLfSk; njuptpf;fpd;wd. ,jpypUe;J ,uz;L cz;ikfs; njupfpd;wd. xd;Wkfupfs; vd;w Mya eu;j;jfpfs; rpyu;> Myaj;jpd; cs;NsAk; rpyu; ntspNaAk; Mbdu;vd;gij mwpa KbfpwJ. Mya eu;j;jfpfs; ‘gPju; fhyepau;fs;’ vd;Wk; muritapy; MbNahiu‘gh`u; fhtd;au;’ vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. ,tu;fisj; jtpug; ngz;Ntlk; G+z;l ehl;bar;rpWtu;fs; Myaj;jpw;F ntspNa Mb te;jhu;fs; vd;Wk; njupfpwJ. ,e;j kuG 19Mk;E}w;whz;L 20Mk; E}w;whz;L Muk;gk; tiu njhlu;e;jpUe;jJ vd;W njupfpd;wJ.

G+upapy; [fe;ehju; Myak; vOe;j fhyKk; ‘fPjNfhtpe;jk;’ Njhd;wpa fhyKk; xd;Nw.xup]htpy; fPj Nfhtpe;jk; Vw;gLj;jpa ghjpg;G tpehbapy; Neu;e;j Fd;whj typikAld;gutpw;W. [fe;ehju; Myaj;jpy; ,J topghl;by; XJtjw;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. xup]hitMl;rpnra;j muru;fs; fPjNfhtpe;jk; ghlNtz;Lnkd Mizapl;ldu;. fPjNfhtpe;jj;jpd; Mrpupau;[aNjtu;> tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J te;jhuh my;yJ xup]htpypUe;J te;jhuh vd;gJ Fwpj;JmwpQu;fsplk; fUj;J NtWghL epyTfpwJ.

,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpw;jhd; kfhd; irjd;au; G+up efupy; FbNawpdhu;. mtu; %ykhffPj Nfhtpe;jk; ,d;Dk; Gj;Japu; ngw;wJ. jk;ik uhjhthfTk; NjhopahfTk; ghtpj;Jf;nfhz;Lmtu; xU rpUq;fhu my;yJ gf;jpf; ftpij epiyapypUe;J fPj Nfhtpe;jj;ij xU rkaj;jj;Jt kl;lj;jpw;F cau;j;jpdhu;. ,tuJ rPlu;fs; njhz;L kdg;ghd;ikAld; ,e;jpahtpd; gy,lq;fspy; fPj Nfhtpe;jj;ij xU kjf; Nfhl;ghlhfg; gug;gpdu;. irjd;aupd; rPlu;fspy;xUtuhd ,uhkee;juha; vd;gtu; NjtjhrpfSf;Fk; kfupfSf;Fk; mgpeak; nrhy;ypf;nfhLj;jhu;vd;W ‘irjd;a rupjhk;Ujk;’ vDk; E}y; $WfpwJ. ,tu; ‘[fe;ehj ty;yg ehlfk;’ vDk;xU Kf;fpakhd ehlfj;jpw;F MrpupaUk; $l. ,e;j ehlfk; Mya Kd;wypy; Nghlg;gl;lJ.[aNjtu; fPjNfhtpe;jj;ijg;Nghy; vOjpa ehlfk; Myaj;jpw;F ntspNa Nghlg;gl;lJ. fPjNfhtpe;jk; ghLtJ> mgpeapg;gJ> ehlfkhf ebg;gJ vd;fpw kuG gy E}w;whz;Lfshfxuprhtpy; njhlu;;e;J te;jJ. muru; fgpNye;jpuNjtu; vd;gtUila ‘guRuhk tp[ak;’ vd;Dk;ehlfk; 14MtJ E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;jJ. ,itnay;yhk; Nfhtpypd; cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk;Nghlg;gl;ld. NtW gyUk; ehlf ,irthdpy; Eioe;jhu;fs;. ftp#u;a gyNjt uhj;> NfhghyfpU];zgl;dhaf;> gd;khyp jh]; mtu;fspy; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.

NkYk; rpy ftpQu;fs; cUthdhu;fs;. mtu;fspy; cNge;jpu gQ;rNjtu; Kf;fpakhdtu;.,tupd; ghly;fs; fpuhkq;fspy; Ntfkhfg; gutpd. ,tUila rhfpj;aq;fSf;F mgpeak;nra;ag;gl;ljh vd;gJ njupatpy;iy. ftp#u;aUila ghly;fs; ,irg;gz;Gk;jhsj;jpw;Nfw;wgbAk; mike;jpUe;jd. NfhghyfpU\;zUila nrhw;fs; nkd;ikAk; ftpijg;gz;Gk; cs;sit. njd;dpe;jpahtpYs;s 19> 20Mk; E}w;whz;L ,irf;ftpthzu;fisg; Nghy;

52

ftp#u;au; muritia myq;fupj;jhu;. ,tUila ftpijfs; kdpj czu;r;rp kpf;fitahfTk;>uhij fpU\;zd; fhjiyr; rpj;jupg;gitahfTk;> Mz; - ngz; cwTk; ,yf;fpag; gz;NghLghlg;gl;L te;jJ. ghly;fs; njd;dhl;by; gutpapUe;j gjq;fisAk; [htspfisAk; nghJthfxj;jpUe;jd. njd;dpe;jpaf; ftpQu;fspd; ghly;fisg; Nghy; mtw;iw ,irg;gLj;jp eldKk;nra;ayhk; vd;w epiy Vw;gl;lJ. nrhw;fspd; mikg;G MLtjw;F ntFthf ,lq;nfhLj;jd.,tiug;Nghy; rpwe;j ftpQu;fshfj; jpfo;e;jtu;fshd ‘Nfhghy fpU\;z gl;ehaf;’> ‘ gd;khyp’Nghd;wtu;fspd; ghly;fs; Mly;fspy; ngupJk; ,lk;gpbj;jd. ,uhjh fpU\;zidg; ghLnghUshff;nfhz;Nl ,tu;fspd; ghly;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. ‘nrhsb]h’ Nghd;w czu;r;rpf; ftpijkuG> ehlf ,yf;fpak; %yk; tlnkhopapYk; xupah nkhopngau;g;Gf;fspYk; ghlg;gl;L te;jfPjNfhtpe;jk; vy;yhk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu njhlu;e;jd.

NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;wpypUe;J ,g;nghOJ ehk; fhz;fpd;w xbrpf;F tYthd tuyhw;WMjhuk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gJ njupfpd;wJ. Mz;L NjhWk; khwpkhwptUfpd;w [fe;ehju; Myaj;jpd;cw;rtq;fs; ,irf;Fk; eldj;jpw;Fkhd tha;g;Gfis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ‘Nlhy; [hj;uh’ ‘,ju[h;uh’ ‘[d;kh\;lkp’ Nghd;w cw;rtq;fs; Fwpg;gplw;ghyd.

Vw;nfdNt $wg;gl;lJ Nghy; ,g;nghOJ xbrp vd;W nrhy;fpNwhNk> mJ gy eldj;JZf;Ffspd; njhFg;G. ‘kfup kuG’> ‘NfhbGth kuG’> ‘ge;j fpUj;jpah’ tpd; gilf;fy kuG>xyp];]htpw;Nf cupj;jhd ‘nrd;’ kuG ,tw;wpd; $l;bizg;ghy; MdJ. rpw;g Xtpaq;fs;nrhy;tjpypUe;J ghu;j;jhy; ,e;jf; fiyia xU gioikahd gj;jjpiar; Nru;e;jJ vd;Wnrhy;yptplyhk;. ,d;ndhU kl;lj;jpy; mjw;F 1950Mk; Mz;by; Gj;Japu; nfhLf;fg;gl;ljhy;mJ kpfTk; GjpaJ. 600 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; vq;Nfh kiwe;jpUe;Jtpl;L xU KOikahdtbtj;ijf; fhyeilapNy ngw;Wtpl;lJ. ,e;j uPjpapy; ghu;j;jhy; ,J gujehl;bak;> fjfspGj;Japu; ngw;wij xf;Fk;. ,e;j ehl;bag; gj;jjpia tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpapy; ehk; ghu;f;fNtz;Lk;. muq;fj;jpy; xU KO epfo;r;rpiag; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> mJ VNjh goq;fhyj;jpypUe;Jnjhlu;e;J te;j eldf;fiy vd;W khwhf kf;fs; epidf;ff;$Lk;. xup];]htpd; ]tuu;fs;vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ,dj;jtu;fs; [fe;ehju; nfhs;iff; Nfhl;ghLfspy; Kf;fpakhd gq;Ftfpf;fpd;whu;fs;. ngupa ,irf; fiyQUk; eldf; fiyQu;fSkhf ,tu;fs; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;mtu;fSila tho;f;ifapy; MlYf;F Kf;fpa gq;F ,Ue;jJ. ,tu;fs; kugpw;Fk;> Myakugpw;Fk; ,Ue;j njhlu;G mw;Wg;Ngha;tpltpy;iy.

<l;bf;Nfhy; vd;w gilf;fy eldq;fisnay;yhk; ,g;nghOJ ghu;f;Fk; ‘kA+u gQ;r;;’vDk; eld tifahfg; gupzkpj;Jtpl;lJ. fub tpj;ijf; $j;Jk; eldj;jpy; CLUtptpl;lJ.mjhtJ cly; gapw;rpf; fiy> rpWtu; rpWkpauhy; fiyg;gz;G ngw;Wtpl;lJ. cz;ikapy;,J ehl;barh];jpuk; nrhy;tJ jhd;. ‘rf;fukz;ly’> ‘fq;fhtjhuz’ > ‘rflh];a’ Nghd;wfuzq;fisr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ mJ ,e;j kugpd; njhlu;r;rpiaj;jhd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

gioa ghuk;gupa (xupa) eld tiffnsy;yhk; Myaj;NjhL my;yJ GJnkUFNru;e;J kpspu;e;jJld; muritNahL kl;Lk; epd;Wtplhky; Gw cyfj;ijj; njhl;L xUghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jptpl;lJ. nkhj;jj;jpy; ,J Myaj;jpy; topghlhfTk; ntspNa nghOJNghf;Ff;fiyahfTk; tsu;e;J te;jJ. gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; toq;fp te;j kuGfspd; xUikg;ghLjw;fhyj;jpd; ghjpg;Gk;> kpfg; goq;fhyj;jpd; ghjpg;Gk; cz;L vd;W nrhy;tJ kpifay;y.

53

Ml;lKiw

,jpy; MWtif eu;j;jdk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. epUj;jj;jpy; ,ik> jiy> fhy;fspd;mirT cz;L. jpupgq;fepiy fhzg;gLk;. jiy xU gf;fk;> Njhspy; ,Ue;J ,Lg;GtiuxUgf;fk;> ,Lg;gpy; ,Ue;J ghjk; tiu xU gf;fk; tisT nfhz;L Mlg;gLk;.

ehl;baj;jpd; Jtf;fj;jpy; G+kpg;uhzhkk; G+kpia tzq;Ftjhd eldk;> fNzriuj;Jjpg;gjw;fhf tpf;Nd];tuG+i[> rptdJ mtjhuj;jpy; xd;iwg; Nghw;wp epUj;jpak; ,jpy;mq;f mirT> fuzq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,\;l Njtjh te;jdk; njhlq;Fk;. ,jpy; ];Nyhfk;ghbghtG+u;t mgpeak; nra;ag;gLk;. ];tu gy;ytp epUj;jpaj;jpy; ,ir> jhsf;fl;L kw;Wk;;nrhw;fl;Lf;fSf;Nfw;g mq;f mirTld; epUj;jk; nra;ag;gLk;.

rpUq;fhu urj;ijf; nfhz;L rhgpeaepUj;jpak; nra;ag;gLk;. uhij> fpU\;zdpd; fhjiyr;rpj;jupf;Fk; ghly; filrpahf Nkhl;r eldk; vDk; jup[k; my;yJ ejq;fp vd;w eldk;Mlg;gLk;.

,ir gf;f thj;jpak;

,e;J];jhdp ,ir fu;ehlf ,irfspd; kuGtop el;Lthq;f jhsKk; tha;g;ghl;Lk;ifahsg;gLfpwJ. gf;fthj;jpakhfg; Gy;yhq;Foy;> fpdp vd;Dk; kj;jsj; jhsf;fUtp> rhuq;fpmy;yJ taypd;> tPiz> Nksk;> nfhk;G Nghd;w fUtp.

fiyQu;fs;

rk;Af;jh> ghzpf;u`p> g;NuhjpkhNgb> Fkhup fk;Fk;jh];> gpehjpkp];uh

Mil mzpfyd;fs;

gujehl;baj;ijg; Nghd;w Miliag; ngw;Ws;sJ. Mdhy; Glitahy; fl;lg;ngWk;,e;j Mil kuhl;ba kfspu;fs; fl;Lk; gQ;rfr;rj;ijg; Nghd;W mike;jpUf;Fk;. gujehl;bacilapd; Kd;gf;fj;jpy; fhzg;ngWk; tprpwp kbg;G ,jpy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.

xbrp eld jiyayq;fhuk; kpfTk; Ntiyg;ghL tha;e;j nfhz;ilAk; jiyazpfpuPlj;ijg; Nghd;wJk; ky;ypif kyu; Rw;wg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j ehl;baj;jpy; ngz;fs;,ilapy; ryq;if fl;b MLthu;fs;.

G+Ntiyg;ghLld; $ba jq;feiffisAk; nts;sp Mguzq;fisAk; ehl;bag; ngz;fs;mzpthu;.

xbrp eld cilfs; :

gl;Lrhup my;yJ 9 f[ gl;Lg;Glit> ftu;r;rpahd epwq;fspy; fhd;r;Ryhmy;yJ rupahd mstpy; ijf;fg;gl;l utpf;if> nraw;if tz;zf; fw;fs; itj;Jijf;fg;gl;lit.

epgpgd;jh vDk; ,Lg;igr; Rw;wpr; RUf;fq;fs; epiwe;J ijf;fg;gl;l Nkyhil.

N[hgh my;yJ ePskhd fapW> ,Ugf;f KidfspYk; FQ;rj;Jld; ,Lg;gir; Rw;wpf;fl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

54

Mguzq;fs; :

xbrp eldf; fiyQu;fs; midtUk; jiy Kjy; ,Lg;G tiu nts;sp Mguzq;fisNagad;gLj;Jtu;.

eldf; fiyQu;fs; ‘bf;fh’ vd;Dk; nts;sp new;wpr;Rl;bia mzpe;jpUg;ghu;. ,jpypUe;JgpupAk; myq;fhukhf nts;spr; rq;fpypfs; fhJg;gFjp tiu myq;fupf;Fk;.

nfhz;ilf;Fg; gpd; ngupa nts;spr; rupif Ntiyg;ghlike;j Crp my;yJ gpiwr;re;jpud; Nghd;w nts;sp MguzKk; jiyia myq;fupf;Fk; fhjzpfs; fhJ KOikAk;kiwf;Fk; msT kapy; my;yJ gy tbtq;fspy; kzp tbt [pkpf;fpfSld; ,Uf;Fk;.,uz;L> %d;W nef;y];fisAk; nts;spapyhd tq;fpfisAk; eldkzpfs; mzpe;jpUg;gu;.

55

kzpg;GupNjhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

,e;jpahtpd; tlfpof;Fg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpNy epytptUk; Neu;j;jpahd rh];jpupa eldk;kzpg;Gup eldkhFk;. ,J mq;Fs;s Xu; ,lj;jpd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kzpg;Gupeldk; rpwe;j kuGfisAk; Mokhd cs;slf;fj;ijAk; nfhz;L ,yq;FfpwJ. kzpg;G+upd;jiyefukhd ,k;ghy; jhd; ,e; eldj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nfe;jpu epiyakhFk;. ,q;F gytifahd eldq;fSk; rkaq; rlq;FfSKs;sd. ,it ahTk; kzpg;Gup (ee;jd) eldnkdmiof;fg;gLtd.

Muk;g fhyj;jpNy ,q;F tho;e;j kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; irtrkaj;jtu;fshfr; rptidAk;ghu;tjpiaAk; topgl;ldu;. gpd;du; it\;ztk; gut> fpU\;zd; uhijia topglyhapdu;.,d;Wk; ,j; nja;tq;fisNa ,tu;fs; ngupJk; topgLfpd;wdu;.

F[uhj;> tq;fhsk;> xup];]h Mfpa gFjpfspypUe;J gy ,d kf;fs; kzpg;G+upy;FbNawpdhu;fs; vd;gJ cz;ik. ,J 17 MtJ> 18MtJ E}w;whz;Lfspy; itztk; ,e;jg;gf;fk; gutpajd; tpisthfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. khy;> lhq;Fy;> fGapf;fs;> nka;jpf;fs; Nghd;wkf;fs; $l;lj;jpdu; jkK ,d ,ay;GfNshL ,q;F tho;e;J tUfpd;wdu;.

kzpg;G+upy; ,d;W Xu; cd;dj tho;f;if Kiwia Nkw;nfhz;bUf;Fk; “nka;jpf;fs;”vd;Nghu; xU jdpg;gz;ghLs;s $l;lj;jhu; Mtu;.

NkYk;> kzpg;G+u; gytif ehfu; ,dj;J eldf; fiyQu; thOkplk;> nka;jpf;fsJeld epfo;r;rpfs; elf;FkplKk; ghlYk; XJjy; nrhy;YkplKk; xU nropg;ghd El;gkhdgz;ghL gutpa ,lkhFk;. gilg;gpd; jj;Jtj;ijr; rlq;Ffs; %yk; epfo;j;Jk; ,lk; itztk;CLUTtjw;F Kd;Ng itztj;jpw;fhd tpijfs; tpijf;fg;gl;L tpl;ld vd;gijf; ‘fp.gp763 ,y; =`up vd;w ehkj;ijr; nrhy;Yk; itzt topghl;bw;F ,e;j ,lk; Kf;fpakhdikakhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd tUk; Fwpg;gpidr; nrg;Ngl;bypUe;J mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

kPz;Lk; 200 Mz;Lfs; ,ilntspf;Fg; gpd;du; itztk; Kk;Kukhff; jioj;jJ.itztj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l Kjy; kzpg;G+u; mjpgu; ‘fuPg; eth];’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ghk;N`a;gh (Pamheiba) muruhthu;. ,tu; ,uhkee;ju; nfhs;iffshy; <u;f;fg;gl;lhu;. rhe;jpjh]upd; rPlUkhdhu;. 10Mk; E}w;whz;by;; itzt topghL rpwg;ghf> fpU\;zkjf; Nfhl;ghLNtfkhfg; gutpaJ. ‘tq;ff; fPu;j;jid’ KiwfSk; irjd;aupd; tpRthrpfSila ,yf;fpaKk;ed;whfg; gutpd. fupg; eth]pd; Gjy;tu; ,uh[= ghf;fpar; re;jpuh je;ijiag; gpd;gw;Wgtuhfptq;fhsj;J eNuhj;jku; jhrUila rPluhdhu;.

,tu; fhyj;jpy; rq;fPu;j;jdk;> u]k; vd;gtw;iwr; rhu;e;j ,ir> eld kuGfs; Njhd;wpd.,tuJ mwpTk; ,jaKk; uhjhfpU\;z gf;jpapy; Njha;e;jpUe;jd. ,tu; u]j;jg; gw;wp mwpe;jJk;mjw;fhd Mil mzpfisg; ngw;wJk; fdtpNyjhd;. u]j;jpd; mUik ed;FnjupaNtz;Lnkd;W mtu; jk; Gjy;tpiaNa ,uhjhNtlk; g+ZkhW nra;jhu; vd;W tuyhW$Wfpd;wJ. gpd;du; mNj Gjy;tp muRupikfisj; Jwe;J fpU\;z gf;jpapNyNa fhyj;ijr;nrytpl;lhuhk;. fpU];z gf;jp kuG ,e;j murupd; thuprhd muru; re;jpufPu;j;jp fhyj;jpy;mjhtJ 19MtJ E}w;whz;by; 1856Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 1886Mk; Mz;LtiuAs;s fhyfl;lj;jpy;,d;Dk; typT ngw;wJ. gf;jp u]q;fisg; ghLtJk; rq;fPu;j;;jdq;fspy; 64 ghfq;fisg;ghLtJk; mur rigapy; Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfs; Mfpd;wd. rq;fPu;j;jdk; vd;gJ ntWk; Nfh\;bfhdky;y. mJ ed;F mikf;fg;gl;l xU eldf; Nfhu;itahFk;.

56

‘kzpg;Gup’ kf;fspd; tho;f;ifia mt;tg;NghJ kfpo;tpf;Fk; cw;rtq;fSk; NkYk;GJg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthd;Wk; fpU\;zDila tho;f;ifapypUe;J xU fZit vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhlg;gl;lJ. ,d;ndhU gf;fk; ,e;jpahtpd; kw;iwa ,lq;fisg; Nghy; rlq;F epfo;r;rpfs;ntFthf ,lk;ngwyhapd.

gUtfhy cw;rtq;fspy; Kjyplk; tfpg;gJ ‘nlhy; re;uh’. ,e;j cw;rtj;ij kzpg;Gupg;gz;ghl;bd; fyit vd;W $wyhk;. mLj;jJ> =fpU\;z irjd;aupd; gpwe;jehs; nfhz;lhl;lk;.%d;whtJ Guhzj;jpy; nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w “N`hypfu;” it vupj;jyhFk;. ,e;j kfj;jhdcw;rtj;jpy; MltUk; ngz;bUk; jq;fSf;Fupa tho;f;ifj; Jiziaj; Njbf;nfhs;thu;fs;.

Jf;ffukhd re;ju;g;gNkh my;yJ cw;rhfkhd re;ju;g;gNkh vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; kzpg;G+upy;vy;yh Kf;fpa jpdq;fspYk; ,irAk; eldKk; ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gNk fpilahJ. kzpg;Gupeldj;jpd; fl;Lkhdj;jpw;F ,it cWjpahd mbj;jskhf mikfpd;wJ.

kzpg;G+upy; “tq;fNjr ghyh” > “mupghyh” ,uz;Lk; Ntfkhfg; gutpd. ,it ,uz;bdJtbtKk; tq;fhsj;jpy; vg;gb ,Ue;jJ vd;W njupahtpl;lhYk; kzpg;G+upy; mofhd xUGJikahd mikg;G mtw;wpw;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;tpuz;Lk; fye;J xd;whfpapUf;fyhk; vd;WCfpg;gjw;F ,lKz;L. ,Ug;gpDk; xU GJ tifahd rq;fPu;j;jdKiw “elghyh” vd;wngaupy; Njhd;wpaJ. ,e;j rq;fPu;j;jdj;jpd; njhlf;fk; muru; re;jpufPu;j;jpapd; fhyj;jpy;Vw;gl;lJ vd;W rpy mwpQu;fSk; muru; ghf;fpa re;jpu k`uh]upd; Ml;rpapd;NghJ Vw;gl;lJvd;W NtW rpyUk; mgpg;gpuhag;gLfpd;whu;fs;. elghyhtpy; nkd;ikAk; moFk; jUk;gFjpfSs;sd. NtfKk; vOr;rpAk; nfhz;l jhz;ltg; gFjpfSk; kzpg;G+upy; cs;sd.

rw;W Ke;ija fhyj;J kzpg;Gup eldq;fSila cwT gw;wpAk; itztj;jpw;FKd;Dk; gpd;DKs;s cwT gw;wpAk; Kbe;j Kbthf xd;Wk; nrhy;y Kbahtpl;lhYk;itztf; ftpij> ,ir> eld kuG nka;jpfSila typa gz;ghl;bd; NkNy ,d;DnkhUghyk; Nghu;j;jpaJ Nghd;wjhFk;. nka;j;jp> [Nrha;> uh] Nghd;w gy kuGfis cs;slf;fpakzpg;Gup eldj;jpd; tpNdhjkhd epiyikNa uhr eldk; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhzkhapw;W.cz;ikapNyNa ngz;fs; Mba uhr eldk; gpuhu;j;jid> ghyg;ghly;> KoNthir cs;slf;fpatpupthd rlq;F epfo;r;rpapd; filf;fZ vd epidf;f ,lKz;L. uhr eldj;ijg; gw;wpmurd; ghf;fpfre;jpudpd; fditg; gw;wp Vw;fdNt Fwpg;gpl;Nlhk;. ,J cz;ikah? vd;wIak; vOe;jhYk; mjw;Fg; ghf;fpa re;jpu k`huh[; mbj;jsk; mikj;jhu; vd;w cz;ikiag;Gwf;fzpf;f KbahJ. vdNt ,it jkJ rlq;FfspYs;s rpwg;gk;rq;fis cs;thq;fpAk;fiykuGfs; xd;whff; fye;Jk; cUthfpa xU rpwe;j rh];jpupa fiy tbtkhf ,d;Wkpspu;tijf; fhzyhk;.

Ml;lKiw

kzpg;Gup ehl;bak; Mltu;fs; jhz;lt KiwapYk; ngz;fshy; yh];a KiwapYk;Mlg;gl;L tUfpwJ. Mltu; jhz;ltk; rydk;> Fd;jhdk; vd;W gpupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ngz;fSf;fhdyh];ak; rpgpjhq;fh> ];Gfpjhq;fh vd;W gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. yh];a eldj;jpy; ghjq;fisrpwpJ J}f;fp jiuNahL xl;br; rWf;FkhW mirj;J Mlg;gLfpwJ.

jhz;ltj;jpy; jhz;LjYk; jhTjYkhff; Fjpj;J Mlg;gLfpwJ. jhz;ltj;jpy; mNfhq;f;ghvDk; Fjpj;jy; tpNrl mk;rkhFk;.

itN`uhgh> fk;ghNjha;gp irtrk;gpujhag;gb mike;j eldkhFk;

G];Nrhdk; vd;w eldj;jpy; Nlhy;fp vd;w kj;jsj;ijj; Njhspy; khl;bf;nfhz;LRod;W Rod;W MLthu;. fu;jhu; Nrhsk; vDk; eldk; ngupa jhsq;fisj; jl;bf;nfhz;LMLk; eldk; ,it ,uz;Lk; rq;fPu;j;jd; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk;.

57

cly; nrq;Fj;jhd epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; Kfghtk; rhe;jkhd Kiwapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jpepfo;r;rp KOtJk; mt;thNw ( xNu khjpupahd Kfghtk;) fhzg;gLk;. tpj;jpahrkhd Kfghtk;ifahsg;gLtjpy;iy. ,Lg;gpw;F Nky; gFjpAk; ,Lg;gpw;F fPo; gFjpAk; 8 vd;w gpd;dy;tbtpy; tise;J nespe;J Mlg;gLk;. ,Lg;gpy; mirTfNs nfhLf;fg;glhky; Mlg;gLtJjhd;,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

Kjy; eil> thueil> $l eil vDk; 3 eilNtfj;jpy; Ml;lk; mikf;fg;gLk;.

Mil mzpfyd;

ngz;fs; Yq;fp Nghd;w gy tz;z Milfis mzpe;Jnfhz;L MLfpd;wdu;. $ilNghd;w ghthil fl;bf;nfhz;L jiyapy; rupifapl;l nky;ypa Jzpahy; Kf;fhbl;L myq;f

rpWkzpfs;> fz;zhbr; rpy;Yfs;> kpd;Dk; jhs;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;l cilfs;> tisay;fs;>fOj;Jr; rq;fpyp> Nkhjpuq;fs;> nfhYRfs; vd;git ngz;fs; kpfTk; tpUk;gp mzpe;JMLthu;.

,ir gf;fthj;jpak;

njd;dpe;jpa jkpo; ,irkuG tl,e;jpa ̀ pe;J];jhdp ,ir gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. kj;jsk;>ifj;jhs ,irf;fUtp gad;gLfpwJ. kQ;rpuh vd;w rpWjhsk;> CJFoy;> nfQ;rpuh> Gy;yhq;Foy;>fpd;iul;> fu;j;jhy; vd;w ngupa [hy;uhf;fSk; cz;L.

fiyQu;fs;

ehgFohu;rpq;f> Njhk;gh `Nahgk;

58


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : epUj;j> epUj;jpa cUg;gbfis mgpeapg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 3.2.1 : kp];u myhupg;gpid mgpeapj;jy;> nfhYg;gpj;jy;.

kp];u myhupg;G,uhfk; : ehl;il jhsk; : kp];urhG

j> fp> l = j> f> jp> kp> //; ; ; = ; ; ; ; //

jh ; ; = nja; > ; nja;> Ak;> //jh; j> = jhk; ; fpljf //j> nja;> ; = ah ; nja;> Ak;> //jh ; j> = jhk; ; fpljf //

jhk; ; ; = ; ; jp> ; //jhk; ; ; = ; ; fpljf //nja;> ; ; = ; ; j> ; //nja;> ; ; = ; ; fpljf //

jhk; ; ; = jhk; ; fpljf //nja;> ; > j = nja;> ; fpljf //jhk;> jpjhk; = ; jup fpljf //nja; ; jnja;> = ; jup fpljf //

jhupj fpz = n[k;> ; jjupj //fpzn[k;> ; = jFk;jup fpljf //jf jjpq;fpz = njhk;> ; jfjjpq; //fpznjhk;> ; = jf jjpq; fpznjhk;> //jhk; ; ; = jhk; ; ; ; //

JUfpL jf jf = JUfpL jf JUfpLjf //

JUfpL jf jf = JUfpL jf JUfpL jf //

JUfpL jf jf = JUfpL jf JUfpL jf //

jhshq;F jf = jf jjpq; fpz njhk;> //

j> nja;> ; = ah; nja;> Ak;> //

j> ; j> = jhk; ; fpljf //

jhk;> ; = ; ; ; ; //

59

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : gujehl;baj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis mgpeapg;ghu;.


nraw;ghL 3.2.2 : nfsj;Jtj;jpid mgpeapj;Jf; nfhYg;gpj;jy;.

fzgjp nfsj;Jtk;

,uhfk; : ehl;il

jhsk; : rJ];uVfk;

,aw;wpatu; : fq;if Kj;J el;Ltdhu;

eld mikg;G: gj;k= milahW Nf.yf;\;kzd;

Fj;j fpl;l - fpz;zj; njhq;f - lf;Fj; jhk; - njhq;f

jq;FL - jq;FL - jq;FL - jpj;jhk;

jhjq;fp jq;fp fpljf jpf;Fjhk; - jj;j

jpupFL njhk; njhk; jpf;Fj; jhup

jpf;fpl fpljfp jpf;Fj; njhq;f

mupjpU kUfNd - tpf;d tpehaf

tpidnfl - mUspa - fzgjp - n[an[a

jPf;fpl - cjuf - lz; - fpz;zk;

jPf;fpl - cjuf - lz; - n[an[a

jjPf;if - JjPf;if - ahid - Kfj;jtu;

jf;fpl fpljfp jpf;fpj njhq;f Njtu;fs; - fzgjp

njhk;fpl fpljfp njhq;fp jq;f fzgjp - fTj;Jtk;

fw;wtu; tpidaw cf;FLjhk; - cf;FLij

jhf;F jPf;F jhfplz; - njhk; fplfpljfp

lz; - jq;fp - fpljf jpf;Fj; jhk; - jj;j.

60

Rg;gpukzpau; fTj;Jtk;

jhsk; : ru;tyF ,uhfk; : nfsis

n[d;df;fpl;l fpu;uf;fpl;l jf;FLjpf;FL jupFLjhk;

jf;FLjpf;FL jfjupfpljf jf;Fe;jhup fpz;zn[f;f

tpidaw Nty;thq; Fk;ngU kh

sbapiz njhOkd Nk n[f;fn[f;f

njhq;fpLeq;fpL njhk; njhq;fplfpljfpje;j njhq;Fzq; Fnjhk;jfp

NjhfpljfpNjh fpljfpNjhfpL NjhNjhfpljfp Njhfplfpl

zq;Fj;jhup fpz;zn[f;fq zf;fzf;f n[f;Fjhk;

fhdk; kapNy wpf;fap yhrk;

jd;idr; Royt Uk;kpis atidj;

njhOthu; jhstp jk;gu Kilatu;

n[f;FLn[d;d fpl;ln[f;FL n[d;dfpl;l n[d;dfpl;l

n[dFLn[dfpl fpljfpn[dFL n[dfplfpljfp n[dfplfpljfp

fly;fpop akiy Kupa tUKU

fd;dUs; ngw;Wf; fjpaJ ngwyhk;

jf;fpljfpjf; fpljfpjf;FL jj;jf;fpljfp jf;fplfpljfp

jf;Fjpf;Fjf; fpl;lj;njhq; fplfpljfp ld;>jq;

fp fpljf jpf;fp jhk; jj;j.

61

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ehl;baj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis mgpeapg;ghu;.


nraw;ghL 3.2.3 : fPu;j;jidia mgpeapj;jy;.

fPu;j;jid

,uhfk; : \z;Kfg;gpupah jhsk; : Mjp

ghlyhrpupau; : cOe;J}u; Ngl;il fpU\;zu;

eld mikg;G : jpUkjp yPyhk;gpif nry;tuhrh

gy;ytp

tpisahl ,J Neukh cd; / tpidahNy

gLk;ghL / jidr; nrhy;y tUk;NghJ // (tpis)

mEgy;ytp

fisj;Njd; [d;kk; vLj;J / risj;Njd; ngh / Wj;jpUe;J //

cskhu cid ehb cidf; fhz / tUk;NghJ tpis /

ahl ,J Neukh //

ruzk;

Gupahj GjpNuh eP mwpahj rijNah

gupfhrNkh vd;Nky; gupjhg kpy;iy Nah

tpupNjhif kapy;kPjpy; tUtha; vd;nwjpu;ghu;j;J

topNkNy tpop itj;J top ghu;j;J tUk;NghJ (tpis)

[jp

jhk; jf[Z jjPk;j jf[Z

jhk;j jf[Z jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhk; (2)

jhk;j jf[Z jjPk; jf[Z.

jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhk; jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhk; (2)

jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhq;fpL jpd;d



jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhq;fpL jpd;dj; jhq;fpL jpd;.

62

fPu;j;jid

,uhfk; : `pe;Njhsk; jhsk; : Mjp

,aw;wpatu; : ghgehrk; rptd;

eld mikg;G : milahW Nf.yf;\;kzd;

gy;ytp

jpUg;guq;Fd;w Ntyh - jpU

Mytha; gurptNdhL mq;faw; fz;zp

mDgy;ytp

tpUg;GWk; tpz;Nzhu;f;F fpilf;fUk; jPe;jkpo;

jpUg;Gfo; ghlypy; jpUtUs; jh rPu;kpF

ruzk;

1. mku KdptUk; nka; mbatUk; tzq;fp

Fkuh Fkuh vd;W Jjpf;F Nfhapy; nfhz;l

2. ,uhkjhrd; gzpAk; jhku] ghjNd

khkapy; thfdh ts;sp nja;thid Nkhfd.

63



nraw;ghL 4.2.1 : 72 Nksfu;j;jh rf;fuk; gw;wp mwpthu;.

72 Nksfu;j;jh

,e;jpa rq;fPjj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; uhfk;. “u[;;fj;tk;” (uQ;rid) my;yJ ,dpikvd;gij Mjhukhff; nfhz;Ls;sNj uhfkhFk;.

,irapy; ,uhfq;fis [df ,uhfq;fs; (jha; uhfk;) vd;Wk;> [d;a uhfq;fs; (Nra;uhfk;) vd;Wk; ,uz;L gpupTfshfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;. [df uhfj;jpw;F Nksk;> Nksfu;j;jh>fu;j;jh ,uhfk;> rk;G+u;z uhfk;> ,uhfhq;f uhfk; vdg; gy ngau;fs; cz;L. gz;ilj;jkpopirapy; ,jidg; gz; vd;W mioj;jdu;. xU ,uhfk; jha; uhfk; vd;W fUjg;gLtjw;Ff;fPo;f;fz;l ehd;F gz;Gfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;.

1. MNuhfzj;jpYk;> mtNuhfzj;jpYk; rg;j ];tuq;fshfpa ‘]up>f>k>g>j>ep’ vd;w VO ];tuq;fSk; mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2. MNuhfzj;jpYk;> mtNuhfzj;jpYk; VO ];tuq;fSk; tupirf; fpukkhf mike;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. MNuhfzj;jpYk;> mtNuhfzj;jpYk; xNu tifahd ];tuq;fs; tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4. MNuhfzKk;> mtNuhfzKk; jhu];jhap ]l;[kj;ijf; nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thW ekJ njd;dpe;jpa ,irapy; 72 [df ,uhfq;fs; cs;sd. ,tw;iwNa ‘72Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fs;’ vd;W miog;gJ tof;fk;.

72 Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fspd; tuyhW

17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j ‘Ntq;fl kfp’ vd;gtu; ‘rJu;j;jz;bg; gpufhrpif’

vd;Dk; E}ypy; 72 Nksfu;j;jhf;fspd; mikg;igg; gw;wpf; $wpAs;shu;. Mdhy; mjpy; mtu;

vy;yh Nksq;fSf;Fk; ngau; nfhLf;ftpy;iy.

NkYk;> gy Nksfu;j;jhf;fspy; MNuhfz> mtNuhfzk; xOq;fpd;wpf; fhzg;gl;lJ.

rpy tu;[ ,uhfq;fSk; $l mjpy; Nksfu;j;jhf;fshff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

18Mk; E}w;whz;by; jQ;iria Mz;L te;j ‘Js[h kfhuh[h’ (1729 - 1735) ‘rq;fPj

rhuhk;Ujk;’ vd;w E}ypy; Ntq;flkfpapd; 72 Nks mikg;igf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

64

Mdhy;> mtUk; ngau;fisf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> mNj fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j

‘Nfhtpe;jhr;rhupahu;’ vd;gtu; jkJ ‘rq;fpuf #lhkzp’ vd;w E}ypy; fpuk rk;G+u;z> MNyhfz

mtNuhfz KiwAld; $ba 72 Nksq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; ‘fdfhq;fp> uj;dhq;fp’ ngau;

gl;baiyf; nfhLj;Js;shu;.

,e;j Nks mikg;gdhJ flgahjpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW xt;nthU Nksj;jpd;

vz;izf; Fwpf;Fk; tifapy; ,g;ngau;fs; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ,e;j mikg;G

vy;yhtpj rq;fPjj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w tifapy; cs;sJ.

NkYk; fu;ehlf rq;fPjj;jpw;F ,J xU ‘kFlk;’ Nghd;Wk; mike;Js;sJ. ,ijj;jtpu

‘fdfhk;gup’> Ngdj;Ajp’ vd;w kw;nwhU ngau;g; gl;baYk; gpd;du; jahupf;fg;gl;ljhfj; njupfpd;wJ.

,e;jg; ngau;fs; flgahjpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;wjhf ,Ue;jhYk; rhlt rk;G+u;zk;> xslt

rk;G+u;zk; vdg;gy ,uhfq;fs; mjpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jg; ngau;g; gl;baiy ‘Kj;J

Rthkp jPl;rpju;’ kl;LNk gpd;gw;wpdhu;. ,g;gl;bay; ‘mrk;G+u;z Nksg; gl;bay; my;yJ mrk;G+u;z

Nksg;gj;jj’ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

jw;NghJ tof;fpy; cs;s ‘fdfhq;fp> uj;dhq;fp’ Nksg; gl;baiyj; jpahfuh[Uk;

mtUf;Fg; gpd; te;Js;s gy ,irthzu;fSk; gpd;gw;wpAs;sdu;. ,g; gl;baiy ‘rk;G+u;z

Nksg;gj;jjp’ vd;W $Wtu;. jw;NghJ ,g; gl;baNy midtuhYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.

65

72 Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fspd; mikg;G

xU ];jhapy; VO ];tuq;fs; cs;sd. mtw;wpw;F 12 ];tu];jhdq;fs; cz;L.NkYk; 4 tpthjp ];tuq;fspd; Nru;f;ifahy; 16 ];tu tiffs; ekf;Ff; fpilf;fpd;wd.mitahtd>

1. ] - ]l;[k;

2. up\gk;

3. fhe;jhuk;

4. kj;jpkk;

5. gQ;rkk;

6. ijtjk;

7. ep\hjfk;

,t;thW 16 ];tu tiffisf;nfhz;Nl 72 Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fs;tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

rJ];Ujpup\gk; - \l;RUjp up\gk; *

Rj;jup\gk; - Rj;j fhe;jhuk; *

Rj;j kj;jpkk;

rhjhuz fhe;jhuk;

me;ju fhe;jhuk;

gpujp kj;jpkk;

fhfyp ep\hjk;

ifrpfp ep\hjk; - \l;RUjp ijtjk; *

Rj;j ijtjk;

rJ];Ujp ijtjk; - Rj;j ep\hjk; *

66

,tw;wpy; Rj;j fhe;jhuk;> \l;RUjp up\gk;> Rj;j ep\hjk;> \l;RUjp ijtjk;Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ay;ghd ];jhdq;fs; ,y;iy. ,q;F

Rj;j fhe;jhukhdJ - rJ];Ujp up\gj;jpYk;

\l;RUjp up\gkhdJ - rhjhuz fhe;jhuj;jpYk;

Rj;j ep\hdjkhdJ - rJ];Ujp ijtjj;jpYk;

\l;RUjp ijtjkhdJ - ifrpfp ep\hjj;jpYk;

xNu ];jhdj;jpy; xypf;Fk;. vdNt ,e;ehd;F ];tuq;fSk; tpthjp ];tuq;fs;(gif ];tuq;fs;) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

72 Nksfu;j;jh rf;fuk;

,t;thW 72 Nksfu;j;jh ,uhfq;fSk; mtw;wpd; MNuhfz mtNuhfzq;fspd; ve;nje;j];tu];jhdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gij tpsf;Fk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;lNj Nksfu;j;jhmikg;G KiwahFk;.

,e;j rf;fu mikg;ghdJ xt;nthU rf;fuj;jpYk; 6 ,uhfq;fs; mlq;ff;$bajhf12 rf;fuq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ls;sd. mitahtd>

01. ,e;J

02. Nej;u

03. mf;fpdp

04. Ntj

05. ghz

06. UJ

07. up\p

08. t\P

09. gpuk;kh

10. jprp

11. Uj;u

12. Mjpj;a

67


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : ,e;jpaf; fiyQu;fspd; njhz;Lfis tpsq;fp kjpg;gspg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 5.2.1 : ngupahu;fspd; fiyj;njhz;L> tho;f;iff;Fwpg;Gfis mwpjy;.

gujf;fiy kWkyu;r;rpapd; je;ij <.fpU\;zIau;

gujehl;ba tuyhw;wpNy Xu; ,f;fl;lhd fhyfl;lj;jpNy tho;e;J mf; fiyf;F mUk;ngUk;njhz;lhw;wpNahupy; <.fpU\;zIau; ed;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;.

rPUk; rpwg;Gkpoe;J rl;lG+u;tkhf xopf;fg;gLk; epiyapUe;j rjpUf;Fg; ghuk;gupa Nehf;fpNygujehl;bak; vd kPz;Lk; mjw;Fg; ngau;#l;b> mjd; Kd;ida J}a;ikiaAk; kjpg;gpidAk;kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jp> mJ NkYk; rpwg;gila mauhJ cioj;J toptFj;j ngUikAk;,tUf;Fz;L.

gy jpwg;gl;l fiy mwpTk; nkhop mwpTk; rl;lQhdKk; Jzpr;rYk; jw;jpwDk;MSikAk; jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l fhupak; ntw;wpaspf;Fk; tiu njhlu;e;J nrayhw;Wk; jpwikAk;kjpEl;gKk; nfhz;l <.fpU\;zIau; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpNy ifyhrehj Iau; mde;jyl;Rkpmk;ghs; jk;gjpfSf;Fg; gpwe;j 17 gps;isfspy; 8MtJ gps;isahf 1897Mk; Mz;LMf];l; khjk; 6Me; jpfjp gpwe;jhu;. fy;ypilf; Fwpr;rp <];tu Iau; - kPdh\p mk;khs;jk;gjpfspd; RtPfhug; gps;isahf tsu;e;jhu;.

me;jzupd; nrl;behL vd miof;fg;gl;l fy;ypilf; Fwpr;rpapy; eilngWk; jpUkzitgtq;fspNy ,ir> eldf; fr;Nrupfs; eilngWk; #oypNy ,tu; tho;e;jikahy; ,tUf;F,f; fiyfspNy Nguhu;tk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,tw;iw ,tu; tpUk;gpf; fw;Wk; te;jhu;. nrd;idfpwp];jtf; fy;Y}upapNy fiykhzpg; gl;ljhup (gP.V) Mdhu;. gpd;du;; jpUtde;jGuk; rl;lf;fy;Y}up tpLjpr;rhiyapy; jq;fpapUe;J gapYk;NghJ nghONghf;fpw;fhfr; rhuq;fjhuh vd;Dk;ehlfj;jpNy uj;dhq;fpahf ebj;Jg; ghuhl;Lk; ngw;whu;.

,tUila mofpa Njhw;wKk; ,irj;jpwDk; ebg;Gf;F ed;F cjtpd. rkfhytpsk;gug;gyiffspYk; gj;jpupiffspYk; jkJ ehlfj;jpwd; gw;wpr; nra;jpfisg; ghu;j;J,tu; kfpo;r;rpaile;jhu;.

,jdhy; Cf;fkile;J tud;Kiwahf ,irg; gapw;rpngw tpUk;gpdhu;. taypd;tpj;Jthd;fshd ghgq;Fsk; ePyfz;l Iau;> jpUney;Ntyp =epth] Iau; MfpNahuplk;,irapid ed;F fw;whu;. 1921Mk; Mz;L rl;lg; gl;ljhupahd gpd;du; vk;.gjQ;ryp rh];jpupfuplk;tof;fwpQu; gapw;rpngw;W nrd;idapNy gpugy tof;fwpQuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. gpugy ehlff;FOthd RFztpyhr rghgpy; xU cWg;gpduhf ,ize;J “kpUr;rfbfk;” > “,uj;jpdhtyp;”Mfpa ehlfq;fspy; KiwNa tre;jNrdhthfTk; thrt jj;jhthfTk; ebj;J jkpo;elhfmuq;fpd; rpw;gpnadf; fUjg;gLk; g.rk;ge;j Kjypahupd; ghuhl;bidg; ngw;whu;.

ngz; Ntlk; jupj;j KjyhtJ Mz; eldf; fiyQUk; RFztpyhr rghtpd;cWg;gpdUkhfpa uq;ftbNtYitg; gpd;gw;wpj; jhKk; eldf; fiyQuhf tpsq;f ,tu;tpUk;gpdhu;. kJuhe;jfk; [fjhk;ghsplk; eldk; gapd;W Nju;r;rp ngw;W fhspjhrupd; khstpfhf;dp kpj;jpuj;jpNy fjhehafpahd khstpfhthf ebj;Jk; eldkhbAk; ghuhl;Lf;fisg;ngw;whu;. rpy jpiug;glq;fspYk; ,tu; ebj;jhu;.

68

jiyrpwe;j ehl;bahr;rhupahuhd Nkyj;J}u; V.gp.eNlr Iauplk; rjpu;> ghftjNksk;>`upfjhfhyN\gk; Mfpatw;iw tud;Kiwg;gb fw;W KOikahd eldf;fiyQu; Mdhu;.‘mgpeak; eNlr Iau;’ vdg; Gfo;ngw;wtuhd ,tuJ FU gapw;rp KbtpNy ,f; fiyapd;ngU kjpg;gpid kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jp ,jid vq;Fk; gug;g Ntz;Lk; vdr; rp\;aDf;F Ntz;LNfhs;tpLj;jhu;.

mofpa fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghdJk; yhtfkhf mirAk; jd;ikAk; cila clyikg;Gk;nfhz;l ,tu; eld cyfpNy jdJ Kj;jpiuia vspjpNy gjpj;jhu;.

,tUila eldf;fr;Nrupfs;> mwr;rhiyfs;> jUkr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd epjp jpul;Ljy;>ghlrhiyf;fhd epjp jpul;Ljy; Mfpadtw;Wf;fhfNt ngupJk; eilngw;wd.

ghu;itahsu; IAWk; tifapNy ngz; Ntlj;jpNy kuGtopr; rjpu;f; fiyQu; Nghd;Nw,tu; fhl;rpaspj;jhu;. guj ehl;baj;jpYs;s rPu;NfLfis ePf;fp ,jw;Fg; ngUkjpg;G mspj;JJ}a;ikailar; nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W mauhJ cioj;jhu;. ,tuJ mauhj Kaw;rpapNy1927Mk; Mz;by; nrd;idapNy eilngw;w ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kfhehl;bd; xUepfo;thf mfpy ,e;jpa ,ir kfhehLk; eilngw;wJ.

Njrpa fhq;fpu]; gpuKfu;fspy; xUtuhd ,tu; 1928Mk; Mz;bNy nrd;idapy;njhlf;fg;gl;l tpj;trigapNy nrayhsuhfj; jpwk;glr; nrayhw;wpdhu;. ,irapNyNa ftdQ;nrYj;jpa ,r; rigapd; nraw;ghLfs; tp.fypahzRe;juKjypahupd; MjuTld; eldj;ijAk;,lk;ngwr; nra;tjw;F eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

rjpiuj; njhlu;e;Jk; vjpu;j;J te;j gyiu Jzpfukhf vjpu;j;J 1931Mk; Mz;L gpugyeu;j;jfp jpUtdg;Gj;J}u; fy;ahzpapd; gps;isfSk; ge;jiz ey;Y}u; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;isapd;rpwe;j khztpfSkhd uh[y\;kp> [Ptuj;jpdk; rNfhjupfspd; eld epfo;r;rpnahd;wpidxOq;Fnra;jhu;.

1932Mk; Mz;by; rjpUf;F vjpuhfTk; rhu;ghfTk; eilngw;w thjg;gpujpthjq;fSf;Fkj;jpapy; rq;fPj tpj;Jtrigapd; MwhtJ kfhehl;bNy md;Wtiu rjpu;> jhrpahl;lk; vdmiof;fg;gl;L te;j jkpof rh];jpupa eldj;jpw;Fg; guj ehl;bak; vd;Dk; ngau; #l;Ltjw;fhdjPu;khdj;jpid Kd;nkhope;J rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpidg; ngw;whu;. gujf; fiyiag; Ngzptsu;g;gnjd;w jPu;khdj;ijAk; rig Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

njhlu;e;J 1932Mk; Mz;L kapyhg;G+u; nfsupak;khSk; 1933Mk; Mz;L uh[y\;kp[Ptuj;jpdk; rNfhjupfSk; mNj Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; j.ghyru];tjpAk; eldk; Mbdu;.1935Mk; Mz;by; ,tuJ miog;gpd; Ngupy; kPdhl;rpRe;juk;gps;isapd; ,U khztpfspd;eldj;ij juprpj;j Uf;kzpNjtpia kPdhl;rpRe;;juk;gps;isaplk; eldk; gapyitj;j ngUk;<.fpU\;zIaiuNa rhUk;.

eldf;fiyapNy rpy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;jpaf; fiyfspYs;sfiyr;nrhw;fSf;fhd Mq;fpyg; gjq;fis cUthf;fp ntw;wpfz;lhu;. ,irapYk; Nju;r;rpngw;wpUe;;jikapdhy; mjpYk; rpy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis Vw;gLj;j Kad;whu;. ghftj Nksk;> eldehlfk;> FwtQ;rp> gpw fpuhkpaf; fiyfs; Kjypatw;iwAk; ed;F Mjupj;J te;jhu;.

,tu; vOjpa E}y;fs;

69

1. jkpofj;jpYs;s guj ehl;baKk; gpw eldq;fSk; (Bharata Natya and Other dances of Tamil Nadu. 1957)

2. rkfhy ,irtpj;jfu;fs; (Personalities in present day music 1933)

,ir> eldk; gw;wpa gy fl;LiufisAk; tpku;rdq;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu;. eldf;fiyia rl;lG+u;tkhf xopf;f Kad;wtu;fSf;F eldk; rhu;ghd rl;lG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fisvLj;Jiuj;J vjpu;j;jug;gpid Kwpabj;jhu;.

rjpu; xopg;G ,af;fj;jpid elhj;jp ,tUf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;l fyhepjp Kj;Jyl;Rkpmk;ikahu; cl;gl gyUk; ,tUf;F tpUJfs;> gupRfs;> Gfo;khiyfs; mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jdu;.

1950Mk; Mz;L fhu;j;jpif khjk; nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;w mfpy ,yq;if eldtpohtpy;,e;jpa eld epfo;r;rpfSf;Fj; jiyikjhq;fp> mtw;iwg; guPl;rpj;J KbTnra;tjw;fhf,yq;ifapd; miog;ig Vw;W ,tu; ,q;F rKfkspj;jhu;. nfhOk;gpypUe;J ,tu;aho;g;ghzj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mg;Nghija guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}up mjpguhf ,Ue;j R.eNlrgps;isapd;,y;yj;jpNy jq;fpapUe;jhu;. Mupa jpuhtpl gh\h tpUj;jpr;rq;f MjutpNy itj;jP];tuhtpj;jpahya kz;lgj;jpNy ‘eldk;’ vDk; nghUs; gw;wpa Ritkpf;f nrhw;nghopT Mw;wpdhu;.

eldk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy; fjf;> kzpg;Gup> fjfsp> guj ehl;bak; vDk; ehd;Ftpjeldq;fspd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;L 4000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng gf;Ftk; ngw;wpUe;jguj ehl;baj;Jf;F ,izahf cyfpy; Ntnwe;j eldKk; fpilahJ vd;whu;. “vd;dbnrhd;dhu;” vd;w gjj;jpidf; rhNtup ,uhfj;jpy; ,tu; ghb mjw;F mgpeaKk; nra;Jfhl;bmidtiuAk; kfpo;tpj;jhu;.

rPu;nfl;L rl;lG+u;tkhf xopf;fg;gLk; epiyapypUe;j gujehl;baj;jpid GJg;nghypTngwr;nra;j ,tiu gujf; fiy kWkyu;r;rpapd; je;ijnadr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $WtJ rhyTk;nghUj;jkhdNj.

1968Mk; Mz;by; ,t; cyf tho;tpid ePj;jhYk; gujf;fiy epyTk;tiu ,tu;vd;Wk; epidT$uj;jf;ftu;.

70

ge;jiz ey;Y}u; rghuQ;rpjk;

; Nfhyhl;lj;jpy; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;fpa ehfhk;G[k; vd;gtupd; kfshf rghuQ;rpjk;23.06.1916 md;W gpwe;jhu;.

,tu; kPdhl;rpRe;juk;gps;is el;Ltdhuplk; tha;g;ghl;Lk; gujehl;baKk; fw;wpUe;jhu;.xU rkak; jd; FUTld; xU ehl;ba epfo;r;rpapy; ghLtjw;fhfj; jd; xd;gjhtJ tajpy;nrd;wpUe;jhu;.

mq;Nf tUif je;jpUe;j gz;lhu]e;epjp> FU kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;isaplk; rghuQ;rpjk;gujehl;baj;jpy; “xU khu;f;fk;” fr;rpjkhf MLk; jpwikiag; ngw;wpUe;jij mwpe;jhu;.,d;Dk; muq;Nfw;wk; Mftpy;iy vd;gijAk; mwpe;J mUz[Nl];tuu; Myaj;jpy;muq;Nfw;wj;jpid kl nrytpNyNa nra;tjhff; $wptpl;lhu;.

FU kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is> ge;jiz ey;Y}upypUe;J Kf;fpa cwtpdu;fisAk;mioj;Jtur; nra;J cilfisAk; ehfk;khs; vd;w Mlw; fiyQuplk; thq;fptur; nra;Jmk; KO ePs ehl;baf; fr;Nrupia elhj;jp rghuQ;rpjj;ijg; ghuhl;Ljy;fisg; ngwr; nra;jhu;.

rpwpJk; xj;jpifapy;yhky; Nkilapy; Mbf; FUitNa jpiff;f itf;fr; nra;jngUik rghuQ;rpjj;ijNa rhUk;. Kiwahd muq;Nfw;wj;ij gRgjpahu; Kd;ghfr; nra;ahky;,Uf;Fk; jha; ehfhk;G[j;jpd; kdf;Fiwiaj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf FU 1925Mk; tUlj;jpy; khrpkhjj;jpy; ge;jiz ey;Y}u; gRgjP];tuu; Nfhapypy; muq;Nfw;wj;jpid elhj;jpdhu;.

el;Lthq;fk; - nkPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is> nrhf;fypq;fk;gps;is.kpUjq;fk; - Fj;jhyk; rpttbNty; gps;is.

jdJ gj;jhtJ taJ Kjy; ehl;baf; fr;Nrupfs; nra;J fiyj; jFjpapy;cau;e;jpUe;jjhy; gy fr;NrupfSf;F FU ,tiuNa mioj;Jr;nry;tJ tof;fk;. mts;fhypy; fpljf jupfplnjhk; NgRtJ Nghy; NtW vtuplkhtJ fhzKbAkh vdf; $Umbf;fb $Wthu;. “fdfr;rpjkhd yaf;fzprk; ,izaw;w mq;fRj;jk;> vz;zw;w mlT[jpfs; Mfpa tpNr\ mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;ljhd ge;jiz ey;Y}u;g;ghzp” mtUilaeldj;jpy; kpFjpahfNt ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vd eldf;fiyg; Ngh\fuhapUe;j <.fpU\;za;au;$wpAs;shu;.

yhNkuP vDk; Nkehl;L mk;ikahUf;Fk; FUtplk; Uf;kzpNjtp jq;fpapUe;J eldmlTfs; gapd;w fhyj;jpy; mlTfisAk; mk;rq;fisAk; Mbf;fhl;b Uf;kzpNjtpf;Fk;NgUjtp nra;jtu; rghuQ;rpjk; Mthu;.

jQ;irg; gpufjP];tuu; Myaj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j ehl;ba eq;iff;F toq;fg;gLk; uh[Nkhfpdpvd;w ghj;jpuj;ij VO Mz;Lfs; njhlu;e;J Mb mgpeapj;jtu; rghuQ;rpjk; Mthu;.

Uf;kzpNjtp jd;Dila fyhN\j;jpuj;jpw;F te;J jd; khztu;fSf;F gapw;rp juNtz;Lk;vd;W fbjk; xd;iw mDg;gpdhu;. mtu; mf; fbjj;jy; rghuQ;rpjj;jpd; jpwikiag; gw;wpf;Fwpg;gpl;L rpy rkaq;fspy; rghuQ;rpjj;jpd; Ml;lj;jpy; jhk; nghwhik$lg;gl;bUg;gjhff;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mj;Jld; rghuQ;rpjj;jpd; epUj;jkh> mgpeakh rpwe;jJ vd;w Fog;gj;jpy;jhd; ,Ug;gjhfTk; jhj;jhjhd; jdf;Ff; FUthf ,Ue;jNghJk; xt;nthU tplaj;ijAk;rghuQ;rpjNk Mbf;fhl;b fw;gpj;jjhfTk; mf; fbjj;jpy; mtu; rpyhfpj;Js;shu;.rpy rkaq;fspy; rghuQ;rpjk; jd; xd;Wtpl;l rNfhjupahd ehfuj;jpdk; vd;gtUlDk; ,ize;JMbAs;shu;.

,tu; jdJ 24MtJ tajpy; nul;bA+u; vd;w fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngUk; epyf;fpohuhdMu;.vk;.rjhrptk; vd;gtiuj; jpUkzk; nra;jJld; gujf; fiyf;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;Jtpl;lhu;.

jd; kf;fs; Nguf;Foe;ijfNshL kdepiwNthL tho;e;J 19.10.2000 md;W kiwe;jhu;rghuQ;rpjk; mk;ghs;.

71

fiykhkzp =kjp Uf;kzpNjtp mUz;Nly;

nrd;w E}w;whz;bNy tho;e;j gpugy ehl;baf; fiyQu;fspNy =kjp Uf;kpzpNjtpmUz;Nly; kpf Kf;fpakhd Xu; ,lj;jpid tfpj;J te;Js;shu;. ghuk;gupa r%f ,ilA+Wfs;rpytw;iw ntw;wpfukhfj; jhz;br; r%f uPjpapYk; gz;ghl;L uPjpapYk; rpy Gul;rpfukhdMf;fG+u;tkhd rhjidfis <l;batu;. jhNk jiy rpwe;j xU fiyQuhf tpsq;fpaJkl;Lkd;wpg; gy fiyQu;fis Mjup;j;Jk; cUthf;fpAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; xU ftpd;fiyf;$lj;jpid epWtp mjid 50 Mz;LfSf;Fr; rw;WNkyhf ed;F topelj;jpg; Gfo;ngw;wtu;.

jkpo; ehl;bd; fiy fyhrhug; ghuk;gupaj;jpidg; ghJfhj;Jg; Gj;JapUk; GJg;nghypTk;ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jhu;.

fiyaurp Uf;kpzpNjtp mtu;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tFg;gpdNu jkjhf cupik nfhz;lhbaepiyia khw;wpaikj;J Mw;wYk; Mu;tKk; jpwikAk; tpNtfKk; nfhz;l vtUNk fw;WEfu;e;J mjpy; ty;Yeuhfj; jpfo KbAk; vd;gij cyFf;F mwpTWj;jpdhu;.

fiyf;Nf Fwpg;ghf eldf;fiyf;Nf ngUk;ghYk; jk; tho;ehis mu;g;gzpj;j ,t;mk;ikahu; 1904Mk; Mz;L khrp khjk; 29Mk; jpfjp nghwpapayhsUk; rk];fpUj mwpQUkhfpaePyfz;l rh];jpupf;Fk; jpUitahw;wpidr; Nru;e;j N\\k;khSf;Fk; MwhtJ gps;isahfg;gpwe;jhu;.

jQ;rhT+iur; Nru;e;j jpUtpir ey;Y}u; ,tuJ Kd;Ndhupd; ,Ug;gplkhFk;. vdNtjQ;rhT+u; jpUitahw;Wf; fiy kuGfs; ,tu; FLk;gj;jpd; KJnrhj;jhFk;. ,sk; tajpNy,irapy; <LghLs;stuhfr; rpy tpj;thd;fsplk; ,ir gapd;whu;. jhk; xU ,irf; fiyQuhfNttpsq;f Ntz;Lnkd tpUk;gpdhu;.

,tu; jpUty;ypf;NfzpapYs;s Nybtpyp];ld; kfspu; gs;spapy; %d;whtJ ghuk;gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpNy Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa Rje;jpu rka> gz;ghl;Lg;gzpfspy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j gpuk;kQhd rq;fj;Jld; ,tUila FLk;gj;jpdu; neUq;fpacwitf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,r; rq;fj;jpy; ,tUf;Fk; ,sk; gpuhaj;jpy; <LghL Vw;gl;lJ.

gpuk;kQhd rigapd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpa Gfo;ngw;w lhf;lu; md;dp ngrd;l;mk;ikahUf;F gpuk;kQhd ,af;fj;jpYk; murpay; ,af;fj;jpYk; cjtpGupe;j mT];jpNuypaehl;ilr; Nru;e;j lhf;lu; [p.v];.mUz;Nlypd; njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ. ,tu; ngupa fy;tpkhd;>kdpjNeak; cs;stu;. ,e;Jrkak;> gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpNy ed;F Njha;e;jtu;. itjPfg;gpuhkz FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Uf;kpzpNjtp jk;kpYk; kpf taJ$ba Mq;fpNyau; xUtiu1920Mk; Mz;L gjpdhwhtJ tajpy; jpUkzk; nra;jik mf;fhyr; #o;epiyapNy xUGul;rpfukhd Jzpr;ryhd nrayhFk;. Mdhy; vjpu;g;Gfs; tpiutpy; kiwe;jd.

,jd; gpd;G Uf;kpzpNjtp mtu;fs; nghJ tho;tpw;F mbNfhypdhu;. ,tUila ,sk;cs;sj;jpNy ehl;Lg; gw;iwAk; fyhrhug; gw;iwAk; Cd;wp tsur; nra;jtu; lhf;lu; md;dpng]d;l;mk;ikahuhthu;.

fyhepjp md;dp ngrd;w;wpd; gpd; fyhepjp mUz;Nly; gpuk;kQhd rq;fj; jiytuhdhu;.Uf;kpzpNjtp mtu;fs; jpUkzkhd ehd;F Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd; mjhtJ 1924Mk; Mz;L,UtUk; gpuk;kQhd rq;fe; njhlu;ghf cyfpd; gy ghfq;fSf;Fk; Rw;Wg; gazj;ijNkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,j;jifa Rw;Wyhtpd;NghJ 1926Mk; Mz;bNy mT];jpNuypahtpNy cyfg;Gfo;ngw;w Urpa gNy eldf;fhupahd md;dhgt;NyhtpidAk; mtupd; eldf; FOtpdiuAk;,tu;fs; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ. mf; FOtpidr; Nru;e;j fpspNahNehu;baplk; Uf;kpzpNjtpgNy eldk; fw;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. Mdhy; md;dhgt;Nyht ,e;jpa eldq;fisf; fw;FkhW,tiuj; J}z;bj; jpirjpUg;gptpl;lhu;.

72

jhafk; jpUk;gpa gpd; Uf;kpzpNjtp mf;fhyr; rjpu;f; fr;Nrupfs; rpytw;iwg; ghu;j;jhu;.jkpofj;jpd; rh];jpupa eldkhfpa gujehl;bak; mf;fhyj;jpNy ‘rjpu;’> ‘rpd;dNksk;’> ‘jhrpMl;lk;’ vdg; gythW miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid kuGtopj; Njtjhrpfs; rpyNu fw;W Mbte;jdu;.,tu;fs; kj;jpapNy xOf;fr; rPu;NfLfs; epytpd.

Gdpjkhd Nfhapw; fiyahf kpspuNtz;ba fiy tpiykhju;f;Fupa fiynadf;fUjg;gl;lJ. ,jidr; rl;lG+u;tkhf xopj;jw;Fk; xUrhuhu; jPtpu gpurhuk; nra;J te;jdu;.,f;fhy fl;lj;jpNyjhd; jpU.,.fpU\;zIau; Nghd;Nwhu; ,jid kPz;Lk; rpwg;gpj;jw;fhdeltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;ldu;.

Uf;kpzpNjtp 1932Mk; Mz;L Njtjhrp kugpidr; Nru;e;j fy;ahzpapd; kf;fSk; Gfo;G+j;j ge;jizey;Y}u; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;isapd; khztpfSkhd uh[y\;kp> [Ptuj;jpdk;rNfhjupfspd; mw;Gjkhd eld epfo;r;rpiaf; fz;L ,urpj;jhu;.

,t; mDgtj;ijg; gw;wpg; NgRifapy;> yakakhd mofpa nghUs; nghjpe;j Xu;Gjpa cyfpw;F mioj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;Nld;. ,g; Gdpjkhd nja;tPff; fiy Xu; Fwpg;gpl;lrpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikahf ,Ue;jij khw;wp vy;NyhUk; ,urpf;ff;$ba fiyahf;Ftjw;FxU jdp eguhy; vd;ndd;d nra;aKbANkh mt;tsitAk; nra;J fiyapd; kWkyu;r;rpf;fhfg;ghLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mtiy vd;dplk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;W mtu; $wpdhu;. ,jd; gpd;eldj;jpy; <LghL nfhz;L jhKk; ,jidf; fw;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;.

,tu; ,f; fiyapid ,jd; J}atbtj;jpNy fw;f tpUk;gpdhu;. Vw;w FUitj; Njbkapyhg;G+u; nfsup mk;khtplk; nrd;W eldg; gapw;rpia Muk;gpj;jhu;.

gapw;rpia Muk;gpj;J nfsup mk;khtplk; ‘]u]p [h\_Y’ vd;Dk; rg;jj;ij KjyhtJghlkhff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. gpd;du; nfsup mk;khit milahw;wpypUe;j jkJ ,y;yj;jpw;Ftutioj;J eldk; gapd;whu;. me; ehl;fspy; ,f; fiyf;F ehl;bNy ngUk; vjpu;g;G ,Ue;jjhy;,tuJ gapw;rp ,ufrpakhfNt eilngw;wJ. Nfhtpy;fspNy gujehl;bak; MLtijj; jLg;gjw;fhfxU vjpu;g;G ,af;fNk ele;J nfhz;bUe;jJ. gj;jpupif epUgu;fs; gyu; ,t;tpaf;fj;ijg;gw;wpg; nghJ kf;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij mwpAk; Kfkhf mk;ikahu; mtu;fisg; Ngl;bfz;ldu;.mk;ikahu; mtu;fs; ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpg;gijr; nrtpkLj;j gj;jpupifahsu;fs;tpag;Gw;wdu;.

fiyia tpiyahf;fTk; fiy khju;fis tpiykhju;fshfTk; khw;w toptFj;jrKjhag; gof;ftof;fq;fNs khw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;> gujf; fiyia xopf;ff; $lhnjd;Wk;fiyQu;fSf;F MjuTk; Cf;fKk; mspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;.

jpUkjp.Uf;kpzpNjtp mk;ikahupd; ehl;baj;jpw;F el;Lthq;fk; nra;jtu;fSs; nfsupmk;kh Kjyplk; ngWfpwhu;. ,tuplk; rpy fhyk; eldk; gapd;w gpd;du;> ge;jizey;Y}u;kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;isatu;fsplk; guj ehl;baj;ij Kiwg;gb fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. mk;ikahu;mtu;fs; gpuhkz Fyj;jpw; gpwe;jtuhf ,Ue;jikahy; Muk;gj;jpy; mk;ikahu; mtu;fSf;Fg;gujehl;bak; fw;gpf;f kPdhl;rpRe;juk; gps;isatu;fs; jaq;fpdhu;. Mdhy; Uf;kzpNjtp mk;ikahu;mtu;fs; jdJ fbd ciog;ghYk; fiy Mw;wyhYk; fiy Qhdj;jhYk; FUitf; ftu;e;Jmtupd; Kf;fpa rPluhdhu;.

,tUila gujehl;ba muq;Nfw;wk; 1935Mk; Mz;L khu;fop khjk; milahw;wpy;cs;s gioa Mykuj;jpd; fPo; fpl;lj;jl;l Mapuk; rigNahupd; Kd;dpiyapy; eilngw;wJ.gpuk;kQhd rigapd; itutpohf; nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd;NghJ ,e; epfo;r;rp eilngw;wJ. xU rhuhu;,jw;Fr; rKkfspf;fhtpbDk; ,jd; tpisT kfj;jhdjhFk;. nghJthfj; ‘Njtjhrp FLk;gq;fspd;fiyahfNt neLq;fhykhf epytpa ,f; fiyapid VidNahUk; fw;W cau;epiyailayhk;.

73

,J Gdpjkhd fiyNa> Md;kPfr; rhaYs;sJ. ,jd; %yk; Md;kPf <Nlw;wk; ngwyhk;’ vd,tu; typAWj;jp te;jhu;. ,jDila rh];jpupaj; jd;ikapid mOj;jpf; $WKfkhfj; jkJeldf; fr;Nrupfisr; rjpu;f;fr;Nrup vd mioahJ guj ehl;baf; fr;Nrup vd mioj;jhu;.,t;thW ‘rjpu;’> ‘guj ehl;bak;’ Mapw;W.

guj ehl;baj;ij ve;jnthU kjpg;Gs;s kdpjDk; ghu;f;ff;$lhJ vd;wpUe;j r%fr;#o;epiyapNy Uf;kpzpNjtp mtu;fspd; eldk; xU Gjpa jpUg;gj;ijNa cz;lhf;fpaJ.,tuJ fiyj;jpwikAk; Mw;wYk; moFk; ,urpfu;fisf; ftu;e;jd.

,j;jid fhykhfr; rKjhaj;jpd; ,Us;gutpa %iyKLf;FfspNy Gijf;fg;gl;bUe;jfiyg;nghf;fprj;ijg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid kf;fspd; Kd;Nd jdJ fiy epfo;r;rpfspd; %yk;nfhz;Lte;J epWj;jpdhu; mk;ikahu;.

,tuJ eldj;ijg; ghu;j;j gyUk; Nfhtpy; rpiyNa capu;ngw;W vOe;J te;jJNghypUe;jJ vd tu;zpj;Jg; ghuhl;bdu;. ,jdhy; kdq;ftug;gl;l ,tuJ fztUk; ,tiueldj;Jiwapy; NkYk; Cf;Ftpf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;. ,tuJ KjyhtJ gujehl;baf; fr;NrupvOk;G+u; kpA+rpak; jpNal;lupy; jpUthq;$u; ,isa kfhuh[htpd; jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.

rpy fhykhf khRgbe;jpUe;j ituf;fy;ypidr; Rj;jk; nra;tJ Nghy ,jidj;J}a;ikg;gLj;jp Kd;;ida rpwg;gpw;F ,jid cau;j;Jjy; mtupd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jid,tu; ed;F Md;kPfg;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. “,d;iwa #o;epiyapNy Nfhtpiy muq;fpw;Ff;nfhz;L tuNtz;Lk;” vdf; $wpAs;shu;.

Uf;kpzpNjtp mk;ikahu; jkJ ,yl;rpaq;fis epiwNtw;WKfkhfj; jhKk; fztUk;fyhepjp N[k;]; f]pd;]; Nghd;w rpy ez;gu;fSk; Nru;e;J fiyf;$lk; xd;wpidj; jkJmuq;Nfw;wj;jpd; gpd; cUthf;f tpUk;gpdhu;. ,t;thW Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l fiyf;$lk; “ru;tNjrf;fiyf;fofk;” vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,jw;F Xu; ,e;jpag; ngau; #l;l tpUk;gpaUf;kpzpNjtp gpugy rk];fpUj mwpQuhd Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfsplk; MNyhrid Nfl;lhu;.“fyhN\j;jpuk;’ vDk; ngau; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdnjdr; rh];jpupfs; $w ,tu; mjidVw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

fyhN\j;jpuj;jpd; KjyhtJ $l;lk; 1936Mk; Mz;L ijj; jpq;fs; 6Mk; ehs;$bw;W. “fyhN\j;j;puk; fiyfspd; Gdpjkhd ,lk;” vd Uf;kpzpNjtpNa njspthff;Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. “ehd; ,jidf; epWtpa fhuzk; ahnjdpy;> Rje;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp ,e;jpahtpopj;njOk;NghJ mjd; Md;khtpd; ntspg;ghLk; xUq;fpize;Nj Vw;glNtz;Lk;.Mj;khtpd; ntspg;ghL gz;ghL %yNk Vw;gLk;” vd mk;ikahu; jkJ fUj;jpidj; njspthff;$wpAs;shu;.

fyhN\j;jpuj;jpd; jiyaha ,U Nehf;fq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;. Kjyhtjhfcz;ikahd fiyfs; ahtw;wpdJk; ,d;wpaikahj xw;Wikapid typAWj;jyhFk;.,uz;lhtjhfj; jdpkdpj> Njrpa> rka> ru;tNjr tsu;r;rpapy; ,ay;ghfNt fiy nraw;gLjiyvLj;Jf;fhl;b mq;fPfupf;Fk; tifapy; cioj;jy; vd;gdthFk;. vdNt ,J ru;tNjr Nehf;Fs;sfiy epWtdkhFk;.

jkJ neUq;fpa cwtpduhfpa (rNfhjudpd; kfshfpa) uhjh =uhk; (gpd;du; uhjhNgzpau;) vd;gtiu xNunahU khztpahff; nfhz;L Uf;kpzpNjtp ,f; fiyf; $lj;jpidj;njhlq;fpdhu;. fle;j 75 Mz;Lfspy; ,e; epWtdj;jpNy Rkhu; 2000 fiyQu;fs; gy;NtWftpd;fiyg gapw;rp ngw;Wf; fiyAyfpNy kpspu;e;jdu;. kpspu;fpd;wdu;.

74

“gz;ghNl xU ehl;bd; kpfg; ngupa nghf;fp\khFk;. ehisa r%fj;jpw;F mtu;fspd;gps;isfs; mofpd; J}juhfr; rpwg;giljNy mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba kpfg;ngupatug;gpurhjkhFk;” vdf; fyhN\j;jpuk; %yk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; VidNahUf;Fk; mtu; $wpAs;shu;.

Uf;kpzpNjtp eluh[g; ngUkhdplj;J vy;iyaw;w gw;Wk; <LghLk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;.jkJ muq;Nfw;wj;jpd; gpd; 1939Mk; Mz;bNy fiy rk;ge;jkhd Rw;Wyh xd;wpidj;njd;dpe;jpahtpNy Kjd;Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;SKd; Mlw;furDk; Mde;jf; $j;jDkhfpajpy;iy eluh[dpd; jpUf;NfhapypNy> mtu; jpUr;re;epjpapNy jk;ik mu;g;gzpf;Fk; tifapNyeldhQ;ryp nra;J jdJ gpurpj;jp ngw;w eld tho;tpid mk;ikahu; njhlq;fpdhu; vd;gJk;ed;F epidT $uw;ghyJ.

,e;jpa eldj;jpd; rpwg;gpid vLj;jpak;g Kw;gl;l Uf;kpzpNjtp mk;ikahu;fiyf;fsQ;rpaj;jpNy ehl;bak; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW vOjpAs;shu;. “kf;fspd; ehl;baj;ijAk;,iwtDila gQ;rfpUj;a gpugQ;r eldj;ijAk; xd;WgLj;jpa fhuzj;jhy; ,e;jpaehl;baj;jpw;F Ntnwe;j ehl;L ehl;baj;jpw;Fkpy;yhjthW cau;e;j Md;kPf kjpg;Gk; jj;Jtf;fUj;Jk; mike;jd.

“fw;wJ if kz;zsT fy;yhjJ cyfsT” vd;Dk; $w;wpy; mirf;f Kbahjek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;j mk;ikahu; muq;Nfw;wq;fs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy; “,J xU fiyQdJMuk;gg;gbahFk;” vdTk; “mDgtNk rpwe;j Mrpupad;” vdTk; khztu;fSf;F mbf;fb$Wthu;.

“fyhN\j;uh” fhy; E}w;whz;L fhykhf milahwpNy jpNahn]hgpf;fy; fofj;jpdupd;(gpuk;kQhd rig) fhzpapy; fiyg;gzpia Mw;wpf;nfhz;bUe;jJ. gpd;du; rpwpJ rpwpjhfmilahw;Wf;Fj; njw;Nf ,uz;L iky; J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; jpUthd;kpA+u; vd;Dk; flw;fiuNahuf;fpuhkj;jpNy E}W Vf;fu; fhzpiaj; jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;lJ. ik#u; kfhuh[hthd =n[arhkuh[thbahu; ,q;F mbf;fy; ehl;bdhu;. nky;y nky;yf; fyhN\j;uh jdJ nrhe;jf; fhzpapy;fl;blq;fs; vOg;gpf; FbNawpaJ. ,g;nghOJ jpUthd;kpA+u; vd;Dk; Gdpj G+kpapNy kUz;B];tuehjupd; mUshNy fyhN\j;uh jdJ fiyg;gzpiaj; njhlu;e;J nrt;tNd nra;J tUfpwJ.

1986Mk; Mz;L ij khjj;jpy; ghujg; gpujkuha; ,Ue;j uh[Pt;fhe;jp mtu;fshy;fyhN\j;uhtpd; nghd;tpoh njhlf;fpitf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;tpohtpNy mtu; ,f; fiyf; fy;Y}upia“ru;tNjrf; ftpd;fiyf; fy;Y}up” (International college of fine Arts) vdg; ngaupl;lhu;.

Njtjhrpfs; vd;w Fyj;jpdu; kl;LNk fw;W> me;j];J mw;W fpl;lj;jpl;lkiwe;JNgha;f;nfhz;L te;j ,f;fiy> Uf;kpzpNjtp mtu;fspd; ,iltplhj Kaw;rpapdhy;Xu; me;j];Jk; ngUikAk; ngw;Wj; nja;tPf kzk; fkOk; rpwe;j fiyahf cUntLj;Jj;jpfo;fpd;wJ.

fiyfspy; kl;Lkd;wpf; Foe;ijfspd; fy;tpapNyAk; kpFe;j mf;fiw fhl;bdhu;.1934Mk; Mz;by; ng];d;l; jpNahN]hgpf;fy; i`];$iy epWTtjw;Fj; jkJ fztuhdfhyQ;nrd;w gpugy fy;tpkhdhd jpU.N[hu;[;.v];.mUz;Nly; mtu;fSf;F cjtpGupe;jhu;.,jd; gpd; nkhd;bNrup gs;spf;$lk; mUz;Nly; Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiy Mfpa fy;tp];jhgdq;fis epWtpdhu;. ,q;F lhf;lu; kupah nkhz;bN]hup mk;ikahu; mtu;fspd fUj;Jf;fs;Nghjpf;fg;gl;ld. ng]d;l; n]d;bdwp vbANf\dy; l;u];l; ,d; jiytuhfTk; mtu; ,Ue;jhu;.

mk;ikahu; murpaypy; jd;id mjpfk; <LgLj;j tpUk;gtpy;iy. MapDk; 1952Mk;Mz;bYk; 1956Mk; Mz;bYk; jpy;ypapYs;s kj;jpa muirr; Nru;e;j uh[;a rigapd;mq;fj;jtuhf ,Ue;jhu;. m`pk;rh ju;kj;jpidj; jkJ tho;f;ifapNy tho;e;Jfhl;bdhu;.

75

1977Mk; Mz;bNy ,e;jpag; gpujkuha; ,Ue;j =nkhuhu;[p Njrha; mtu;fs; mk;ikahiu,e;jpa [dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsuhf epWj;j tpUk;gpdhu;. Mdhu; ,t; Ntz;LNfhis mtu; Vw;ftpy;iy.,e;jpa ehl;bw;F Mw;wNtz;ba Nritapidj; jdpg;gl;l uPjpapYk; nra;ayhk; vdf; $wpamtUf;Ff; fpilj;j gl;lq;fs; mNefk;.

1956Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;fk; toq;fpa “gj;kG+\z;” tpUJ Njrhjpgjpahy;,tUf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

1957Mk; Mz;bNy “Kd;dzp ehl;ba kzp” (foremost dancer),w;fhd gupir rq;fPjehlf mfhlkp (Sangeetha Netaka Academy) toq;fpw;W.

kdpju;fisg; Nghy kpUfq;fisAk; Nerpj;j tha;Ngrhj gpuhzpfspd; eyDf;fhf,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpw;F %yfhuzkhapUe;jhu;. 1958Mk; Mz;L kpUfq;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLk;nfhLikfisj; jLg;gjw;fhf ,tu; Mw;wpa Nritf;fhf yz;ld; Nwhay; fofj;jhuhy;,tUf;F tpf;Nlhupah kfhuhzp nts;spg;gjf;fk; mspj;Jf; nfsutpj;jhu;.

1960Mk; Mz;L Humanities ,y; (Wayne state university U.S.A) lhf;lu; gl;lj;ijmnkupf;fg; gy;fiyf;fofk; toq;fpf; nfsutpj;Js;sJ.

,tu; 1962Mk; Mz;by; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l gpuhzpfspd; eyd;NgZk; rigf;Fj; jiytuhftpsq;fpdhu;. ,r; rigapdu; ,tUf;Fg; “gpuhzp kpj;uh” vd;Dk; gl;lj;jpid 1968Mk; Mz;by;toq;fpdu;.

1968Mk; Mz;L ,tUf;F Fellow ship of the sangeet Nataka Academy tpUJ fpilj;jJ.

1969Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpYs;s fy;fj;jh efuj;ijr; rhue;j “utPe;jpu ghujpgy;fiyf;fofk;” ,tUf;Ff; nfsut fyhepjpg; gl;lKk; 1972Mk; Mz;bNy “Njrpa Nfhjkh”vd;Dk; tpUjpid ,tUf;F rhe;jp epNfjd; tp\;t ghujp gy;fiyf;fofKk; toq;fpf;nfsutpj;jd.

fiyAyfpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rhjidfSf;fhd gupir 1977Mk; Mz;by; kfhuh\;buj;ijr;Nru;e;j Fuel Instrument Engineers ];jhgdk; toq;fpaJ.

,t;thW gy Mz;Lfs; njhlu;r;rpahfg; gl;lk; ngw;w xNu xU ,e;jpau; ,tNu.fyhN\j;jpuhtpNy gujehl;baf; fiy gapd;W Gfo;ngw;w fiyQu;fshfr; rhujh `hg;kd;(Hoffman) ahkpdp fpU\;z%u;j;jp (,tu; Gfo;G+j;j Fr;Rg;gpb eldf; fiyQUkhthu;) yPyhrhk;rd;> fpU\;zNtzp y\;kzd;> milahW jpU.y\;kzd;> G\;gh rq;fu;> mk;gpfh G+r;>rhe;jh jdQ;[ad;> ghyNfhghy; fpU\;z%u;j;jp> [dhu;j;jdd; MfpNahu; jpfo;fpd;wdu;.

,yq;ifapYk; fyhN\j;jpuhtpy; gapw;rpAk; Nju;r;rpAk; ngw;w ,ir eldf; fiyQu;fs;cs;sdu;. mtu;fSs; jkf;nfdj; jdp ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf;nfhz;l guj ehl;baf; fiyQu;fSs;fkyh N[hd;gps;is> jpyftjp fdfrig> gpuk= vd;.tPukzpIau;> gj;kpdp Mupauj;d> ghyRe;jupg;uhg;jypq;fk;> yPyhk;gpif nry;tuh[h> rhe;jhukzp kNfe;jpuh> nfsup Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkp>fkyhrdp [ajpyf;f> rhe;jh nghd;Dj;Jiu> rhe;jp ,uhN[e;jpud;> ePyh rj;jpaypq;fk;> Nkh`dhrj;jpaypq;fk;> n[aFkhup> mD\h kapy;thfdk; (mE\h ju;kuh[h)> NuZfh mk;gythzu;>rpthde;jp ̀ upju;\d;> gj;k[h rr;rpjhde;jrptk;> ,u[p thkNjth> c\h fdfRe;juk;> y\;kp>g;Uk;kP> ee;jpdp rptRg;ukzpak;> ̀ upNjtp [aRe;ju tpf;Nd];tup> gpujPgh Mupatk;r MfpNahu;Fwpg;gplw;ghyu;.

76

gyjpwg;gl;l JiwfspNy kf;fSf;Fk; gpw capu; tu;f;fq;fSf;Fk; ,tu; gynjhz;lhw;wpdhu;. vdpDk; fiyj;JiwapYk; Fwpg;ghfg; guj ehl;ba kWkyu;r;rpf;Fk; cau;Tf;Fk;tha;Ngrhj gpw cau; tu;f;fq;fspd; eyDf;Fk; ,tu; Mw;wpAs;s gzpfs; ,tiu vd;Wk;epidT+l;Lk;. ,tuplk; fw;fhj gpugy guj ehl;baf; fiyQu;fspy; gyu; ,tiuj; jkJkhdrPff; FUthfTk;> fyq;fiu tpsf;fhfTk; kjpj;jdu;. kjpf;fpd;wdu;.

fyhN\j;jpuk; ,d;W ru;tNjrf; fiyAyfpy; Xu; cau;e;j ,lj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.,jd; ];jhgfUk; “mj;ij” vd khztu;fshy; md;Gld; miof;fg;gl;L te;jtUkhfpafiykhkzp Uf;kpzpNjtpapd; fiyj; njhz;Lfs; ed;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitNa. ,tupd;rhjidfSf;Ff; fztuhfpa fyhepjp mUz;NlYk; gf;fgykhf tpsq;fpdhu; vd;gJk;Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ.

jpUkjp.Uf;kpzpNjtp mk;ikahu; mtu;fs; nrd;idapy; 1986Mk; Mz;L khrp khjk;24Mk; jpfjp ,t;Tyiftpl;L ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;.

guj ehl;baf; fiyf;F xU khzt guk;giuapidf; fl;b vOg;gpa mk;ikahu;mtu;fspd; fiyj;njhz;L vd;Wk; vy;NyhuJ kdq;fspYk; epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

77

jQ;rhT+u; Rg;guha el;Ltdhu;(1858 - 1814)

fq;if Kj;J el;Ltdhupd; Fkhuuhd ,tu; jd; gj;njhd;gjhk; gpuhaj;jpy; jQ;rhT+Uf;Fte;J FbNawpdhu;. ehl;baj;jpy; mtUf;fpUe;j ngUe;jpwikiaf; fz;lwpe;j kd;du; Js[hmtiu muz;kid ehl;ba MrhdhfTk; jQ;ir gpufjP];tuu; Nfhtpy; gzpf;Fkhf epakpj;jhu;.jQ;ir Nkyuh[ tPjpapy; xU tPLk; jQ;ir epyq;fSk; mspj;jhu;.

Rg;guhaidg; gw;wpf; $Wk; xU muz;kidf; Fwpg;G ntspapypUe;J el;Ltdhu;fs;>kpUjq;ff;fhuu;fs;> Mlw;ngz;fNshL k`huh[ Js[htpd; muz;kidapy; ;eilngWk; N`hypg;gz;biff;fhfr; Rg;guhad; M[uhdhu;. mtu;fs; M[uhFk; jpdq;fspy; vy;NyhUf;Fk;ehnshd;Wf;F egUf;F xU &gha; nfhLf;f cj;juT.

,e;j Mtzj;jpd; %yk; Rg;guhad; xU el;Ltdhnud;gJk; NtWgyUf;Fk;jiyik];jhdk; ngw;wtnud;gJk; mwpa KbfpwJ.

Rg;guhadpd; ,sty; ,irapy; ngUk; Gyik ngw;wpUe;j> nysfPf tho;f;ifapy;gw;wpy;yhjpUe;j rpjk;guk;> JwTG+z;L rpjk;guehjNahfp vd;w ngaNuhL njd;dfj;jpd; gyNfhtpy;fSf;Fr; nrd;W te;J gpwF fhrpf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhu;. Kj;J];thkp jPl;rpju; ,tuplNk=tj;ah cgh]id kw;Wk; ,iriaf; fw;whu; vd;Wk; Rg;guhadpd; tk;rj;jhu; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;.

Rg;guhad; nra;j jtg;gadhfg; gujf; fiyAyfpd; JUt el;rj;jpuq;fnsdr; rpd;idah>nghd;idah> rpthde;jk;> tbNtY vd;w ehd;F Fkhuu;fs; mtjupj;jdu;.

crhj;Jiz E}y; : kuGtop gujg; Nguhrhd;fs;gp.vk;.Re;juk;.

78

ikapyhg;G+u; nfsupak;khs;

ikyhg;G+u; Jiuf;fz;zk;khspd; ehd;fhtJ kfshf 1892Mk; Mz;by; gpwe;jhu; nfsupmk;khs;.

jd; jhapd; ehl;ba Mrhdhfpa jQ;rhT+u; fpU\;z el;Ltdhupd; Fkhuuhd ney;Y}u;KD];thp el;Ltdhuplk; mtu; ehl;bag; gapw;rp ngw;whu;. kplw;wpiriaj; jhaplNk fw;wpUe;jnfsup gjq;fs; ghLtjpy; ,izaw;wtuhf tpsq;fpa nghd;D];thkp vd;gtuplk; Vuhskhdgjq;fisAk; gpugy [htsp fu;j;jhthd jpUg;gde;jhs; gl;lhgpuhka;ahtplk; gy [htspfisAk;ghlf; fw;whu;.

epUj;jk; vd;w mk;rj;ijf; fhl;bYk; mtUila jpwik mgpeaj;jpy; ngupJk; gspr;rpl;lJ.mgpeak; nra;Ak;NghJ jhNd ghbathW mgpeapf;Fk; Mw;wy; ngw;w xU rpyupy; ,tUk;xUtu;.

jd; jhiag; Nghy; mofpy;iynad;whYk; rpwg;ghd jd; mgpea mofpdhy; fhz;Nghiuf;ftUk; td;ik ngw;wpUe;jhu; mtu;. Myar; Nrit kl;Lkd;wpg; gy;NtW muq;FfspYk;nfsupapd; eld epfo;r;rpfs; eilngw;W te;jd.

KD];thkp el;Ltdhu; kiwe;j gpd; nrd;id ney;ypag;g el;LtdhUk; gpd;du; mtUilaFkhuu; fe;jg;g el;LtdhUk; el;Lthq;fk; nra;jhu;fs;.

]u];tjpapd; mtjhunkd;W Nghw;wg;gLk; tPiz jdk;khspd; Fkhupfshdy\;kPuj;jpdk;khs; (,ir mwpQu; b.rq;fudpd; jha;) [ak;khs; (ehl;ba Nkij b.ghyru];tjpapd;jha;) ,UtUk; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nfsupapd; ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfspy; ghbapUf;fpd;wdu;.

fpshupndl; vd;w ,irf; fUtpapy; xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUkpy;iynad ,d;wstpYk; Gfog;gLk;gyuhkdpd; gf;fthj;jpaKk; mtw;wpy; ,lk;ngWk;.

03.01.1932 md;W nrd;id rq;fPj tpj;trigapy; nfsup mk;khs; epfo;j;jpa ehl;bak;vy;NyhuhYk; ngupJk; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJ. mjidf; fz;Zw;w Uf;kpzpNjtp ghtj;jpw; rpwe;jnfsupak;khspd; eldk; Xu; cau;jukhd rh];jpupa eldkhFk; vdg; Gfo;e;Js;shu;.

Me;jpu khepyr; rk];jhdq;fs; gytw;wpy; Mbg; ngUkstpy; rd;khdk; ngw;whu;nfsup mk;khs;.

fyhN\j;jpuj;jpd; epWTdu; Uf;kzp Njtpapd; Kjy; FU nfsup mk;khNsahthu;.b.ghyru];tjp nrhf;fk;khs; (nfsupapd; Ngu;j;jp) b.tp.ntq;fl;uhkd; Kk;igiar; Nru;e;jehdh f]u;> ghu;tjpFkhu;> yPyh N]hNf vd;W nfsup mk;khsplk; mjpf my;yJ Fiwe;jfhyk; gapd;wtu;fspd; ngau;fis tupirg;gLj;jpdhy; mJ ePz;L NghFk;.

,irf; fiyQu;fshd mupaf;Fb uhkhD[ ma;aq;fhu;> v];.uh[k; Nghd;w gyu;nfsup mk;khsplk; gjq;fs; fw;wtu;fs;.

nry;tj;NjhL gpwe;J nry;tj;NjhL kiwgtu;fs;> Vioahfg; gpwe;J nry;tk; ngUf;fpkiwgtu;fs;> nry;tj;NjhL gpwe;J twpatuhf kbgtu;fs; vd;w %d;W tiffspy; nfsupmk;khs; %d;whtJ tifg;gl;ltu;.

79

1935Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpaf; fhq;fpu]pd; nts;sptpoh khehl;ilnahl;b Vw;ghlhdnghUl;fhl;rpapy; jd; filrp ehl;ba epfo;r;rpia toq;fpa nfsup mk;khspd; nrhj;Jf;fs;nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf tpuakhapd. me;jg; nghWg;ig Vw;wtu;fs; mtUila kfd;fs; jhk;.(,tu; gjpide;J Foe;ijfisg; ngw;whu;. mtu;fspy; gy rpRf;fshfNt ,we;jd. filrpahf,Ue;jtu; ntq;fNlrd;. ,e;j ntq;fNlrdpd; kfshd nrhf;fk;khs;> jd; ghl;baplNk eldq;fw;Wg; gpd;du; jpy;ypapy; ];tu;z ]u];tjp elj;jp te;j ehl;bag; gs;spapy; Mrpupiaahfg;gzpnra;jhu;.)

tpjpnad;gJ mk; kfd;fspd; cUtpy; tpisahlj; njhlq;fpaJ. jPa gof;fq;fSf;Fmbikahd mtu;fs; jd; jhapd; eiffisAk; ,ju nry;tq;fisAk; jk; gof;fq;fSf;F,iuahf;fptpl;lhu;fs;.

Njtjh]p xopg;G kNrhjh> xU rl;lkhfpf; nfsup mk;khisg; guk;giuahf mtu;tho;e;J te;j tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wpaJ. xU rpW jho;tiwia thliff;F mku;;j;jpf;nfhz;Ltrpj;J> tWikapd; vy;iyf; Nfhl;il mtu; ntFJ}uk; jhz;lNtz;bajhapw;W. ikiyf;fghyP];tuu; Nfhapypd; filrpj; Njtjhrpahd ,tu; ,jdhy; jd; NtiyiaAk; ,oe;jhu;.

jpahfuha efupy; rpy rpWkpfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j khj Cjpaj;Jf;F eldk; fw;gpj;Jte;j nfsup mk;khs; ikyhg;G+upypUe;J fhy;eilahfNt jpahfuha efu; nrd;W te;j fhl;rpkpfTk; gupjhgj;Jf;FupajhftpUe;jJ.

vj;jidjhd; jFjp ngw;wpUe;jhYk; rpwg;Gfs; mile;jpUe;jhYk; tpjpapd; typikianty;y Kbahnjd;gjw;F cjhuzk; nfsupak;khs;.

mtuplk; gapd;wtu;fNsh md;Gilatu;fNsh mt;tg;NghJ mtUf;Fg; nghUSjtpnra;jhYk; “Co; kw;nwhd;W #opDk; jhd; Ke;JWk;” vd;w ts;Stu; thf;fpw;fpzq;f mLj;jfzNk mijg; gwpj;Jg; Nghf kfd;fs; fhj;jpUg;ghu;fs;.

mgpeaj;jpy; ,izaw;wtuhfj; jpfo;e;j ikyhg;G+u; nfsup mk;khs; 21.01.1971 md;W,aw;ifnaa;jpdhu;. mtUila ,Wjpr; rlq;FfSf;fhd nrytpid Uf;kzpNjtp Vw;whu;.Nfhapypd; ifq;fupaj;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf kdKile;j nfsupak;khs;Uf;kpzpNjtpahuplk; me;j tPl;il murplk; Ngrpg; ngw;Wj; jUkhW Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;J>mjd; Ngupy; Uf;kpzpNjtp gyKiw murplk; Nfl;Lk; gydpd;wpg; NghdJ. fghyP];tuu;NfhapYf;F mz;ikapy; xU trpg;glj;;ij mku;j;jp xt;nthU ehs; fhiyapYk; jd; gyfzpiaj;jpwe;J NfhGu juprdj;ijg; ngw mtu; jtWtjpy;iy.

milahwpYs;s Uf;kpzpNjtpapd; ,y;yj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W nfsupak;khs; eldk; fw;gpj;jhu;.nfsupak;khs; rpwg;Gfisg; gw;wpg; gpd;tUkhW Uf;kpzpNjtp $Wfpwhu;. El;gkhd mgpeaMf;fj;jpwd;> rpwe;j mofpa ght ntspg;gLj;Jif Kjypad mupjhfNt fhzg;gLk; xUrpyupy; nfsupak;khs; rpwe;J tpsq;Ffpd;whu;. Uf;kpzpNjtp nfsupak;khsplk; Kjd;Kjypy;fw;w cUg;gb “]u]p[hf;rY” vd;w rg;jkhFk;. nfsupak;khs; vd;w nghf;fp\k;fyhN\j;uhtpw;Ff; fpilj;jikahy; fyhN\j;uh gw;gy mupa tplaq;fis mtuplkpUe;Jngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ vdTk; Uf;kpzp $Wfpd;whu;.

jdQ;rad;> N`kkhypdp> gj;kh Rg;gpukzpak; MfpNahUk; mtuplk; fw;wtu;fNs.fz;ghu;it kq;fpg; nghyptpoe;j fhyj;jpYk; fpU];z gjq;fis mgpeapf;Fk; NghJ mtupd;fz;fspypUe;J fz;zPu; tbe;NjhLk; vd gj;kh $wpapUf;fpd;whu;. nghUl;fhl;rpapy; jd;filrp ehl;ba epfo;r;rpia toq;fpa nfsup mk;khspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhftpuakhapd. me;jg; nghWg;ig Vw;wtu;fs; mtUila kfd;fs; jhk;. (,tu; gjpide;J

80

Foe;ijfisg; ngw;whu;. mtu;fspy; gy rpRf;fshfNt ,we;jd. filrpahf ,Ue;jtu;ntq;fNlrd;. ,e;j ntq;fNlrdpd; kfshd nrhf;fk;khs;> jd; ghl;baplNk eldq; fw;Wg;gpd;du; jpy;ypapy; ];tu;z ]u];tjp elj;jp te;j ehl;bag; gs;spapy; Mrpupiaahfg; gzpnra;jhu;.)

tpjpnad;gJ mk; kfd;fspd; cUtpy; tpisahlj; njhlq;fpaJ. jPa gof;fq;fSf;Fmbikahd mtu;fs; jd; jhapd; eiffisAk; ,ju nry;tq;fisAk; jk; gof;fq;fSf;F,iuahf;fptpl;lhu;fs;.

Njtjh]p xopg;G kNrhjh> xU rl;lkhfpf; nfsup mk;khisg; guk;giuahf mtu;tho;e;J te;j tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wpaJ. xU rpW jho;tiwia thliff;F mku;;j;jpf;nfhz;Ltrpj;J> tWikapd; vy;iyf; Nfhl;il mtu; ntFJ}uk; jhz;lNtz;bajhapw;W. ikiyf;fghyP];tuu; Nfhapypd; filrpj; Njtjhrpahd ,tu; ,jdhy; jd; NtiyiaAk; ,oe;jhu;.

jpahfuha efupy; rpy rpWkpfSf;Ff; Fiwe;j khj Cjpaj;Jf;F eldk; fw;gpj;Jte;j nfsup mk;khs; ikyhg;G+upypUe;J fhy;eilahfNt jpahfuha efu; nrd;W te;j fhl;rpkpfTk; gupjhgj;Jf;FupajhftpUe;jJ.

vj;jidjhd; jFjp ngw;wpUe;jhYk; rpwg;Gfs; mile;jpUe;jhYk; tpjpapd; typikianty;y Kbahnjd;gjw;F cjhuzk; nfsupak;khs;.

mtuplk; gapd;wtu;fNsh md;Gilatu;fNsh mt;tg;NghJ mtUf;Fg; nghUSjtpnra;jhYk; “Co; kw;nwhd;W #opDk; jhd; Ke;JWk;” vd;w ts;Stu; thf;fpw;fpzq;f mLj;jfzNk mijg; gwpj;Jg; Nghf kfd;fs; fhj;jpUg;ghu;fs;.

mgpeaj;jpy; ,izaw;wtuhfj; jpfo;e;j ikyhg;G+u; nfsup mk;khs; 21.01.1971 md;W,iwgjk; mile;jhu;.

81

mgpeamurp =kjp ghyru];tjp (1918 - 1984)

mgpea murp vd miof;fg;gLk; jpUkjp.j.ghyru];tjp kuG topte;j ,ir> eldf;fiyQu; FLk;gj;jpNy 1918Mk; Mz;L itfhrp khjk; Nfhtpe;juh[htpw;Fk; n[ak;khSf;Fk;kfshfg; gpwe;jhu;. ,tu; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bNy guj ehl;baj; Jiwapy; Gfo;G+j;j eldNkijfspy; xUtuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;.

fiyf; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;jjhy; ,aw;ifahd QhdKk; fiyapy; <LghLk; cilatuhaf;;Foe;ijg; guhak; Kjw;nfhz;Nl fhzg;gl;l ,tu; rq;fPjk;> eldk; Mfpa fiyfisf;fw;whu;. ehl;bag; ghly;fs;> ,irg; ghly;fs;> Nr\j;uf;Qu; gjq;fs;> [htspfs; vd;gd,tuJ FLk;gj;jhupd; nrhj;jhf ,Ue;jJ. tPiz jdk;khs; ,tuJ ghl;bahthu;. ghl;bapd;ghl;bahd fhkhl;rp mk;khs; jQ;ir mur rig eu;j;jfpahfTk;> ghlfpahfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;.,tuJ jhahu; n[ak;khs; ,irg;ghly;fisg; ghLtjpy; Nju;r;rp ngw;wtu;. rpwe;j ghlfp.ghyru];tjpapd; ehl;bag; gzpf;F tpj;jpl;ltUk; jhahu; n[ak;khs;jhd;. ,tuJ je;ijahUk;Xu; ,irf; fiyQNu. ,tNu kfsJ guj ehl;baf; fr;NrupfSf;Fg; ghlfuhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;.ghyru];tjp ,irapYk; ty;Yeuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ,tuJ guj ehl;baf; FUtha; tpsq;fpatu;mf; fhyj;jpy; Gfo;G+j;j eu;j;jfpahf tpsq;fpa kapyhg;G+u; nfsup mk;khs;. gpd;du; ney;iyag;gel;Ltdhupd; kfdhd fe;jg;gh el;Ltdhuplk; gujf;fiyia Kiwg;gb fw;Wj; Nju;e;jhu;.

,tuJ guj ehl;ba muq;Nfw;wk; VO tajpNy fhQ;rp fhkhl;rp mk;kd; NfhtpypNygy rhd;Nwhu;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; eilngw;wJ. muq;Nfw;wk; nra;j gpd; njhlu;e;J vy;yhg;ghel;LtdhuplKk; fe;jg;ghtpd; kfd; fNzrd; MfpNahuplKk; gujf; fiyiag; gapd;whu;.gjq;fs;> tu;zq;fs; Mfpa cUg;gbfSf;Ff; fw;gidahf mgpeak; nra;tijj; jpU.rpd;idahehAL Fr;Rg;Gb Ntjhe;jk; y\;kpehuhaz rh];jpupfs; MfpNahuplk; rpwg;gk;rkhff; fw;whu;.

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kg;gJfspNy gpurpj;jp tha;e;j guj ehl;ba mitf;fhw;Wf;fiyQuhfj; jpfo;e;jhu;. ̀ ];jhgpeaq;fspd; cjtpapd;wpNa xU ghlypd; fUj;ijf; fz;fshYk;Kfghtj;jpdhYk; gpujpgypf;Fk; Mw;wy; gilj;jtu;. ,tuJ ,ir Qhdk; ,tuJ ehl;bak;rpwg;gila cjtpaJ. jdf;Nfahd eldghzpia cUthf;fpdhu;. ,d;Wk; kf;fshy;“ghyru];tjp ghzp” vd ,tuJ eldk; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

nrd;w E}w;whz;bd; ,UgJfspNy guj ehl;baj;jpw;F kjpg;G kpfTk; Fiwe;jpUe;jJ.vdpDk; ,jid ,tu; NkilfspNy Mbg; gujk; jdJ gioa kjpg;igg; ngWtjw;Fg;ghLgl;l fiyQu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. ,tu; jkpofj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpd; ,ju khepyq;fspYk;ntspehLfspYk; ehl;baf; fr;Nrupfis epfo;j;jpAk;> gujf; fiy gw;wpg; gy Ngr;Rf;fiselj;jpAk;> fl;Liufs;> E}y;fs; vOjpAk; mjidg; gpugy;ag;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

1953Mk; Mz;bNy ehl;baf; fy;Y}up xd;iw Muk;gpj;Jr; nrt;tNd elj;jp te;jhu;.,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;Jk; ,U ngz;fs; mq;F nrd;W ghyru];tjpaplk; eldk; gapd;whu;fs;.mtu;fs; nry;tp.\pahksh eluh[hTk;> nry;tp.fdNf];tup rq;fugps;isAkhthu;. 1955 Mk;Mz;L ntspte;j fy;fp jPghtsp kyupNy ,j; Jiwapw; jhd; ngw;w mDgtq;fisg; gw;wpehl;ba epidTfs; vd;w jiyg;gpy; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tUila Neu;fhzy;fs; gy ,y];Nww;ll;>tPf;yp khu;f; Nghd;w Mq;fpy rQ;rpiffspNy ntspte;Js;sd. nrd;id rq;fPj tpj;Jtrigapd;47Mk; Mz;L epiwT tpohtpw;F ,tu; jiytuhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;L epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.1959Mk; Mz;bNy jkpo;nkhopapy; ehl;ba E}y; xd;iw Nguhrpupau; \.,uhftDld; ,ize;JvOjpdhu;. ,e; E}ypy; ehl;ba nra;k;Kiw EZf;fq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;fpAs;shu;. ehl;batpsf;fg; glq;fSld; fhzg;gLk;. “guj ehl;bak;” vd;Dk; ,e; E}y; gujk; gapYk; khztu;fSf;Fcjtpahf ,Uf;fpwJ.

82

,tu; 1961Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ntspehLfspYk; ,f; fiyiag; gug;Gtjw;fhdtopKiwfisf; filg;gpbj;jhu;. Kjypy; Nlhf;fpNahtpw;Fk; 1962Mk; Mz;by; If;fpamnkupf;fhtpw;Fk; 1963Mk; Mz;by; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;Fk; nrd;W gujf; fiyapd; Nkk;ghl;bidntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tuJ khztpfs; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk; fdlhtpYk; ,f; fiyiaf;fw;gpj;J tUfpwhu;fs;. jpUkjp.Y}apfpwpg;];Rk;> gpupak;tjhTk; mtu;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

,tuJ fiy tho;f;iff;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jtu;fs; gpugy tof;fwpQuhd <.fpU\;izau;>nrd;id rq;fPj tpj;Jt rigapdu;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofr; rk];fpUjg; Nguhrpupauhdtp.,uhftd; [yjuq;fk; thrpg;gjpy; Gfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpa ukizahr; nrl;bahupd; cjtpahy;nrd;id rq;fPj tpj;trigapd; epfo;r;rpfspy; 1933Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; fye;J rpwg;gpj;Jte;jhu;.

,tuJ fiyj;njhz;bidg; ghuhl;Lk; Kfkhf 1977Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpa murhq;fk;,tUf;Fg; “gj;kG+\z;” gl;lj;ij toq;fpf; nfsutpj;jJ. 1973Mk; Mz;by; “rq;fPjfyhepjp”gl;lj;ijr; nrd;id rq;fPj tpj;trig ,tUf;F toq;fpaJ. ,t;tpUjpidg; ngw;wehl;baf; fiyQu;fSs; ,tNu Kjy;tuhfj; jpfo;fpwhu;. ,tiu ez;gu;fs; vy;NyhUk; md;Gld;“ghyh” vdNt mioj;jdu;.

,tiug; gw;wp [p.ntq;flhryk; jdJ “Dance in India” vd;Dk; E}ypy; tptukhfvOjpAs;shu;. 1977Mk; Mz;by; guj ehl;bak; gw;wp tlehl;bd; Gfo;kpf;f jpiug;gl ,af;Feu;fspy;xUtuhd jpU.rj;a[pj;uha; vd;gtu; jpiug;glk; xd;iwj; jahupj;jNghJ ghyru];tjp> mtUf;Fg;gy topfspYk; NgUjtp nra;jhu;. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; eld NkijfSs; xUtuhfj;jpfo;e;j ghyru];tjp 09.02.1984,y; cyf tho;tpid ePj;J ,iwtdb Nru;e;jhu;. vdpDk;,tuJ GfOlk;G gujk; cs;stiu epiyj;J epw;Fk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

83

mUzhry el;Ltdhu;

mstplw;fupa Nahf;aij epuk;gg; ngw;wpUe;Jk;> GfNozpapd; gbfspy; fhy; itj;jpuhjkhngUk; Nkijfspd; tupirapy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jtu; mUzhryk; el;Ltdhu; Mthu;. 1873Mk;Mz;by; gpwe;j ,tu; Fkhu];thkp el;Ltdhupd; %j;j Fkhuu;.

#upa%u;j;jp gps;isaplk; ghl;Lk;> je;ijaplk; el;Lthq;fKk; fw;W> kpf tpiutpy;midtiuAk; tpag;Gwr; nra;Ak; jFjpia mtu; Njbf;nfhz;lhu;.

Gjpa Gjpa jPu;khdq;fisf; fzpj El;gq;fs; nrwpe;j ya Ntiyg;ghLfSld;jahupg;gJk;> mtw;iwj; jd; rPlu;fSf;Fg; gapw;Wtpg;gJk; mUzhry el;LtdhUf;F mlq;fhj;jhfkhapUe;jJ. VNjDk; GjpjhfTk; kpff; fbdkhdjhfTk; xU [jpiaj; jahupf;fhtpl;lhy;mtUf;F czT Ritf;fhJ> cwf;fk; gpbf;fhJ.

fhl;L kd;dhu; Nfhtpy;> Kj;Jf;Fku el;Ltdhu;> jQ;rhT+u; uj;jpd el;Ltdhu;> nrd;id];tu;z];u];tjp Nghd;Nwhu; mUzhryk; gps;isaplk; fiy gapd;wtNu.

je;ijia ,oe;j jd; kfs; tapw;Wg; Ngudhd nrhf;fypq;fk;gps;is fhuzkhfVw;gl;l tptfhuj;jpdhy; mUzhryk; kapyhLJiwf;Fr; nrd;W jpUtpoe;J}upy; epue;jukhfj;jq;fptpl;lhu;. mg;NghJ mtUf;F ,Ugj;jpahW taJ. mjd; gpd;du; FkhuRthkp el;Ltdhupd;,Wjpr; rlq;Ffs; nra;tjw;Nf xU Kiw ge;jizey;Y}u; nrd;Wte;jhu;.

Ranfsutk; cs;s mUzhry el;Ltdhu; jdf;F ahu; %yKk; rpwpJ ,opT$lVw;gLtij Vw;Wf;nfhs;skhl;lhu;. ,tuJ Mj;k ez;gu; FURthkpg;gps;is vd;w ehj];tuf;fiyQu; Mthu;. yaf; fzf;Ffspy; mghukhd mwpTld;> jd;Dld; thrpf;ftUk; ehj];tuf;fiyQu; ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; jaTjhl;rz;akpd;wp mtUila ifia Kwpj;J thrpf;fKbahkw;jpzWk;gb nra;tJ FURthkpg;gps;isapd; nghOJNghf;F. jpUtpse;J}upy; el;Ltdhu; FbNawpagpd;Gk; jdf;Ff; fr;Nrupfs; ,y;yhj ehl;fis mUzhryj;jhupd; tPl;bNyNa fopg;gJ tof;fkhf,Ue;jJ.

mUzhryk; jpUtpse;J}upy; FbNawpa rpy ehl;bfspy; ele;jJ xU epfo;r;rp.filj;njUtpy; xU Kf;fhypapy; mku;e;jthW Ngrpf;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ mt;topNa tz;bapy;nrk;nghd;dhu; Nfhtpy; ,uhkRthkpg;gps;is vd;w ehj];tuNkij te;Jnfhz;bUe;jhu;. mtuplk;Cu;kf;fs; midtUf;FNk epiwe;j kjpg;G. mtUf;nfjpuhf ahUk; cl;fhuj; jaq;Fthu;fs;.mNjtpjkhf mtiu tz;bapy; fz;lJk; mq;fpUe;j vy;yhf; filf;fhuu;fSk; vOe;J epd;Wkupahij nra;jdu;. mUzhry el;LtdhUf;F ,e;j tp\anky;yhk; njupahJ.

vdNt mtu; jd; ,Uf;ifia tpl;L vOe;jpUf;fTkpy;iy. tz;bapd; gf;fk; Vwpl;Lk;ghu;f;ftpy;iy. ,ijf; fz;l uhk];thkp gps;isf;F xU Gwk; Nfhgk;. kWGwk; Mr;ru;ak;.rpwpJ J}uk; js;sp tz;bia epWj;jr; nrhy;yp> mq;Nf jpkpu;gpbj;jtd; Nghy; cl;fhu;e;jpUg;gtd;ahnud;W mwpe;Jth vd;W jd; tz;bf;fhuiu mtu; mDg;gpdhu;. tz;bf;fhuuplk; ,Ue;Jmtu; ahu; vd mwpe;Jnfhz;l uhkRthkpg;gps;is mUfpypUe;j xU filf;fhuuplk;ngz;gps;isapd; KJFg;G epd;W jhse;jl;LgtDf;F ,j;jid jpkpu; vd;why; vdf;F vt;tsT,Uf;Fk; vdj; njuptpj;Jtpl;L mq;fpUe;J nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. mjid mwpe;J nfhz;lmUzhryel;Ltdhu; mtUf;Fg; ghlk; Gfl;Ltjw;Fj; jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.

Nfhtpypy; jpUtpoh neUq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. jpUtpoh cgafhuu; VNjh mnrsfupaj;jhy;jd; cgakhd tpohit elj;j Kbatpy;iy.

84

me;jj; jpUtpohTf;F ,uhkrhkpg;gps;isNa thbf;ifahf thrpg;ghu; vd;gijmwpe;Jnfhz;l mUzhryk; me;j tpohitj; jhd; Vw;W elhj;j Kd;te;jhu;. mj;Jld;FURthkpg;gps;isia tutioj;J ,U ya NkijfSkhf fbdkhf gy;ytp xd;iwj;jahupj;jhu;fs;. mj;Jld; mUzhry el;LtdhUf;Fk; ,uhkrhkpg;gps;isf;Fk; ,ilapyhdgpzf;fpidAk; FUrhkpg;gps;isaplk; ,tu; $wptpl;lhu;. ,uhkrhkpg;gps;isapd; kfs; xUtUf;FFU];thkpgps;isapd; kfd; jpUkzk; nra;ag;gl;bUe;jjhy; ,UtUk; rk;ge;jpfs;. Nksk;njhlq;fpaJ. mUzhry el;Ltdhupd; Vw;ghl;bd;gb Nfhtpy; ehj];tuf;fhuu; cs; gpufhuj;jpy;ky;yhupAld; epWj;jpf;nfhs;s mLj;Jf; FU];Rthkpgps;is Muk;gpj;Jr; rpwpJNeuk; uhfMyhgidnra;J> Kd;Ng jahupj;J itj;jpUe;j gy;ytpia thrpj;jhu;.

rk;ge;jp> ,g;gb xU gy;ytp Njitah vd;W jj;jspj;J mtu; Nfl;lNghJ mUzhryk;el;Ltdhu; Nghu;f;fsj;jpy; xg;ghupah? Kbe;jhy; thrpf;f Ntz;Lk; ,y;iyNay; fl;bf;nfhz;Lfpsk;gyhk; vd;whu;.

,J ahu; FWf;Nf vd;W ,uhkrhkpg;gps;is Nfl;lNghJ ehd;jhd; ngz;gps;is.KJFg;Gwk; epd;W jhsk; jl;Lgtd; mUzhry el;Ltd; vd;W el;Ltdhu; gjpy; je;jhu;.rk;ge;jp> ,e;j MSf;fhfg; gupe;Jnfhz;L ePq;fs; tuyhkh? ehd; vd;W $lg; ghu;f;fhky;vd;id ,opTgLj;j te;Jtpl;Bu;fsh? Nfhgj;Jld; uhk];thkp gps;is Ngr ,jw;Fg; gjpiyvd; ez;gd; mUzhryk; KjypNyNa nrhy;yptpl;lhu; vd;W FU];thkpgps;is $w>uhk];thkpgps;is tPl;Lf;Fg; Ngha;tpl;lhu;.

,jd; njhlu;r;rpahf ,uhkrhkpg;gps;isapd; kfs; GFe;jtPl;bypUe;J gpwe;j tPl;bw;NfmDg;gg;gl;L ,wf;Fk;tiu jd; je;ijNahL ,Ue;Jtpl;lhu;. ,J mUzhry el;Ltdhupd;Ranfsutj;jpw;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L.

]q;fPjfhafhk;Uj tu;\pdp> ]q;fPj RuG+\dp vDk; ,U E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpAs;s,tu; %d;W Kiw jpUkzk; nra;Jk; re;jhd tpUj;jp fpilf;ftpy;iy. kapyhLJiwapy;tho;e;jpUe;J mt;T+upNyNa 12.06.1993 md;W ,aw;if va;jpdhu; ge;jiz ey;Y}u;mUzhryel;Ltdhu;.

85

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : Mf;fj;jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : ghly;fSf;fhd mgpeaj;jpid Mf;fp Mw;Wifg;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghL 2.3.1 : m\;ltpj ehafpfis mgpeapj;jy;.ehafh;fis mgpeapj;jy;.

ehaf ehafp Ngjq;fs;

guj ehl;baj;jpy; gjq;fSf;F kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,it [Pthj;kh>

gukhj;kh jj;Jtq;fspd; jhw;gupaj;ij tpsf;Ftdtha; mike;Js;sd. gjq;fs; ehafpia

[Pthj;khthfTk; ehafid gukhj;khthfTk; cUtfg;gLj;jpf; fhz;gpf;fpd;wd.

ehafpahdts; [Pthd;khthd gpwg;Gk; ,wg;GKila kdpj tu;f ;fj ;ijr;

rhu;e;jtu;fshfpwhs;. ehafdhdtd; gukhj;khthd gpwg;G ,wg;G vd;gtw;wpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l

MjpAk; me;jKkpy;yhj Mz;ltNd Mfpwhd;. khdplg; gpwtp vLj;jpUe;jNghJk; ,iwtidj;

jdJ ehafdhf tupj;J tzq;fp tPLNgW ngw;wtu;fSs; =Mz;lhs;> gf;jkPuh MfpNahu;

Fwpg;gplw;ghyu;. ,t;tpUtUk; gukidNa ehafdhf epide;J epide;J neQ;RUfpg; ghba

ghly;fs; ,d;Wk; kf;fshy; ghlg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

ehaf ehafpau; gytifg;gLtu;. “m\;ltpj ehapfh” vd ehafpfs; vz; tifahfTk;

\;Uq;fhu ,u]k; mEgtpf;ff; $ba ehafpfs; Kt; tifahfTk; ehafu;fs; ehd;F tifahfTk;

ehafpNahL cwTnfhz;l ehafu;fs; ehd;F tifahfTk; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. gujupd; ehl;ba

rh];jpuj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,tu;fSf;F gy tpjq;fspy; cjTtjw;F J}jpfSk; J}ju;fSk;

,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fSf;F rpy tpNrl Fzhjpraq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tu;fspd;

,yl;rzq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjhy; tu;zk;> gjk; Mfpa guj ehl;ba cUg;gbfspy;

nghjpe;jpUf;Fk; [Pthj;kh> gukhj;kh jj;Jtj;ijAk; ehaf> ehafpfSila Fzq;fisAk;

nray;fisAk; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L ghthgpeaq;fs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ ,yFthf ,Uf;Fk;.

86

m\;ltpj ehafpfs;

];thjPd gjpfh irtjjh th]f][;[pjht;uN`hj; fz;bjh irt tpg;uyg;jhr fz;bjhfyfhe; jupjh irtjjh g;Nuh\pj gu;j;Ufh jjhmgprhupfh Nrjp f;ukhj; y\z Kr;aNj.

\;Uq;fhu ,u] mEgtj;jpw;Fk; kNdhghtj;Jf;Fk; jFe;jgb ehafpfs; vz;tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLtu;.

mtu;fs; KiwNa ];thjPdgjpfh> th]f][;[pjh> tpuN`hj;fz;bjh> tpg;uyjh>fz;bjh> fyfhe;jupjh> g;Nuh\pj gu;j;Ufh> mgprhupfh Mthu;fs;.

1. ];thjPd gjpfh:

(rPij) ,e;j ehafp> fztdpd; md;igg; G+uzkhfg; ngw;wNjhL ehafdpd; md;Gk;MjuTk; vd;nwd;Wk; khwhnjd;w ek;gpf;ifAilats;. jhd; epidj;jij ehafidf; nfhz;LepiwNtw;Wgtu;. ,tspd; fhjyd; my;yJ fztd; ,tsplk; tpRthrk; cs;stdhf ,Ug;ghd;.,ts; ehafdhy; tpUk;gg;gl;Lr; re;Njh\pf;fg;gLfpwts;. jdJ mrhjhuz mjpu;\;lj;jpy;ngUik milths;.

NkYk; jdJ vjpu;ghu;j;jypy; Vkhw;wk; milakhl;lhs;. kyu;e;j Kfj;JlDk;RWRWg;GlDk; fhzg;gLk; ,e;j ehafp vg;NghJk; re;Njh\j;Jld; fhupaq;fisr; nra;ths;.

,ts; kd;jkG+[h> kNfhw;rtq;fs; rpUq;fhu ts rQ;rhuq;fs; G+Q;Nrhiyapy; cyhTjy;>[yf;uPil Kjypatw;wpy; <Lgl;L ehafdplj;jpy; gpupaKilatshapUg;ghs;.

2. th]f][;[pjh :

(khjtp) ehafdpd; tUiff;fhf tPl;by; fhj;jpUg;gts;. ehafd; tUk; rkak; jd;idmofhf myq;fupj;Jf;nfhz;L gLf;if miwia kyu;fs; thridj; jputpaq;fs;. GjpagLf;iftpupg;Gfs; Kjypatw;why; myq;fhuQ;nra;J nfhz;L ehafd; tutpw;fhf mbf;fbthrYf;Fr; nrd;W ehafd; tUfpwhdh vd tPjpia Nehf;Fgts;. MtYld; fhj;jpUg;gts;.,tspd; nra;iffs; gpd;tUkhW>

ehafNdhL fye;J cwthLtJ gw;wp rpe;jidapy; jpisg;ghs;. ehafdpd; tpNdhjq;fisg;gw;wpj; NjhopfSld; fye;JiuahLths;. ehafdpd; tpUg;gj;jpid mwpe;J mjw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy;Mil Mguzq;fis mzpe;J mtDf;Fg; gpbj;j czT tiffisj; jahu; nra;J itg;ghs;.ehafd; tUk; topia mbf;fb ghu;j;jtz;zk; tUq;fhyj;ij vz;zp kfpo;ths;. Njhopaplk;ehafidg; gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; Nfl;lwpths;.

3. tpuN`hj;fz;bjh my;yJ cj;jh :

(rPij) ,e;j ehafp tpufjhgj;jhy; Vq;fpj; jtpg;gts;. fhjyd; tuit topNky; tpopitj;Jf; fhj;J epw;gts;. Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; ehafd; tuhikahy; fyq;Fgts;. gpuptpdhy;thLk; ,tsJ kNdhepiy NrhfkhdjhFk;. tpuf jhgj;jhy; fz;zPiu tpLths;. ,tspd;nra;if tpguk; gpd;tUkhW>

87

Cz;> cwf;fkpd;wp ehafdpd; gpupthy; Ntjidg;gLths;. Njfk; ,isj;J mbf;fbngU%r;R tpLths;. Njhopauplk; jd; kdepiyiaj; njuptpj;J gupfhuj;ij tpdTths;.vjpYk; tpUg;gk; nfhs;skhl;lhs;. ehafd; jd;dplk; tuNtz;Lnkdf; flTisNtz;Lf;nfhs;ths;.

4. tpg;uyg;jh :

(uhjh) ,e;j ehafp fztdhy; Vkhw;wg;gl;lts;. jdJ fhjyd; my;yJ fztd;Fwpf;fg;gl;l re;jpf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;F tuhikahy; Vkhw;wKk; mtkhdKk; milths;. ,tsJftiyapd; tpisthf kdj;jsu;r;rp> gak;. ngU%r;R> czu;r;rptrg;gly;> fz;zPu;> kaq;Fjy;Kjypa mwpFwpfs; fhzg;gLk;. ,ts; jdJ Mir epuhirahdijf; fz;L fyq;fp rpyrkaq;fspy; %u;r;rpg;ghs;.

5. fz;bjh :(ghkh> rFe;jiy) ,e;j ehafp ehafidf; fz;bg;gts;. NtnwhUj;jpNahL $btpl;L

fhiyapy; tPL te;j nfhOeidf; fz;L fz;bg;gts;. kd;dpg;Gf;Nfhupa fztid Vsdkha;g;ghu;j;J ieahz;b nra;ths;. jdJ fztdpd; my;yJ fhjydpd; ek;gpf;ifj; JNuhfj;ijf;fz;Lgpbg;gjhy; ehafp Nfhgkile;J Nfhgj;ij thu;j;ijfs; %yKk; nray;fs; %yKk;ntspg;gLj;Jths;. ,tspd; nra;iffs; fz;bj;jy;> ngU%r;nrwpjy;> fz;zPu; tpLjy;>tUj;jg;gLjy;> gpukpj;jy;> KZKZj;Jg; NgRjy; Kjypad.

6. fyfhe;jupjh :(uhjh) ,e;j ehafp fztdplkpUe;J fyfj;jhy; gpupe;jts;. fztidf; Nfhgpj;Jj;

Juj;jpg; gpd; kaq;Ffpwts;. Nfhgk;> ntWg;Gf; fhuzkhf jdJ fhjyid my;yJ fztidcjwpj; js;spagpd; tUe;Jgts;. jdJ fhjyid my;yJ fztidf; fLikahfj;jz;bj;Jtpl;L jdpikahf ,Ug;gts;.

,tspd; nra;if tpguk; ngU%r;RtpLjy;> NgrhjpUj;jy;> fz;zPu; tpLjy;> gpukpj;jy;>kd];jhgg;gLjy; Kjypad.

7. g;Nuh\pj gu;j;Ufh :(fz;zfp) ,e;j ehafpia “g;Nuh\pj g;upah” vd;Wk; miog;ghu;fs;. J}uNjrk; nrd;w

fhjyid my;yJ fztidg; gpupe;jpUg;gts;. tpghghuj;Jf;fhfNth my;yJ NtW njhopy;fhuzkhfNth fztd; my;yJ fhjyd; J}uNjrj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhy; jdpj;jpUg;gts;. ,ts; ,g;gpupit Vw;ff; flikg;gl;lts;.

,tspd; nra;if tpguk; gpd;tUkhW> epj;jpiu mw;wpUj;jy;. clk;G ,isj;jy;> jd;ehafd; vg;NghJ tUthndd;W miyjy;. vg;NghJk; jdpikapw; gLj;jpUj;jy;> Nahrpj;jy;Kjypadthk;.

8. mgprhupfh :(#u;g;gdif) ,e;j ehafp fztid Nehf;fp efu;gts; my;yJ fztidj; jhdpUf;Fk;

,lj;jpw;F miof;fpwts;. J}u Njrj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; fztdplk; nry;gts;.

,tspd; nra;if tpguk; gpd;tUkhW> Mty;> tUq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa ,dpa vz;zq;fs;>fztDld; $b tho;jy; Nghd;w ,d;gf; fdTfs;> fw;gidfspy; jpisj;jy;> rkaj;jpw;Fj;jFe;jgb Mil Mguzq;fisj; jupj;jy;> re;Njfk;> rhJu;ak;> rkNahrpjGj;jp> tQ;rid>JzpT Mfpa Fzq;fs; ,tsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

88

,it ahTk; gufPahtplj;jpy; njspthfg; gpufhrpf;Fk;. Mdhy; ];tPah vd;gts; xNujd;ikAilats;.

,Jtiu vl;Ltpj (m\;ltpj) ehafpfspd; ,yl;rzq;fisAk; nra;if tpguq;fisAk;Nehf;fpNdhk;.

,dp ,t; xt;nthU ehafpf;Fs;Sk; ,Uf;Fk; %d;Wtpj ehafpfisg; ghu;g;Nghk;.mtu;fs; cj;jk ehafp> kj;jpkehafp> mjk ehafp Mthu;fs;.

cj;jk ehafp

jdf;Ff; nfLjp nra;fpwtu;fSf;F ed;ik nra;fpwts;. jd; ehafd; mguhjQ; nra;jhYk;mtdplj;jpy; gpupakhapUg;gts;. cj;jk ehafp vdg;gLths;.

kj;jpk ehafped;ikNah jPikNah gjpYf;Fg; gjpy; nra;gts; kj;jpk ehafp vdg;gLths;.

mjk ehafped;ikia kwe;J jPik nra;gts;. mjk ehafp vdg;gLths;. fhuzkpy;yhky; Nfhgk;

nghq;Fk; nghOJ mtisr; rz;b vd;ghu;fs;. mtSila elj;ijAk; mjw;Fj; jFe;jgbNakl;lkhapUf;Fk;.

ehafpfs; jpUk;gTk; %tifg;gLtu;. nja;tj; jd;ikAilats; jpt;ah vdTk;> kdpjtFg;igr; Nru;e;jts; khdtp vdTk; ,uz;Lk; fye;jts; kpr;iu vdTk; %tifg;gLtu;.

,e;jpuhzp> khyjp> rPij Mfpatu;fs; cjhuzq;fshf mikfpwhu;fs;.

89

\;Uq;fhu ehafpfs;

\;Uq;fhu ,u]k; mDgtpf;ff;$ba ehafpfs; %tifg;gLtu;. mtu;fs; KiwNa];tpah> gufPah> rhkhd;ah Mthu;fs;.

]; tpah ehafpapd; ,yl;rzk;

,tu; Kw;gpwg;gpy; nra;j Gz;zpaq;fs;> jtq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; kfpikapdhy; ,e;j[d;kj;jpy; ,iwtid Neubahf mZFjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisAila cj;jkgj;jpdpahths;.

,ts; jdf;Fj; jhyp fl;ba GU\idNa Mj;k ehafdhf Nerpj;J Mde;jk;mile;J mtDf;Fg; gzptpilfs; nra;J> nghWik> fUiz> Neu;ik> jd;dlf;fk;>,uf;fk; Kjypa ew;Fzq;fs; epiwe;J fhzg;gLths;. G+uz jpUg;jpAk; re;Njh\Kk;mtsplk; fhzg;gLk;.

,e;j ehafp Kf;jh> kj;ah> gpufy;gh vd %tifg;gLths;.,tu;fSs; ,sk; fd;dpia Kf;jh vdTk; Rkhu; 25 taJila mupitia kj;ah

vdTk; 40 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;ltis gpufy;ah vd;Wk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

Kf;jh ehafpapd; ,yl;rzq;fs;

fd;dpg; gUtj;ij mile;Jk; rpUq;fhu Nr\;ilfSf;Ff; nfhQ;rNkDk;,zq;fhky; (y[;i[) ntl;fk; milfpwts; Kf;jh Mths;. ,e;j ehafpapy; ,uz;Ltiffs; cz;L. mit

1. [;Qhj nastdh2. mQ;Qhj nastdh

1. [;Qhj nastdhjdf;F fd;dpg; gUtk; te;jij mwpe;jts; [;Qhjnastdh Mths;.

2. mQ;Qhj nastdh

jdf;F fd;dpg; gUtk; te;jij mwpahjts; mQ;Qhjnastdh Mths;.

kj;jpah ehafpapd; ,yl;rzq;fs;fd;dpg; gUtk; mile;Jk; rpUq;fhu tpyh]k; nfhQ;rk; njupe;Jk; gjpAld;

,zq;fpAk; ,zq;fhkYk; epjhd Gj;jpAilats; kj;jpah Mths;.,e;j ehafpapYk; %d;Wtpj Ngjq;fSz;L. mit>jPuh> mjPuh> jPuhjPuh vd;gd.

1. jPuhjd;Dila fztd; (ehafd;) jdf;F mguhjQ; nra;Ak; nghOJ> jdJNfhgj;ij xspf;fhJ NeuhfNt ntspg;gLj;Jgts; jPuh Mths;. ,ts;ehafNdhL khWghlhd thu;j;ijfisg; NgRgts;.

2. jd;Dila ehafdplj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Nfhgj;ij Neupilahf ntspf;fhl;lhky;ngha;f; Nfhgk; fhl;Lgts; mjPuh Mths;. ehafDk; cz;ikahfNt ehafp

Nfhgk; mile;Jtpl;lhs; vd vz;zp tUe;Jthd;.

90

3. jPuhjPuhjdf;F mguhjk; nra;j ehafidg; ghu;j;jTlNdNa mjpf rhf]k; nra;Jjd;Dila cs; kdj;ij xspj;Jk; xspf;fhkYk; fz;zPu; tpl;lOJnfh^ukhd thu;j;ijfisf; $Wgts; jPuhjPuh Mths;.,tspd; MAjq;fs; fLQ;nrhy;Yk; fz;zPUkhk;.

g;ufy;gh ehafpapd; ,yl;rzq;fs;

jdf;F fd;dpg; gUtk; te;jijj; njupe;Jnfhz;L> ];Uq;fhu tpyh]j; jd;ikfised;fwpe;J jd; gjpAld; $b Rfk; mDgtpg;gjpy; kpFe;j MirAilats; g;ufy;gh ehafpMths;. ,tSila nra;iffspy; mlf;fKk; fl;Lg;ghLk; fhzg;glkhl;lh.

,e;j ehafpapYk; %d;W Ngjq;fSz;L. mit jPuh> mjPuh> jPuh jPuh MFk;.

1. jPuh :jdf;F mguhjk; nra;j ehafdplj;jpy; fglkhd kdj;Jld; ];Uq;fhu

Nr\;ilfSf;F kdkpy;yhky; myl;rpakhapUg;gts; jPuh ehafp Mths;.

2. mjPuh :jdf;F mguhjk; nra;j ehafidf; fhjy; tptfhuj;jpy; Jd;GWj;jp> gag;glr;

nra;j ehafid rkak; tUk;NghJ jz;bf;fTk; nra;gts; mjPuh ehafp Mths;.

3. jPuh jPuh :ehafdpd; fhjy; Nrl;ilfis mtkjpj;Jk; mtw;wpw;Fg; gag;glTk; nra;gts; jPuh

jPuh ehafp Mths;.

,e; ehafpfspy; N[\;lh> fdp\;lh vd ,U gpupTfSz;L.

xU ehafdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ,U ehafpfSs; ehafDila mjpfkhdtpUg;gj;jpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdts; N[\;lh vd;Wk; kw;wts; fdp\;lh vd;Wk;miof;fg;gLgtu;.

gufPah ehafpapd; ,yl;rzq;fs;

jdf;Fj; jhypfl;ba fztd; ,Ug;gpDk; fs;sj;jdkhf mtd; mwpahky; fhjy;yPiyfSf;fhf me;epa GUrid ehLgts; gufPah Mths;. jdJ vz;zj;ijAk;nra;iffisAk; ntF [hf;fpuijahf kiwg;gts;. ,tSk; fd;

,tSk; fd;dpah> gpnuslh vd ,U tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gLths;.

1. fd;dpah :,ts; Rje;jpukw;wts;. jha; je;ijau; my;yJ rNfhjuDila ghJfhg;gpy;

,Ug;gts;. fd;dpg; gUtile;J fhjy; czu;T cjpf;fg; ngw;wtsha; jdf;Fg; gpbj;jkhdehafdplj;jpy; re;Njh\j;JlDk; ntl;fj;JlDk; Miria ntspapLfpwts;.

2. gpnuslh :fztDld; me;epNahe;akhff; Fbj;jdk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhYk; gpwu;

mwpahtz;zk; me;epa GU\idf; fhjy; yPiyfSf;fhf ehbr; nry;gts;.

91

gufPahtpy; ,d;Dk; MW tifahd cl;gpupTfs; cs. mit Fg;ij> tpjf;ij>y\pij> Fyil> MDrahid> Kjpij vd;gdthk;.

1. Fg;ij :guGU\dplj;jpy; Nrug; NghijAk; Nru;gijAk; kiwg;gts; Fg;ij vdg;gLths;.

2. tpjf;ij :nrhy;ypYk; nraypYk; rhJupaKilatd; tpjf;ij vdg;gLths;.

3. y\pij :ele;jijNah elf;fg; Nghtijg; gw;wpNah nfhQ;rKk; ftiyapd;wp

kdr;rQ;rykpd;wp myl;rpakha; ,Ug;gts; y\pij vdg;gLths;.

4. Fyil :fl;Lf;flq;fhj tpUg;gKk;> MirAk; nfhz;lts;. cyfpYs;s vy;NyhUNk

ehafu;fshfj; jd;id te;jilaf; $lhNjh vd vz;zpf; ftiyg;gLgts;. flTisNafz;zpy;yhjtd; vd epidg;gts; Fyil vdg;gLths;.

5. mDrahid :,ts; %d;W epiy Ngjq;fis cilats;. mit(1) fhjyd; jd;idf; $Lk; ,lj;jpw;F tof;fk; Nghyg; Nghf Kbatpy;iyNa

vd;W tUe;Jgts;.

(2) ,ijtpl NtW jFe;j ,lk; fpilf;Fkh vd;W ftiyAld; MNyhrpf;fpwts;.

(3) jhd; nrhd;d ,lj;jpw;F ehafd; jd;idj; Njb tUthNdh khl;lhNdh vdvz;zp tUe;Jgtd;.

,k; %d;W epiyikfSk; xU ehafpf;Nf Vw;glyhk;.

6. Kjpij :,ts; jdJ vz;zq;fisAk; MirfisAk; ntspg;gilahfNt nrhy;ypg;

Gyk;Gths;. tu;zid nra;ths;. kdk; tpl;Lg; NgRtjw;F xUtDk; ,y;iyNa vdg;ngU%r;nrwpths;.

rhkhd;ah ehafpapd; ,yl;rzk;

gzk;> fhR> eif> t];jpuhguzk; Kjypatw;iwg; ngWk; Kfkhf mNef Mz;fspd;fhjy; ,r;irfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F ,zq;Fgts; rhkhd;ah ehafp Mths;.

,tSf;F Mly;> ghly; Kjypa fiyfSk; ed;F njupe;jpUf;Fk; rhjhuzu; vd;Wk;miof;fg;gLk; ,e;j ehafpahdts; %tifg;gLths;.

J}jpfh ,yl;rzq;fs;

ehafpfSf;F cjtpahf ,Ug;gtu;fs; J}jpfh vdg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs; rfpfs; vdTk;miof;fg;gLtu;. ehafpia [Pthj;khthfTk; (Md;kh) ehafis gukhj;khthfTk; rpj;jpupj;Jgjq;fSk; tu;zidfSk; Mlg;gl;Lk; ghlg;gl;Lk; tUfpd;wd.

rfpahdts; gukhj;khtplk; [Pthj;khit mioj;Jr; nry;Yk; QhdFUthf ,q;Frpj;jpupf;fg;gLfpwhs;. ehafp jdJ kdjpy; vOk; cs; czu;Tfis rfpaplNkh fpspaplNkh

92

$wp ehafdplk; J}J tpLtjhfTk; rpy ghly;fs; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,g;gb ehafpapd;Njhopahf QhdFUthf tpsq;Fk; rrpfs; vz; tifg;gLgtu;. mtu;fs;

1. J}jp2. jh]p3. rfp4. Nrb5. jhj;Nuap6. gpuhjpNtrpsp7. ,ypq;fpdp8. rpy;gpdp

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l J}jpfs; xt;nthU fhupaj;jpy; ty;yik nghUe;jpatu;fshf ,Ug;gu;.

1. J}jp :J}J nry;fpwts; J}jp vdg;gLths;. ehafp nrhy;tij ehafdplj;Jk;> ehafd;

nrhy;tij ehafpaplj;Jk; vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jpwikAilats;. ehafpapd; me;juq;f ek;gpf;iff;Fcupats;. Mil Mguzq;fshy; mtis tprpj;jpukha; myq;fupf;fpwts;. rkak; tUk;nghOJmtisf; fz;bg;gts;. mt;tt; Ntisfspy; ele;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba Kiwfisg; Nghjpg;ghs;.gupfhrkhfg; NgRtjhy; jd; vz;zq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; xg;gw;w jpwikAilats;.

,t;thNw ehafDk; jdf;Fj; Njitahd nghOJ ,Nj cghajijf; iff;nfhs;thd;.Mdhy;> ,ts; mtid vjpu;j;J mtDila cghaj;ijNa mtd; Nky; gpuNahfpg;ghs;.

J}jp jd; fhupaj;ijf; FiwTwr; nra;ths;. ehaf ehafpfisr; Nru;j;J itg;gjpYk;xUtupd; gupjhgfukhd epiyia kw;wtu;f;F tu;zpg;gjpYk; ntF rhku;j;jpaKs;sts;.

2. jh]p :,l;l Ntiyiar; nra;Ak; Copaf;fhup jhrp vdg;gLths;.

3. rfp :ehafpf;fhfg; gupjhgg;gLfpwts;. ehafpapDila RfJf;fq;fisj; jdf;F Vw;gl;lJ

NghyNt mDgtpf;fpwts; rfp vdg;gLths;.

4. Nrb :ehaf ehafpfisr; Nru;j;J itg;gjpy; kpfj; jpwikAilats; Nfb vdg;gLths;.

5. jhj;Nuap :ehafpia tsu;j;j jhapd; kfs; jhj;Nuap vdg;gLths;.

6. gpuhjpNtrpdp :ehafpapd; tPl;Lf;F mz;kpj;J trpf;Fk; rpNefpjpahths;. ehafpaplj;jpy; mtsJ

ehafidg; gw;wp rka re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;wthW tpdakhfg; Ngrp nghOJNghf;Fgts;g;uhjp Ntrpdp vdg;gLths;.

7. ,ypq;fpdp :rkaj;jpw;Fj; jFe;jgb cUkhwpf; nfhs;gts;. my;yJ Ntlk; Gide;J nfhs;gts;

,ypq;fpdp vdg;gLths;.

8. rpy;gpdp :G+khiyfs; Kjypa myq;fhug; nghUl;fisj; jahupg;gjpy; ty;yik ngw;wts;

rpy;gpdp vdg;gLths;.

93

ehaf g;ufuzk;

ehafd; vd;gtd; jiytd; Mthd;. ,td; xU ehl;bw;Nfh> my;yJ tPl;bw;Nfhjiytdhfpwhd;. rhjhuzkhf ehk; Guhz ,jpfhrf; fijfspypUe;J njupTnra;jfjhghj;jpuq;fspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;wthW ehafd;> tpy;yd;> ehafdpd; Njhod;> tpy;ydpd; Njhou;vdg; gythwhf ehafu;fisg; ghFgLj;JfpNwhk;. xU rpy Fwpg;gpl;l Fzq;fs; mikag;ngw;wtidr; rKjhak; jiytdhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwJ.

ehafd; vdg;gLgtd; kf;fs; jiytdhfTk;> caupa gpwg;G> tsu;g;G vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;ltdhfTk; ,dpik> mlf;fk;> jpahf rpe;ij> jpwik Mfpa Fzq;fisj; jd;dfj;Njnfhz;ltdhfTk;> vy;NyhUlDk; ,d;Kfk; fhl;b md;ghfg; Ngrpg; goFfpd;wtdhfTk;vy;NyhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLfpwtdhfTk;> cs;sKk; czu;TfSk; J}a;ikAs;stdhfTk; ehtd;ik>ew;Fbg; gpwg;G> cWjp> ,sik> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> cw;rhfk;> rf;jp> Qhgf rf;jp> fw;gdhrf;jp>fiyfspy; Nju;r;rp> Rakupahij> nfsutk; Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;ltdhfTk; tPuk;>ijupak;> Nj[]; cs;stdhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e; ehafd; ehd;F tifg;gLthd;.

jPucjhj;j> jPucj;jj> jPuyypj> jPurhe;j MfpNahu; ehd;F tifahd ehafu;fs;Mtu;.

jPNuhjhj;jd;

jd;dlf;fKs;std;> fu;tk;> #J> thJ> mfk;ghtk; mw;wtd;> jd;dk;gpf;if> clYWjp>kdTWjp> tPuk;> mwpT Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;ltd;. jw;ngUik mw;wtd;. vj;njhopiyAk;kdjpy; gjpaitj;J> xOq;fhfr; nra;J Kbg;gtd;. Gj;jpf;$u;ikAilatd; vtNdh mtNdjPNuhjhj;jd; vdg;gLthd;.cjhuzk; : =uhku;.

jPNuhj;jjd;

fu;tk; cs;std;> jw;Gfo;r;rp> Nfhgk;> ngUik> mtruGj;jp cilatd;> Rygkhff;Nfhgq;nfhs;gtd;> nghwhikAs;std;> ke;jpu kha tpj;ijfSf;F cld;gLgtd;. jhd; nrhy;tijkw;wtu;fs; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;g;gtd; jPNuhj;jjd; vdg;gLthd;. ,td; ehafd;vd;Dk; epiyapy; ,Ug;gpDk; ew;Fzq;fs; mw;wtdhf tpsq;Fthd;. ,e; ehafd; jPNuhjhj;jDf;Fvjpuhd Fzq;fs; gilj;jtd;.cjhuzk; : ,uhtzd;> JupNahjdd;.

jPuyypjd;

jd;dlf;fKs;s ehafd;. ftiyAk; NahridAk; mw;wtdhapUg;gtd;. ,sfpakdKilatd;. vy;NyhUlDk; kfpo;r;rpahfTk; RKfkhfTk; goFgtd;. fiyfspYk;rh];jpuq;fspYk; Mu;tk; kpf;ftd; vtNdh mtNd jPuyypjd; vdg;gLthd;.cjhuzk; : = fpU\;zd;.

jPu rhe;jd;

ehd;fhtJ tif ehafd; jPurhe;jd; vdg;gLthd;. ,tDf;F mike;jpUf;f Ntz;baFzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW :

94

jd;dlf;fk;> fl;Lg;ghL> mikjp> rhe;jk;> nghWik Mfpa Fzq;fis cilatd;.nghJthfg; gpuhkz Fyj;ijr; Nru;e;jtdhf ,Ug;ghd;. kfpo;r;rpAk;> jpUg;jpAk; nfhz;ltdhfTk;gupRj;jkhd kdq;nfhz;ltdhAk; tpsq;Fthd;.cjhuzk; : Gj;jgpuhd;.

,e;j ehd;F tifahd ehafu;fisj; jtpu NtW tifahd ehafu;fSk; cz;L.mtu;fis rpUq;fhu ehafu;fs; vd;wiog;gu;.

];Uq;fhu ehafu;fs;

]k;tPah> gufPah> rhkhd;ah Mfpa Kt;tpjkhd ehafpfsplk; $b Rfk; mDgtpf;Fk;ehafu;fs; %tifg;gLtu;. mtu;fisg; gjp> cggjp> itrpfd; vd;wiog;gu;.

1. gjp vd;gtd; ];tPah ehafpapd; fztd; Mthd;.2. cggjp vd;gtd; gufPah ehafpapd; ehafd; Mthd;.3. itrpfd; vd;gtd; rhkhd;ah ehafpapd; ehafd; Mthd;.

1. gjp (fztd;)

Ntjhfk Kiwg;gb tpthfk; nra;J nfhz;l ngz;Zld; tho;gtd;.cjhuzk; : ,uhku;> rPij Nghy.

2. cggjp

me;epa ngz;fisj; jd; rhku;j;jpaj;jhy; trg;gLj;jp mDgtpg;gtd;.cjhuzk; : = fpU\;zDk; Nfhgpfh ];jpuPfSk;.

3. itrpfd;

tpiy kfsPuplj;jpNy gpupak; nfhz;ljdhy; nfsutk; ,Ug;gJ Nghy vz;zpg; gzj;ijr;nrytopj;J cy;yhrkhf ,Ug;gtd; itrpfd; vdg;gLthd;.

cjhuzk; : Nfhtyd; khjtp.

ehafu;fd; xt;nthUtUk; jj;jkJ Rghtj;jpy; NtWgl;lhy;> jpUk;gTk; ehd;F gpupTfshfg;gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. mit mE$yd;> j\pzd;> jpU\;ld;> rld; vd;gitahk;.

1. mE$yd; : cj;jkkhd fztd;> kpFe;j rhku;j;jpak; cs;std;> fdtpYk; kidtpiamfyhjtd;> jd; kidtpapd; tpUg;gq;fis clNdNa G+u;j;jp nra;gtd;mE$yd; vdg;gLthd;.cjhuzk; : vg;nghOJk; [hdfpiaNa Nerpj;Jj; jpl rpj;jj;Jld;

Vfgj;jpdp tpujdha; tho;e;J fhl;ba = uhkgpuhd;.

2. j\pzd; : jd; Mirf;Fg; ghj;jpukhd vy;yhg; ngz;fsplKk; Vw;wj;;jho;tpd;wpg;gpupak; itg;gtd; j\pzd; vdg;gLthd;.cjhuzk; : jruj rf;futu;j;jp> mu;[_dd;.

95

3. jpU\;ld; : ehafpf;F mguhjQ; nra;j gpd; jd;id kd;dpf;Fk;gb Ntz;LtjpYk;“,dp mg;gbr; nra;akhl;Nld;”| vdf; $WtjpYk; mYf;fhjtd; jpU\;ld;vdg;gLthd;.cjhuzk; : = fpU\;zd;> ehuj kfup\pahy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l ghup[hj

kyiu fpU\;zgfthd; Uf;kzpNjtpf;F #l;l> rj;jpaghkhNfhgk; nfhz;L gfthid epuhfupj;j NghJk;> mijg;nghUl;gLj;jhky; tplhKaw;rpAld; ghkhtpd; Nfhgj;ijj;jzpj;J gpd; re;Njh\k; mile;j fz;zgpuhd;.

4. rld; : jpU\;lidtpl ,td; khWgl;ltd;> jd;dplk; gpupaKd;d ehafpf;Nfmts; mwpahJ JNuhfk; nra;Ak; tof;fKs;std;. my;yJ ehafpapd;kdk; NfhZkhW ele;J nfhs;gtd;. ,td; je;jpuKk; fgl RghtKk;epiwe;;jtd;.cjhuzk; : jd;dplk; kpFe;j Nkhfk; nfhz;l rj;jpaghkh mwpahky;

,Uf;Fk;gb mts; tPl;Lg; ghup[hj kukhdJ Uf;kpzptPl;by; kyu; nrhupAk;gb nra;j fz;zgpuhd;,t;tiffisj; jtpu ehafu;fis cj;jk> kj;jpk> mjkvd Kg;gpupTfshfg; guju; jdJ ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy;tFj;Js;shu;. mtu;fsJ ,yl;rzq;fisj; jdpj;jdpNaNehf;FNthk;.

1. cj;jk ehafd; :

Ik;Gyd;fisAk; jdJ G+uz fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; itj;jpUg;gtd;. Gj;jprhyp> gyfiyfspYk;iftpidf; fiyfspYk; Nju;e;jtd;. xUnghOJk; ngha; Ngrhjtd;> ,d;gkhfg; nghOijg;Nghf;Ftij tpUk;Ggtd;. cjtp nra;Ak; kdg;ghq;F cilatd;. ViofSf;F MWjy;$Wthd;. rfy rhj;jpuq;fisAk; Iae;jpupgwf; fw;wtd;. nghWikAs;std;> tPud;> ,itNacj;jk ehafdpd; Fzq;fshFk;.

2. kj;jpakh ehafd; :

fiyQu;fspd; eil> cil> ghtidfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpy; ty;YduhAk;> mwptpy;G+uz tpsf;fKs;stdhfTk;> rhj;jpuq;fisf; fw;wtdhAk;> mjd; %yk; tUthiark;ghjpg;gtdhAk; ,Ug;ghd;. Gj;jprhypj;jdKk;> ,dpikahd RghtKk; gof;f tof;fKk;cilatd;. ,itNa kj;jpak ehafdpd; Fzhjpraq;fs;.

3. mjk ehafd; :

,td; fLQ;nrhw;fisg; ghtpg;gtd;. jPa gof;f toq;fq;fisAk;> fPo;j;jukhdvz;zq;fisAk; nfhz;ltd;. Fw;wQ; nra;tjw;Fr; rpwpJk; jaq;fkhl;lhd;. rz;il NghLthd;>mehtrpakhd fhupaq;fspy; <LgLthd;. ngUikAilatd;> ed;wpapy;yhjtd;> ngupakdpju;fisAk; ,opTgLj;jj; jaq;fkhl;lhd;. rz;ilg; gpupad;. ngz;fis ehLgtd;> ghtfhupaq;fs; nra;a Mty; nfhz;ltd;> fsTj; njhopy; nra;gtd;> ,itNa mjk ehafdpd;Fzhjpraq;fshFk;.

96

J}ju; ,yl;rzq;fs;

ehafu;fSf;F \;Uq;fhu tp\aq;fspy; cjtpahf ,Ug;gtu;fisj; J}ju; vd;wiog;gu;.,tu;fs; gPlku;j;jd;> tpld;> Nrld;> tpJ}\fd; vd ehy;tifg;gLtu;.

1. gPlku;j;jd; :ehafdplj;jpy; Nfhgk; nfhz;l ehafpiar; rkhjhdk; nra;tjpy; kpFe;j

ifnju;e;jtd; gPlku;j;jd; vdg;gLthd;.

2. tpld; :

rpUq;fhu tp\aq;fspYk; fhk rh];jpuq;fspYk; ifNju;e;jtd; tpld; vdg;gLthd;.

3. Nrld; :

ehafp> ehafu;fisr; Nru;j;J itg;gjpy; jpwik cilatd; Nrld; vdg;gLthd;.

4. tpJ}\fd; :

`h];au]k; cw;gj;jpahFk;gb ele;Jnfhs;gtd; tpflftp Nghd;w eltbf;if

cs;std;. tprpj;jpukhd thu;j;ijfshYk; eil cil ghtidahYk; gpwiu Ntbf;ifahfg;

nghOJNghf;fr; nra;gtd;. Nfhkhspapd; milahsq;fisf; nfhz;L tpsq;Fgtd; tpJ}\fd;

Mthd;.

97



nraw;ghL 3.2.4 : jpUthrfj;jpid mgpeapg;ghu;.

jpUthrfk;

,uhfk; : Nkhfdk;

mk;ikNa mg;gh xg;gpyh kzpNa

md;gpdpy; tpise;j MuKNj

ngha;ikNa ngUf;fpg; nghOjpidr; RUf;Fk;

GOj;jiyg; GiyaNdd; jdf;Fr;

nrk;ikNa Ma rptgjk; mspj;j

nry;tNk rptngUkhNd

,k;ikNa cd;idr; rpf;nfdg; gpbj;Njd;

vq;nfOe;jUStJ ,dpNa.

98


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.3 : tu;zj;jpid mgpeapj;Jf; nfhYg;gpg;ghu;.

nraw;ghL 3.3.1 : gjtu;zj;jpd; G+u;thq;fg; gFjpia mgpeapj;Jf; nfhYg;gpj;jy;.

gjtu;zk;

,uhfk; : Mde;jigutp M : ] f up f k g j g ]; 20,d;jhsk; : Mjp m : ]; ep j g k f up ] [d;ak;

rhfpj;jpa mikg;G : jQ;ir rpthde;jk;ehl;ba mikg;G : =kjp Uf;kzpNjtp mUz;Nly;

gy;ytp

]fpNa ,e;j Ntisapy; [hyk; nra;ahNjve;jd; rhkpia mioj;Njhb thb.

mDgy;ytp

kfpjyk; GfOk; nkj;j kfpik uh[ efupy;jpfpu rq;Nfe;Jk; nrq;if jpfo; uh[ Nfhghyd;

ruzk;

ghq;fhd kapNy mjpf ikayha;kjp kaq;fp G+t;thsp khkjdp Njh njhlu

gy;ytp

14

0 0

;; ghkh gh; ];h; ]fp Na ,e;

; eP up]; epj j Nt

gh ; kgepg epep // is apy; //

gh ; ; kfup fkh gh> j [h y k; nr a;

gh> kfkjg ah Nj

gkfup uP fup // ve; //

]h ; ; jg gk fup]h ; jd; rhkp ia

; ]up ]h eP m io j;

]h fup fh kh // Njh b //

gh ; ; ; kgjg epep ghkh th b

fhkh fkgh kfuP

]upfup gkfup ]h; // //

99

Kf;jhap];tuk; ]hfpj;jpak;

100

ruzk;> ruz ];tuk;

101

gjtu;zk;,uhfk; : Mde;jigutpjhsk; : Mjp (,ul;ilf;fis)

gy;ytp

14

0 0

;;;; ;; ]fpNa ,e;/ j Nt / is apy; //>>>> >> [h yk; nra; / ah Nj / ve; //jd; ]fpNa ,e;/ j Nt / is apy; //.... .. [h yk; nra; / ahNj / jshq;F jfjpF jf //

jjpq;fpz njhk;>//

jPu;khdk; (1)

jh; ;; up> ; j>;up>; j>; fp>; z>; / j>; f>; z>; f>; / n[k;> j> n[k;>//

j>; j>; up>; j>;up>; j>; fp>; z>;/ j>; f>; z>; f>;/ n[k;>; j>; n[k;>; ;; //

jh; up> j> up> j> fp>z>j>f>z>f>n[k;>j>n[k;>;/ j>j>up>j>

up>j>fp>z> / j>f>z>f>n[k;>j>n[k;> ; //

jh; up> j> up> j> fp>z>j>f>z>f>n[k;>j>n[k;>;/ j>j>up>j>

up>j>fp>z> / j>f>z>f>n[k;>j>n[k;> ; //

jhupj upjfpz jfzfn[k;>n[k;>jjupjupjfpz jfzf

n[k;> n[k;> / jhupj upjfpzjfzf n[k;>n[k;>/ jjupj upjfpz jfzf

n[k;>n[k;> //jhupj fpz n[k;>jjupj fpz n[k;>jjpe; jf jpj;>jh;fpljf jupfplnjhk;> / jupfpl njhk;>

jjpe;jf jpj;>jh; fpljf / jupfpl njhk;>

jupfpl njhk;>jjpe; jf jpj;> jh//

102

;fpljf jupfplnjhk;> jupfplnjhk;> j>f>jh>jzh jh> jzhjh> j / zh Nt / is apy; //.... .. [hyk; nra; / ah Nj / ve; //jd; ]fpNa ,e; / j Nt / is apy; //.... .. [hyk; nra; / ah Nj / ve; /jd; ]fpNa ,e; / j Nt / is apy; //.... .. [hyk; nra; / ah Nj / ve; //

103

jPu;khdk; (11)

14

0 0

j>f>jshq;F jfjpF jf jjpq;fpznjhk;> j> n[k;>jupjf jh ; / jFe;jup FFe;jup

fpljf jfn[k;> / jupjf nja;> ;jFe;jup FFe;jup /

fpljf j>n[k;>jupjf n[k;> jupjh>jP> fpljfjupfpl njhk;>j> n[k; / jup jfn[k; jup

jh>jP> fpljf / jupfpl njhk;>j>n[k;>jup jfn[k;> jup //

jh> jP> fpljfjupfpl njhk;>j>f>jh>jzhjh> jzh jh> j / zh Nt / isapy; //.... .. [hyk; nra; / ah Nj / jshq;Fjd; jfjpF jf

jjpq;fpz njhk;>//

104

Fiwg;G

14

0 0

jhupj fpz n[k;>jjupj fpz n[k;>jjpe;jf jpj;> jh ;fpljf jupfpl njhk;>/ jupfpl njhk;>

jjpe;jf jpj;>jh; fpljf / jupfpl njhk;>

jupfpl njhk;>jjpe;jf jpj;>jh //

;fpljf jupfplnjhk;> jupfplnjhk;> j>f>jh>jzh jh>jzh jh> j /

zh Nt / is apy; //.... .. [hyk; nra; / ah Nj / ve; //jd; Rthkpia / ;; mioj; / Njhb //thb / , / q; Nf //ve;jd; Rthkpia / ;; mioj; / Njhb //thb / ,/ q; Nf //ve;jd; Rthkpia/ ;; mioj; / Njhb //thb / , / q; //

105

jPu;khdk; (111)

14

0 0

thb / , / q; jshq;F jfjpF //jf jjpq; fpz njhk;>jPDj jj;>jpkp jhfjn[k;> jj n[k;jn[k; ; j / Uk; ; fjpk;> jf

jPDj jj;> jpkp / jhfj n[k; jjn[k; ; jn[k; j //

Uk; ; fjpk; jfjPD jpkpj jf jpkpjfplj jf fpljjfj jf / jpF jfjj;>jpj;>

jj;>(jh)fpljfjupfpl njhk;> / jf jj;> jpj;> jj;>

fpljf jupfplnjhk;> jf //

jj;>jpj;>jj;>fpljfjupfpl njhk;>j>f>jh>jzhjh>jzh>jh>j zh mioj; / Njhb //; thb / , / q; Nf//

106

mDgy;ytp

14

0 0

;;;; ;; kfp jyk;/ ;; GfOk; / nk j; j //;;;; ;; kfpikuh/ [ e / f . . upy; //;;;; ;; kfp jyk; / ; ;; GfOk; / nk j; j //;;;; ;; kfpik uh/ [ e / f . . upy; //

jPu;;khdk; (IV)

j>f>jshq;F jfjpF jf jjpq;fpz njhk;>jupj;j> jz jzjh ; / jzj;j>n[hZ

n[hZ jh ;n[hZj;j> / jpkp jpkp jh;

jpkpj;j> fpljf //

jh; jfjpF fpljfjupfpl njhk;> ;;j>jp>q; fp>z>njhk;>jfjpF fpljf jupfpl

njhk;> ;; j> jp> q; fp> z> njhk;>jfjpF fpljfjupfpl njhk;>; //

; j>jp>q;fp>z>njhk;>j>f.jh>jzh.jh>jzhjh>j / zh> GfOk; / nkj;j //;;;; ;; kfpik uh / [ e / f . . upy; //;;;; ;; jpfpup nrq; / Nf e; Jk; / nrq;if //;;;; ;; jpfo; uh[ / Nfh gh / . . y //;;;; ;; jpfpu nrq; / Nfe; Jk; / nrq;if //;;;; ;; jpfo; uh[ / Nfh gh / //

107

jPu;khdk; (V)

14

0 0

;;;; ;; jpfo; uh[ / Nfh gh / j>jshq;F jfjpFjf jjpq; fpz //

njhk;>jf;>fjp fjp n[k;>;jj fjp fjp n[k;>;jj;> jf;> fjp n[k;>;/ jfjpF fpljf

jupfpl njhk;>jf;> fjp n[k; / > jfjpF fpljf

jupfpl njhk;>>jshq;F //

njhk;> jfjpFfpljf jupfplnjhk;>j>f>jh>jzh jh> jzhjh>j / zh e; Jk; / nrq;i;;;; ;; jpfo; uh[ //Nfh gh / ... .... y / //

108

Kj;jhap];tuk;

Nfhu;it 1

14

0 0

nja;>; jj;> nja;>jj;> nja;> jh`hnja;> jpj;> nja;>jpj;> nja;> jh`h/ nja;>;jj;> nja;>;

jh`h; / jpj;> nja;>jh`h nja;>;;; //

nja;>; jj;> nja;>jj;> nja;>jh`hnja;>; jpj;> nja;>jpj;> nja;> jh`h / nja;>; jjj;> nja;>;

jh`h ; / jpj;> nja;> jh`hnja;> ;; //

nja;> `j;>nja;>`p>nja;> `j;>nja;>`p>nja;>`j;>nja;>`p>nja;>jpjpnja;>jpjp / nja;>nja;>jpjp

nja;>; (j>)nja;>jpjp nja;> / jpjp nja;>//

nja;>jpjpnja;> ; (j>) nja;>jpjp //

nja;>jpjp nja;>nja;> jpjp nja;>j>f>jh>jzhjh>jzh jh>j/ zh Nt / is apy; //.... [hyk; nra;/ ah Nj / ve; //

109

Nfhu;it 2.

14

0 0

nja;>Ak;>jj;>j>nja;>Ak;> jh;nja;>Ak;>jj;>j>nja;>Ak;>jh; / nja;>Ak;>jj;>j

nja;>Ak;>jh;/ nja;>Ak;>jj;>jnja;>Ak;>jh ; //

jj;>nja;>jhk; ;jpj;>nja;>jhk; ;jj;>nja;>jhk; ;jpj;>jpj;>nja;> ;/ jj;>nja;>jhk; ;

jpj;>nja;>jhk; ;/ jj;>nja;>jhk; ;jpj;>jpj;>nja;> ; //

nja;>nja;>jhk; ;nja;>`j;>nja;>`p>nja;>`j;>nja;>`p>j>f>j>f / j>fp>l>nja;>

jpjp nja;>j>f> / j>fp>l>nja;>jpjp>nja;>j>f //

j>fp>l>nja;>jpjp nja;>j>f>jh>jzh jh>jzh jh>j / zh Nt / is apy; //.... .. [hyk; nra; / ah Nj / ve; //

110

Kf;jhap];tu rhfpj;jpak;

14

0 0

eh fupf kpfTk;]u] tif / aha; kyuiz

Nky; / mDjpdKk;

mUik ahf ]y;yhgkjpnahL ey;y / cy;yh] tpy;yh]/ fyhTk; epyhtpy; //

Fyht ve;jd; ]fpNa,e; / j Nt / is apy; //.... .. [h yk;nra; / ah Nj / ve; //jd; rfpNa / .... .... / .... .... //

111

ruzk; (xU fisapy; Nghlg;gLk;)

ml;lkp

14

0 0

j>f>jp>kp>j>f>jp>kp> / j>f>jp>kp/ j>f>jp>kp>//

jfjpkp>jfjpkpjfjpkp>jfjpkp / jfjpkp>jfjpkp / jfjpkp jfjpkp

jfjpkp jfjpkpnka;alT

j>f>jp>kp>j>f>jp>kp> / j>f>jp>kp> / j>f>jp>kp> //

jfjpkp ;;jfjpkp ;; / jfjpkp ;; / jfjpkp ;; //

jp>jp>nja;>;j>f>jp>kp> / jp>jp>nja;> ; / j>f>jp>kp //

jp jp nja;>;; jp>jp>nja;>; ;; / jpjp nja;> ;; / jpjp nja;> ;; //

jpjpnja;>jpjp nja;>jpjp nja;>jpjp nja;> / jpjp nja;>

jpjp nja;> / jpjp nja;>jpjp nja;> //

jh nja; nja;jjpj; nja; nja;jjh nja; nja;jjpj; nja; nja;j / jfjpkp jfjpkp / jshq;F njhk;

nja;nja; jpjpnja; //

gh ;; gh ; kh fh fh / kh ;; gh / kh kh fh uP //fh ;; khfh fh uP]h / ePep ]h ] epep / ]fup fh kfk //

112

1MtJ Nfhu;it

14

0 0

j>f>jfjpkpjfjpkp jh nja;nja; j / jpj; nja; nja;j

j> f> / jfjpkp jfjpkp //

jh nja; nja;jjpj; nja; nja;jjfjpkp nja;jpjp nja; nja; / jpjp nja;> (j)

nja; jpjp nja;nja; jpjp / nja;> (j) nja;

jpjp nja; nja;jpjp nja; //

113

2MtJ Nfhu;it

14

0 0

jh nja; nja;jjpj; nja; nja;j / jh nja; nja;j / jpj; nja; nja;j //

jj;>nja;>jh`hjpj;>nja;>jh`h/ jj;>nja; jh`h / jpj; nja; jh`h //

jj; nja; jh`hjpj; nja; jh`hjj; nja; jh`hjpj; nja; jh`h / nja;`j; nja;`p

nja; nja; jpjp nja; / nja;`j; nja;`pnja;nja; jpjpnja; //

jfpl> jfpljf jjpq;fpznjhk;> jfpl jfpl / jfjjpq;fpz

njhk;> jfpl / jfpl jfjjpq;fpz njhk; //

114

3MtJ Nfhu;it

14

0 0

nja;>nja;>jhk;nja;>nja;>jhk;jp>jp> / nja;>jp>jp>nja;> / j>fp>l>j> //

fp>l>j>fp>l>j>fp>l> / jp>jp>nja;>jp> / jp>nja;>jp>jp> //

nja;>jp>jp>nja;>jp>jp>nja;>jf / jfpl jfpl jfpl / jfpl nja; jpj;jh//

> jj; jpj; jhnja; jpjp nja;nja; jpj; jh>jj; jpj; jh / nja; jpjp

nja; nja;jpj; jh / > jj; jpj; jh

nja; jpjp nja; //

115

4MtJ Nfhu;it

14

0 0

j>f>jp>kp>j>fp>l>j> / f>jp>kp>j> / fp>l>j>f> //

jp>kp>j>fp>l>j>f>jp> / kp>j>fp>l> / nja;>Ak;>jj;>j> //

nja;>nja;>jpjpnja;>nja;>Ak;>jj;>j> / nja;>nja;>

jpjp nja;> / j>fp>l>jpjp nja; //

> jpjp nja;>nja;nja; jpjp nja;>>(jf)jpjp nja;>jpjp nja;> / nja; nja;

jpjp nja;>>(jf) jpjp nja; / > jpjp nja;>

nja; nja;jpjp nja; //

ghq; fh d kap / Ny m / jp f ika //yha; kjp kaq;fp / G+t; thspkh / kjdpNjh Jld; //

116

ruz ];tuk;1

40 0

1. eP ;; ]h; > fuPeP / eP> ]h>eP / fhuP fh kh // ePq; fh ,utpy; / G+q; fh F / apy; gY f //

j>f>jp>kp> j>f>jp>kp> / jj;> nja;> jh`h / jf jjpq;fpz njhk;>//

nja;Ak; jj;j nja;Ak; jh nja;Ak; jj;j nja;Ak; jpj;j / h nja; jpjp

nja; jpj; jh nja; / jpjp nja;jpj; jh nja;jpjp nja; /(ghq;fhd)

117

14

0 0

2. fh fh kf fup ]h> fup] epep / ]h ep fh upkh/ f gh kf upfk// VNjh xUtif ah a; tUFjb / epdJ gh a khtpkhtp/ Ntf ea Fz //

jh nja; nja;j jpj; nja; nja;j / nja; nja; jpjp nja;

(jf)nja; nja; / jpjp nja; ;(jf)nja;nja; jpjp nja; //

nja;Ak; jj;j nja; nja; jpjpnja; nja;Ak; jj;j nja; nja; jpjpnja;/ jfpl jfjpkp nja;;/ jpjp nja;

nja; jpjpnja; nja;jpjp nja; // (ghq;fhd)

118

14

0 0

3. ghgh jg kf kh; khkh / gkfup fh> k / gk fk fupfk // kh Nkhfd ujp Na eP jhd; / jaTlNd J / iuia tuTk; nrhy;yb// ghj gk khgkf fh kfup uPfup]/ epfup kfg kj/ g]; epj gkfk// ePLkyu; #b cwthb tpisahb ];Ujp / $b ,irghb vd;id/ $lkdk; Nkhb vd;d//

1. nja;>nja;> nja;>nja;nja; jhk; ; nja;> nja;>/ nja;> nja; nja;

jhk;> j / fpl jfpl jfpl //

nja;> nja;> nja;> nja; nja; jhk; ; nja;> nja;> / nja;>nja; nja;

jhk;> j / fpl jfpl jfpl //

jh nja; nja; j jpj; nja; nja;j jh nja; nja; j jpj; nja; nja;j / > jfjpF jjpq;

fpznjhk; jfjpF / jjpq;fpz njhk;jfjpF jjpq;fpz njhk; //

(ghq;fhd)2. jj;>nja;> jh`h nja; nja; jhk;; jpj;> nja;> / jh`h nja;nja;

jhk;> j / fpl jfplnja; jpjp nja; //

jj;> nja;> jh`h nja; nja; jhk; jpj;> nja;> jh`h nja; nja;

jhk;> j fpl jfplnja; jpjp nja;

jh nja;> nja;> j> jpj;>nja;>nja;>j> / nja; ah nja;ap

nja; ah nja;ap / jj; nja; jh`hjf jjpq; fpznjhk; //

(ghq;fhd)

119

G+u;tp fy;ahzp tu;zj;jpd; ];tu rhfpj;jpak;

,uhfk; : G+u;tp fy;ahzp M : ]upfkgjg];jhsk; : Mjp (,uz;L fis) m : ];epjgkfup]

rhfpj;afu;j;jh : Nf.vd;.jz;lhAjghzpg;gps;iseld mikg;G : jpUkjp. fpU\he;jp utPe;jpuh

gy;ytp

rhkpia tur; nrhy;yb rfpNa Fkhu (rhkp)

G+kp GfOk; rptfhkp kfpOkp; ghyd; (G+kp)

mEgy;ytp

jhkjk; nra;a yhFNkh ,J rkak; (jhk)

fhkd; fiz njhLj;J fyq;fr; nra;fpwhdb (fhk)

rpl;l];tu ]h`pj;ak;

$b Rfk; ngwNt Njb mtdUis

ehb fdpe; JUfpg; ghb mDjpdKk;

Mb miye;J kdk; thb tjq;Fjb

Nfhb Gz;zpak; jhdb eP Nghb (rhkp)

ruzk;

nrhy;yb kdk; fy;Nyhb [hyk; nra;tNjdb (nrhy;)

vj;Jf;fil rh`pj;ak;

1. kh kjp Kfj;ijf; fhz Ntz;L nkd;W (nrhy;)

2. fs;sj; jdKk; nfhz;L / nks;s ele;J te;J

js;shbj; js;shb / ts;spNky; tpOe;jtu;f;F (nrhy;)

3. tz;zkh kapNywp ,q;Ftu / vz;zkh Vkhw;wkh - ,e;j

kz;Zk; tpz;Zk; VNdh RoYjb /

fz;Zk; cwq;fhJ fhj;J epw;Ngndd;W (nrhy;)

4. xUehs; vd; fdtpdpy; te;jhdb ngUk; tpe;ij jhdb

fUizAs;sk; mUs;GupAnkd;W jtkpUe;Jk; xU gaDkpy;iyab - ,sk;

gUtfhyk; jpUk;g tUNkhb kdKUfp thOk; epiyaWNkhb - ,J

jUzk; jpU godp kiyapy; ciwgtid kUtplNt ,Ufuk; Jbf;Fjb (nrhy;)

120

gy;ytp1

40 0

gh; - gk - fup - ]up - up]jh - >]hup / fh; ; - fk / gh> - kfupfk // ];th - kp - ia - t - u ----r; - nrhy;y / b - - rfp / Na- - Fkh-u- //

(rhkp) fh; kfup] - jh - up] - gjgh - / ]upfupfh - fk / jkfup - uP // G+ - kp - G - f - Ok; - rp - t- / fh - - - kp - k - / fpOk; - ghyd; //

(G+kp) mEgy;ytp

jh; - kjgh - gkfkup - fhk / gh; ; - fk / jkfup - ]huP // jh - k - jk; - nra;a - - yhF / Nkh - - - , - / J - - rk -ak;-//

(jhkjk;)

fh - - - kd; - fiz - njh - L - j;J / f- yq;-fr; - nra; / fp - wh - db //

(fhkd;)

rpl;il ];tu rhfpj;ak;

];hepj];epj gk f epj gkfupf / ghk fup ]upj / ]hup fkgjg //

$bRfk;ngwNt Njb mtdUis / ehb fdpe;JUfpg; / ghb mDjpdKk; //

kfk - jkj - ];ep - jf;up - ];j];kj / ];hep - jgk - epj /

Mb - miye;J - kdk; - th - b - tjq;Fjb / Nfhb - Gz;zpak; - jh /

epgh - k - fupfk //

vb - eP - Nghb // (rhkp)

ruzk;

gh - jepgjgh> jgh - fhkh / gh ;; - j]; / ep - ghk - fupfk //

nrhy;- y-b - - kdk;-fy;Nyh / b - - - [h /yk;-nra;t- Nj -db //

(nrhy;yb)vj;Jf;fil ];tu rhfpj;jpak;

1. gh; ; -jh - kh - fhuP ]h / jh> ]h> - uP / fh uP - fhkh //

kh - - - k - jp - Kfj;ijf; / fh - z - Nt / z;L - kb //

(nrhy;yb)2. jepj -gkgkg -kjk-fup ]upf /j]hup - fkhg / kepj - kfupfk //

fs;sj;-jdKk;nfhz;L-nks;s-ele;J /js;shb-js;shb /ts;spNky;-tpOe;jtu;f;F//

(nrhy;yb)3. ];jepkh>- kj-];epj-kjk-fup /]upfkh> - gh / fhk gh> - gj //

tz;zkh-kap-Ny-wp-,q;F-tu /vz;zkh - V / khw;wkh - ,e;j //

kz;Zk;-tpz;Zk;-V--Ndh-RoYjb /fz;Zk;-c-wq;-fh-J /fhj;jpUg;-Ngndd;W //

(nrhy;yb)

/ /

/ /

/

/

121

4. ];epjh; gk- gepjk- gh>fh> - k / gh ; ; - gk / fkup - fhkgj //

xUehs;-vd;-fdtpdpy;-te;jh-d / b - - - ngUk; / tpe;ij - jhdb //

kfup - ]hup - j] - upfup - ]hupfk / epjk;- jk - fup] / fupfkgh - kf //

fUiz-As;sk;-mUs;-GupA-nkd;Wjt / kpUe;Jk;-xU-gaDk; / ,y;iyab - ,sk;

up]up- fhk - upf - upfkghj - gk / fepj - ghk - fup / fkjup]h - upj //

gUt - fhyk;-jpUk;gtUNkhb - kd / KUfp-thOk;-epiy / aWNkhb - ,J //

jUzk; - jpU-godp-kiyapy;-ciwgtid /kUtplNt - ,U /fuk; - Jbf;Fjb //

(nrhy;yb)

/ / //

126

rpl;il];tuk;

129


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.4 : eldj;jpw;Fupa xg;gidfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

nraw;ghL 3.4.1 : Kfj;jpw;Fupa xg;gidiaAk; jiyf;Fupa myq;fhuj;jpidAk;cil myq;fhuj;jpidAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.

Kf xg;gid

ehl;ba myq;fhuj;jpy; Kf xg;gid Kf;fpakhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; Kf xg;gidf;F

,aw;ifg; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. Kfj;jpw;F kQ;rSk; cjl;by; ntw;wpiy rg;gpajhy;

cz;lhd rptg;Gr; rhaKk; new;wpapy; Fq;FkKk; fupapdhy; cUthf;fpa fz; ik Kf;fpa

xg;gid rhjdkhfg; gad;gl;lJ.

,d;W gytifahd etPd xg;gid rhjdg; nghUl;fs; gad;gLfpwJ. vz;nza;f;

frpT mOf;F ePf;f Nuhzu; (toner) gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Njitaw;w jOk;ig kiwf;f Make

up maslk gad;gLfpwJ. gpd; ghj;jpuj;jpd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd epwq;fspy; Pan cake

gad;gLfpwJ. mjd; gpd; powder G+rg;gl;L mLj;J eye show > Eye liner vd;gd

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. cjLfspd; jd;ikf;Nfw;g lipstick G+RtJ rpwe;jJ.

130

Mil myq;fhuk;

ehl;bag; ngz;zpd; cilahdJ mtutu; taJf;Nfw;g> epwk;> gUkd; vd;gdtw;iwf;

fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mikf;fNtz;Lk;.

Muk;gfhy cil gy;ytu;> Nrhou; fhy rpw;gq;fspy; cs;sJ Nghy khu;Gf; fr;irAk;>rhjhuz [hf;nfl;Lk; ,Lg;gpd; fPo; gp[hkh tbtpy; Nriy my;yJ Rq;fpb Nriymzpe;jpUe;jhu;fs;.

gpd;du; n[ayf;Rkp> ghyru];tjp ehl;ba Nkijfspd; fhyj;jpy; KOr; Nriyiamzpe;jhu;fs;. ,jd;NghJ gp[hkhit cgNahfpj;J Koq;fhy; cauj;jpy; Nriyia mzpe;JKe;jhidia Kd;Gwkhfg; gy tbtq;fspy; tpupj;Jf; fl;bdhu;fs;.

Uf;kzpNjtp jd;Dila khztu;fspd; fr;Nrupfspy; moFwj; ijf;fg;gl;l tprpwpkbg;G Milfisg; gad;gLj;jpdhu;. Kd;du; xU mLf;F tprpwp kbg;G gad;gl;lJ. gpd;du;,uz;L> %d;W mLf;F tprpwp kbg;G Mil gad;gl;L tUfpwJ.

cUg;gbfSf;F Vw;g Mil njupAk; NghJ nts;isg; Glit cj;jkk;. rptg;Gkj;jpkk;. gQ;rtu;zk; mju;kk; vd;Wk; kfhguj#lhkzp $WfpwJ.

Mly; epfo;tpd;NghJ mikjp juf;$ba tpjj;jpy; Milfs; mzptJ rpwe;jJ.Njhlakq;fsk;> myhupg;G> [jp];tuk; Nghd;w cUg;gbfspy; nts;is my;yJ kQ;rs; epwMil mzpayhk;. tu;zj;jpy; rpUq;fhu u]k; Kf;fpak; ngWtjhy; ePyk; my;yJ muf;Fld;,ize;j gr;ir epw Mil nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

gjk;> fPu;j;jidapy; nja;tq;fisg; nghWj;J Milfisj; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;. njupTnra;Ak;MilahdJ fr;Nrupapd; xt;nthU gbepiyfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikaNtz;Lk;.

Milapd; mikg;gpYk; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. epUj;j gFjpfSf;F gp[hkhtbtpy; mike;j Mil nghUj;jkhdJ. gy;NtW cly; epiyfis tpsf;fKbAk;.

Milj; njuptpd;NghJ El;gkhd tplaq;fs; rpy fUj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. eu;j;jfpapd;cauk;> epwk;> gUkDf;F Vw;w Mil> nts;is epwj;jpdUf;F fLk; tu;zKk; fWg;Gepwj;jpdUf;F nky;ypa tu;z njupTk; rpwe;jJ. caukhdtu;fshapd; FWf;Ff;NfhL Nghl;lMil Fs;skhdtuhapd; NkypUe;J fPohf NfhL Nghl;l MilfisAk; xw;iw mLf;Ff;nfhz;l gp[hkh tbt MilfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjy; rpwe;jJ.

Mly; kfspupd; Milapd; epwj;jpd vjpu; tu;zj;jpid muq;fpd; gpd; jpiuapy;gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. Mly; ngz;zpd; Milapd; epwk; muq;fj;jpd; gpd; jpiu tu;zj;Jld;fye;Jtplf; $lhJ. fz;izg; gwpf;Fk; [upif nfhz;l Milfisj; jtpu;j;jy; ey;yJ.Mil myq;fhuk; nghUj;jkhf ,Ue;jhy; eld epfo;T rpwg;gilAk;.

131



nraw;ghL 4.2.2 : u]g;ufuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

,u]f; Nfhl;ghL

,u]k; vd;gJ Rit> ,u]id vd;gJ Ritj;jy; MFk;. ehk; fz;zhy; ghu;j;Jk;fhjhy; Nfl;Lk; kfpo;e;J ngWfpd;w me;j ,d;g czu;Nt ,u]k; vdg;gLk;.

cztpy; mWRitfs; ,Ug;gJ Nghy ehl;bak;> ehlfk;> ftpd;fiyfspy; etu]q;fs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kf;;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifapYk; etu]q;fs; Njhd;wp kiwfpd;wd. rpyu;,u]q;fs; vl;L tifg;gLk; vdf; $Wfpwhu;fs;.

,q;qdk; $Wgtu;fSs; goe;jkpo;g; ngUq;FbfSs; xd;whfpa fhg;gpaf; FbapNyNj hd ;wpa t Uk ; ‘xy;fhg; ngUk;Gfo;j; njhy;fhg;gpad;’ vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; njhy;fhg;gpadhu;Kjd;ikahdtu;. ,tu; ,aw;wpa ‘njhy;fhg;gpak;’ vd;Dk; goe;jkpo; ,yf;fz E}y; ,u]q;fisvl;L vd tiuaWf;fpwJ. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUk; ghlypYs;s tupfs; tupirg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.

‘eifNa mOif ,sptuy; kUl;if mr;rk; ngUkpjk; ntFsp ctifnad;W mg;gh ntl;lhk; nka;g;gh nld;g’

eif> mOif> ,sptuy;> kUl;if. mr;rk;> ngUkpjk;> ntFsp> ctif vdf; $wg;gLk;vl;Lk; nka;apdplj;Jj; Njhd;Wk; NtWghL vd;W $Wtu;.

gujUk; ,urq;fis vl;L vd;Nw ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; tiuaWj;Js;shu;. Mdhy;,tu;fSf;Fg; gpd; te;j E}yhrpupau;fs; xd;gJ tifg;gLk; vdf; $wpAs;sdu;.

rpyg;gjpfhu ciu Ritfs; xd;gJ vd;fpwJ. tPuk;> gak;> ,opg;G> mtyk;> eif>eLTepiy> cUj;jpuk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.

kfhguj #lhkzp : ehkfs; fiy fl;F va;Jk; eak; ngW eturq;Nfs; VKWeifNaJf;fk; ,optuy; kUl;if mr;rk; NjhKW ngUik tPue; njhiytpyh ctif J}Nahu;.

juKW rhe;jp vd;Dk; xd;gJ urkha;r; rhw;Nw.

RNyhfk; :‘];Uq;fhu `h];a fUzh nusj;u tPu gahdfh`gPgj;]hj;Gj rhe;jh];r u]h]; G+u;itu; cjh ;̀ujh`’

,jd; fUj;J vd;dntdpy; rpUq;fhuk;> `h];ak;> fUiz> nusj;uk;> tPuk;> gahdfk;>gPgj;]k;> mw;Gjk;> rhe;jk; Mfpa xd;gJk; ,u]q;fs; vd Kd;Ndhu;fshy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,t; xt;nthU ,urj;jpw;Fk; KiwNa ];jhap ghtk;> tpghtk;> mEghtk;> tpagprhupghtk;> rhj;tpf ghtk; vd;gd cz;L. mJ kl;Lkd;W xt;nthU ,u]j;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU

132

Njtij> epwk;> Fzk;> ];tuq;fs;> vjpu; ,u]k;> ,uhfk; KjypadTk; cz;L.

Xu; mofhd epiwthd eldj;ijNah md;wp ehl;ba ehlfj;ijNah ghu;f;Fk;NghJghu;itahsUf;F cz;lhFk; czu;Nt ,u]k; MFk;. ,u]pg;gjdhy; ,u]id Njhd;wpmjpypUe;J ,u]k; gpwf;fpwJ. ebif my;yJ eldkhJ jd; jpwikapdhy; fz;fshYk;Kfj;jpdhYk; kw;Wk; `];j mgpeaq;fspdhYk; ghtj;ijg; G+uzkhf ntspg;gLj;Jk;NghJmq;Nf ,u]k; gpwf;fpwJ.

,u] ghtk;

• ,u]k; vd;gJ Rit. ehk; fz;zhy; ghu;j;Jk; fhjhy; Nfl;Lk; kfpo;e;J ngWfpd;wme;j ,d;g czu;Nt ,urk; vdg;gLk;.

• czu;tpd; ntspg;ghL (ghtk;) vz;zj;jpy; cUthfp fz;> if mirTfshy;ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ ,u]k; my;yJ mofpay; czu;T gpwf;fpd;wJ.

• Xu; mofhd epiwthd eldj;ijNah my;yJ ehl;ba ehlfj;ijNah ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ghu;itahsu;fSf;F cz;lhFk; czu;Nt ,u]k; MFk;.

,jidNa guju;>

“iftop eadk; nry;y fz;top kdKk; nry;y kdk; top ghtk; gpwf;f mjdpd;W Rit Njhd;Wk;”

vd;W ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wpAs;shu;. mjhtJ tpghtk;> mDghtk;> tpagprhupghtk; ,itfNshL ];jhap ghtk; vd;w epiyahd czu;TfSk; Nru;e;J ,u]k; gpwf;ff;fhuzkhfpwJ.

tpghtk; :xU czu;T Njhd;wf; fhuzkha; ,Ug;gJ tpghtk; vdg;gLk;. ,J mq;f mirTfs;>

Kfghtq;fs;> thu;j;ijfs; topNa njspthf czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ. ,J ,U tifg;gLk;.

1. Myk;gd tpghtk; : ,u]k; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzk;.,u]j;NjhL Neubahd njhlu;GilaJ.

2. cj;jPgd tpghtk; :,u] czu;it mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak; moF> tbT> ,sik> myq;fhuk;>

#o;epiyfs; Mfpait ,aw;iff; fhuzpfs;.

mDghtk; :

• tpghtq;fspd; tpisTfs; my;yJ gyd;fNs mDghtk; vdg;gLk;.

• mq;f mirTfshYk; thu;j;ijfshYk; nray;fspdhYk; cz;lhFk; czu;NtmDghtk; vdg;gLk;.

• tpghtq;fshy; Vw;gLk; cs;sj;J czu;Tfis clyhy; ntspg;gLj;JtNjmDghtk; vd;Wk; $wyhk;. (GUtk; cau;j;Jjy;> filf;fz;zhy; ghu;j;jy;)

ghtk; :

133

• cs;s czu;Tfis mq;f mirTfspdhNyh> thf;fpdhNyh mgpeaj;jpdhNyhntspg;gLj;JtNj ghtk; MFk;.

• “G+ - gt” vDk; Ntu;r; nrhy;Ny ‘ghtk;’ vd;w nrhy; Njhd;wf; fhuzk;. gtvd;why; cz;lhFjy; vd;W nghUs;.

• ghtk; vd;gJ kdpjdplk; ,aw;ifahfNt cs;s Xu; czu;T. u]k; Njhd;wMjhuk; ghtk;.

• mgpeaj;jpypUe;J ghtKk; ghtj;jpypUe;J urKk; ntspg;gLfpwJ.

gujupd; ghFghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; ghtk; fPo;f;fz;lthW gpupfpwJ.

];jhap ghtk; - epiyj;j jd;ik]Q;rhup - epiyaw;w jd;ik]hj;tPf ghtk; - cs;sj;J czu;r;rpfspd; ntspg;ghL.

];jhap ghtk; :

u]k; ntspg;gLk;NghJ mjd; Jtf;fk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiu epiyj;J epw;Fk;mbg;gil czu;Nt ];jhap ghtk;. ,J mf> Gw fhuzpfshy; khWglhky; epiyahf,Uf;Fk; jd;ikAilaJ.

];jhap ghtk; vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit>

1. ujp (fhjy;)2. `h] ( rpupg;G)3. N\hf (Nrhfk;)4. f;Nuhj (Nfhgk;)5. cj;]h` (cw;rhfk;)6. ga (gak;)7. [_Fg;]h (ntWg;G)8. tp];ka (Mr;rupak;)

,jd; ];Nyhfj;jpidg; guju; gpd;tUkhW $Wfpwhu;.

“ujpu;`h]];a N\hf];a f;NuhNjhj;]hN`h gak; jjh [_Fg;]h tp];ka k\;nls ];jhap ght g;ufPu;jpjh`.”

,t; vz;tif ];jhap ghtq;fspypUe;Jk; vz; tifahd ,u]q;fs;cz;lhfpd;wd vd ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd>

];jhap ghtk; ,u]k;

1. ujp - rpUq;fhuk;2. `h]k; - `h];ak;3. N\hfk; - fUiz4. FNuhjk; - nusj;uk;5. cj;]h`k; - tPuk;6. gak; - gahdfk;

134

7. [_fg;]h - gPgj;]k;8. tp];kak; - mw;Gjk;

tpagprhup ghtk;:

tpagprhup ghtk; vd;why; xd;iwf; nfhz;L nry;tJ vd;W nghUs;. epue;juj; jd;ikaw;w,e;j ghtq;fs; VjhtnjhU fhuzj;jpdhy; (tpghtk;) Njhd;wp ];jhap ghtq;fisg;gyg;gLj;jptpl;L kiwe;JtpLfpd;wd. ,it u]k; Njhd;w cjTfpd;wd. %y czu;r;rpf;Fg;gyk; nfhLj;Jtpl;L kiwe;JtpLtjhy; ,it Jiz czu;r;rpfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,jpy; 33 Jiz czu;r;rpfs; cs;sd. mit>

01. epu;Ntjk; - kdr;Nrhu;T my;yJ Cf;fk; FiwT.02. f;shdp - rf;jpapd;ik> gy`Pdk;> Nrhu;T03. \q;fh - re;Njfk;04. m#ah - nghwhik05. kj - Fbkaf;fk;> ntwpA+l;Ljy;06. \;ukh` - mYg;G> Mahrk;> fisg;G07. My];ak; - clw;Nrhu;T> Nrhk;gy;> jhk]Fzk;08. ijd;ak; - kdr;Nrhu;T> cw;rhfkpd;ik09. rpe;jh - ftiy10. Nkh` - jpir jpUk;gpa ftdk;> ftdr;rpjwy;11. ];kpUjp - epidT12. j;Ujp - jpUg;jp> kdepiwT13. t;wPlh - mtkhdk;14. rgyjh - epiyaw;w kdk;> rgyk;15. `u;\ - kfpo;r;rp16. MNtf - czu;tpd; fpsu;r;rp> nfhe;jspg;G17. [ljh - ];jk;gpj;jy;> czu;T kOf;fk;18. fu;t - mfe;ij> fu;tk;19. tp\hj - Jd;gk;20. xsj;Rf;ak; - nghWikapd;ik> Mty;21. epj;uh - epj;jpiu> J}f;fk;22. mg];khu - fhf;fha; typg;G> euk;Gj; jsu;r;rp23. ]_g;jp - fdT fhzy;> gfw;fdT24. tpNghj - tpopj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;25. mku;\ - mepahaj;ijf; fhZtjhy; Vw;gLk; fLq;Nfhgk;26. mt`pj;j - ghrhq;F27. cf;ujh - nfh^uk;> nfhLq;Fzk;28. kjp - mwpTilik> cWjpnkhop29. tpahjp - Neha;30. cd;khj - igj;jpak;> gpj;Jg;gpbj;jy;31. kuzk; - rhT> capuw;w epiy32. j;uh]k; - jpBu; gak;> gjl;lk;33. tpju;f;fk; - fUj;juq;F> thjg; gpujpthjk;

u]kpy;yhky; ehlfkpy;iy. mgpeaKk; ];jhap ghtKk; u]j;NjhL ,ize;J Md;kPfmDgtj;ijAk; re;Njh\j;ijAk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ghtkpy;yhky; u]kpy;iy. u]kpy;yhky;ghtkpy;iy. gujupd; fUj;Jg;gb u]k; vl;L tifg;gLk;. mit>

135

1. rpUq;fhuk; - fhjy;2. `h];ak; - rpupg;G my;yJ re;Njh\k;3. fUzh - fUiz4. nusj;u - Nfhgk;5. tPu - tPuk;6. gahdf - gak;7. gPgj;] - ntWg;G8. mw;Gj - Mr;rupak;

ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpa Kjy; ciuahrpupau; cj;glh vd;gtu; rhe;jk;vd;gijAk; xd;gjhtJ u]khff; $wpAs;shu;. tpUg;G> ntWg;gw;w epiy> rhe;jk;. ,jpy;czu;Tfs; vo tha;g;gpy;iy. MfNt ,ij xU u]khfr; Nru;f;f KbahJ vdr; rpyu;fUJtu;. ee;jpNf];tuu; rhe;jj;ij xd;gjhtJ u]khf Vw;Wf;nfhz;L ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,d;Weldf; fiyQu;fSk; xd;gJ u]q;fisAk; etu]khf Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;shu;fs;.

rpUq;fhu ,u]k; :,u]q;fspy; Kjyhtjhf tpsq;FtJ rpUq;fhuk; MFk;. ,J %d;W gpupTfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. mNahf rpUq;fhuk;2. tpg;uNahf rpUq;fhuk; my;yJ tpg;uyk;g rpUq;fhuk;3. rk;Nghf rpUq;fhuk;

`h];a ,u]k; :,uz;lhtjhf tUtJ `h];a ,u]k; MFk;. ,J ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. Mj;kh];j ( self based)2. guh];j (base others)

fUzh ,u]k; :,u]q;fspy; %d;whtjhf ,lk;ngWk; ,u]k; MFk;. ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. cj;jk2. kj;ak3. mjk

nusj;jpu ,u]k; :,J ehd;fhtjhf ,lk;ngWk; ,u]khFk;. ,J ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1. Mrpupau;fsplj;jpy; my;yJ ngupNahu;fsplj;jpy; cz;lhFk; Nfhgk;.2. jdJ ez;gu;fsplKk; jdf;Fr; rkkhdtu;fsplKk; Vw;gLfpd;w Nfhgk;.3. vjpupaplk; my;yJ tpNuhjpaplk; Vw;gLfpd;w Nfhgk;.4. jdf;Ff; fPohdtu;fsplk; (Ntiyahl;fsplk; my;yJ fPo;kl;lj;jpy; cs;stu;fsplk;) cz;lhFk; Nfhgk;.

136

tPu ,u]k; :,jpy; tPuu;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1. jhd tPud;2. jah tPud;3. ju;k tPud;4. uz tPud; (Aj;j tPud;)

gahdf ,u]k;:

,J %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. ,aw;ifapNyNa gaw;fukhdJ.2. gpwUf;Fj; jhd; nra;j jPq;fpdhy; cz;lhtJ.3. gpwupdhy; mtutu; jj;jkJ RaNjitfSf;fhfr; nra;j fhupaq;fshy; cz;lhtJ.

gPgj;] ,u]k; :gPgj;] ,u]k; %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. Rj;j2. mRj;j3. mjpae;j Rj;j

137

1. rpUq;fhu ,u]k; :,u]q;fspy Kjyhtjhf tpsq;FtJ rpUq;fhuk;. fhjy;> md;G vd;gdtw;iw

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,e;j ,u]j;jpd; ];jhap ghtk; ujpahFk;. gPgj;] ,u]j;ij vjpu;,u]khfTk; fUePyj;ij mjd; epwkhfTk; kfhtp\;Zitj; NjtijahfTk; nfhz;l rpUq;fhu,u]j;jpw;Fupa ];tuq;fs; Rj;j kj;jpkKk; gQ;rKkhk;.

rpUq;fhu ,u]khdJ fhkj;ijg; GU\hu;j;jkhff; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; ,yl;rzk;vd;dntdpy;> xUtu; jhd; tpUk;gpa xd;iw mile;J mDgtpg;gJ kfpo;tJ MFk;.

,r; rpUq;fhu ,u]khdJ Njhd;Wtjw;F vit vit fhuzkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wdNthmit mit Myk;gd tpghtk; vdg;gLk;. fhjyDk; fhjypAk; mtu;fsJ Njhw;wk;> ,sik>myq;fhuq;fs; Mfpad Myk;gd tpghtkha; mikfpd;wd.

xU ,u]j;jpd; Njhw;Wthia mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;fs;> ,aw;if vd;gd cj;jPgdtpghtk; vd miof;fg;gLk;. rpUq;fhu ,u]j;jpidj; J}z;btpLk; cj;jPgd tpghtq;fs;epyT> gUtfhyq;fs;> njd;ww; fhw;W> myq;fhuq;fs;> re;jdk; Kjypad eWkzk; tPRk;t];Jf;fs;. fhjypj;jtiu NeupNyh my;yJ fdtpNyh my;yJ glj;jpNyh fhzy; MfpadthFk;.

Myk;gd tpghtk;> cj;jPgd tpghtk; Mfpa ,uz;LNk ,u]j;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff;fhuzkha; miktijg; Nghy mEghtk; vd;gJ fhupakha; mikfpwJ.

rpUq;fhu ,u]j;jpd; mEghtq;fs; gpd;tUkhW>

GUtq;fis cau;j;jy;> filf; fz;zhy; ghu;j;jy;> ghtk;> czu;r;rp> N`yh> moF>gpufh\k;> tbT> kJuk;> tpisahl;L> kfpo;r;rp> ,u]id> Fog;gk;> gpj;Jg;gpbj;j epiy>ijupak;> xsjhu;ak;> jd;dlf;fk;> gpupaj;ij ntspg;gLj;jy;> ngha;f;Nfhgk;> jhf;fg;gl;lmyl;rpak;> rpUq;fhu epiy> ehzk; Mfpadthk;.

rpUq;fhu ,u]j;jpd; rhj;tpf ghtq;fsha; miktd> ];jk;gpj;jy;> kaf;fk;> Gy;yupj;jy;>tpau;it> epwkhw;wk;> eLf;fk;> fz;zPu;> Fuy; khw;wk;> Mfpa vl;Ltpj epiyfSkhk;.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; tpagprhup ghtq;fsha; miktd Kg;gj;J %d;W epiyfs;. mit>

kdr;Nrhu;T> Vf;fk;> rf;jpapd;ik> gy`Pdk;> re;Njfk;> nghwhik> Fbkaf;fk;> ntwp>mYg;G> Mahrk;> clw;Nrhu;T> jhk]k;> cw;rhfkpd;ik> tpuf;jp> ftiy> jpir jpUk;gpaftdk;> epidT> kdepiwT> jpUg;jp> mtkhdk;> epiyaw;w kdk;> kfpo;r;rp> czu;tpd;fpsu;r;rp> nfhe;jspg;G> ];jk;gpj;jy;> fu;tk;> Jd;gk;> nghWikapd;ik> epj;jpiu> euk;Gj;jsu;r;rp>fhf;fha; typg;G> fdT fhZjy;> tpopj;njOjy;> mjpfNfhgk; nfhs;Sjy;> nghWikaw;wjd;ik> ghrhq;F> nfh^uk;> Gupe;Jzu;T> Neha;> igj;jpak;> kuzk;> fUj;juq;F> thjg;gpujpthjk;>gak;> gjl;lk; Mfpaitahk;.

rpUq;fhu ,u]khdJ %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit>1. mNahf rpUq;fhuk;2. tpg;uNahf rpUq;fhuk; my;yJ tpg;uyk;g rpUq;fhuk;3. rk;Nghf rpUq;fhuk;.

138

1. mNahf rpUq;fhuk; :mNahf rpUq;fhuk; vd;why; xUtiu xUtu; Kd;G Neupy; fhzhky; fhjypg;gJ.

mjhtJ fdtpy; fz;L fhjypj;jy;. ,y;yhtpby; rfp %yk; ehafidg; gw;wpa ey;yfijfis mjhtJ ehafdJ moF> tPuk;> ew;gz;Gfs;> ew;nray;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; Nfl;Lf;fhjypj;jy;. my;yJ ehafdpd; glj;ijg; ghu;j;Jf; fhjypj;jy; my;yJ fbjk; %yk;njhlu;Gnfhz;L fhjypj;jy; Mfpait.

cjhuzk; gf;jkPuh.

mNahf rpUq;fhuj;jpy;; gj;J epiyikfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit mgpyh\h> rpe;jh>];k;Ujp> Fzjh> cj;Ntf> gpuyhgk;> cd;khjk;. [Ptuk;> [ljh> kuzk; vd;gdthk;.

2. tpg;uNahf rpUq;fhuk; :tpg;uNahf rpUq;fhuj;ij tpg;uyk;g rpUq;fhuk; vdTk; $Wthu;fs;.

Nru;e;j ,Utupd; gpupNt tpg;uNahfk; vdg;gLk;. gpuptpdhy; Vw;gLk; Jauk;> ,e;jg;gpupthdJ rhgj;jpdhy; cz;lhdjhfNth my;yJ Ntiy epkpj;jkhfg; gpw Cu; nry;yNtz;bajhy; Vw;gl;ljhfNth ,Uf;Fk;. my;yJ ehafDk; ehafpAk; rz;il Nghl;ljdhy;Vw;gl;l gpupthfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. md;wp Nghu;f; fhyr; #oypy; rpf;Fz;L Gyk;ngau;e;jjdhy;cz;lhd gpupthfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

rhgj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l gpupTf;F cjhuzkhfj; J\;ae;jidAk; rFe;jiyiaAk; $wyhk;.

tpg;uyk;g rpUq;fhuj;jpy; gj;J mt];ijfs; (epiyikfs;) cz;L. mit xUtiuxUtu; ghu;f;f tpUk;GtJ> vg;gb xUtiunahUtu; re;jpf;f KbAk; vd;gijAk; mjdhy;Vw;glf; $ba ed;ikfisAk; gw;wpa Mo;e;j epidT Kd;G re;Njh\khfg; Ngrpathu;j;ijfisAk; rk;gh\idfisAk; epidT $uy;. ele;J nfhz;l KiwfisAk; jj;jkJnra;iffisAk; Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;. xUtUila Fzhjpraq;fis ,d;ndhUtu;tu;zpj;jy;. Mir NkyPl;lhy; kw;w ahtw;wpYk; ntWg;giljy;> tUj;jk;> Jf;fk;> gpupTKjypatw;iwg; gpujpgypf;Fk; thu;j;ij> elj;ij> fz;zPu;> ngU%r;R> mOif> kdtUj;jj;jhYk;vz;zk; epiwNtwhjjhYk; cz;lhFk;. igj;jpak; ,Nj fhuzj;jhy; NeUk; tpahjp.tpufj;jhYz;lhd tUj;jj;jpw;F milahskhf mtu;fs; gLk; nfhba Jd;gk;. Kbthdepiyik vd;gdthk;.

tpg;uyk;g rpUq;fhukhdJ gpd;tUk; tpagprhup ghtq;fs; %yk; Nkilapy; gpujpgypj;Jf;fhl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mit kdr;Nrhu;T> Vf;fk;> rf;jpapd;ik> gy`Pdk;> gak;> nghwhik>Mghrk;> Mty;> epj;jpiu> Nrhk;gy;> fdT> ngha;f; Nfhgk;> Neha;> igj;jpak;> kwjp> kuzk;vd;gdthk;.

3. rk;Nghf rpUq;fhuk; :

fhjyDk; fhjypAk; xd;W $Ltjdhy; Vw;gLk; ,d;gk;. fhjyDk; fhjypAk;xUtiunahUtu; ed;whfg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L re;Njh\kha; ,Uj;jy;. rk;Nahf rpUq;fhuj;jpy;ehafp ehafd;ghy; nfhz;bUf;Fk; md;G> rhe;jk;> gf;jp vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;g mtspd; espdkhdgj;J nra;iffs; rk;gtpf;fpd;wd. mit - yPyh> tpyh]> tpr;rpg;jp> tpg;gpufk;> fpyfpQ;rpj>Nkhl;lhapjk;> Fl;lkpjk;> tpNghfk;> Nyhypjk;> tpf;Ujk; vd;gitahFk;.

139

1. yPyh :xU ngz;zpd; nra;iffshy; fhjyu;fs;Nghy; ebj;jy; yPyh vdg;gLk;.

2. tpyhr :fhjyidf; fz;lTlNd Njhw;wj;jpYk; nra;iffspYk; Vw;gLk; kfpo;r;rpfukhdjpBu; khw;wk; tpyhr vd;gjhFk;.

3. tpr;rpg;jp:jdJ moif mjpfupg;gjw;fhf Mguzq;fisr; rpwpjsT khw;wp mzpjy;tpr;rpg;jp vdg;gLk;.

4. tpg;gpufk; :rpy rkaq;fspy mtruj;jpy; Mguzq;fis ,lk;khwp itj;jy; tpg;gpufk;vdg;gLk;.

5. fpyfpQ;rpj; :Nfhgk;> re;Njh\k;> gak; Mfpa czu;r;rpfspd; Nru;f;ifapdhy; Vw;gLk;euk;Gj;jsu;r;rp fpyfpQ;rpj vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

6. Nkhl;lhapjk; :fhjyidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLifapy; fhjyDila vz;zj;jpy; yapj;jy;Nkhl;lhapjk; vdg;gLk;.

7. Fl;lkpjk; (Nghypf;Nfhgk;) :ehafd; ehafpapd; $e;jiy my;yJ cjLfis ];guprpf;Fk;nghOJ cs;Sukfpo;r;rpapdhy; kdk; epiwe;jpUe;jhYk; ngha;f;Nfhgk; fhz;gpj;jy; Fl;lkpjk;vd;gjhFk;.

8. tpNghfk;(jhf;fg;gl;l myl;rpak;) :

fhyj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ,Wkhg;gpdhy; fhjyd;ghy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l xOf;fk;tpNghfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

9. Nyhypjk; :ngz;ghyhupd; mofpa rpUq;fhu epiy Nyhypjk; vdg;gLk;.

10. tpf;Ujk; (ehzk;) :ehafNdhL NgRtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;Jk; xOf;fk; fhuzkhf nksdkhf,Uj;jy; tpf;Ujk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.

2. `h];a ,u]k; :

,uz;lhtjhf tUtJ ̀ h];a ,u]k;. ,J rpUq;fhu ,urj;jpypUe;J cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.,jd; ];jhap ghtk; ̀ h]k;. mjhtJ rpupg;G. fUzh ,urj;ij vjpu; ,urkhfTk; fhkj;ijg;GU\hu;j;jkhfTk; g;ukj fzq;fisj; NjtijahfTk; nfhz;Ls;s `h];a ,urj;jpd; epwk;nts;is> kj;jpkj;ijAk; gQ;rkj;ijAk; ];tuq;fshff; nfhz;l ,t; ,urk; uN[h Fzg;

140

gpujhdkhdjhfTk; cs;sJ. ,aw;ifapypUe;J NtWgl;ltw;iwf; fz;ZWtjhy; cz;lhfpwJvd;gNj ,jd; ,yl;rzk;.

`h];a ,urkhdJ gpd;tUk; tpghtq;fspdhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mit tpNehjkhdMil> ,lk; khwpa Mguzq;fs;> Nguhir> rz;il> tpflkhd Ngr;R> CdKw;w mq;fq;fisntspf;fhl;ly;> gpwu; Fw;wq;fisr; Rl;bf;fhz;gpj;jy; Nghd;wit..

`h];a ,u]j;jpd; cj;jPgd tpghtkhf miktJ xUtUila my;yJ gpwUila,aw;iff;F khWgl;l nray;fs;> Ngr;rpNyh> Mil Mguzj;jpNyh my;yJ clk;gpNyhcz;lhFk; khWjy;fs; vd;gdthk;.

Myk;gd tpghtk; vd;gJ jd;Dila my;yJ gpwUila nraw;ifahd khw;wkhFk;.

`h];ak; ,Utifg;gLk;. xd;W Mj;kh];j> kw;iwaJ guh];j.

ebfd; xUtd; jdf;Fj; jhNd rpupg;gJ Mj;kh];j vd;Wk; gpwiur; rpupf;fr; nra;tJguh];jk; vd;Wk; ehl;ba rh];jpuk; $WfpwJ.

,e;j ,urj;jpd; mEghtq;fshf tpsq;Fk; nray;fs;> cjLfisf; fbj;jy;> %f;ifAk;fd;dq;fisAk; ngupjhf;fy;> fz;fisg; ngupjhf;fp Kopj;jy;> fz;fis rpwpjhf;fy;> tpau;it>kfj;jpd; epwkhw;wk;> ,Lg;Gfisg; gpbj;jy; Mfpait.

rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf epwkhw;wk;> tpau;it> Kfk; rptj;jy; Kjypad tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

NkYk; ,e;j ,u]j;jpd; tpagprhup ghtq;fshfr; Nrhu;T> Nrhk;gy;> Mahrk;> epj;jpiu>fdT> tpopj;njOjy;> nghwhik> epj;jpiu ,d;ik> ghrhq;F Kjypad mikfpd;wd.

mjk ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; ngz; ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fk; nghJthd ,e;j ,u]khdJ MWtifg;gLk;. mit>

1. ];kpj;jk; - Gd;KWty;2. `]pj;jk; - ,seif3. tp`]pj;jk; - rpupj;jy;4. cg`]pj;jk; - rpupg;G5. mg`]pj;jk; - fz;zPUld; $ba rpupg;G6. mjp`]pj;jk; - ml;lfhrkhd rpupg;G

Kjy; ,U tiffshd ];kpj;jk;> `]pj;jk; vd;gd cj;jk ghj;jpuq;fshFk;.

tp`]pj;jk;> cg`]pj;jk; vd;gd kj;jpk ghj;jpuq;fshFk;.

mg`]pj;jk;> mjp`]pj;jk; vd;gd mjk ghj;jpuq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;JtdthFk;.

,t; MW tiffisAk; muq;fpy; ebj;Jf;fhl;Lk; NghJ fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;bamk;rq;fs;.

1. ];kpj;jk; :

fz;fisr; rpwpJ tprhykhfj; jpwe;J gw;fs; njupahjthW cjLfshy;KWtypj;jy; ];kpj;jk; vdg;gLk;. ,sk;Gd;dif

vd;gNj ,jd; ,yl;rzk;.

141

2. `]pj;jk; :

fz;fs;> fd;dq;fs; Mfpad kyu;r;rpAw;w epiyapy; gw;fs; rpwpJ njupAk;gbrpupj;jy; `]pj;j; vdg;gLk;. Gd;dif

3. tpf]pj;jk; :

kfpo;r;rpapd; xsp Kfj;jpy; gut> fz;fs; rw;Nw rpwpjhfp ,dpa XirAld;$ba rpupg;G tpf]pj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

4. cg`]pj;jk; :

%f;F tpupe;J jiyAk; Njhs;gl;ilfSk; rpwpJ Kd;rha;e;jgb rpupj;jy;cg`]pj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

5. mg`]pj;jk; :

Njhs;gl;ilfisAk; jiyiaAk; Ml;bathW fz;zPu;ky;f rpupj;jy;mg`]pj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

6. mjp`]pj;jk; :

jd;dlf;fkw;w rpupg;G> fz;fs; tpupe;jgb ePiur; nrhupe;jtz;zk; ,Lg;Gfisg;gpbj;jthW tapW FYq;f> cly; FYq;fr; rpupj;jy; mjp`]pj;jk; vdg;gLk;.

mt;;tg; ghj;jpuq;fspd; Fz ,ay;GfSf;Nfw;wthW `h];a ,urk; ntspf;fhl;lg;glNtz;Lk; vd ehl;ba rh];jpuk; $WfpwJ.

3. fUzh ,u]k; :

mLj;jjhf tUtJ fUzh ,u]k;. ,J ̀ h];a ,u]j;jpd; vjpu; ,u]khfj; jpfo;fpwJ.jhk]j;ijj; jdJ FzkhfTk; akid NjtijahfTk; rhjhuz fhe;jhuj;ijAk; ifrpfpep\hjj;ijAk; ];tuq;fshfTk; nfhz;l ,e;j ,urk; mu;j;jj;ijg; GU\hu;j;jkhfTk; Nrhfj;ij];jhap ghtkhfTk; nfhz;L tpsq;FfpwJ. ,jd; epwk; rhk;gy; (fNghj tu;zk;) MFk;.

Nrhf ,urj;jpd; cw;gj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mjhtJ Myk;gd tpghtq;fsha; tpsq;Ftdrhgk;> ftiy> tPo;r;rp> gpupakhdtu;fsplkpUe;J gpupjy;> nry;tj;ij ,oj;jy;> nfhiy>rpiwthrk;> gaq;fukhd tpgj;Jf;fs;> Jujp\;lk; KjypadthFk;.

Nkw;$wpatw;why; cz;lhFk; Vf;fk;> tUj;jk; vd;gd cj;jPgd tpghtq;fsha;tpsq;Ffpd;wd. muq;fpy; ,e;j ,urk; gpd;tUk; mEghtq;fshy; ntspf;fhl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.mit fz;zPu;tply; mOif> tuz;l njhz;ilAk; thAk;> if fhy;fspd; Nrhu;T> %r;Rthq;fy;> Qhgfkwjp> jd; jiytpjpia vz;zp tUe;Jjy;> epyj;jpy; tPo;jy;> ngU%r;Rtply;> kaq;fp tpOjy; Nghd;witahFk;.

rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf ];jk;gpj;jy;> kaf;fk;> epwkhw;wk;> eLf;fk;> fz;zPu;> Fuy;khw;wk;Mfpad mikfpd;wd.

142

tpagprhup ghtq;fshf kdr;Nrhu;T> Vf;fk;> Nrhu;T> Mahrk;> Nrhk;gy;> tpuf;jp> ftiy>Fok;gpaepiy> Qhgfg;gLj;jy;> gpuik> ];jk;gpj;jy;> Jd;gk;> tp\hj> fdT fhZjy;> gfw;fdT>kwjp> epj;jpiu> kuzk;> Neha;> igj;jpak;> gak; Mfpad mikfpd;wd.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vd;dntd;why; xUtUf;Fg; gpupakhdtupd; kuzj;jpdhNyhmy;yJ nfh^ukhd thu;j;ijfisf; Nfl;gjdhNyhjhd; Nrhf ,u]k; cw;gj;jpahfpwJvd;gjhk;. ,e;j ,u]j;ij mOif. fz;zPu;> Raepidit ,oj;jy;> ngU%r;R Nghd;wnra;iffshy; Nkilapy; ntspg;gLj;jyhk;.

fUzh ,u]khdJ cj;jk> kj;ak;> mjk vd %tifg;gLk;. gpwUila Jauj;ijf;fhz;gjhy; Vw;gLk; Nrhfk; cj;jk vdTk; xUtUila jdpg;gl;l Jd;gq;fspdhy; cz;lhFk;Nrhfk; kj;ak mjk vd;Dk; tifiar; rhu;e;jjhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

NkYk; ju;kj;jpd; moptpdhy; Vw;gl;l ,og;Gfs; cj;jk tif vdTk; ,uhr;rpak;cilikfs; Kjypadtw;wpd; ,og;gpdhy; cz;lhFk; ftiy kj;ak vdTk; jdf;Fg;gpupakhdtu;fs; ,y;yhky; Nghtjhy; cz;lhFk; ,og;G mjk vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

4. nusj;u ,u]k; :

mw;Gj ,u]j;ij vjpu; ,u]khfTk; Uj;jpuidj; NjtijahfTk; nfhz;l ,e;j,u]j;jpd; epwk; rptg;G.

NkYk; up\gj;ij RukhfTk; mu;j;jj;ijg; GU\hu;j;jkhfTk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.

,e;j u]j;jpd; ];jhap ghtk; f;Nuhjk; (Nfhgk;)

,jd; ,yl;rzk; vd;dntdpy; vjpup ,ioj;j jPq;fpdhy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;l Nfhgk;MFk;. tPuk;> gahd`> gPgj;]> mw;Gj> rhe;jk; vOjg;gltpy;iy.

,jd; Myk;gd tpghtq;fshf tpsq;Ftd vjpup>ngha;>Nfhgk;>Nfhs;> tQ;rid>mtkupahij> fw;gopg;G> nghwhik Mfpad.

,jdJ cj;jPgd tpghtq;fshf miktd Nghu;> mbj;jy;> fpopj;jy;> er;rupj;jy;>ntl;Ljy;> cilj;jy;> fj;Jjy;> vwpfizfis VTjy;> ,uj;jk; rpe;Jjy;> MAjq;fismgfupj;jy; Nghd;wit.

nusj;j ,u]j;ij muq;fpy; ebj;Jf; fhl;Lk; nghOJ fz;fisr; rptf;fr; nra;jy;>fLikahf tpau;it rpe;Jjy;> GUtj;ijr; RUf;Fjy;> iffisf; nfhl;Ljy;> gw;fiseWKjy; (fbj;jy;) cjLfisf; fbj;jy;> K\;bapdhy; cs;sq;ifapy; mbj;jy;> GOFjy;>iffis mbj;jy;> Njhs;fisj; J}f;Fjy;> epyj;jpy; mbj;jy;> rg;jkply;> Nfhgj;Jld;gpbj;jy; Kjypa nray;fs; %yk; fhz;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,it ahTk; nusj;u ,u]j;jpd;mDghtq;fshFk;.

rhj;tPf ghtq;fshfg; Gy;yupj;jy;> tpau;it> epwkhw;wk;> eLf;fk;> fz;zPu;> Fuy;khw;wk; Mfpa MW tiffs; mikfpd;wd.

tpagprhup ghtq;fshfg; nghwhik> kjk; gpbj;jy;> rgyj;jd;ik> kfpo;r;rp> czu;tpd;fpsu;r;rp> nfhe;jspg;G> fu;tk;> nghWikapd;ik> nfh^uk; Mfpad mikfpd;wd.

143

nusj;u ,u]j;jpd; gpupTfs;

KjyhtJ tif Mrpupauplj;jpy; my;yJ ngupNahu;fsplj;jpy; cz;lhFk; NfhgkhFk;.,uz;lhtJ tif jdJ ez;gu;fsplKk; jdf;Fr; rkkhdtu;fsplKk; Vw;gLfpd;wNfhgk; vdTk;%d;whtJ tif vjpupaplk; my;yJ tpNuhjpaplk; Vw;gLfpd;w Nfhgk; vdTk;ehd;fhtJ tif jdf;Ff; fPohdtu;fsplk;> Ntiyahl;fsplk; my;yJ fPo; kl;lj;jpy;cs;stu;fsplj;jpy; cz;lhFk; Nfhgk; vdTk; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

nusj;u ,u]khdJ ,uhl;rju;fsplj;jpYk;> jhdtu;fsplj;jpYk;> ngUik gpbj;jkdpju;fsplj;jpypUe;Jk; cz;lhfpd;wnjdTk; ,jd; cldb nraw;ghL NghuhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;vdg; guju; jdJ ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; (mj;jpahak; 6) $wpAs;shu;.

,uhl;rju;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa nusj;ukhd ,ay;Gilatu;fsha; gy iffisAk;tha;fisAk; cilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;. (,d;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; ,g;gbg;gl;l muf;fu;fisehk; fhz Kbtjpy;iy vd;w NghjpYk; mtu;fspd; kNdhghtj;ijAilatu;fs; tho;fpwhu;fs;vd;gJ fz;$L) mtu;fsJ jiyKb rpwpadtha; mrpq;fkhf Fj;jpl;L epw;Fk;. fz;fs;rptg;ghfTk; gaq;fukhd tl;l tbtpdjhAk; ,Uf;Fk;. fupa epwk; nfhz;l ,tu;fs; gUj;jclyikg;G cilatu;fs;. ,tu;fs; nra;Ak; ve;jr; nra;ifAk; nfh^ukhdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.thu;j;ijfSk; mt;thNw.

,tu;fisg; Nghy ebj;Jf; fhl;Lgtu;fs; Nghu; Kjypa nraw;ghLfspdhNyNa ,e;j,u]j;ij ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

5. tPu ,u]k; :

rj;t Fzg; gpujhdkhd ,e;j ,u]k; gahdf ,u]j;jpd; vjpu; ,u]khFk;.

,jd; epwk; kQ;rs; my;yJ ntz;ik fye;j rptg;G (nfsu tu;zk;)

kNfe;jpuid NjtijahfTk; ]l;[j;ijAk; rJ];Ujp up\gj;ijAk; ];tuq;fshff;nfhz;l ,e;j ,u]j;jpd; GU\hu;j;jk; ju;kk; MFk;.

cw;rhfj;ij ];jhap ghtkhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tPu ,u]j;jpd; ,yl;rzk;rpwg;ghdtw;iw mila Kaw;rp nra;jyhFk;.

,jd; Myk;gd tpghtkha; miktd ifg;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghUs; my;yJ Njrk;n[akiltjw;F ,d;wpaikahj nray;fs;> tPuk;> guhf;fpukk;> rf;jp> ey;y cj;jpfs;> tplhKaw;rpKjypadthFk;.

ey;y Nehf;fk;> mZFKiw Mfpad ,t; ,u]j;jpd; cj;jPgd tpghtkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;j ,u]khdJ gpd;tUtdtw;wpdhy; Nkilapy; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.mit ];jpuj;jd;ik> kNdhijupak;> gak;> jpahfk;> Nkjhtpyh]k;> tPuk;> ijupak;> jpwik>cjtpia ehly; KjypadthFk;.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf NuhkhQ;rk;> tpau;it> epwkhw;wk;> Fuy;khw;wk;

144

Kjypad tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf NuhkhQ;rk;> tpau;it> epwkhw;wk;> Fuy;khw;wk; Kjypadtpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,jd; tpagprhup ghtq;fs; nghwhik> kjk; gpbj;jy;> epidT$u;jy;> jpUg;jp> kfpo;r;rp>fu;tk;> nghWikaw;w jd;ik> czu;tpd; fpsu;r;rp> nfhe;jspg;G> nghWikapd;ik> nfh^uk;>mwpTilik> cWjpAilik> Gupe;Jzu;T vd;gdthk;.

tPu ,u]khdJ Mu;tk;> tplhKaw;rp> ftiyapd;ik> Mr;rupakpd;ik Mfpatw;wpypUe;Jgpwf;fpwJ. muq;fj;jpy; ,e;j ,u]j;jpid ntspf;fhl;Lk; NghJ gpwupd; jtwhd nray;fisf;fbe;Jiuj;jy;> tPuj;jpd; ntspg;ghL> ijupak;> ehafj;jd;ik> <LghL Mfpatw;why; ntspg;gLj;jNtz;Lk;.

tPu ,u]j;jpy; rf[k;> M`hu;ak; vd ,Utiffs; cs.

rf[k; vd;why; ,aw;ifaha; xUtuplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tPu czu;r;rp.

M`hu;ak; vd;gJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;l tPuk; MFk;.

tPuu;fs; jhdtPud;> jahtPud;> ju;ktPud;> Aj;j tPud; (uztPud;) vd ehd;F tifg;gLtu;.

jhdtPud; vd;gtd; gpwUf;fhfj; jdJ cly;> nghUs;> Mtp %d;iwAk; mu;g;gzpg;gjw;Fr;rw;Wk; jaq;fhjtd;.

jhdtPuDf;F cjhuzkha; xU Gwhtpd; nghUl;Lj; jdJ clypd; xU gFjpia(rijia) mupe;njLj;j rpgpr; rf;futu;j;jpiaAk; jdJ capuida ftr Fz;lyq;fisg;gpuhkzdhf khWNtlj;jpy; te;J ahrpj;j fz;zgpuhDf;Ff; nfhLj;j nfhil ts;sy;fu;zidAk; xg;gplyhk;.

jahtPud; vd;gtd; rfy [Ptuhrpfsplj;jpYk; md;G> ,uf;fk;> fhUz;ak; Mfpaczu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;Jgtd;.

jah tPuDf;F cjhuzkha; Neha;> %g;G> tWik ,tw;iwf; fz;Zw;wjhy; cyftho;f;ifia ntWj;J cz;ikia ehbr; nrd;w ,sturd; rpj;jhu;j;jidAk; (gpd;du; nfsjkGj;ju; vd miof;fg;gl;lhu;) Fwpg;gplyhk;.

ju;k tPud; vd;gtd; mwnewp topepd;W mju;kj;ij mopj;J ju;kj;ijf; filg;gpbj;Jmjid epiyehl;l topNfhYgtd;.

ju;k tPuDf;F cjhuzkha; rPjhNjtpia epyj;Jld; mfo;e;J ,yq;fhGupapy; (rPjhvypatpy;) rpiw itj;j ,yq;Nf];tudhd ,uhtzidg; Nghupy; ntd;W ju;kj;ij epiyepWj;jpa= ,uhk gpuhidf; $wyhk;.

Aj;j tPud; vd;gtd; jdJ Nghu; typikapdhy; vjpupfis Aj;jj;jpy; ntd;W ntw;wpf;nfhbehl;Lgtd;.

Aj;j tPuDf;F cjhuzkha; tpy;Yf;nfhU tp[ad; vd kfhghujj;jpy; tu;zpf;fg;gLk;mUr;Rdidf; $wyhk;.

145

tPuj;jpw;F rf;jp jhd; Kf;fpak; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ. tPu ,u]j;jpd; rf;jpahdJKt;tifg;gLk;. mit g;uG rf;jp> ke;jpu rf;jp> guhf;fpuk rf;jp vd;gitahk;.g;uG rf;jp vd;gJ gpwg;gpdhy; Vw;gLtjhFk;. mjhtJ xUtd; gpwf;Fk; NghJ ew;Fyj;jpy;nry;tr; nropg;Gs;s FLk;gj;jpy; rKjhaj;jpy; nry;thf;Fila ngw;NwhUf;Fg; gpwe;jjhy;Vw;gl;l rf;jp.

ke;jpu rf;jp vd;gJ gytpj ke;jpuq;fis cr;rhldk; nra;J gyfhyk; jtk; nra;Jfpilg;gJ.

guhf;fpuk rf;jp vd;gJ xUtUf;F ,aw;ifahfNt clypy; mike;jpUf;fpd;w tPuj;jd;ikMFk;.

6. gahdf ,u]k; :

gahdf ,u]khdJ m`q;fhuj;ijf; FzkhfTk; tPuu]j;ij vjpu; ,u]khfTq;nfhz;lJ.

fhyid Njtijahff; nfhz;Ls;s ,t; ,u]k; vLj;jf; nfhs;Sk; ];tuk; ijtjk;MFk;.

epwk; fUik> GU\hu;j;jk; mu;j;jk;> gaj;ij ];jhap ghtkhff; nfhz;l gahdf,u]j;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vd;dntd;why; xUtUf;F tpUg;gkpy;yhjtw;wpd; epfo;Tfspdhy; Vw;gLk;ntWg;gpdhy; xUtuJ cs;sj;jpNy cz;lhFk; kdNtjidfspd; ntspg;ghL MFk;.

gahdf ,u]j;jpd; cw;gj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ug;git ,uhl;rjd;> Nga;> gprhR>ghk;G mlu;e;j fhL> rz;il> gp`hukhd cf;fpukkhd rj;jq;fs; ahTk; Myk;gd tpghtk;vdg;gLk;.

xUtuplj;jpy; gaj;ij Vw;gLj;jf; $ba nra;iffs; cj;jPgd tpghtkhFk;. mitgaq;fukhd rj;jq;fisr; nrtpkLj;jy;> Nga;> G+jq;fisf; fhZjy;> Xeha;fs; CisapLk;rj;jk;> G+fk;gk;> vupkiy> Me;ijfspd; mtyf;Fuy;> ntWikahd tPL> muz;ag; gpuNtrk;>kuzk;> nfhiy> rpiwthrk; Kjypadthk;.

mEghtq;fshf if> fhy; eLf;fk;> fz;fspd; mirT> xopj;jy;> XLjy;> xLq;Fjy;Kjypad tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf tpsq;Fgit ];jk;gk;> g;usak;> fz;zPu;> NuhkhQ;rk;> tpau;it>eLf;fk;> epwkhw;wk;> Fuy;khw;wk; Mfpa vl;Lkhk;.

tpagprhup ghtq;fshf gak;> Nrhu;T> tpuf;jp> Fok;gpa epiy> rgyk;> %u;r;irailjy;>kuzk;> gak;> kwjp Kjypad mikfpd;wd.

gahdf ,u]j;jpy; %d;W gpupTfs; cs.Kjyhtjhf ,aw;ifapNyNa gaq;fukhdJ.,uz;lhtjhfg; gpwUf;Fj; jhd; nra;j jPq;fpdhy; cz;lhtJ.

%d;whtjhfg; gpwupdhy; mtutu; jj;jkJ Ra NjitfSf;fhfr; nra;j fhupaq;fshy;cz;lhf;fg;gl;lJ.

146

,e;j ,u]k; ngha ;ahy ; Vw ;gLtJ. jtWfshNyw ;gLtJ. mghak; tUtijczu;tjhNyw;gLtnjd %tifg;gLk; vd ehl;barh];jpuk; $WfpwJ.

7. gPgj;] ,u]k; :

m`q;fhu> jhk] Fzq;fisf; nfhz;ljha; tpsq;Fk;. ,e;j ,u]j;jpd; ];jhapghtk; [_fg;]h (ntWg;G) MFk;.

rpUq;fhu ,u]k; ,jdJ vjpu; ,u]khfTk; Njtij k`hfhsdhfTk; mikfpd;wd.

ijtjj;ijj; jdJ ];tukhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; ,e;j ,u]k; mu;j;jj;ijg;GU\hu;j;jkhff; nfhz;lJ. ,jd; epwk; ePyk; MFk;.

gPgj;] ,u]j;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vd;dntd;why; nghUl;fspd; FiwghLfisf; fz;Lnfhs;tjdhy; Vw;gLtJ MFk;.

Myk;gd tpghtkha; Ju;ehw;wk;> rij> vYk;G> tpUg;gkpy;yhjit Kjypadtpsq;Ffpd;wd.

cj;jPgd tpghtkha; mOfpa epiyapYs;s kdpj> kpUf cly;fisf; fz;Zw;wy;>gpupakpy;yhjtw;iwg; gw;wpg; NgRjy;> Nfl;ly;> ghu;j;jy; Nghd;wit mikfpd;wd.

,e;j ,u]khdJ muq;fpy; ghtid nra;ag;gLk;nghOJ ru;t mq;fq;fisAk; xLf;Fjy;>Kfj;ij Kd;Dk; gpd;Dkhf mirj;jy;> fz;fisr; Row;wy;> neQ;Rtyp> kdtUj;jk;>ftiy> ckpo;jy;> Jg;Gjy;> ntWg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d nray;fshy;gpujpgypf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mDghtkha; miktJ cly; FWfp epw;wy;> fz;fis %Ljy;> %f;ifAk; thiaAk;%Ljy;> gpuhz;Ljy;> Jg;Gjy;> kaf;fk; KjypadthFk;.

rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf ];jk;gpj;jy;> kaf;fk;> kapu;$r;nrwpjy;> tpau;it> eLf;fk; Kjypadmikfpd;wd.

tpagprhup ghtq;fsha; miktd> Fok;gpa epiy> czu;tpd; fpsu;r;rp> nfhe;jspg;G>kwjp> Neha;> gak;> Jd;gk;> Fbkaf;fk;> ntwp> rf;jp> kuzk;> gak; Mfpait.

gPgj;]; ,u]Kk; Rj;j> mRj;j> mjpae;jRj;j vd %tifg;gLk;.

Rj;j vd;gJ gupRj;jkhdJ mjhtJ Rj;jkhd ,uj;jk;. mRj;j vd;gJ gupRj;jkw;wJ.mjhtJ GOf;fs; Kjypad.

mjpae;jRj;j vd;gJ kpfkpfg; gupRj;jkhdJ. %d;whtJ tiff;F cjhuzkhfj;jd;idNa mwpe;J nfhz;l Qhdj;jhy; cyf tho;f;ifia ntWj;J mjid ePj;j Jwtpfisf;$wyhk;.

147

8. mw;Gj ,u]k; :

,e;j ,u]k; nusj;u ,u]j;jpd; vjpu; ,u]khfTk; rj;t Fzg; gpujhdkhdjhfTk;mike;Js;s ,e;j ,u]k; kQ;risj; jdJ epwkhfTk; gpuk;khit NjtijahfTk;nfhz;Ls;sJ.

ju;kj;ijg; GU\hu;j;jkhff; nfhz;Ls;s ,e;j ,u]k; vLj;jf;nfhs;Sk; ];tuq;fs;]l;[Kk; up\gKk; MFk;.

Mr;rupaj;ij ];jhap ghtkhff; nfhz;l mw;Gj ,u]j;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vd;dntd;why;rhjhuzkhdtw;wpypUe;Jk; NtWgl;l Nkw;gl;ltw;iwf; fhz;gjhy; kdjpy; cz;lhFk; tpupTvd;gdthk;.

fpilf;f KbahjJ fpilj;jy;> kdpjuhy; nra;a Kbahjijr; nra;jy;> khia>,e;jpu[hy tpj;ij Mfpad ,u] cw;gj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhd Myk;gd tpghtq;fshfmikfpd;wd.

fpilj;jtw;wpd; juj;jpd; ngWkjpNa ,e;j ,u]j;jpd; cj;jPgd tpghtkha; mikfpwJ.

fz;fis mfyj; jpwj;jy;> ntwpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy;> ,ik nfhl;lhjpUj;jy;> if jl;ly;>rj;jk;> iffis mirj;jy;> Mr;rupak;> gpuik Kjypad mw;Gj ,u]j;jpd; mDghtq;fshFk;.

];jk;gpj;jy;> kaf;fk;> kapu;$r;nrwpjy;> Fuy;khw;wk;> epwkhw;wk;> eLf;fk;> fz;zPu;>tpau;it Mfpa vl;Lk; rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf mikfpd;wd.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; tpagprhup ghtq;fs; jpir jpUk;gpa ftdk;> epidT> jpUg;jp> kfpo;r;rp>czu;tpd; fpsu;r;rp> nfhe;jspg;G> ];jk;gpj;jy;> fUj;juq;F> thjg; gpujpthjk;> Fog;gk;Mfpaitahk;.

kdpj rf;jpf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l epfo;Tfs; rhjpf;f Kbahjijr; rhjpj;jy; Mfpad,e;j mw;Gj ,u]j;jpd; $Wfshk;. ,ijNa rk];fpUjj;jpy; jpt;a (nja;tPfj; jd;ikAilaJ)vd;Wk; Mde;j[h kpfkpfr; re;Njh\khd epiy vdTk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

148

9. rhe;j ,u]k; :

filrpahf tUtJ rhe;j ,u]k;. rhe;j ,u]khdJ vy;yh capu;fSf;Fk;,aw;ifahdJk; nghJthdjhAk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. kw;iwa ,u]q;fs; ,jpypUe;Nj Njhd;Wfpd;wd.khw;wq;fspdhy; Vw;gLgit. ,k; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkha; mikfpd;wtw;why;,k; khw;wq;fs; epfo;fpd;wd. NkYk; ,k; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w fhuzpfs; vOfpd;wNghJk;,f; fhuzpfs; kiwAk; NghJk; mit rhe;j ,u]j;jpDs;Ns mkpo;e;JtpLfpd;wd.

rj;t Fzj;ijg; gpujhdkhfTk; Nkhl;rj;ijg; GU\hu;j;jkhfTk; nfhz;l rhe;j ,u]k;ftiy> re;Njh\k;> FNuhjk;> nghwhik Nghd;w Fzq;fs; ,y;yhjtplj;Jk; vy;yh [PtuhrpfSk;rkk; vd epidj;J nrayhw;Wk; NghJk; cz;lhfpd;wJ.

mikjpia ];jhap ghtkhff; nfhz;l ,jd; epwk; ntz;ik.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; ,yl;rzk; vd;dntd;why; mikjpahd kdk;> tpUg;G ntWg;gw;wepiy> ed;dlj;ij> md;G kPl;rpf;fhd tpUg;gk; (mjhtJ cyf ge;jq;fspypUe;J) vd;gdthFk;.

cyfpay; tho;f;ifapd; mepj;jpaj; jd;ikia mwpe;Jnfhs;sy; vd;gJ Myk;gdtpghtkhf mikfpwJ.

rhe;j ,u]j;jpd; cj;jPgd tpghtq;fsha; miktd N\j;jpuhldk;> kdjpd; J}a;ik>rj;rq;f ( mwpQu;fSlDk;> ey;ytu;fSlDk; $ly;) rpj;jpfisg; ngwy; vd;gdthk;.

,e;j ,u]j;jpd; mDghtq;fshf tpsq;Ftd Ik;Gyd;fspd; mlf;fk;> jd;idg;gw;wpa rpe;jid> Vfhf;fpufr; rpj;jk;> rfy [Ptuhrpfsplj;Jk; fhUz;ak;> Jwtpahjy; KjypadTk;ehd;Ftpj Mrpukq;fshd gpuk;krupak;> fpu`];jk;> thdg;gpu];jk;> re;ahrk; Mfpa epiyfspy;J}a;ikahf ,Uj;jYkhk;.

,e;j ,u]j;jpw;F rhj;tPf ghtq;fshf ,uz;Nlapuz;L kl;Lk; cs;sd. mit];jk;gpj;jYk; Gy;yupj;jYk; kl;LNk. kdjpNy ve;jtpjkhd czu;r;rpfSk; Vw;glhj epiyjhd;rhe;jk;. Mifahy; fz;zPu;> tpau;it> kaf;fk;> epwkhw;wk;> Fuy;khw;wk;> eLf;fk; Mfparhj;tPf ghtq;fs; rhe;j ,u]j;jpy; fhzg;glkhl;lh.

,e;j ,u]j;jpw;Fupa tpagprhup ghtq;fSk; ehd;F kl;LNk. mit kdr;Nrhu;T> Vf;fk;>epidT> jpUg;jp Mfpadthk;.

xd;W jhd; tpUk;gpa nghUis mile;jjhy; Vw;gl;l G+uz re;Njh\j;jhy; Vw;;gl;ljhfNthmy;yJ flTisf; fz;ljhy; Vw;gl;l gukhde;jj;jhy; cz;lhdjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

kw;wJ Kd; [d;kj;jpy; xUtu; nra;j ew;Fz ew;nra;iffis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;ljhfNth md;wp xUtupd; epfuw;w xg;Gau;tw;w nra;iffshy; cz;lhdjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

149

eturj;jpd; ,uhfq;fs;

1. rpUq;fhu ,u]k; :

fy;ahzp> ehl;ilf; FwpQ;rp> Nkhfdk;> fkh];> RUl;b

2. `h];a ,u]k; :

Nkh`dk;> fhgp> Nfjhuk;

3. fUzh ,u]k; :

Kfhup> ]`hdh> M`pup> Gd;dhftuhsp

4. nusj;u ,u]k;:

mlhzh> t]e;jh> Mugp

5. tPu ,u]k; :

`k;]j;tdp> ehl;il> fk;gPuehl;il> gpy`up> Njtfhe;jhup

6. gahdf ,u]k; :

fhdlh> Rgge;Jtuhsp> uQ;rdp

7. gPgj;] ,u]k; :

Ngflh> gPk;gpsh];

8. mw;Gj ,u]k; :

yjhq;fp> ng`hf;> rhuq;fh

9. rhe;j ,u]k; :

ehjehkf;upia> rhkh

156


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpfis tpupthf Muha;thu;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.1 : rq;f> rq;fkUtpa> gy;ytu;> Nrhou;> tp[aefu>ehaf;fu;>Mq;fpNyah; fhyk; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyq;fspd;tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;GfisAk; rpwg;gk;rq;fisAk; tif gpupg;ghu;.

rq;f fhyk;(fp.gp 1Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; 3Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu)

rq;f fhyj;jpNy kf;fSk; kd;dUk; ,t;Tyf ,d;gq;fis ed;F Ja;j;J tho;e;jdu;.,jdhy; jdpkdpj czu;Tfshd kfpo;r;rp> mOif> ,uf;fk;> ntw;wpf;fspg;G ,itfisntspg;gLj;jpr; nray;gl;ljhfNt mf;fhy eldk; mike;jJ. kf;fspd; tho;tpy; ,irAk;eldKk; Kf;fpakhd ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jikf;F E}y;fs; jf;frhd;WfshFk;. Itifepyj;jpdpw;Fk; jdpj;jdpg; gz;Zk; giwAk; $j;Jk; ,Ue;jd.

,q;F Ntj;jpay;> nghJtpay; vd;fpd;w ,uz;Ltif eldq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. kd;dUk;fw;wwpe;NjhUk; ,Ue;j mitapy; MLk; $j;jpid Ntj;jpay; vd;gu;. mjhtJ Nte;jd;mitapy; nra;Ak; eldj;ijj; jdpj;Jf; fw;wpUe;jdu;. me; eldq;fis mitfspy; kl;LNknra;jy; vd;gNjhL Njit fUjpg; nghJ ,lq;fspYk; epfo;j;jpdu;.

rq;ffhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ghzd;> tpwyp> $j;ju; Nghd;Nwhu; kd;du;fisg; Gfo;e;Jk;kd;ddpd; ntw;wpiag; Nghw;wpAk; ghliy ,irj;Jk; Mliyr; nra;Jk; thj;jpaq;fisthrpj;Jk; te;jhu;fs; vd midj;J rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fSk; $Wfpd;wd. kd;du;fisg; ghbg;guprpy; ngwf; $j;ju;fSk; tpwypau;fSk; Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;whu;fs; vd;gijg; GwehD}w;WMw;Wg;gil E}y;fSk; vLj;J nkhoptijf; fhzyhk;.

guprpy; ngw Cu;tpl;L Cu; nrd;w tpwyp> $j;ju; vd;Nghu; jhkhff; fw;Wj; Nju;e;j$j;J> eldk; vd;gitfisj; jhq;fs; nry;Yk; Cu;fspy; epfo;j;jpAk; mt;T+u;fspy; cs;s$j;J ,irkuGfisf; fw;Wj; jq;fs; fiyfisg; GJg;gpj;Jk; nfhz;ldu;. mjdhy; jhd;nghJtpay; vDk; eldk; rpwg;Gw;W ,Ue;jijf; fhzKbfpwJ.

rq;f fhyj;jpNy eldk;> $j;J> Mly;> Fdpg;G vd;Dk; ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.MLNthu; Nfhbau;> $j;ju;> tapupau;> fz;Zsu;> nghUeu;> tpwypau; vDk; ngau;fshy;miof;fg;gl;ldu;. $j;jUk; nghUeUk; Mly; ghly;fspy; ed;F <Lgl;ldu;.

gf;jp ,af;f fhyj;jpy; eldj;jpd; ,iwtdhfr; rptngUkhd; Mf;fg;gLfpd;whu;. Mdhy;rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; vt;tplj;jpYk; rptd; eldj;jpd; ,iwtdhff; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy.

rptngUkhd; nra;j mUQ;nray;fshd Kg;Guk; vupj;jik> ,uhtzd; fu;tj;ijmlf;fpaik Nghd;w nra;jpfs; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sd vd;whYk; rptd; mr; nray;fisr; nra;jgpd; eldk; Mba nra;jpiag; Ngrtpy;iy.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; vOe;j mfg;ghly; midj;jpYk; khDlf; fhjNy Ngrg;gLfpd;wd.mk; khDlf; fhjypd; Jd;gk;> ,og;G> kfpo;r;rp Nghd;wdtw;iw ,aw;ifr; #oYld; ,iae;jgwit> tpyq;F Nghd;wdtw;NwhL xg;gpl;ldNu md;wpj; nja;tq;fisr; Rl;b xg;Gik VJk;nra;atpy;iy.

157

eldk;> ,ir Nghd;wd kfpo;r;rpA+l;Lk; rhjdkhf> kf;fSf;F kd;du;fspd; tPuk;>ntw;wp> nfhilj; njhopy; ,tw;iw mwptpf;Fk; Clfkhf ,Ue;jdNtad;wp Xu; ,iwtopghl;Lr; rhjdkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

rq;f fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j kf;fs; jq;fSf;Fupa ,Ug;gplq;fspy; FOthff; $l;lkhftho;e;jtu;fs;. vdNt mtu;fspd; eldKk; FO eldkhfj;jhd mikAk;. kd;du;fisf;fhzr; nry;Yk; tpwypNah $j;jNuh jdp eldk; nra;thu;fs;. Mdhy; mfg;nghUs; kugpd;fPo; gapd;W tUk; ghly;fspy; FO eldq;fisNa ghu;f;f ,aYfpd;wJ.

rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fshd gl;bdg;ghiy> $j;juhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil>mfehD}W> GwehD}W> gupghly;> gjpw;Wg;gj;J> ew;wpiz> fypj;njhif> kJiuf;fhQ;rp>Iq;FWE}W> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil Nghd;w ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; eldj;ijf; fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ.,jpy; $j;juhw;Wg;gil> nghUeuhw;Wg;gil vd;gd $j;jiu Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; E}yhf mikfpd;wJ.

rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; eldk; Fuit> Jzq;if> ntwpahly; vDk;%d;wpd; gFjpahfNt ,Uf;Fk;.

,jpy; Fuit vd;gJ vOtNuh my;yJ vz;kNuh my;yJ xd;gjpd;kNuh $b epd;WMLtJ.

Jzq;if vd;gJ ngz;fs; MLk; eldk;.ntwpahly; vd;gJ vjhtJ gad;fUjp Ntyid ntwpahlr; nra;tJ. ,t; ntwpahlypy;

ngz;fSk; MLjy; cz;L.

Itif epyj;J kf;fSk; Fuitahba nra;jpfis vl;Lj;njhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpaKbfpwJ.

Fuitf;$j;J - ntw;wpapd; fhuzkhfr; rq;ffhy kf;fs; Fuit MbAs;sdu; vd;gij“ntd;wp ghba njhbj;Njhs; kPif

vOKb nfoP,a jpU nQku; mfyj;J” vDk; gjpw;Wg;gj;J mbfs; %yk; mwpayhk;.

1. FwtQ;rp epyf;Fuit - FwpQ;rp epyk; vd;gJ kiyepyk;. kiy tho; kf;fs; Fd;wf; Fuit Mbdu; vd;gij “Ntq;if Kd;wpw; FuitAk; cz;Nl” vDk; ew;wpizg; ghly; %yKk;

“Fuit joP ,ahk; Mlhf; FuitAs;nfhz;L epiyg;ghbf; fhz;” vd;W fypj;njhifg; ghly; %yKk;

“fhu;kyu; FwpQ;rp #bf; flk;gpd;rPu;kpF nelNtl; Ngzpj; j*cg;gpizA+ckd;WnjhWk; epd;w Fuit” vd;W kJiuf;fhQ;rpg; ghly; %yKk; mwpayhk;.

2. Ky;iyj; jpizf; Fuit :Ky;iy vd;gJ fhl;Lepyk;. ,q;F thOk; NtLtu; Fuit Mba nra;jpia1. gz;zik ,d;rPu;f; FuitAs; vd;W fypj;njhifg; ghly; %yk; mwpayhk;.

158

3. kUj epyf; Fuit :kUjk; vd;gJ tay; epiwe;j gFjp. ,e; epyj;J cotu; Fuit Mbanra;jpia1. “FWk;gy; ahzu;f; Fuit maUk;” vd;W gjpw;Wg;gj;J $Wk;.

4. nea;jy; epyf; Fuit :nea;jy; vd;gJ fly; rhu;e;j gFjp.nea;jy; epy kf;fs; Fuit Mbaij“ngha;jy; Mba ngha;ah kfspu; Fg;ig ntz;kzy; Fuit epW} ck;” vd;W Iq;FWE}Wk;

“nfhz;ly; ,L kzy; Fuit Kidapd; ntz;liyg; Gzup MankhL Mb” vd;W mfehD}Wk; rpwg;gpf;fpd;wJ.

5. ghiy epyf; Fuit :ghiy vd;gJ kzy; rhu;e;j gFjp“jPq;Fuitf; nfhisj; jhq;Fe;J” vd;W GwehD}Wk; nrhy;fpwJ.

Jzq;iff; $j;J :

‘kfspu; joP,a Jzq;if ahDk;’ vd;W FWe;njhifg; ghly; %yk; mwptJld;kJiuf;fhQ;rp> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil E}y;fSk; Jzq;iff; $j;ijr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd.

NkYk; Jzq;if MliyNa xU tpohthfr; rq;f fhyj;jpy; nfhz;lhbAs;sdu;vd;gij

‘tpotau; Jzq;if j*cfk; nry;y’ vd;W ew;wpizg; ghlYk;‘KoT ,kpo; Jzq;if J}q;Fk; tpotpd;’ vd;W mfehD}Wk; $wp epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ntwpahl;L :

ntwpahnjy; vd;gJ Gwj;jpiz kw;Wk; mfj;jpiz vDk; ,U jpizapYk; eilngWk;.Gwj;jpizapy; ntw;wp Ntz;b nfhw;witapd; Kd; tPuu;fs; ntwpahLjYk;

mfj;jpizapy; jiytpapd; eyk; fUjp ntwpahLjYk; cz;L.Gwj;jpiz ntwpahl;ilj; njhy;fhg;gpaKk;‘ntwpawp rpwg;gpd; nty;tha; Ntyd; ntwpahl;L mau;e;j fhe;jSk;’ vd;Wk; mfj;jpiz ntwpahliy “ntwpahl;L

,lj;J ntUtpd; fz;Zk;” vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; $Wfpd;wJ.

mfj;jpiz ntwpahl;lj;jpy; Mltu; kl;Lkd;wp kfspUk; ntwpahl;lk nra;Js;sdu;vd;W rq;f ,yf;fpak; rhd;W jUfpwJ.

fwptsu; rpyk;gpd; flTs;Ngzp mwpah Ntyd; ntwp vdf;$W” vd;W Iq;FWE}Wk;

“Ntyd; Gide;j ntwp ma fse; njhWnre;jey; thd;nghwp jpwp ad;d”

vd;W FWe;njhifAk; Mltu; Mba ntwpahl;lj;jpidf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

“ntwpahl;lk; nra;Ak; ngz; MLk; kfspu;” vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;.

159

nja;tk; mts;kPJ Vwp ntwpahl;lj;jpidr; nra;Ak; vd;W ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.ntwpahLk; ngz;fis fzpf;[hfhwp> fhypdp Njtuhl;b vd;W gyngau;fspy; miof;Fk;tof;fk; rq;ffhyq;fspy; cz;L.

“ntwpnfhs; ghitapy; nghype;j” vd;w mfj;jpizg; ghly; %yk; ngz;fSk;ntwpahl;lk; nra;jijf; fhzyhk;.

Fuit> Jzq;if> ntwpahly; Nghd;w kf;fs; tof;Ffisj; jOtpa Ml;lq;fs; jtpunja;tq;fs; Mba eldq;fs; vd rpy eldq;fis rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; vLj;J nkhopfpd;wd.

jpUkhy; Mba Flf;$j;J my;ypaf; $j;Jg; gw;wpAk; rptngUkhd; Mba nfhLnfhl;b>ghz;Luq;fk;> fghyk;> Copf; $j;Jf;fs; gw;wpf; $wpapUg;gjhdJ rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy;khjtp muq;Nfw;wj;jpy; 11 tiff; $j;Jf;fis MbapUg;gJk; ,ize;J Nehf;fNtz;bAs;sJ.

$j;Jf;fis MLk;NghJ nra;Jnfhs;sNtz;ba xg;gidfisAk; rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ.

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; Fuitf; $j;jhLk; Ntyd; (G+rhup) jiyapy; fz;zpmzpe;Js;shd;. mf; fz;zpapy; gr;rpiy khiyf;Fs; rhjpf;fhia itj;Jj; jf;Nfhyf;fhiaAk; ,izj;Jf; fhl;Lky;ypif kyu;fisAk; nkd;ikahd $jhd kyu;fisAk;Nru;j;Jf;fl;b mzpe;Js;shd; vDk; Fwpg;gpidf; fhzKbfpwJ.

rpWghzhw;Wg;gil vDk; ,yf;fpak; eldkhLk; tpwypapd; moifAk; Fuitf;$j;jpidAk; ntwpf; $j;jpidAk; kf;fs; MbaKiwia tptupf;fpd;wJ.

gl;bdg;ghiy vDk; ,yf;fpak; gujtu; tho;f;ifKiwiaf; $Wfpd;wJ. kiygLflhk;vDk; ,yf;fpak; tpwypiaAk; $j;ju; jiytidAk; tpsf;FfpwJ.

Gwj;jpiz ,aYs; cz;lhl;L vDk; Jiwiaj; njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. cz;lhl;Lvd;gJ giftu; ehl;bd; kPJ gil elj;jp mg;gif ehl;by; cs;s gRf;$l;lq;fisf; ftu;e;Jte;J mg; gRf; $l;lq;fisj; jd; ehl;L kf;fSld; gfpu;e;J gpd; kfpo;Tld; fs;spidmUe;jp MLtJ MFk;. nfhz;lhl;lk; vd;gJ ntw;wpnfhz;L MLtijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

Mly; kfsPu; mzpe;j kzpfNshL $ba Nkfiy gw;wpAk; Jb ,irf;fjpUg;guk;Fd;wpyhba Mly; kfspu; gw;wpAk;> rpte;j ghjj;jpy; tPuf;foy; mira mofpamiuapy; fl;lg;gl;l kzpfSld; nghd;dhyhd fQ;rw;fUtpia (ry;yhup) xU fiyQu;thrpj;J MLtJ gw;wpAk; gy Fwpg;Gf;fis ,yf;fpaq;fspy; fhzyhk;. eldq;fs; muq;F>njU> kzYs;s ,lk;> tPl;bd; Kd;gf;fk; Kjypatw;wpNy ,lk;ngw;wd. efu;g;Gwq;fspYk;$j;jpid epfo;j;Jtjw;F muq;Ffs; ,Ue;jd.

ehlfj;jpw;F tha;ghl;birAk;> thj;jpa ,irAk; mtrpakhFk;. kUjk;> nrt;top>ghiy> FwpQ;rp vd;Dk; 4 mbg;gilg; gz;fs; tof;fpy; ,Ue;jd. ,it jtpu ietdk;>jhkuk;> Mk;gy; Kjypa fpisg; gz;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. ghzu;> ghbdpau;> $j;ju;>nghUeu;> capupau;> Nfhbau;> tpwypau; vdg; gytifahd ,irthzu; tho;e;jdu;.

rq;f E}y;fspNy tpy;aho;> rPwpaho;> Ngupaho;> giw> KoT> KuR> gjiy>njhz;lfk;> MFsp> jl;il> nts;sp> jlhup> Foy;> tapu;> ghz;by;> rq;F Kjypa,irf;fUtpfs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd.

fiyQu;fis kd;du;fs; ed;F Mjupj;J tpiyAau;e;j guprpy;fSk; nfsutq;fSk;

toq;fpaikahy; mf;fhy Mly; nropg;Gw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lJ.

160

rq;fkUtpa fhy Mlw;fiy

rq;f fhyj;ijj; njhlu;e;J rq;fkUtpa fhy Mlw;fiyapd; kFlkhf miktJrpyg;gjpfhuk; MFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,q;F mw ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gLk; eldf;fiy rk;ge;jkhdnra;jpfisAk; ehk; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sj; jtwf; $lhJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; mf;fhy eldj;jpd; gy tptuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s eldf; fsQ;rpakhfNttpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,J jkpou; eld ,irf; fiyfspd; ngUikiag; Ngrpa Kjy; E}y;kl;Lkd;W. KOikahd E}YkhFk;. tud;Kiwahd eldg; gapw;rp> eld rh];jpu mwpT>tha;g;ghl;bir> thj;jpa ,ir> muq;Nfw;wk;> muq;fk; vd;gd gw;wpj; njspthf tpsf;fpAs;sJ.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; fhl;Lk; midj;J eldr; nra;jpfSk; fzpifau; vd;Dk; xU ,dj;ijr;Rw;wpNa mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

eldj;jpidf; fw;W Kiwahf muq;NfWtjw;F xU eldg; ngz; vitfis vy;yhk;fw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijr; rpyg;gjpfhuk; gpd;tUkhW $WfpwJ.

1. Mly;> ghly;> moF ,k; %d;wpYk; rpwe;jtsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. Ie;J taJ Kbe;jgpd; fw;fj; njhlq;fp 7 Mz;Lfs; ,iltplhJ Kiwahff; fw;Wg; 12 tajpy; muq;Nfw;wj;jpid kd;dd; Kd; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. Ntj;jpay;> nghJtpay; vDk; ,Utiff; $j;jpidAk; mitfspd; ,yf;fzq;fisAk; fw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $WfpwJ. Ntj;jpay; vd;gJ Nte;ju;fSf;fhf Mlg;gLk; $j;J vd;Wk; nghJtpay; vd;gJ nghJ kf;fSf;fhf Mlg;gLk; $j;J vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. ,ij

“,Utiff; $j;jpd; ,yf;fzk; mwpe;J gytiff; $j;Jk; tpyf;fpdpy; Gzu;e;J”

vDk; tupfs; %yk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ.

4. NkYk; MLtjw;Fupa eldq;fnsdg; 11 tpjkhd Mly;fisAk; gy tiff; $j;Jf;fisAk; mwpe;J vjid> vq;F> vt;thW nra;a Ntz;Lk; vDk; KiwfisAk; mwpe;J> MlYf;Fupa ghl;bidAk; cupa jhsj;jpidAk; mwpe;J eldj;jpidr; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ. ,jid

“ gjpNdhU MlYk; ghl;Lk; nfhl;Lk; tpjpkhz; nfhs;ifapd; tpsq;f mwpe;jhq;F MlYk; ghlYk; ghzpAk; J}f;Fk; $ba newpapid nfhSj;Jk; fhiy”

vDk; tupfs; %yk; mwpayhk;.

NkYk; eldj;ijr; nra;fpd;wNghJ xw;iwf; ifr; nra;iffisAk; ,ul;ilf; ifr;nra;iffisAk; Kiwahfr; nra;J vopyhff; ifapid ,af;Ffpd;wNghJ mjpy; nghUspidf;fhl;lhkYk;> nghUspidr; Rl;bf; iffis ,af;Fk;NghJ mjpy; vopy;jd;ik cl;GfhkYk;>xw;iff; ifr; nra;ifapd;NghJ ,ul;ilf; ifr; nra;iffisr; nra;ahkYk;> ,ul;ilf;ifr; nra;iffisr; nra;Ak;NghJ xw;iwf; ifr; nra;iffisr; nra;ahkYk;> Njrp vd;Wnrhy;yg;gLfpd;w tl;lhu tof;fpYs;s eldq;fisr; nra;fpd;wNghJ mitfspd; jdpj;jd;ik

161

tha;e;j ifr; nray;fisr; nra;Jk;> khu;f;fk; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpd;w nrt;tpa eldj;ijr;nra;fpd;wNghJ mjw;Fupa ifr;nra;iffis khj;jpuKk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wJ.

,q;F $wg;gLk; gpz;b vd;gJ xw;iwf; if gjhif Kjyhf 24> gpizay; vd;gJ,ul;ilf; if mQ;ryp Kjyhfg; 13ck; MFk;.

6. eldk; MLfpd;wtu; Fuitf; $j;jpidAk; tupf; $j;jpidAk; mwpe;jpUf;f Nt z ;L k ; v d ;f pwJ . “Fuitf; $j;jpDf;Fupa fhw; njhopy;fis tupf;$j;jpy; nra;jyhfhJ. Fuit vd;gJ tupf;$j;jpd; Xu; cWg;ghFk;.”

NkYk; eldj;jpw;F cWJizaha; cs;stu;fspd; jpwik gw;wp tpupthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

,ir Mrpupad; :

Mrpupad; ahOlDk;> FoYlDk; nghUe;jp ,irf;ff; $bastpy; Fuy;tsk; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;Lk;. jhsj;jpd; tifik vy;yhk; mwpe;J jhsk; ,iaag; ghlNtz;Lk;.eldj;jpw;nfd;wike;j ghLk; Kiwiaj; Nju;e;J ghly; Ntz;Lk;. mff; $j;J> Gwf;$j;Jvd;Dk; ,Utiff; $j;jpd; ghly;fisg; ghLtjw;F Mw;wy; ngw;wtdha;> 11 Mly;fSf;Fupaghly;fis ed;F mwpe;jtdha;> nkhop mwpT kpf;ftdha;> nkhopNahL ,ir nghUe;jp tUk;jpwk; mwpe;jtdha;> ,irahy; nkhopiar; rpijf;fhjtdha;> gd;nkhopg; Gyik cilatdha;>ghliy vOjpatupd; csk; mwpe;Jk;> eldj;ij cUthf;Fk; Gytdpd; kdk; czu;e;Jk;vq;F ghly;fspd; ,irj;jd;ik tpupj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl Ntz;LNkh mq;F tpupj;Jk;> Fiwf;Fkplj;JFiwj;Jk; ghLtjw;F mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ftpQd; Mw;wy; :

jkpopy; cs;s ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk;> Ntj;jpay;> nghJtpay; vDk; ,Utifeldq;fSf;Fg; ghly; vOJk; Kiw> ,ir nkhopAld; nghUe;jp tuf;$bajhAk; ghly;vOJk; jpwd; vd;gdtw;Wld; gy E}y;fisf; fw;Wzu;e;jdthAk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

jz;Zik thrpg;Nghd; :

$j;Jf;fSf;Fk;> ghly;fSf;FKupa jhs Kiwfis ed;F njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.tha;g;ghl;bir thj;jpa ,irf;Nfw;wthW jz;Zikia ,af;fj; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Foy; ,irg;Nghd; :

Foy; ,irf;Fk; Kiwfisf; $Wk; E}y;fis ed;F fw;Wzu;e;jtdhfTk;> rpj;jpuk;>tQ;rid vDk; ,irg;Gzu;Tfis mwpe;jtdhAk;> ghly; Mrpupadpd; kdk; mwpe;jtdhAk;>1-3 gz;fspd; jd;ik mwpe;jtdhAk;> ,ir E}y; tof;if mwpe;jtdhAk;> KoT jz;ZikAld;,iae;J thrpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;gtdhAk;> ahopd; Ruj;Jld; Foypd; Ruj;ijg; nghUj;jKld;itj;J thrpg;gtdhAk;> gz; ,yf;fzk; mwpe;jtdhAk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

aho; Mrpupad; :

7 ghiyfspd; nraw;ghLfis ed;F njupe;J xU ghiyapypUe;J gpwpnjhU ghiyiar;Row;rp Kiwahy; mwpe;J ,irf;f ty;ytdhAk;> ghliyg; ghLk; Njhupa kle;ijau;fspd;RUjpfSf;F xg;g ,irg;gtdha;> ahopdJ typTk; nkypTk; mwpe;J ,irf;f ty;ytdhAk;,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;W rpyk;G vLj;J nkhopfpwJ.

162

muq;fpd; mikg;G :

ehy;tiff; Fw;wq;fs; ePq;fpa epyj;jpy;> 24 tpuy; msTila Nfhypy; 7 Nfhy;mfykha; 8 Nfhy; caukha; muq;F mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpjhdk; NkilapypUe;J 4 Nfhy;cauj;jpy; mikf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehy;tif tUzj;jhupd; G+jq;fis vOjpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.xUKf vopdp (,lj; J}z;)> nghUKf vopdp (tyj; J}z;)> fue;Jtuy; vopdp (NkNykiwthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s vopdp) ,itfis mikj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. eldNkil ,uz;Lthapy;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkil NkYs;s J}z;fspd; epoy; eld NkilapNyhghu;itahsu; muq;fpNyh tpohjpUf;f Ntz;bastpy; tpsf;Ffisg; nghUj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.eld Nkilapd; $iuapypUe;J kyu;khiyfisAk; Kj;J khiyfisAk; nfhz;L eldNkilmyq;fupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;W tpsf;FfpwJ.

jiyf;Nfhy; :

gif kd;du;fis ntd;W mk; kd;du;fspd; ntz;nfhw;wf; Filapd; fhk;gpy; gythfpaetkzpfisg; gjpj;J> caupa nghd;id ,ilapilNa itj;J mjid ,e;jpudJ kfdhdrae;jd; vdf; fUjpf; Nfhtpypy; mf; Nfhiy itj;Jg; gy Gz;zpa ejpfspypUe;J ePupidf;nfhzu;e;J mgpNrfk; nra;J KuRfs; xypf;f Ik;ngUk; FOtpdu;njhlu> xU gy;yf;fpy; itj;J vLj;J Cu;tykhff; nfhz;L te;J eldj;jpy; rpwe;jtu;f;Fj;jUjy; kuG.

rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w Mly; tiffs; :

khjtpapd; muq;Nfw;wj;ij ed;F tpsf;fpa rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,e;jputpohtpy; khjtp Mba5 tpjkhd nfsj;Jtj;ijAk; 11 MliyAk; tptupf;fpd;wJ.

gQ;rre;jpf; nfsj;Jtk; :

nfsj;Jtk; vd;gJ eldj;ij epfo;j;Jk;NghJ vt;tpj FiwTk; te;JtpLjy; $lhJvd;gjw;fha; MLk; Kjy; eld epfo;thFk;. nfsj;Jtj;ijj; njhlu;e;J khjtp 11 MliyMbdhs;.

gjpndhU Mly; :

gjpndhU MlYk; tiff; $j;jpDs; mlq;Fk;. mitahtd>

rptdhu; Mba nfhLnfhl;b ghujp Mba ghz;luq;fk; jpUkhy; Mba my;ypak; jpUkhy; Mba ky;yhly; jpUkhy; Mba Flkhly; KUfd; Mba Fil KUfd; Mba Jb fhkd; Mba Ngb cikatd; Mba kuf;fhy; jpUkfs; Mba ghit ,e;jpuhzp Mba filrpau;

vd;gitahFk;.

163

tupf;Nfhyk; :

tupf;Nfhyk; vd;Dk; eldk; ngz;fs; vt;thnwy;yhk; jq;fspd; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;Jtu;vd;gijf; $Wk; eldr; nray;ghLfshFk;. ,jid tupf;Nfhyk; vd;gu;. tup 8 tifg;gLk; .mitahtd> fz;$L tup> fhz;tup> cs;tup> Gwtup> fpsu;tup> Nju;r;rptup> fhl;rptup> vLj;Jf;nfhs;tup vd;gdthFk;.

rpyg;gjpfhuk; khjtp Mba gytpj eldq;fisAk;> $j;Jf;fisAk;> tupf;Nfhyq;fisAk;tpsf;fpaNjhL epy;yhky; mf; fhyj;jpypUe;j epyk;rhu; eldq;fisAk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ. epyk;rhu;eldq;fshtd> Ntl;Lttup> Ma;r;rpau; Fuit> Fd;wf; Fuit.

Ntl;Lt tup :

,J ghiy epyj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ. Ntl;Lt tupia xU eld epfo;thfNt rpyk;G vLj;Jnkhopfpd;wJ. rhypdp vd;ghs; nja;tKw;W mk;kf;fsplk; mtu;fspd; Fiwfisr; Rl;LtjhfmikfpwJ. rhypdp nja;tKw;Wg; NgRjy; eld ehlfj;jpy; fl;baf;fhud; nray; Nghd;wJ.rhypdpia vapdu;fs; (ghiy epy kf;fs;) tzq;fp mtisf; nfhw;witahf xg;gidnra;tu;. gpd;du; topghl;bidr; nra;tjw;Ff; fsk; jahupf;fg;gLk;. vapdu; xd;W$b ts;spf;$j;jpid epfo;j;Jtu;. mLj;J> nfhw;witapd; ntw;wpiag; GfOk; “ntd;wpf;$j;J” eilngWk;.njhlu;e;J $j;jpidg; Nghu;j;Jiwfisr; rhu;e;j Jiwfshf ntl;rp> ntl;rpg; Gweil> nfhil>mtpg;gyp> gypf;nfhil vd;Dk; Kiwfspy; $j;J eilngWk;.

Ma;r;rpau; Fuit :

Ky;iy epy kf;fspd; Fuit Ma;r;rpau; FuitahFk;. Ky;iy epy kf;fs; jq;fSf;FNeu;e;j Jd;gq;fspypUe;J jq;fs; nja;tkhd jpUkhy; jq;fisf; fhf;f Ntz;b Mlg;gLk;$j;J Ma;r;rpau; FuitahFk;. $j;jpy; xd;wd; gFjp> cs;tup tho;j;J> Kd;dpiyg; guty;>glu;f;ifg; guty; vDk; gFjpfis mikj;Jj; jpUkhypd; Gfopid vLj;J nkhope;J mtdJmUs; Ntz;b epw;gjha; Mly; mikAk;.

Fd;wf; Fuit :

FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; jq;fs; epyj;jpy; eilngw;w caupa nray; xd;wpDf;F KUfidtho;j;jpAk; Gfo;e;Jk; MLjy; Fd;wf; FuitahFk;.

rhf;ifau; $j;J :

NkYk; rhf;ifau; $j;Jk; epfo;j;jg;gl;lij>

“jpUepiyr; Nrtbr; rpyk;Gtha; ..... ,ikatd; Mba nfhl;br;Nrjk;ghj;jU ehy;tif kiwNahu; giwA+upf; $j;jr; rhf;ifad; Mlypd;”

vDk; tupfspy; tpsf;fpAs;sJ. ,f; $j;jpy; rhf;ifad; vDk; $j;J epfo;j;Jgtd;jd;Dld; xU ngz;izr; Nru;j;Jf; nfhz;L rptngUkhd; Mba nfhl;br; Nrjk; vDk;$j;jpid epfo;j;jpdhd; vd;W ,t;tbfspy; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;sJ.

NkYk; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpw;F ciunaOjpa mUk;gj ciuahrpupau; ghzp vd;gJ jhsq;fs;vd;W $wpj; jhsq;fshtd rr;rGl Kjyhd gQ;r jhsKk; miukhj;jpiuAila ghu;tjp

164

Nyhrdk; <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l 41 jhsKk;> Mwd; kl;lk;> vl;ld; kl;lk; vd;gdTk; jhsxupapay;> jdpepiy xupapay; vd;gdTk; xd;wd; ghzp Kjyhf vz;$j;Jg; ghzp ,Wjpahff;fple;j 11 ghzp tpfw;gq;fSk; Kjy;> eil> thuk; Kjypad vdj; jhs tof;fj;ijj;je;Js;shu;.

kzpNkfiyf; $j;jpd; ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;j fzpifau;> $j;Jld; njhlu;GilaXtpaj;ijAk; fw;Wj; Nju;e;jdu; vd;Wk; $j;jpd; ,yf;fzj;ijf; $Wk; gujk; vd;Dk; E}y;,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; tpsf;fpAs;sJ.

fij jOthJ ghl;Lf;fspd; nghUs; Njhd;wf; iffhl;b mgpeak; nra;Ak; KiwAk;fij jOtp tUk; $j;Jk; ,Ue;jJ vd;Wk; gpd;tUk; kzpNkfiyg; ghly; $WfpwJ.

“Mly; $j;jpNdhL mgpeak; njupNthu; ehlff; fhg;gpak; ed;D}y; Jdpg;Nghu;”

eldk; MLtjw;nfd;Nw jdpj;j muq;fq;fs; ,Ue;;jd vd;gij kzpNkfiy> rPtfrpe;jhkzpNghd;w E}y;fspy; fhzyhk;. rpe;jhkzp vOjg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; eldk; nra;tjw;nfd;Nwgs;spfs; ,Ue;jd vd;gij “fhku;ty;yp khjuhu; $j;jwhj gs;spAk;” vDk; tupfs; Rl;bepw;fpd;wd. Cu;kf;fs; te;J fhZtjw;F vd muq;Ffs; ,Ue;Js;sd. mjid ‘Mlk;gyk;’vd;W$wpajw;Fg; gpd;tUk; rPtfrpe;jhkzpg; ghly; rhd;whjhukhFk;.

“ Mlk;gyKk; muq;fKk; rhiyAk; Nrlidf; fhzpa nrd;W njhf;fJNt”

efuq;fspy; Mly; kfspu;> ghly; kfspu; vDk; ,U jpwj;J kf;fSk; tho;fpd;wtPjpfs; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd.

vdNt rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpy; Mlw;fiy Xu; cd;dj epiyapypUe;jikia mtjhdpf;fKbfpwJ.

165

gy;ytu; fhy Mlw;fiy

jkpof tuyhw;wpNy gy;ytu; fhyk; xU Kf;fpa fhykhFk;. ,tu;fs; fp.gp %d;whk;E}w;whz;lstpNy fhQ;rpapy; Mjpf;fk; ngw;Wtpl;lhYk;> fp.gp Mwhk; E}w;whz;L ,Wjpf;fhyg;gFjpapyhjpf;f Nkw;gLj;jpa rpk;ktp\;Ztpd; fhyj;JlNdNa ,tu;fspd; kpfr; rpwg;ghdfhyk; njhlq;fpw;W. gy;yt kd;du;fs; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; rkz rkaj;ij Mjupj;jtu;fs;vd;whYk; kNfe;jpud; vDk; kd;dd; fhyk; Kjy; irtk;> itztk; vDk; ,U rkaq;fSk;kPl;LUthf;fk; ngw;wd.

irt> itzt mbahu;fs; Cu; Cuhfr; nrd;wjhy; xt;nthU CupYk; rptd;> ngUkhs;Nfhapy;fs; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. Ml;rpapy; cs;s kd;du;fSk; irt> itzt rkaq;fSf;FMjuit ey;fpajhy; gy Gjpa Nfhapy;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld. Nfhapy;fspy; Kiwahd topghLfs;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jkpo; ,irAk; eldKk; Nfhapiyr; nrd;wile;jd.

ehad;khu;fSk; Mo;thu;fSk; ghba ghly;fs; midj;Jk; Nfhapy;fspy; topghl;Lg;ghly;fshf khw;wk; ngw;wd. mNj Ntisapy; eldKk; Nfhapy; topghl;by; Xu; mq;fkhfkhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,k; khw;wk; epfOfpd;w Ntisapy; eldk; jdJ Gw tbtpYk;> mftbtpYk;rpWrpW khw;wq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;L KOf;f KOf;f Nfhapy; rhu;e;j fiyahfNt jd;id,dq;fhl;bf;nfhs;s Kad;wJ. mk; Kaw;rpapy; ntw;wpAk; fz;lJ.

“,iwtd; ,irtbthdtd;”> “eld tbthdtd;” vDk; fUj;Jf;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; Kf;fpakhfr; rptgpuhdpd; eluh[ tbtKk; jpUkhypd; fz;zd; tbtKk; ed;FFwpg;gplj;jf;fit. “ghl;Lf;Fk; Ml;Lf;Fk; gz;gh Nghw;wp”> “Mbg;ghb mz;zhkiy njho>Xbg;Nghk; ekJs;s tpidfNs” vdj; jpUehTf;furUk; “Mlyhd; ghlyhd;”> “Mly; ghly;NgzpdPu;”> “ghly; Mly; kpf;fhu;” vdr; rk;ge;jUk; “gd;dhSk; ghb ahb”> “$ba ,yaQ;rjpgioahikf;nfhbapil cikfhz Mba mofh” vdr; Re;juUk;> “MLfpd;wpiy $j;Jilahd;fow;fd;gpiy vd;GUfpg;ghLfpd;wpiy” vd kzpthrfUk; “ghNlhNk nae;ij ngUkhidg;ghbepd;whNlhNk ahapuk; Nguhid” vdg; ngupaho;thUk;> “Mbahb mfk; Fioe;jpir ghbg;ghbf; fz;zPu; ky;fp” vd ek;kho;thUk; $wpapUg;git kdq;nfhsw;ghyd.

,iwtDila eld tbtq;fspy; eluh[ tbtk; kpfr; rpwe;jnjdr; rka jj;JtmwpQu;fSk; fiy tpku;rfu;fSk; fUJtu;. ,t; tbtj;jpd; Njhw;wk; kpfg; goik tha;e;jjhapDk;,J gw;wpa kpf KOikahd Fwpg;Gf;fs; ,f; fhyj;jpNy jhd; jkpopy; te;Js;sd. ,f;fhyj;jpa jpUke;jpuj;jpNy ,iwtd; Mlw;furdhfTk; $j;jg;gpuhdhfTk; mz;lnkq;Fk;Mbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; Mde;jf; $j;jdhfTk; tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;.

NkYk; rptngUkhd; Mba rpwg;ghd eldq;fspNy nrhf;fk;> ghz;luq;fk; Mfpadgw;wpj; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;>

“nrhf;fk jhbAk; ghbAk;” vd;Wk;“ ghz;luq;f Ntlk; gapd;whd;” vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

rptgpuhdpd; jpUeldk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; rpytw;wpy; mf;fhy eldk; rh];jpu uPjpapyhdJ(Classical) vd;gJ njspT. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshf>

“Mly; newp epd;whd;”“el;lk; gapd;whLk; ey;Y}u; ngUkhd;”“eldk; gapy;fpd;w ek;gd;”“ghly; Mly; gapYk; gukNu”vdr; rk;ge;jUk; “$ba ,yak; rjp gpioahik> nfhbapil cikats; fhz”

vdr; Re;juUk; “es;spUspy; el;lk; gapd;whLk; ehjNd” vd khzpf;fthrfUk; $wpatw;whNyGyg;gLk;.

166

rptgpuhdpd; jpUeldj;jpy; cs;s mofpay; mk;rq;fs; Mly; El;gj;jpwd;> eldj;jpy;mtUf;fpUe;j kpFe;j tpUg;gk; Kjypad> “mz;zyhu; MLfpd;w myq;fhuNk” “fzk; Vj;jMba mofNd” > “Mlypy; yak; cilahu;” > “rPNuhLk; ghlyhly; ,yaQ; rpijahjnfhs;if”> “xj;jwkpjpj;J el;l kpl;l xUtu;”> “kd;Dkh elkhbAfg;gd;”> “Mliy Afe;jvk;kbfs;”> “ghlNyhly; NkTk; mofpdPu;”> “elk;rjp top tUtNjhu; rjpu; cilaPu;” vdr;rk;ge;jUk;> “Fl KOtr;rjp topNa mdy;ifNae;jp $j;jhl ty;yFofdhfp” vd ehTf;furUk;“$bayak; rjp gpioahik” vdr; Re;juUk; “njd;ghY fe;jhLk; jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gytd;”vd kzpthrfUk; $wpajpy; ed;F Gyg;gLfpd;wd. yak;> rjp> rjpu; Kjypa gjq;fs;>mf;fhy eldk; rh];jpu uPjpahdnjd;gij NkYk; typAWj;Jtd.

,f; fhyj;jpa ,ir> eldj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w ,irf; fUtpfs; gw;wp “jf;if jz;Zikjhsk;> tPiz> jUzpr; rq;fpidr; ry;yup> nfhf;fiu FlKoNthbir $lg;ghb epd;whLtu;”>“Kotk; nkhe;ij Foy;> aho; xyp> rPuhNy ghly; Mly; rpijtpy;yhNjhu; Vuhh;Gup fhQ;rp”>“jz;L cLf;if jhsk; jf;ifrhu> eldk; gapy;gtu; ciwAk; Gfhu;” vdj; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju;$wpapUg;gd Nehf;fw;ghyd.

jkpo; ehl;bNy eldj;jpw;fhd muq;fk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; rq;f E}y;fspYk;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;Nghd;w E}y;fspYk; te;Js;sd. Njthuq;fspYk; muq;F gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfis>

“muq;fpil E}ywpthsu; mwpag;glhjNjhu; $j;J” vd ehTf;furUk;“fhe;jhuk; ,iraikj;Jf; fhupifahu; gz;ghl ftpdhu; tPjp Njk; Njk; vd;W muq;Nfwpe; Nrapioah elkhLk; jpUtitahNw”

“ gQ;rpnahL nky;ybg; gizj;j nfhq;if Ez;zpil mQ;nrhyhu; muq;nfLf;Fk; me;jzh&u;”

“MLtu; fhluq;fhf” vdr; rk;ge;jUk;

“kz;zhu; KoTk; FoYk; ,ak;g> klthu; elkhLk; kzpauq;Fk;” vdr; Re;juUk; ghba Njthuq;fspNy fhzyhk;.

,iwtp ghl ,iwtd; MLjy; gw;wp

“mk;ik ghl MLtNu”

“fPjk; cik ghl ..... NtjKjy;td; epd;whLNk” vdr; rk;ge;ju; $wpAs;sik Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ.

,f; fhyj;jpy; eld khju;fs; ,ir eldf; fiyfspNy kpf;f Nju;r;rpAk;> <LghLk;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,tu;fs; kpf;f moFilatu;fshfTk;> jk;ik ed;F myq;fupj;jtu;fshfTk;tpsq;fpdu;. ,f; fiyfspNy kpfj; Nju;r;rp ngw;w eldkhju; (Njtubahu;) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.,tu;fs; mbfs;khu;> khzpf;fj;jhu;> fzpifahu; vd ,f; fhyj;jpy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,f;fhyeldkhju;fspy; gy jpwg;gl;ltu;fs; ,Ue;jdu;. ,tu;fspy; xUrhuhu; jpUkzk; nra;ahJtho;e;jdu;. “epj;jpa Rkq;fyp” fshf NfhtpypYs;s ,iwtidj; jpUkzk; nra;jtu;fs;vd;w tifapy; vd;Wk; Rkq;fypfshff; Nfhtpy;fspNy ,ir eldg;gzp nra;J te;jdu;.

Nfhtpy;fspNy eldg;gzp nra;Jte;j ,e; eld khju;fisNa Njthuq;fs; “NjNdhu;nkhopahu;”> “gz;zpd; Neu; nkhop kq;if gyu;” > “Nrapioahu;”> “ed;eldkhju;”> “klthu;”>“ikahu; jly;fz;zpau;” vdg; gythW rpwg;gpj;Jf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sikapypUe;J mf;fhyr;irt rka r%f kuGfspy; mtu;fs; ed;kjpg;Gg; ngw;wpUe;jdu; vd;gJ njspthFk;.

167

rptngUkhdpd; eldtbtq;fspNy irt ehad;khUk; rkfhyr; rpw;gpfSk; kpFe;j<LghL nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ehl;ba rh];jpuk; $Wk; 108 fuzq;fs; (jhz;ltq;fs;) gw;wpaFwpg;G Njthuj;jpYk; cs;sJ. “Mbidf; fuzk;” vdr; rk;ge;ju; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,jided;F cWjpg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; NfhtpypNy jyrk;];Nghl> yyhljpyf>yypj > FQ;rpj Kjypa fuzq;fisr; rpw;gq;fspD}lhff; fhzyhk;. NkYk; ,f; NfhtpypYs;sXu; mw;Gjkhd eluh[ tbtk; ehjhe;j eld tbtj;jpypUe;J rw;W NtWgl;ljhf tpsq;FfpwJ.

mLj;J khky;yGuj;jpy; cs;s rpw;gq;fspNy rptngUkhd; jz;L KdptUf;Feldj;jpw;fhd fhyirTfisf; fw;gpg;gijr; rpj;jupf;Fk; rpw;gKk;> mtu; gujKdptUf;Fehl;baj;jpidf; fw;gpf;Fk; fhl;rpapidf; fhl;Lk; rpw;gKk; ed;F Fwpg;gplw;ghyd. ,f; fhyj;jpy;guj ehl;ba rh];jpu kuG ed;F Nghw;wg;gl;likf;F ,itAk; jiyrpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.

ehlfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; ,f; fhyj;jpa gf;jpg; ghly;fspNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.ehlfk; eldj;ijAk; Fwpf;FkhapDk; ,jid ,q;F xU jdpg;gl;l fiytbtkhfNtnfhs;syhk;.

“ehlfkhf Mb klthu;fs; ghLk; eiwA+u;”“ehlfkhLeu; es;shWila ek; ngUkhd;”

vdj; jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk;;

“ehlfj;jhy; cd;dbahu; Nghy; ebj;J” vd khzpf;fthrfUk; $wpapUg;gdftdpj;jw;ghyd. NkYk; ehl;Lg;Gwf; $j;Jf;fSk; ,irAk; njhlu;e;J epytp te;jd. ,tw;wpd;rhaiy ,f;fhyr; irt> itzt gf;jpg; ghly;fspy; fhzyhk;.

,f;fhyf; fiyfs; ed;F tsu;e;jpUg;gjw;F muru;fspd; MjuTk; Fwpg;gplw;ghyd.muru;fspy; gyu; fiy tpw;gd;du;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf 1k; kNfe;jputu;kd;>tprpj;jpurpj;j> rq;fPu;z [hjp Kjypa tpUJg; ngau;fisj; jupj;jpUe;jhd;. “rq;fPu;z” vd;wjhstifapidg; Gjpjhff; fz;Lgpbj;jikahy; ,t;tpUJg; ngau; ngw;whd;. uh[rpk;kd;#ba ‘tpzhtpj;ahju’> ‘Mjhj;aJk;GU’> ‘tPzhehju’ Kjypa tpUJg;ngau;fspypUe;J mtDf;F,irf; fUtpfspypUe;j Gyik GydhfpwJ.

,t;thW kf;fSila MjutpYk; kd;du;fSila MjutpYk; Myaq;fisnahl;bAk;mur rigfNshL ,ize;Jk; eldf;fiy tsu;e;J gy;ytu; fhyj;jpy; kpf cd;djepiyapypUe;jikiaf; fhzKbfpwJ.

168

Nrhou;fhy eldf;fiy - (Nrhou; fhyk; fp.gp.850 - 1270)

Kjy; kdpjd; jd; czu;Tfis ntspg;gLj;j Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfNs nka;g;ghl;LepiyfisAk; XirfisAk; cUthf;fpd. ,itNa fhyj;jpd; fuq;fspy; tsu;e;J fw;gidtbntLj;jd. ehfupfj;jpd; mutizg;gpy; nropj;Jr; rpwe;j ,j;jF Ez;fiyfSs; xd;Wjhd;Mly;.

,irAk; eldKk; NrhoUf;F kpf Kw;gl;l fhye;njhl;Nl xd;wpize;j fiyfshftsu;e;J te;Js;sd. Mlw;fy;tp> MlYf;Fj; Jiz epd;w fiyQu;fs;> mtu;jk; tho;f;if>Mly; muq;Ffs; vdr; Nrhou; fhyj;J Mlw;fiyiag; gw;wpg; gy Ritahd nra;jpfs;mf;fhyj;J Mlypd; epiyia vLj;jpak;Gfpd;wd.

E}y;fs;:

rq;f fhyj;jpYk; rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpYk; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j Mly;> ,irapyf;fzE}y;fSs; rpy> Nrhou; fhyj;jpYk; tof;fpypUe;jij mbahu;f;F ey;yhu; ciuahy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. mit ,ir EZf;fk;> ,e;jpa fhspak;> guj NrdhjPak;> kjpthzu; ehlfj;jkpo; E}y;> FzE}y;> rae;jk;> nrapw;wpak;> $j;jE}y;> gQ;rkuG Mfpait. tpsf;fj;jhu;$j;J> gjpdhW glyk;;> re;jk;> nrad;Kiw Kjypa rpy Gjpa fiyapyf;fz E}y;fSk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;ld. ghz;bau; fhyj;jpNyNa Mlw; fiyQu;fSf;F mwpKfkhapUe;j‘ehl;ba rh];jpuk;’ Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ed;F mwpag;gl;l E}yhf tpsq;fpaJ. ,e; E}ypy;$wg;gl;l 108 fuzq;fSk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; %d;wplq;fspy; mikf;fg;gl;L fuztpsf;fq;fshfTk; ehl;ba rh];jpuk; Njhd;wpa tuyhw;iw vLj;Jiug;gdthfTk; jpfo;fpd;wd.

tof;fpypUe;j $j;Jf;fs;

rhe;jpf; $j;J> tpNehjf; $j;J vDk; ,Utif mff; $j;JfSNk Nrhou; fhyj;jpy;Mlg;ngw;wd. ,tw;Ws; rhe;jpf; $j;Nj nry;thf;Fg; ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. rhe;jpf; $j;jpd;Kjy; gpupthd nrhf;fk; ,f; fhyj;jpy;jhd; rpwg;ghd epiyia va;jpaJ. nrhf;fj;jpy;Nju;e;jtu;fs; epUj;j khuhau;> epUj;jptplq;fpau; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldu;.

rptghjNrfundd;W jd;idaioj;Jf;nfhz;l Kjy; ,uhruhrNd nrhf;fj;ij Kjd;Kjyhfr; rpw;gf; fhl;rpahf;fpatu;. mtu; gzpiaj; njhlu;e;Nj Fk;gNfhzk;> Ntq;flj;jhd;JiwA+u;f; Nfhapy;fspy; fuzj; njhlu;fs; rpw;gq;fshapd. rhe;jpf; $j;jpd; gpw cl;gpupTfshdmfkhu;f;fk;> mgpeaf; $j;J ehlfk; vd;gdTk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; gutyhf Mlg;gl;ld.

mfkhu;f;f el;Ltk;> mgpea el;Ltk; vd ,UNtW rpwg;G el;Lt epiyfs; ,Ue;jijj;jpUtpil kUJ}u;f; Nfhapw; fy;ntl;L xd;W cWjp nra;fpd;wJ. mfkhu;f;fk; jpUnthw;wpA+upy;gpd;gw;wg;gl;Lj; Njtubahu;fs; mfkhu;f;fk; epfo;j;jpaij ,q;Fs;s mjpGuPRtuu; Nfhapy;fy;ntl;L xd;W vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. mgpea el;Ltk; vd;gJ rhe;jpf; $j;jpd; xU gpupthdmgpeaf; $j;jhFk;. tpNehjf; $j;Jk; Mq;fhq;Nf Mlg;ngw;wJ. mjd; MW gpupTfSs;xd;whd Flf; $j;J jkpo.; ehnlq;Fk; Mlg;ngw;wijf; Nfhapy; rpw;gq;fs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd.

jtpu> tifg;gLj;j Kbahj gy;tif Ml;lq;fSk; Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; tof;fpypUe;jd.,tw;Ws; itfiw Ml;lq;fs; ,iwj;jpUKd; epfo;j;jg;gl;likiaj; jpUntz;fhLRNtjhuz;NaRtuj;Jf; fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

169

Mlw; fiyQu;

Mly; ngz;bu;> jspapyhu;> gjpapyhu;> $j;jpfs;> jspj; Njtdhu; kfshu;> $j;jg;gps;isfs;>jspr;Nrup ngz;Lfs;> Njtubahu;fs; vdg; gy ngau;fshy; miof;fg;gl;lijf; fy;ntl;Lfs;cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtu;fSf;Ff; Nfhapypd; Njitf;Nfw;g> Mly; epfo;r;rpfis mikj;Jf;nfhLf;fTk; mtu; jk; Mlw;fiyj;jpwid tsu;f;fTk; tsikg;gLj;jTk; Nfhapy;fspy;el;Ltu;fSk; jiyf;NfhypfSk; ,Ue;jdu;.

Nfhapy;fSf;Fg; ngz;fisf; nfhilahfj; jUk; gof;fk;> ,uz;lhk; ee;jptu;ku;fhyj;jpNyNa ,Ue;jijf; fhQ;rp Kf;NjRtuj;Jf; fy;ntl;L ciuf;Fk;. ,g; gof;fk; Nrhou;fhyj;jpy; gutyhff; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;Fg; gy fy;ntl;Lfs; rhd;Wfshf mikfpd;wd.,tu;fspy; fiyj;jpwik ,y;yhjtu;fs; Nfhapy; gzpfshd jpUtyfpLjy;> jpUnkOf;fpLjy;>NfhapYf;F tUk; ney;iyf; Fw;wp muprpahf;Fjy;> ,iwtDf;Fg; G+g;gwpj;Jf; nfhLj;jy;Nghd;w gzpfisr; nra;jdu;.

jspr;Nrup

jspr;Nrupfs; Mlw;ngz;fspd; FbapUg;Gg; gFjpfshff; fy;ntl;Lfshy; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.,it thoplq;fshf kl;Lky;yhJ Mly; gapYk; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; fsq;fshfTk;> Mly; epfo;r;rpfs;muq;NfWk; ,lq;fshfTk; tpsq;fpaijg; ngUq;fij> rPtf rpe;jhkzp Mfpa,yf;fpaq;fspypUe;J mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.

jspr;Nrup fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

Kjyhk; ,uhruhrdpd; jQ;irg; ngupa Nfhtpy; vdg;gLk; gpufjP];tuu; Nfhtpypy;cs;s 55.78 kPw;wu; ePsKs;s kpf ePz;l fy;ntl;Lf;fSs; xd;W ,j; jpUf;Nfhtpy; rhu;e;jpUe;jjspr;Nrup gw;wpa tpupthd jfty;fisj; jUfpd;wJ. ,j; jspr;Nrupf; FbapUg;Gf;fs; ngupaNfhtpypd; tlf;fpYk; njw;fpYk; Nkw;fpYkhf mike;jpUe;jd. ,tw;Ws; njw;F> tlf;Fj;jspr;Nrupfs; tlrpwF> njd;rpwF vDk; ,U gpupTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jd. njw;F jspr;Nrupnjd;rpwfpNy 92 eldkhjUk; njw;F jspr;Nrup tlrpwfpNy 92 eldkhjUk; tlf;F jspr;Nrupnjd; rpwfpNy 95 eldkhjUk; tlf;F jspr;Nrup tlrpwfpNy 96 eldkhjUk; Nkw;F jspr;Nrupapy;25 eldkhjUk; vd 400 ngz;fs; Fbaku;j;jg;gl;bUe;jdu;.

,tu;fs; Nrho kz;lyj;ijr; Nru;e;j gy;NtW jspr;NrupfspypUe;J tutiof;fg;gl;L,q;F Fbaku;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs;. fy;ntl;L ,tu;jk; ngau;fisAk; Cu;fisAk; tpupthfj;jUfpd;wJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L - “ef;fd; ePwzp gtsf;Fd;wk;” - ef;fd; vd;why; elk;GupAk;rptidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

,tu;fspd; Mlw;Nrit rpwg;Gw>“el;ltQ; nra;a el;ltk; xd;Wf;F Miuad; Re;ju Nrhodhd Kk;Kb Nrho epu;j;j khuhad;...” (rhrd tup 401)

vd;wgb vOtu; eldk; fw;Wf;nfhLf;f Nfhapypy; epte;jk; toq;fp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;.$j;jNguiuad;> khuhad;> epUj;j Nguiuad;> $j;jurd;> rhf;if khuhad;> el;Lt Mrhd;vd;w gl;lq;fshy; ,tu;fs; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs; ngw;wpUe;j fhzp $j;jf; fhzp>el;Ltf;fhzp vd toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu;fNs gpw;fhyj;jpy; el;Ltdhu; vd;Wk; mz;zhtpahu;vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;.

170

jpUnthw;wpA+u; MjpGuPRtuu; jpUf;Nfhapypy; 22 jspapyhu;f;F Mly; fw;Wj;ju>Mlyhrhd; xUtd; epakpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpAk;> 60 Ntyp epyj;jpd; tUthapypUe;J mtUf;FCjpak; jug;gl;l nra;jpAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUe;J njupfpd;wJ.

,it jtpu jpUg;godk; Mgj;rfhNaRtuu; NfhapypYk;> rptGup Rak;gpufhNjRtuu;NfhapypYk;> Ng&u; Nfh\;jPRtuu; NfhapypYk; fPuD}u; thfPRtuu; NfhapypYk; nfhf;fuhad;Ngl;il gpuk;kGuPrtuu; NfhapypYk;> ge;jey;Y}u; gRgjpaPRtuu; NfhapypYk;> jpUnea;j;jhdk;nea;ahbg;gu; NfhapypYk;> jpUitahW ma;ahwg;gu; NfhapypYk;> tlifyhrk; NfhapypYk;el;Ltu;fs; ,Ue;J gzpahw;wpaijf; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd. jpUr;Nrhw;Wtj;Jiwapy;Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; gy el;Ltu;fs; ,Ue;jijAk; el;Ltg; gzpf;Fupa cupikfs; tpw;fg;gl;lijAk;mijg; ngw;wtu;fs; mg;nghWg;gpy; gzpahw;w Kbe;jijAk; fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUe;JmwpaKbfpd;wJ.

Mly; epfo;j;jg;ngw;w muq;Ffs;

MlYk; ,irAk; ,ize;J epfo;e;j Mly; muq;Ffs;> ‘ehl;ba kz;lgk;’ vd;Wk;‘epUj;j kz;lgk;’ vd;Wk; ‘ehlfrhiy’ vd;Wk; ‘ehdhtpj ehlf rhiy’ vd;Wk; gy;NtWngau;fshy; miof;fg;gl;ljhff; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

Mlw;fiyQu;fs; Mly; gapyf; Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fSk; cjtpd. jpUNthyf;f kz;lgk;>epUj;j kz;lgk;> jpUf;fhtzk;> jpUtuq;F> rJu;rhiy> ehlfrhiy> mk;gyk; vdg; gykz;lgq;fspy; Mly;fs; epfo;e;jd. ,tw;Ws; mk;gyq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; NfhapYf;F ntspNaCufj;Nj mike;jpUf;fpd;wd.

kz;lgq;fisg; NghyNt ,iwA+u;tyq;fs; epfo;e;j jpUtPjpfspYk; Mly; epfo;;e;jJ.,t;thly;fspy; Mlw;ngz;fs; Mbf;nfhz;Lk;> ghbf;nfhz;Lk; nry;yf; Nfhapy; ,irf;fiyQu;fs; guyha; ,Ue;J jhsKk; gz;Zk; je;jdu;. rptGuk; ,uh[uhN[Rtuj;Jf; fy;ntl;Lk;,jw;F xU rhd;W.

jtpu Kjyhk; ,uhruhru; fhyj;jpy; jhjGuj;Jg; ngUkhs; Nfhapnyhd;wpy; cs;sfy;ntl;nlhd;wpy; mt;T+u; ,utpFykhzpf;f <Rtuj;ijr; Nru;e;j jspr;Nrupg; ngz;Lfs;Kg;gj;jpUtUk; (32) tpohf;fhy Cu;tyq;fspy; Mbf;nfhz;Lk;> ghbf;nfhz;Lk; cld;nry;yNtz;Lk; vd;W jpl;lkplg;gl;lij cWjp nra;fpwJ. NkYk; jhuhRuk; [uhtNjRtuu; jpUf;Nfhapy;tpkhdj;jpd; tlGwj;Nj fhzg;gLk;. fz;lghjr; rpw;gnkhd;W ,iwA+u;tyj;jpy; epfOk;Mlw;fhl;rpapd; glg;gpbg;gha; mike;Js;sJ.

jiyf;Nfhypfs;

jspapyhu;> gjpapyhu; vd;Dk; ,Utif Mlw;fiyQu;fSs; gjpapyhNu Nrhou; fhyj;jpy;cau;epiyapypUe;jdu;. Nrhou; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Rl;Lk; jiyf;Nfhypfs; ngUk;ghyhNdhu;gjpapyhsu;fNs. Mlypy; jiyrpwe;J tpsq;fpa ngz;fSf;Nf> mf; fhyj;jpy; jiyf;Nfhypau;gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mly;> ghly;> moF Mfpa %d;wpYk; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa khjtp ehl;baed;D}y; ed;F filg;gpbj;J fupfhw;Nrho kd;dd; Kd; Mlyuq;Nfwp jiyf;Nfhypg; gl;lk;ngw;wijf; $Wk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; ,g;gl;lk; toq;Fk; Kiw rq;fkUtpa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj,Ue;J te;Js;sijj; njuptpf;fpd;wJ.

IE}w;Wtj; jiyf;Nfhyp> tPuhguzj; jiyf;Nfhyp Nghd;w gl;lq;fisg; ngw;w eldkq;ifau; tho;e;jikf;Fr; rhd;Wfs; cs;sd. Qhdrk;ge;juJ Njthug; ghly;fisr; rpwg;ghfmgpeapj;Jf; fhl;ba Mly; kfs; xUj;jp> ‘rptQhdrk;ge;jf; jiyf;Nfhyp’ vdmiof;fg;gl;Ls;shs;.

171

‘muq;fpay; kfspu;f;F Mly; tFf;Fk; jiyf;Nfhy; ngz;bu;’ vDk; ngUq;fijg;ghlybahy; jiyf;Nfhypau; Mlyhrhd;fshfj; jpfo;e;jij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. jpUth&u;jpahfuhrRthkp Nfhapypy; Mlyhrhdhf> Kk;KbNrhoj; jiyf;Nfhyp gzpahw;wpaikf;Ff;fy;ntl;L xd;W rhd;Wgfu;fpd;wJ. M&u;f; Nfhapy; gjpapyhu;fshf ,Ue;j G+q;nfhapy; ehafpj;jiyf;Nfhyp> Gf;fj;Jiw ty;ytj; jiyf;Nfhyp MfpNahu; elj;jpa Mly; epfo;r;rpfisg;gw;wpa nra;jpfs; cs;sd.

jpUnthw;wpA+upy; uh[Nrfup %d;whk; ,uh[uh[Nrhod; ‘cwrhf;fpd jiyf;Nfhyp’ vd;gtd;Mtzpj; jpUtpohtpd; vl;lhtJ ehs; tpoh Mba mfkhu;f;fj;ijf; fz;L kfpo;e;J> gf;fj;jpy;60 Ntyp nfhz;l epyj;ij cwthf;fpd ey;Y}u; vd;W mts; ngauhy; xU GJf; fpuhkj;ijcUthf;fpdhdhk;.

172

tp[aefu fhyk;

gjpdhd;fhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapNy jkpofj;jpy; tp[aefu Ml;rp Vw;gl;lJ. mtu;fspd;fhyj;jpNy rKjha nghUshjhu epiyfspw; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. jkpo;nkhop tsu;r;rpf;Fk;>,e;J rkaj;jpw;Fk;> Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; mtw;NwhL njhlu;Gila fiyfSf;Fk; MjuTtoq;fpdhu;fs;.

mtu;fspd; fhyj;jpy; fu;ehlf ,irapYk; guj ehl;baj;jpYk; kpf Kf;fpakhdmgptpUj;jpfs; Vw;gl;ld. mt;tpU fiyfSk; mtw;wpw;Fupa jdpr; rpwg;igAk; gupzhkj;ijAk;mf; fhyj;jpy; ngw;Wtpl;ld.

NkYk; jkpo; ehl;bw;F tlf;fpYs;s gpuhe;jpaq;fNshL Vw;gl;l njhlu;Gfspd; tpisthff;fPu;j;jidfs;> m\;lgjp> jpy;yhiu> [htsp Kjypa ,ir tbtq;fs; jkpofj;jpNy gutp,irapYk; ehl;baj;jpYk; ,lk;ngwyhapd. tp[aefu kd;du;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; epytpaeldq;fs; gw;wpr; rkfhyj;jpy; jkpo;> njYq;F> rk];fpUjk;> kuhj;jp Mfpa nkhopfspy;vOjg;ngw;w E}y;fspNy mjpfkhd Fwpg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mj;Jld; ,];yhkpaNghj;Jf;Nfau; vOjpa E}y;fspYk; mtw;iwg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fs; cz;L.

,yf;fpaq;fspNy ,Utifahd eld khju;fisg; gw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. mtu;fspy;xU rhuhu; uh[eu;j;jfpfshtu;. ,tu;fs; ,uhrjhdpfspYk; gy rk];jhd efuq;fspYk; Rje;jpukhftho;e;jdu;. mtu;fs; mtw;wpNy eilngw;w nghJ itgtq;fspYk; tpohf;fspYk; gq;Fgw;wpdu;.mtu;fspy; rpyu; murupd; Mjuitg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. muz;kidapy; ehl;bak; Mbdu;.

,d;Dk; xU tiff;Fupatu;fs; Nfhapy;fNshL ge;jkhd Njtjhrpfshtu;. mtu;fs;Nfhapy;fspd; tUkhdj;jpNy jq;fpapUe;jdu;. mtu;fSf;F muz;kid> rk];jhdq;fs;Mfpatw;Wld; vt;tpj njhlu;Gk; ,y;iy.

etuhj;jpup tpohf; fhyj;jpy; eld epfo;r;rpfs; rpwg;ghf eilngw;wd. muz;kidfspYk;Nfhapy;fspYk; etuhj;jpupapd; xd;gJ jpdq;fspYk; fhiyapNy flTl; gbkq;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;neLNeuk; eldkhLtJ tof;fk;. tp[aefuj;jpNy tho;e;j eld khju; gw;wp mq;F tp[ak;nra;j ntspehl;ltu;fs; gyUk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. mtu;fSila trPfukhd Njhw;wk;> Milmyq;fhuq;fspd; tdg;Gkpf;fNfhyk; vd;gtw;iw mg;Jy;urhf; tu;zpf;fpd;whu;. mtu;fs;xt;nthUtUk; Kj;Jf;fs;> ,uj;jpdq;fs; Mfpatw;iwAk; tpiy cau;e;j MilfisAk;mzpAk; tof;fKilatu;fs;. mtu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jkf;F cjtpGuptjw;nfd;Wgzpg;ngz;fis itj;jpUe;jdu;.

ehl;bag; ngz;fspy; rpyu; kpFe;j nry;tj;Jld; tho;e;jdu;. rpyuplk; epykhdpaq;fs;,Ue;jd. xU ,yl;rk; tiuapyhd nghw;fhRfs; itj;jpUe;jdu;. jiyefupYs;s rpwe;jtPjpfspNy tupirahf mike;jpUe;j tPLfspy; mtu;fs; tho;e;jdu;. nry;te;ju;fNshLk;gpujhdpfNshLk; mtu;fs; cwT nfhz;bUe;jikahw; rKjhaj;jpNy eldg; ngz;fs; nry;thf;Fg;ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

gpugykhd ehl;bag; ngz;fSf;Fr; rpy rpwg;Gupikfs; fpilj;jpUe;jd. muz;kidfspy;,uhzpfisAk; NjtpaiuAk; nrd;W ghu;g;gjw;Fk; mtu;fNshL $bg;goFtjw;Fk; mtu;fSf;FmDkjp mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. murupd; Kd;dpiyapYk; gpugy;akhd ehl;bag; ngz;fSf;Ff;nfsutk; mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

tp[aefuj;J ,sturdhd Fkhufk;gzd; eldkhjiu Mjupj;jhd; vd;W mtDilakidtpahfpa fq;fhNjtp vOjpa kJuhtp[aj;jpy; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhapy;fspy; jq;fpapUe;j

173

Njtjhrpfs; mtw;wpNy eilngw;w epj;jpa> iekpj;jpa fpupiafspd;NghJ cgrhukhfeldkhLtJ tof;fk;.

Nju;j;jpUtpohtpd;NghJ Njupid ,Oj;Jr; nry;Ykplj;J eldk;> rq;fPjk;> thj;jpak;vd;gdTk; ,lk;ngWtJ tof;fk;. ,k;khDNty; B.nta;# vd;Dk; n[#w; ghjpupahu; jpUth&u;j;Nju;j;jpUtpohtpd; NghJ Kg;gJ Njtjhrpfs; eldkhbdhu;fs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

Njtjhrpfs; nghJthf Nfhapy; epyq;fspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; tUkhdj;jpd; %yk;Copak; ngw;wdu;. ,tu;fSf;F Ntz;ba ghJfhg;G Nfhapy; epu;thfk; nra;jJ.

rpy rkaq;fspy; Nfhapy; tptfhuq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Nfhapypd; rhu;gpNy kd;duplk;Kiwg;ghL nra;j FOf;fspNy Njtubahu;f;F ,lkspf;fg;gl;lJ. mwk; tsu;j;j ehr;rpahu;vd;w Njtubahu; ,e;jg; gpufhukhf tp[a efug; Nguuruhd ,uz;lhk; Njtuhaiur; re;jpj;jikgw;wp 1433/4Mk; Mz;bw;Fupa rhrdk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

tp[aefug; Nguuru;fs; eldf; fiyf;F kpFe;j MjuT toq;fpdhu;fs;. ehl;barh];jpuq;fis vOjpatu;fSf;Fk; eldf;fiy Nghjpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fk;> eldkhLNthUf;Fk;mur MjuT fpilj;jJ. kfhetkpapd;NghJ muz;kidfspy; ehl;ba epfo;r;rpfs; rpwg;ghfeilngWk;.

muz;kidfspy; thue;NjhWk; rdpf;fpoikfspy; eldkhju; Mbdhu;fs;. ehl;ba kz;lgk;ePskhdjhfTk; mfyk; Fiwe;jjhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjd; vy;yhg; gf;fq;fspYk; Kyhk;G+rpa miuj; J}z;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,t;tpuz;L J}z;fSf;fpilNa tupirapy; cUtq;fs;,Ue;jd. J}z;fSf;Fk; rpiyfSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s gFjp ,iyj; njhFjpahy;myq;fupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mq;F Nksq;fisj; jhq;fp epw;Fk; eldkhjupd; Nfhyq;fs; njupe;jd.xt;nthU tupirapYKs;s cUtq;fs; eld Kbtpyhd epiyfisf; fhl;bd. eldkhLNthu;ghu;j;J Neu;j;jpahf MLtjw;nfd mit mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. mq;Fs;s ngz;fs; jq;fs;mq;fq;fis kpfNtfkhf mirj;Jg; ghu;g;Nghu; gutrkhLk; tz;zk; mgpeaj;Jld; mw;GjNfhyj;jpy; Mbdhu;fs;.

fpU\;zNjtuhau; fhyj;J ehl;ba ngz;fs; fbdkhd clw;gapw;rpfisr; nra;Jjq;fs; mq;f cWg;Gf;fis kpf yhtz;akhfg; Ngzpf; nfhs;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhu;fs;.

tp[aefu fhyj;J etuhj;jpup tpoh topghl;L eld epfo;r;rp rpwg;ghdJ. fu;ehlfj;Jf;fiuNahuj;jpd; njd;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLk; rhrdk; xd;W mj;jifa epfo;r;rpapy; <Lgl;lRkq;fypfs; vDk; fzpifaiug; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. rjhde;jnrl;b> Njtpnrl;b vd;DkpUtu;Myaj;jpy; Ju;f;if topghl;by; cgrhuk; nra;Ak; Rkq;fypfs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mr;Rjuhaupd;fhyj;jpy; yl;RkPGuj;jpy; nrl;bfSf;Fk; gl;lzRthkpfSf;Fk; kfhyl;Rkpapd; rd;dpjhdj;jpy;cgrhuz;ldk; Gupa Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ.

tp[aefufhy eldf;fiy GJg;nghypTld; jpfo;e;jJ.

174

ehaf;fu; fhy eldf;fiy

1565Mk; Mz;by; tp[a efug; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; fiyfspd; jiyefuhfj;jQ;rhT+u; Kb#l;bf; nfhz;lJ. tp[a efuj;jpDila epu;thf mikg;gpd; top> jkpofj;jpy;ehaf;fu; Ml;rp Njhd;wpaJ. Fwpg;ghfj; jQ;irapYk; kJiuapYk; ,tu;fs; Ml;rp tYg;ngw;wJ.fiyfis Mjupf;Fk; Gutyu;fshf ,tu;fs; tpsq;fpajhy; ,ir> eldf; fiyQu;fs;,t;tpU efiuAk; Nehf;fpf; Fbngau;e;jhu;fs;. jQ;ir ngUksT eld> ,irf; fiyQu;fshy;epiwe;J ,t;tpU fiyfspd; fsQ;rpakhf khwpaJ. uFehj ehaf;fu;> mtuJ kfdhdtp[auhft ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; kJiuapYk; jQ;irapYk; fiyfs; kpfTk; nropj;Njhq;fpd.njd;dpe;jpa rq;fPj cyfpw;F ,tu;fs; Mz;l fhyk; xU nghw;fhyk; vdyhk;.

ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; jQ;ir eldj;jpy; kl;Lky;y> Njtjhrpfs; Kf;fpa gq;Nfw;w,irapYk;> eldj;jpYk;> ,ir ehlfj;jpYk; mjpfkhfr; nropj;Njhq;fpaJ. myhupg;G> ];tu[jp>gjk;> tu;zk;> [jp];tuk;> rg;jk; Nghd;w ,ir ehlf tbtq;fSk; GJg; nghypT ngw;Wj;jpfoj; njhlq;fpd. ,d;iwa epiyapy; cs;s guj ehl;baj;jpd; ,irr;nrwpTk; espdkhdeld mirTfSk; ehaf;fu;> kuhl;ba fhyj;jpy; nropj;Njhq;fpa fiyfspd; ntspg;ghLfNs.

nkyl;^u; ghftj Nksh ehl;ba ehlfj;jpy; me;jzf; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j Fwpg;gpl;lrpyNu gq;Nfw;W te;jdu;. Njtjhrpfs; ,jpy; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy. fzf;fw;w gjq;fs;> Fwpg;ghfN\j;uf;Qupd; mNef gjq;fs; gpwe;jJ jQ;ir kz;zpNy jhd;. ,jpy; gy gjq;fs;eldj;Jf;Nfw;wit vd;gJ ght gjq;fs;. mgpea gjq;fs; vd mit tptupf;fg;gl;bUg;gjpypUe;Jtpsq;Fk;.

jQ;ir ru];tjp k`hy; E}yfk;> mf;fhy Xiyr; Rtbfspd; fsQ;rpakhfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.,r; Rtbfs; Nrhou; fhyj;jpypUe;J ,ir> eldg; ghuk;gupa tsu;r;rpiaj; Jy;ypakhfntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,e; E}yfj;jpy; ehaf;fu; fhyj;ija njYq;F Xiyr; RtbfSk;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ehaf;fu;fs; tp[a efuj;jpy; gpurpj;jp ngw;w fiyg; ghuk;gupaj;ijj; jQ;irf;Ff;nfhz;L te;jdu;. rh];jpupa ehl;ba ehlfkhd nkyl;̂ u; ghftjNksKk; FwtQ;rp ehlfq;fSk;ehl;ba> eld cyfpw;Fj; jQ;ir kz;zpd; tpNr\khd nfhilahFk;. njd;dfj;jpd; gygFjpfspypUe;Jk; ,ir> eldf; fiyQu;fs; jQ;irf;Ff; FbGFe;jjpy; Mr;rupankhd;Wkpy;iy.jQ;ir ehaf;fu; murpd; epWtduhd Nrtg;g ehaf;fu; xU rpwe;j ,ir eldg; Gutyd;.mtuJ kfd; uFehj ehaf;fu; (1600 - 1634) xU rpwe;j ,irf; fiyQd;. ,tdJ fhyj;jpy;fhtpak;> ehlfk; vd;w tbtpy; ntspte;j ,ir ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,d;Dk; gytpj ,irntspaPLfs; Nghd;wit kd;ddhYk; mtuJ muritf; ftpfshYk; cUthf;fg;gl;litNa.uhfk;> jhsk;> fkfk;> ];Ujp> ,irf; fUtpfs;> mitapy; ebj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;l ehlfq;fs;>eld eq;ifau;> ebifau;> gy epfo;r;rpfspy; gq;Fngw;w ,irthzu;fspd; ngau;fs;> urpfu;fs;>mtu;fspd; urid> ,it Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; uFehj ehaf;fd; fhyj;jpy;fiyfspd; epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. mk;kd;dd; vOjpa njYq;Ff; fhtpakhd ‘thy;kPfprupj;jpuj;jpy;’ jhsk;> eldj;jpd; ,yl;rzq;fisg; gw;wp mtdJ fUj;Jf;fs; tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.,e; E}ypy; Cu;trp> uk;gh Nghd;w NjtNyhf eld khJf;fspd; eldj;ijf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs;>xU eld ehlf Ma;Tf; fl;Liu Nghd;W mike;J uFehjd; xU ,irQhdpahf> tPiztpj;jfdhf kl;Lky;y> ,it eldj;jpy; kpfr; rpwe;j ‘mgpetNgh[h’thf jpfo;e;jijAk;cWjp nra;Ak;.

Cu;trp eldj;ijg; gw;wpa nra;jpapy; uFehju; fPo;f;fz;l jhsq;fisf;Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

175

1. Mjp 9. tpj;ahjuk; 17. FLf;f2. j;tpjPa 10. ujp 18. njd;fp3. me;jf;fPupl 11. `k;]yPyh 19. j;upgq;fp4. n[akq;fs 12. =uq;fh 20. kl;bfh5. [k;ig 13. fz;fy 21. tp[ak;6. fhf;fl;Glk; 14. fe;jf 22. [a7. fhf;fGlk; 15. Nfhfpyg;upa 23. ]pk;`ee;jd8. ]k;fpjGl;upfk; 16. tpNyhfpjk;

uk;gh vd;gts; nguzp> jz;lyh];ah> ngUq;fhzp> Fz;lyp vd;w ehd;F tif cjuhehl;bak; epfo;j;jpajhf uFehju; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

uk;ghtplk; Cu;trp rthy; tpLk; ,lj;jpy; uFehj ehaf;fupd; eldf; fiyapYs;sghz;bj;jpak; ed;F Gygg;Lfpd;wJ.

13 xw;iwf; if Kj;jpiufs;24 ,ul;ilf; if Kj;jpiufs;30 epUj;j iffs;5 khu;G mirTfs;9 fOj;jirTfs;7 fhyirTfs;7 gf;f mirTfs;19 jiy mirTfs;10 if mirTfs;6 ghj mirTfs;

Mfpatw;iwAk; uFehju; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

fz; mirTfs;8 ];jhap ghtq;fs;8 u] ghtq;fs;20 rQ;rhup ghtq;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

uk;gh Cu;trpf;FkpilNa tUk; thf;Fthjj;jpy; 81 ];jhdfq;fs;> 10 kz;lyq;fs;>108 fuzq;fs;> fuzq;fis tpsf;fr; nrhy;yg;gl;l [jpfs; Nghd;witAk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.uFehju; ,irapy; kl;Lky;y gujehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpYk; GyikAk; Nju;r;rpAk; ngw;wtuhftpsq;fpaikf;F ,ijtpl NtW Mjhuq;fs; Njitapy;iy.

uk;gh Mba Njrp epUj;jj;ijg; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpy;> gf;fthj;jpaf; fUtpfisf; Fwpj;jnra;jpnahd;wpy;> ,irf; fUtpfis ,af;Ftjpy; ty;y ngz;fs; jk;Guh> ];tukz;lyk;>KftPiz> cghq;fk;> fpd;duk;> xj;J> jhsk;> kj;jsk; Nghd;w ,irf; fUtpfis kpfr;rpwg;ghfTk; ,dpikahfTk; thrpj;J ehl;bak; rpwf;f cjtpdu; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.Cu;trpf;F toq;fg;gl;l gupRfSk; nfsutq;fSk; fiyQu;fisf; nfsutpf;Fk; tof;fk;uFehju; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. tPizapy; ghz;bj;jpak; kd;dDf;F,Ue;jjhy;> mijg; gw;wpa tu;zidfs;> mf; fhyj;ijg; gw;wpa nra;jpf; Fwpg;Gfspy;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J tPiz xU Kf;fpa jdpf;fr;Nrup ,irf;fUtpahf ,Ue;jnjd;Wk;mjpy; uhf Myhgidfs;> jhak;> fPjk;> gpuge;jq;fs; Mfpait tpjtpjkhd fkfq;fSld;thrpf;fg;gl;ljhfTk; njupfpd;wJ.

176

uFehju; fhyj;jpYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;Dk; fzf;fw;w af;\fhd> FwtQ;rp ehlfq;fs;>[f;fpdpfs; vd;w ehlf eld cUg;gbfs; kd;du;fshYk; mtu;fsJ muritg; Gytu;fshYk;cUthf;fg;gl;ld. eldf; fr;Nrupfs;> ehlfq;fs; Mfpait mbf;fb kd;du; Kd;Gmuq;Nfw;wg;gl;ld. ‘uFehj uhkhazj;jpy;’ eldkzpfspd; ryq;if xypahy; vg;NghJk;epiwe;jpUf;Fk; ‘ehlfrhiyiaf;’ Fwpj;j mNdf Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sd. uFehju; vOjpa‘uFehjhg;Ajah’ vd;w rk];fpUj ftpijapy; ehlfrhiyiag; gw;wpa tu;zidfs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J gy tz;z Kj;Jf;fshYk; if Ntiyg;ghL kpFe;j JzpfshYk;>gpw myq;fhuq;fshYk; epiwe;J fz;izg; gwpg;gjhf ,Ue;jJ. kd;du; mwpQu;fs;> eldf;fiyQu;fs; Gil#o mbf;fb mq;F tUtJz;L. ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sKiwikapd;gb Foy; Kjypy; xypf;Fk;. jpiu tpyFk; Kd;Ng fiyQu;fs; Nkilf;Fg; gpd;jahuhthu;fs;. epfo;r;rpapd; Muk;gk; kq;fy kzpfs; Koq;f epfOk;.

uFehj ehaf;fupd; gpupa gj;jpdpahd ,uhkgj;uhk;ghs; ‘xU eldkhJ> mgpeaq;fspd;%yk; jdJ fUj;ij Neu;j;jpahf ntspg;gLj;j njupe;jtshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vdtptupf;fpd;whu;. mJ kl;Lky;y> ‘murit eld khe;ju;fs; kpfTk; Nju;e;jtu;fshfTk; ntt;NtWjhs tiffshd n[akq;fsk;> ]pk;`yPyh> #shjp jhsq;fisg; gw;wpa QhdKk;> mijgpuNahfpf;Fk; Kiwfis mwpe;jtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. vspjpy; tisaf;$ba cliyf;nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; kpff; fbdkhd gapw;rpfisAk; ,yFthfr; nra;af;$ba mstpw;Fg;gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;’ vd vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whu;. xt;nthU urj;ijAk; kpfEl;gkhf ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba msT Mw;wy; ngw;wpUe;j uFehjupd; mit eld khe;ju;muritapYs;s Nju;e;j tpku;rfuplkpUe;J kpFe;j ghuhl;ilg; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

,f; Fwpg;G me; ehisa muritj; Njtjhrpfspd; ehl;baj;jpwd; vt;thW kpfr;rpwe;J fhzg;gl;lJ vd;gij cWjp nra;fpwJ. eldKk; ehlfKk; ,irf; fr;NrupfSk;ftpauq;fq;fSk; mbf;fb muq;Nfwpa ‘ehl;barhiy’ jhd; gpd;dhspy; kuhl;ba kd;du;fhyj;jpy; ‘rq;fPj k`hy;’ vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

uFehj ehaf;fUf;Fg; gpd; jQ;iria Mz;l tp[auhft ehaf;fu; (1633 - 1673)fhyj;jpYk; ,irAk;> eldKk; mgupkpjkhfr; nropj;J tsu;e;jd. mkuftpahd N\j;uf;Qu;tp[auhft ehaf;fuhy; Mjupf;fg;gl;L 1000 gjq;fis cUthf;fpdhu;. tp[auhftdpd;Kj;jpiuNahL 15 gjq;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ‘]hkhd;a Ff;fNl thzp’ vd;w xU gjj;jpy;tp[auhftdpd; ghuhl;ilg; ngw xU eld kq;if ve;nje;jf; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W tptupf;fpd;whu;. mNj gjj;jpy; tp[auhftdpd; ,irg;Gyik> ghly;fSf;Fg;gz;zikf;Fk; Mw;wy;> mtuJ Mo;e;j tpku;rd mwpT Mfpatw;iwAk; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.,iw tpj;jfuhd Nfhtpe;j jPf;\h vd;gtu; mspj;j ce;Jjyhy;> uFehj ehaf;fu; ‘rJu;jz;bgpufhrpfh’ vd;w Gfo;ngw;w E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,J njd;dpe;jpa uhfq;fspd; ,yf;fzq;fisKiwg;gLj;Jk; E}y;.

njYq;F gpuge;j tifg; ghly;fs;> tp[aefupy; gpwe;J> jQ;irapy; tp[auhftehaf;fupd; fhyj;jpy; tsu;e;J> nropj;J> gue;J> tpupe;J fdpfisj; je;jJ. Fwpg;ghf rpUq;fhug;gpuge;jq;fs; ,tu; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Gfopd; cr;repiyia mile;jd. ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy;toq;fpa ‘gjq;fisg; ghlj; njupahjtu;> fhy;fspy; ryq;if mzpahjtu; ghtp vd;WfUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;’ vd;w xU gonkhop ,f; fhyj;jpy; ,irAk; eldKk; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jtuyhw;iwf; $Wk;. jQ;ir muritf; ftpahd ‘fq;fy;thf;fhy ftp’ vd;w Gytu; vOjpa‘uh[Nfhghy tpyhrk;’ vd;w njYq;Fg; gilg;gpypUe;J rq;fPjk;> rh p̀j;ak;> ehl;bak; MfpaituFehju;> tp[auhft ehaf;fu; muz;kidfspy; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jd vd;w tuyhw;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;. tp[aefu tpyhrk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tp[auhftupd; muz;kid fiyfSf;Fk;fiyQu;fSf;Fk; xU nrhu;f;fkhfj; jpfo;e;jJ. fy;tpkhd;fSf;F ‘rhujh j;t[h’ vd;wgl;lKk; mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ]h`pj;aj;jpy; murDf;F cs;s ghz;bj;jpaj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;milahskhf ‘]h`pj;auha ngz;Nluh’ vdg;gl;l nghw;foiy tp[auhftd; mzpe;jpUe;jhd;.

177

murit eu;j;jfpfspy; gyu; ebg;G> rq;fPjk;> rhfpj;aj;jpy; kpfTk; Nju;e;jtu;fshf,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fspy; rpwe;j ‘re;jpuNyfh’ vDk; eq;if tPuntq;fl;uhad; (1584 - 1616) vd;wkd;ddhy; gy gl;lq;fs; mspf;fg;gl;Lg; ghuhl;Lg; ngw;wts;. jtpu mNef g;UJ thj;aq;fisj;jdJ rpwe;j eldj;jpw;fhfg; guprhfg; ngw;wpUe;jhs;. ‘uh[;a Nfhghy tpyhrk;’ vDk;E}w;Fwpg;gpypUe;J rpy murit eu;j;jfpfspd; ngaiuAk; mtu;fs; epfo;j;jpa eld cUg;gbfspd;ngaiuAk; mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

ngau; eld cUg;gb

1. &gtjp nfsgjk;2. Nfhk;gfty;yp rg;jrpe;jhkzp3. %u;j;jp [f;fpzp4. Nfhksty;yp Nfhu;it5. Nyhfehafp etgjk;6. uj;jfpup j;Ugjk;7. ghfpujp nguzp

xU Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;ba ghzpapy; ghz;bj;jpak; ngWtJ ,f;fhyr; rpwg;G. rpwe;jfiyQu;fs; tpiy cau;e;j gupRfshYk; ,irf; fUtpfisg; guprhfg; ngw;Wk;nfsutpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Njrp> khu;f;fk; ghzpapyhd eldq;fs; tof;fpypUe;jd. rpy muritkq;ifau; fbdkhd Njrp ,iriag; ghbdu;. rpy eld khe;ju; rpUq;fhug; gjj;jpw;Fk;mwpTiur; nra;jpfs; mlq;fpa ghly;fSk; mgpeak; gpbj;J Mbdu;.

tPiz> fpd;duk;> KftPiz> Foy;> jk;Guh> Rukz;lyk;> uhtz`];jk;> `_Lf;if>rq;F Nghd;w ,irf;fUtpfs; ,irf;Fk; ty;Yeu;fshfTk; gy kq;ifau; jpfo;e;jdu;. uq;fuh[k;khvd;w ngz;ftp af;\fhdq;fs;> kd;dhUjhr tpyhrk;> c\hg; gupzak; Nghd;w ,ir> eld,yf;fpag; gilg;Gf;fisg; gilj;Js;shu;. ,ts; tp[auhft ehaf;fupd; jdpg;gl;l md;igg;ngw;wpUe;jhs;.

,irf; fUtpfNshL ghly;> eldk; Mfpatw;iwAk; ,izj;J elj;Jk; ‘rq;fPjNksk;’ ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

tp[auhft ehaf;fu; af;\fhdg; gilg;Gfisg; gilg;gjpy; jdJ je;ij uFehjiuAk;kpQ;rpAs;shu;. ghly;fSf;Fk; eldj;jpw;Fk; ehlfj;jpw;Fk; kpfTk; Vw;w ‘j;tpgjk;’> ‘af;\fhdk;’Nghd;w gilg;Gf;fs; ehaf;fu; fhyj;jpy; nfhbfl;bg; gwe;jd

178

Mq;fpNyau; fhy eldf;fiy tsu;r;rp

ehl;baj;jpd; ,Uz;l fhyk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; fp.gp 1100 ,w;Fk; 1500 ,w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lfhyj;jpy; ehl;baf;fiy kpfTk; eyptile;j epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,r; rkaj;jpy; murpay;rPu;Fiytpd; fhuzq;fshy; Kfyha gilnaLg;Gf;F ehL MshdJ. mbg;gilapNyNaehl;baj;ijf; fz;ldk; nra;fpw nfhs;ifiaAilaJ ,];yhk; kjk;. vdNt> nly;ypRy;jhd;fspy; rpyu; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; ehl;baj;ij urpj;jhYk; mtu;fspy; vtUk; ehl;baj;jpw;FMjuT jutpy;iy. ,e;Jf;fspd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ngw;w fz;zpakhd epiyia> ehl;bak;>Kfyhau; fhyj;jpy; ngw Kbatpy;iy. ,jw;fhd xNu Kf;fpa fhuzk; ,e;Jf;fs; ehl;baj;ijxU cau;e;j Ez;fiyahf kjpj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;> Kfyhau; mij xU nghOJNghf;Fmk;rkhf kl;LNk fUjpdu;. ,jdhy; eldf; fiyQu;fSf;F rKjhaj;jpy; fz;zpakhdme;j];J fpilf;ftpy;iy. cau;Fbapdupd; fiyahu;tj;ij ,r; #oy; ghjpj;jJ kl;Lky;yhJehl;baf; fiyapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; jilg;glTk; fhuzkhdJ.

,Ug;gpDk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;by; jdpg;gl;;l rpyuJ fiyahu;tj;jhYk; Kaw;rpahYk;ehl;baf;fiy kPz;Lk; tsuj; jiyg;gl;lJ. gy;NtW tpjkhd ehl;baf; fiyfSk; tsu;e;jd.Mdhy; Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ehl;baj;jpd; tsu;r;rp Fd;wpNa ,Ue;jJ. ghuk;gupakhfehl;baf;fiyapd; kPJ kf;fSf;F ,Ue;J te;j Mu;tk; kiwe;J NghdJ.

Ez;fiyfs; eypT mile;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1. Kfyha Ml;rpia Mq;fpNyau; ifg;gw;wpa rkaj;jpy;> Ez;fiyfs; kw;Wk; fiyQupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; ve;j tpj ftdKk; nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy. Gjpa muru;fspd; MjuT fpilf;fhj epiyAk; Mq;fpNyauJ Ml;rpapd; mf;fiwapd;ikAk; Ez;fiyfspd; tsu;r;rpiag; ngupJk; ghjpj;jd.

2. ,e;jpa ,sturu;fs; kw;Wk; gpuGf;fspd; muritapy; MjuTk; ghJfhg;Gk; rpy fiyQu;fSf;Ff; fpilj;jd. Mdhy; ehsiltpy; ,e;jpa ,sturu;fSk; gpuGf;fSk; Gjpa Mq;fpNya murpd; ghJfhg;gpdhy; Nkiy ehLfSf;Fr; nry;y Muk;gpj;jdu;. ,jd; tpisthf Nkiy ehl;Lf; fiyfspd; kPJ mtu;fSf;F ,uridAk; Mu;tKk; tsu;e;jd. ntspehl;Lf; fiyfis tsu;f;Fk; tpUg;gKk; $baJ.

3. Nkiyehl;Lg; gof;fq;fspd; njhlu;gpdhy;> ,e;jpa kf;fs; Nkiy ehl;Lf; fiyfis tpUk;g Muk;gpj;jdu;.

4. Mq;fpNyauJ fy;tp Kiwapy; ,irf;Fk; eldj;jpw;Fk; ,lk; jug;gltpy;iy.

5. ehl;bd; nghUshjhur; rkepiy ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhYk; ,ae;jpuj;jpdhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l kypthd nghUs;fs; epiwaf; fpilj;jjhYk; fiy El;gkpf;f nghUs;fSf;fhd Njit ngUkstpy; Fiwe;j NghJ> ,jd; tpishthfj; jq;fsJ ghuk;gupaj; njhopiy tpl;Ltpl;L> fiyQu;fs; kw;w Ntiyfisj; NjlNtz;ba epiy cUthdJ.

6. ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; tho;e;j gy Nkiyehl;L mjpfhupfSf;Fk; ,e;jpau;fSf;Fk; ,e;jpaf; fiyfspd; kjpg;igg; Gupe;J nfhs;sNth> mtw;iwg; ghuhl;bg; Nghw;wNth tpUg;gNkh <LghNlh ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; fiyfspd; tsu;r;rpapid Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd ve;j Kaw;rpAk; mtu;fs; nra;atpy;iy.

179

7. ngUk;ghd;ikahd ,e;jpau;fs; ,e;jpa Ez;fiyfspd; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; milahsj;ijAk; mwpahky; Nghdhu;fs;.

,t;tpjk; gy fhuzq;fshy; ,e;jpa Ez;fiyfs; njhlu;e;J eyptile;jd. ehl;baf;fiyahdJ rKjhaj;jpy; jdf;fpUe;j kjpg;igg; gbg;gbahf ,oe;jJ. nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;>ehl;baf; fiyiaf; fw;gtu;fs; fz;zpakw;wtu;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. ehsiltpy; ehl;baf;fiyahdJ kiytho; kf;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk kf;fSf;Fupa fpuhkpa eldq;fs; vd;w tl;lj;Jf;Fs;FWfpg;NghdJ. nghJthf> eldk; vd;gJ fPo;j;jukhd ngz;fshy; Mlg;gLtJ vd;WrKjhaj;jpduhy; fUjg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa #oy;fspy; ehl;baf;fiy eyptiltijj; jLf;f,ayhky; NghdJ.

180

eldj;jpd; kWkyu;r;rp

rpwg;Gw;W> kd;du;fshy; ngupJk; Mjupf;fg;gl;Lte;j eldf;fiy murpay;> Fog;gq;fshYk;rKjhar; rPu;NfLfshYk; eypTwj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,j;jifa rPu;NfLfs; Fwpg;ghf 19Mk;E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J 20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjptiu epytp te;jd. Mq;fpNyau;RNjrf; fiyfSf;F ve;j kjpg;Gk; mspf;ftpy;iy. Njtjhrpaupd; kjpg;Gk; rKjhaj;jpy;kpfTk; jho;e;jJ. rKjha cau;kl;l tFg;gpdUk; tpf;Nlhupad; tho;f;if Kiwfisg;ngUikAld; gpd;gw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;.

,Nj Ntisapy; ,f; fiyapid rpWgps;isfs; gapyf;$lhnjd;Wk; ,jidf;Nfhtpy;fspNy Njtjhrpfs; MLtJ jilnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; xU rhuhu; typAWj;jj;njhlq;fpdu;. ,jpy; gy Jiw ty;Yeu;fSk; fy;tpahsu;fSk; r%f rPu;jpUj;j thjpfSk;mlq;Ftu;. Kf;fpakhf kU.Kj;Jny\;kp nul;b vd;w mk;ikahu; nrd;id rl;lrigapNy,jw;fhd rl;lk; xd;W epiwNtw;wg; ghLgl;lhu;. Vw;nfdNt 1910Mk; Mz;by; ik#upYk;1930Mk; Mz;by; jpUthq;$upYk; Njtjhrpfs; Nfhapy;fspy; eldkhLjy; rl;lk; %yk;epWj;jg;gl;L tpl;lJ. <.Nt.,uhkrhkp ehaf;fupd; (ngupahu;) Rakupahij ,af;fKk;Nfhtpy;fSf;Fj; Njtjhrpfs; mu;g;gzpf;fg;gLtij (nghl;Lf; fl;Lk; tof;fj;jpid) vjpu;j;Jte;jd.

Njtjhrpf; FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j %tY}u; ,skhkpu;jk; mk;ikahUk; ,t;tpaf;fj;jpy;Nru;e;J Njtjhrpfspd; eyDf;fhf cioj;jhu;. ,tu; ‘Njtjhrpfspd; Nkhrtop’ vd;w xUE}iyAk; vOjpAs;shu;. nghl;Lf; fl;Lk; mehfupf tof;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf vOjg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}ypNy Njtjhrpfspd; mty tho;f;if Kiwfs; rpj;jpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,Wjpahf 1947Mk;Mz;by; Njtjhrpfisf; NfhtpYf;F mu;g;gzpf;Fk; Kiw rl;lG+u;tkhfj; jkpofj;jpy;xopf;fg;gl;lJ.

xU moptpy; Xu; Mf;fk; Vw;gLjy; Nghy;> ,f; fl;lj;jpy;jhd; ,f; fiyapy; Xu;cj;NtfKs;s kWkyu;r;rpNaw;gl;lJ. ,jw;F %y fhuzk; ekJ fiyapd; rpwg;gpid czu;e;jrpy ntspehl;L eldf; fiyQu;fs; vd;gJ tpaf;fitf;Fk; cz;ik. cyfg; Gfo;ngw;wu\;a gNy elduhzpahd md;dhgt;Nyhth 1922Mk; Mz;by; jkJ ,e;jpa tp[aj;jpd;NghJNjtjhrpfspd; eldj;ijg; ghu;f;fg; ngupJk; tpUk;gpdhu;. jhd; ghu;j;jitfisf; nfhz;L‘fpU\;zd; - uhjh’ > ‘,e;J jpUkzk;’ vd;w ,U ehlfq;fisj; jahupj;J mij muq;Nfw;wyz;ldpy; mg;NghJ Xtpak; gapd;W nfhz;bUe;j ‘cjarq;fupd;’ cjtpia ehl> mtUk;me;j eld epfo;r;rpapy; gq;Nfw;wJ kl;Lky;yhky;> md;dh gt;Nyhthtpd; mwpTiuahy;>jkJ ehl;L eldj;jpd;ghy; jpir jpUg;gg;gl;L> njhlu;e;J ehl;baj;jpy; <Lgl;L> cyfg;Gfo;ngw;whu;. ,JNghy; ghNy eldk; fw;f tpUk;gp Uf;kzp mUz;Nly; md;dhit ehl>md;dhthy; mwpTWj;jg;gl;L> jkpofj;jpd; rpwe;j eldkhd gujf;fiyiaf; fw;FkhW mth;J}z;lg;gl;lhu;.

mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfspypUe;J 1925Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpahTf;F tUif je;j &j;nrapd;lnld;dpRk;> mtuJ fztuhd nll;\hd; vd;w eldf; fiyQu;fSNk Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpaeldj;ij INuhg;ghtpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; Mbf;fhl;ba Kjy; ntspehl;ltu; Mthu;. ,tu;fsJ,k; Kaw;rp jdJ nrhe;j ehl;Lf; fiyfspd; mUikia ,e;jpau;fs; czug;ngupJk;cjtpaJ. rKjhaj;jpy; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtUk; ekJ ehl;bd; ghuk;gupaf; fiyapd;mUikia czu Muk;gpj;jdu;.

1917Mk; Mz;by; ftpQu; utPe;jpuehj;jh$u;> jhd; fz;l kzpg;Gup eld epfo;r;rpahy;ftug;gl;L> jdJ rhe;jpepNfjdpy; me; eldj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. Nfusj;jpy; ftpQu;ts;sj;Njhy; vd;gtu;> ‘fjfsp’ vDk; ehl;ba eldj;jpw;Fg; Gj;Japu; nfhLj;J> 1830Mk;

181

Mz;by; Nfush fyhkz;lyk; vd;Dk; eld epiyaj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;. Nklk; Nkdfhvd;Dk; ‘fjf;’ eldf; fiyQu; ngu;ypd; xypk;gpahby; gy mfpy cyfg; gupRfisg;ngw;whu;. yhnkup vDk; mnkupf;fg; ngz;kzp 1936Mk; Mz;by; jkpofk; te;J gujKk;>fjf;Fk; fw;whu;. ,tu; %yk; uhk;NfhghYk; ge;jid ey;Y}u; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;isaplKk;>Kj;Jf;Fkhug; gps;isaplKk; gujk; gapd;W> ,e;jpahtpYk; cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk;ngUk;Gfo; ngw;whu;. uhfpdpNjtp vd;Dk; mnkupf;f khJTk; gujKk; fjf;Fk; fw;W mjd;ngUikia cyfpd; gy ,lq;fspYk; gug;gpdhu;. ,tu;fsJ Kaw;rpfs; ,e;jpau;fs; kj;jpapy;eldj;ijf; Fwpj;j Mu;tj;ijAk; Cf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.

,e;jpa tpLjiyia ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpa tpopg;Gzu;r;rpapd; jhf;fk;>gz;ilf; fiyfs; Gj;Japu; ngWtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jJ. mJ tiu ehl;bd; xt;nthUgFjpapYk; milgl;Lf; fple;j Ml;l Kiwfs; mfpy ,e;jpa xUikg;ghl;ilf; fhztpioe;jd.1926Mk; Mz;by; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;j <.fpU\;za;au; vd;w tof;fwpQu;Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahupd; ghly;fisg; ghbAk; eldkhbAk; kf;fspilNa Rje;jpu tpopg;Gzu;r;rpiaVw;gLj;jp te;jhu;. nkyl;^u; eNlr Iauplk; gujk; gapd;w ,tu;> jhNd ngz; Ntlkpl;Lg; gujeldj;ij Mb> kf;fspilNa ,f; fiyf;F Vw;gl;bUe;j fsq;fj;ijj; Jilf;f Kw;gl;lhu;.,k; Kaw;rpapy; Anti - Nautch ,af;fj;jpdupd; vjpu;g;Gfis mtu; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.1931Mk; Mz;by; nrd;id rq;fPj mfhlkpapy; jpUtpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; fy;ahzpapd; Fkhuj;jpfshduh[yl;Rkp> [Ptuj;jpdk; MfpNahupd; eld epfo;r;rpiaf; fpU\;za;au; elj;jpdhu;. ,jw;Fk;1932Mk; Mz;by; mtu; mfhlkpapy; Vw;ghL nra;j ikyhg;G+u; nfsup vd;w Njtjhrpapd;eldKk; kpfg;ngupa vjpu;g;ig cz;lhf;fpd. ,ijj; jd; vOj;jhYk; nrayhYk; Kwpabj;jfpU\;za;au; 1933Mk; Mz;by; fy;ahzpapd; Fkhuj;jpfisj; jpUk;gTk; NkilNaw;wpdhu;.,k;Kiw ,e; epfo;r;rp kpfg;ngupa tuNtw;igg; ngw;wJ.

Vw;nfdNt md;dh ght;Nyhthy; J}z;lg;gl;bUe;j Uf;kzpNjtpAk; ghu;itahsu;fspy;xUtuha; ,Ue;jhu;. mtuJ eld cyfg; gpuNtrKk; gujf;fiy tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjparfhg;jj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. Kjypy; ikyhg;G+u; nfsup mk;khsplk; ,Ue;Jk; gpd;du; ge;jidey;Y}u; kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is mtu;fsplkpUe;Jk; ,tu; gujehl;ba gapw;rpf;fhd ghlq;fisf;fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

1835Mk; Mz;L ,tu; mspj;j Kjy; Nkil epfo;r;rp gujehl;baj;jpd; Nghf;ifNakhw;wpaJ. Uf;kzp jdJ epfo;r;rpapy; tuNtw;fj;jf;f gy rPu;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;.gujehl;baj;jpy; ,Ue;j juf;Fiwthd gFjpfis mfw;wptpl;lhu;. eld cilfis mlf;fkhfmofhfj; jpUj;jp mikj;jhu;.

gf;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk; gjq;fisg; GFj;jp ehl;baj;ijg; gw;wpa fPo;j;jukhdvz;zj;ij khw;wpaikj;jhu;. Njhy; igAld; $ba ,irf;fUtp kw;Wk; fpshupnel; ,tw;wpw;Fg;gjpyhf tPiz> Gy;yhq;Foy; Mfpa ,irf;fUtpfisg; GFj;jpdhu;. ,jd; tpisthfg;gujehl;baj;ijg; gw;wpa juf;Fiwthd fz;Nzhl;lk; KOtJkhf khwpaJ. ,tu; epWtpa‘fyhN\j;uh’ ,f;fhyfl;l czu;r;rpj;Jbg;gpd; tpisNt. gyngupa fiyQu;fs; xd;W$Lk;,lkhf fyhN\j;uh cUntLj;jJ. Uf;kzp kw;Wk; fpU\;za;au; ,tu;fspd; ngUk; Kaw;rpahy;‘rjpu;’ vd;W miof;fg;gl;l jkpof rh];jpupa eldk; gujehl;bakhdJ. gujj;jpw;fhd ,tuJgpuNtrj;jpdhy; cau;Fy> eLj;ju FLk;gg; ngz;fSk; eldk; fw;f Kd;tuyhapdu;. gy,lq;fspypUe;Jk; el;Ltdhu;fSk; nrd;W If;fpakhapdu;. gujf;fiy kWkyu;r;rpapd; tpisTfspy;xd;W mJ Nfhapypy; ,Ue;J muq;fj;jpw;F khwpajhFk;. ,d;W gujk; fw;gpf;fg;glhj khfhzNk,e;jpahtpy; ,y;iy vd;W $WksTf;Fg; gujf; fiyapd; ngUik cau;e;Js;sJ.

,d;iwa guj ehl;baj;jpNy ge;jiz ey;Y}u;g; ghzp> tOT+u; ghzp> jQ;rhT+u;ghzpnad ntt;NtW ghzpfs; $wg;gl;lhYk; mbg;gilapy; ,f; fiy xd;Nw. ge;jizey;Y}u; ghzpapNy jQ;ir ehy;tupd; topj;Njhd;wyhd kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is kw;Wk;

182

nrhf;fypq;fk; gps;is> n[ayf;\;kp> Rthkpehjg;gps;is> Uf;kzpNjtp> uhk;Nfhghy;> kpUzhspdp>

rhuhgha;> jz;lhAjghzp gps;is> rhe;jhuht;> milahW ,yf;Fkzd; Nghd;NwhUk; tOT+u;

ghzpapy; gp.,uhikah gps;is> mtu;kfd; rhk;uh[;> Fkhup fkyh> rpj;uh tp];Nt];tud;>

gj;kh Rg;gpukzpak; Nghd;NwhUk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;.

183


Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpfis tpupthf Muha;thu;.

nraw;ghL 5.3.2 : Myaq;fspy; eldf;fiy vd;w mk;rj;ij mwpjy;.

Myaq;fspy; gujf; fiyapd; tsu;r;rp

Myaq;fs; gujf; fiyapd; fhg;gfq;fshf miktjw;F Mjhukha;> fUT+ykha; gyu;,Ue;J te;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fSs; jkpofj;ij Mz;l %Nte;ju;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wdu;.,f; fhtyu;fs; kf;fs; ,iw topghL nra;tjw;Fk;> fiyfisg; Nghw;wpg; Ngzpf; fhg;gjw;Fnkdepu;khzpj;j fw;Nfhtpy;fs;> ,d;Wk; mopahg; GfOld; tpsq;Ffpd;w fuzrpw;gq;fs;> ,r;rpw;gq;fis moFw nrk;ikahf ehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;lthW rh];j;Nuhf;jkhftbj;njLj;j rpw;gpfs;> rpw;g epiyfis Mbf;fhl;ba Mly;kfspu;> ,tu;fis Ml;Ltpj;jMlyhrpupau;> kd;du;fs; ,tu;fs; ahtUk; Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;batu;fs;.

fiy> fyhrhuk; vd;gd fhyj;ijg; gpujpgypg;gdtha; mikfpd;wd. xt;Nthu; ehl;bYk;mt;tt; ehl;L kf;fSf;F Vw;w jdpj;Jtkhd fiyfs; kf;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

gujf; fiyahdJ gpuk;khtpdhy; fw;gid nra;ag;gl;L> ,Uf;F> a[_u;> rhk> mju;tzNtjq;fspd; rhuj;ij vLj;J Ie;jhtJ Ntjkhfj; njhFf;fg;gl;l fiyahFk;. ,f; fiyiag;gpuk;kh gujUf;F mUs> guju; jdJ 100 gps;isfSf;Fk; fw;gpf;f mtu;fs; mf; fiyiag;G+kpapy; gyUf;Fk; fw;gpj;Jg; gutr; nra;jdu; vd;gJ Guhz tuyhW. NkYk;> ifyak;gjpapy;,f; fiyiaf; fz;L kfpo;nta;jpa rptngUkhd;> jdJ jhz;lt eldj;ijf; fw;gpf;FkhWjz;L KdptUf;Fg; gzpf;f> jz;L Kdptu; gujuf;Fj; jhz;ltj;ijf; fw;gpj;jhu;. ckhNjtpahu;ghzhRudpd; kfshfpa ci\f;f yh];aj;ijf; fw;gpj;jhu;. ci\ JthuifapYs;s Nfhgpa];jpuPfSf;Ff; fw;gpf;f mtu;fs; nrsuh\;bu Njr kf;fSf;Ff; fw;gpj;jdu;. ,t;thW ,e;ehl;baf; fiyahdJ G+Tyfpy; gutpaJ vd;W Guhz tuyhW $WfpwJ. MfNt gujf;fiygilj;jy; nja;tkhfpa gpuk;khTlDk; mopj ;jy; flTshd rptngUkhDlDk;,izf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

fy;ypNy fiy tz;zk; fz;lhd; jkpod;. fw;Nfhtpy;fisf; fl;bdhd;. mq;Nf gujf;fiyiag; gpujpgypf;Fk; mofpa ehl;ba fuz epiyfis mikj;jhd;. gujf; fiyapidg;Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J te;j ngUik Myaq;fisNa rhUk;. ,f; fiyapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fk;kWkyu;r;rpf;Fk; Myaq;fs; ngUk; gq;fspg;gpid ey;fpAs;sd. Myaq;fs; Mfk tpjpg;gbmike;jit. tpf;fpufq;fisAk; NfhGuq;fisAk; J}z;fisAk; kjpy; rpw;gq;fisAk; nfhz;Ltpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,e;j tpf;fpufq;fspYk; rpw;gq;fspYk; nja;tPf czu;NthL kdpjdpd; czu;Tk;rq;fkpf;Fk; tifapNy mit Mf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. Mfk tpjpg;gb mike;j tpf;fpufq;fspy;ngUk;ghYk; rhe;jk; Fbnfhz;bUf;Fk;. mit fhl;Lfpd;w Kj;jpiufs; eld mkprq;fs;nghUe;jp tpsq;Fk;. tpf;fpufq;fspNy rpy rkaq;fspy; nusj;u ghtKk; Fbnfhz;L tpsq;fyhk;.(cjhuzk; : Ju;f;if) Ju;f;ifapDila tpf;fpufj;jpy; ,jid ehk; mtjhdpf;ff; $bajha;,Uf;fpwJ. eldf; fiyapd; nja;tkhfpa eluh[upd; mq;f mirTfs; ehl;ba ghtj;Jld;rpwg;ghf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Nfhtpy; rpw;gq;fs; epw;Fk; epiyfSk; mike;jpUf;Fk; ghtKk;ehl;baf; fiyapd; gpujpgypg;Gf;fshFk;. rpw;ghrpupau;fSk; tpf;fpufq;fis mikj;j fiyQu;fSk;Ntj rpthfk mwpT kl;Lkd;wp rpw;g rh];jpu jpwDk;> guj rh];jpu jpwDk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.mjdhNyNa Mya rpw;g tpf;fpufq;fs; ahTk; ehl;ba epiyfisg; Gyg;gLj;Jtdthfmikf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd.

184

fhytud; Kiwg;gb Nehf;Fk;NghJ irt cyfpd; Nfhtpyhfpa rpjk;guj;jpYs;seluh[u; Myak; Fwpg;gplw;ghyJ. ,f; Nfhtpy; xU ngupa eldf; fsQ;rpakhFk;.

,q;F rptid Mfha ypq;f tbtpy; kf;fs; topgLtu;. eluh[u; eldf; fiy ty;Ydu;.gujehl;ba rh];jpuj;jpy; 108 tif eldq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;j eldq;fis vy;yhk;rptngUkhd; rpjk;guj;jpy; Mbdu; vd;gu;.

rpjk;guj;jpd; ngUikkpf;f eluh[u; Nfhtpy; fp.gp 7Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpapNyNaGfo;ngw;W tpsq;fpaJ. jQ;iria Mz;l Nrho kd;du;fs;> rpw;wk;gyehjiuj; jkJFynja;tkhfg; Nghw;wp tzq;fpdu;. Nfhtpiyg; nghd;dhy; Nta;e;jdu;. ,jdhy; rig ‘fdfrig’vd;Wk; rpw;wk;gyj;Nj eldkhLk; eluh[Uf;Ff; ‘fdfrghgjp’ vd;Dk; ngau;fs; cz;lhapd.

‘fdfrig’ eluh[g; ngUkhd; jpUkQ;rdk; nfhz;lUSk; ,lkhFk;. ,jw;FmLj;jhw;Nghy; njd;Gwj;jpy; Japy; epiyapYs;s tp\;Ztpd; %u;j;;jk; fUq;fy;yhy;tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidj; jpUr;rpj;jpu $lk; vd;wiog;ghu;fs;. fdfrigAk; rpw;rigAk;nghd;dhy; Ntag;gl;Ls;sd.

‘rpw;rig’ kj;jpa NfhtpyhFk;. ,J eluh[g; ngUkhd; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; ,lk;.rpw;wk;gyk; vdg;gLtJk; ,JNt. ,r; rigapd; tyg;Gwj;jpy; rpjk;gu ,ufrpak; ,Uf;fpwJ.,jd; Kd; jpiu xd;W njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

‘Njtrig’ eluh[u; NfhtpYf;Ff; fpof;Nf %d;whk; gpufhuj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. mjidNa‘Nguk;gyk;’ vdf; $Wthu;fs;. ,J cw;rt %u;j;jpfs; vOe;jUspapUf;fpw ,lk;.

‘epUj;j rig’ vd;gJ eluh[g; ngUkhdpd; Nfhtpy; Kd;du; nfhbkuj;jpd; njw;Nfmike;Js;sJ. ,JNt Nfhtpypd; rpwe;j gFjp. ,jpy; Cu;j;Jt jhz;lt %u;j;jpvOe;jUspapUf;fpwhu;. 56 J}z;fisf; nfhz;ljhAk; gupfs; G+l;ba Njuikg;igg; Nghy;rf;fuq;fSlDk; tpsq;FfpwJ.

‘uh[rig’ vd;gJ Rkhu; 160 mb ePsKk; 100 mb mfyKk; nfhz;l rptfq;iff;Fsj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gf;fj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgk; MFk;. ,jd; ehw;Gwq;fspYk;jpUr;Rw;W khspifAk; mofpa gbfSk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. Fsj;Jf;F tlf;Nf etypq;fk;Nfhtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. eluh[u; fdfrigapy; MbaJ ehjhe;j eldkhFk;. jhUfhtdj;JKdptu;fs; nra;j Nts;tpapypUe;J Njhd;wpa Kayfd; vd;Dk; muf;fd; kPJ epd;whbaMl;lj;ij MjpNrld; tpUg;gg;gb rpjk;guj;jpy; kPz;Lk; eluh[u; Mbf;fhl;bdhu;.

Guhz ,jpfhrq;fspy; $wg;gLk; ,iwtdpd; mUs; tpisahly;fSk;> ehl;baj;jpd;tpfw;gq;fSk; fijr; rpw;gq;fshf ,q;F NfhGuq;fis moF nra;fpd;wd. ,jd;ehw;Gwj;jpYKs;s NfhGuq;fspNy fuz rpw;gq;fs; midj;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpNyfpof;F> Nkw;Ff; NfhGuq;fspYs;sit kpf Kf;fpakhdit. ,tw;wpNy 108 fuzq;fSf;fhdrpw;gq;fSk;> mtw;wpd; fPNo mt;ttw;wpw;fhd ehl;ba rh];jpur; nra;Al;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.vdNt mtw;iw milahsk; fhZjy; kpf vspjhFk;. eldf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;Fk;> nra;ifKiwf;FKs;s xUikg;ghL njspT. ,tw;wpd; fhyk; fp.gp 13Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk;.

fp.gp 1250Mk; Mz;by; kJiuia Mz;l Re;ju ghz;baj; Njtd; ,f; Nfhtpypd;fPiof; NfhGuj;ijf; fl;bdhd;. gpd;du; gr;irag;g Kjypahu; ,jidr; nrg;gdpl;lhu;. ,jpy;ehl;ba tpfw;gq;fis mwptpf;Fk; rpw;gq;fSk; gjQ;ryp> tpahf;fpu ghju;> rz;Bru;> Nghu;tPuidg;Nghd;w rptd; MfpNahUila cUtq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. VO Fjpiufs; G+l;lg;ngw;wngupa Nju; xd;wpy; rptDk; tp\;ZTk; mku;e;jpUf;f> mj; Njupid mUzd; nrYj;JtjhfTk;xU rpw;gk; cs;sJ.

185

rpjk;guj;jpYs;s eluh[u; Nfhtpiyj; jtpu tpUj;jhryk;> tpUj;jfpuP];tud; Nfhtpy;jpUtz;zhkiy jpUtjpif mUzhrNy];tuu; Myak; Mfpadtw;wpy; NfhGuq;fspYs;sfuz rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

Mya topghl;bd; Kf;fpakhdNjhu; mq;fkhf ehl;bak; jpfo;e;jJ. Nfhtpy; topghlhdJ‘N\hlNrhgrhuk;’ vdf; $wg;gLk; 16 mq;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; ‘fPjthj;jpak;’gjpdhd;fhtJ mq;fk; vdTk; ‘epUj;Nahgrhuk;’ gjpide;jhtJ mq;fk; vd;Wk; Mfk E}y;fs;$Wfpd;wd.

‘<rhd; FUNf’> ‘gj;jjp’ vd;Dk; E}y;fs; Nfhtpy; topghl;by; epUj;jk; vt;thWgad;gl;lJ vdf; $WfpwJ. Nfhtpiy Kjypy; tyk; tUk;NghJ thj;jpaq;fs; kj;akfhyj;jpYk;> ,uz;lhtJ Rw;wpy; mjhtJ =gyp nfhLf;Fk;NghJ tpsk;gfhyj;jpYk; ,irf;fg;gl;Lmtw;wpw;Nfw;g rq;fPjk;> yh];ak;> jhz;ltk;> kz;lyk; Mfpatw;iw MlNtz;Lk; vdTk;>%d;whtjhf tyk; tUk;NghJ fPjKk; thj;jpaKk; Jupj fhyj;jpy; ,irf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;vd;Wk; $WfpwJ.

=gyp vd;gJ Nfhtpy;fspy; ehs;NjhWk; re;epjpNjhWk; eilngWk; xU topghL. ,jpy;gpuk;kh Kjypa NjtijfSf;Fk; jpf; ghyfu;fshd ,e;jpud;> mf;dp> akd;> epUg;jp> tUzd;>thA> Nrhkd;> <rhdd; Mfpa nja;tq;fSf;F md;dk; gilf;fg;gLk;. mr;rkaj;jpy; epUj;jk;nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU Njtijf;Fk; jdpj; jdp epUj;jk; cz;L. ,tw;wpd; jhsq;fSk;NtWgLk;.

‘rpjk;gu N\j;jpu ru;t];tk;’ vd;w E}ypy; rpy rpwg;Gr; nra;jpfs; $wg;gLfpd;wd.me;je;jj; jpirf;F Vw;w fPj ehl;baj;ij tPjpfspy; MLtu;. kw;Wk; guj Kdptu; Fwpg;gpLk;gpukzk; Kjypa tpyhr epUj;jpaq;fisAk; Njtjh]pfs; MLtu; vdTk; $wg;gLfpwJ.

tp\;Z Nfhtpy;fspy; Mlg;gl Ntz;ba epUj;jq;fs; gjpndl;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;litFwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpy; kz;lyk;> gpU\;l Fl;bkk;> fkyk;> fkytj;tpUj;jk;>]u;tNjhgj;uk;> tpyhrk;> Nfjfk;> tp\;Zf;uhe;jk;> gj;ukhyp> fhe;jhu Fl;bkk;> tpUj;j Fl;bkk;>ghugj;uk;> fbge;jdk; vd;git ehl;ba tiffs;. irtf; Nfhtpy;fspy; m[gh eldk;> Ff;Fleldk; Kjypa eldq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.

Myaq;fspNy ,lk;ngw;w epj;a> iekpj;jpaf; fpupiafspy; MlYk; ghlYk; ed;F,lk;ngw;wd. Ntjfhyj;jpNy mjhtJ fp.K 2000 Mz;L Kjy; 500 my;yJ 1000 Mz;Lfs;tiu eld ehlff; fiyahdJ kyu;r;rpAw;w epiyapNy ,Ue;jJ. mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpNy,ir rPupa epiyiag; ngw;wpUe;jd. eldk; Myaq;fspNy ,lk;ngw;wJ. Mfk tpjpg;gbmgpNlfk;> Muhjid Kjypad Kbe;j gpd;du; ,Wjp epfo;r;rpahf eldk; ,iwau;g;gzkhfMlg;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;Nj Nfhtpy;fspy; et]e;jp ehl;bak; ,lk;ngw;wJ.

“et]e;jp” vd;gJ %y%u;j;jpapd; mjpKfkhd Nfhtpy; thrypy; gpuk;khitAk;> fpof;FKjy; <rhdk; tiuapyhd vl;Lj; jpirfspYk;> ,e;jpud; Kjy; ml;ljpf;Fg; ghyfu;fisAk;cw;rtk; njhlq;fp Kbfpd;w fhyk; tiuAk; mt; thj;jpaq;fspy; r%fkhfpf; fhty; GupAk;gbG+rpj;J Ntz;bf;nfhs;Sk; xU topghlhFk;.

et]e;jp ehl;bankdf; fUjg;gLk; rkghjk;> G[q;f yypjk;> re;jpah epUj;jk;> Cu;j;Jtghjk;> FQ;rpjk;> G[q;fk;> kz;lyk;> jz;lghjk;> G[q;fj; jpuhrk; Mfpa xd;gJk; gpuk re;jp>,e;jpu re;jp> mf;fpdp re;jp> ak re;jp> epUg;j;jp re;jp> tUz re;jp> thA re;jp> FNgu re;jp><rhd re;jp vDk; et re;jpfspNy mt;tr; re;jpfSf;Fupa nja;tq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhbNaw;w>nfhbapwf;fj; jpUtpohf;fspd;NghJ mtutu;f;Fupa jhsk;> ,uhfk;> gz;> epUj;jk;> thj;jpak

186

,tw;wpw;Nfw;g Mlg;gl;L te;Js;sd. Ntj fhyj;jpNy eldk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; ,Uf;F> aRu;>rhk> mju;tz Ntjq;fspNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

ml;ljpf;Fg; ghyfu;fis vOe;jUStpf;Fk; Kjy; jpdj;jpYk; mtutu;f;Fuparpwg;gpay;Gfs;> jhsk;> ,uhfk;> epUj;jk;> gz;> thj;jpak; Mfpad mikAk;. ,t; Ntisapy;mt;tf; flTSf;Fupa Ntj #f;jq;fSk; Xjg;gl;L mt;tf; flTSf;Fupa et]e;jpnfsj;Jtq;fSk; ghbAk; Mlg;gl;Lk; te;jd.

epj;jpa iekpj;jpaf; fpupiafspy; ,lk;ngWk; gjpdhW tif (N\hlr) cgrhuq;fspNyfPNjhgrhuKk; epUj;NahgrhuKk; Fwpg;gplw;ghyd. epUj;Nahgrhuk; Kw;fhyj;jpNy iekpj;jpaf;fpupiafspNy kl;Lkd;wp epj;jpaf; fpupiafspYk; ,lk;ngw;wd.

jkpo; ehl;bNy Myaq;fspy; gujf; fiyapd; tsu;r;rpf;F Cf;fKk; cw;rhfKk;mspj;j jkpo; kd;du;fspd; tupirapNy ghz;baUf;Fg; gpd; gy;ytu;fs; Njhd;wpdu;. ,tu;fs;fhyj;Nj Myaq;fspy; gujk; tsu;e;jJ. kNfe;jputu;kd; vd;Dk; gy;yt murdJ fhyj;jpy;eldf;fiy kpfTk; cd;dj epiyia va;jpanjd;gjw;Fg; GJf;Nfhl;ilr; rPikapYs;sfy;ntl;Lf;fSk;> rpj;jd;d thry; Fiff; NfhtpypYs;s fhiu Rtu;f; Nfhyq;fSk;tpsf;fty;yd. ,k;kd;dd; “kj;j tpyhrk;” vDk; E}ypy; rptdpd; jhz;lt eldq;fistpsf;fp cs;shd;. ,tw;iw rpw;g tbtpYk; mikj;jhd;. ,yf;fzg; gz;Gfis ed;Fzu;e;jgy;yt muru;fs; eldj;Jf;Fj; nja;tPfj; jd;ikiaf; nfhLj;jjdhy;> mJ xU gf;jpf;fiyahf khwj; njhlq;fpaJ.

gy;ytiuj; njhlu;e;J jkpo; ehl;bid Mz;l Nrhou; fhyj;jpYk; eldk; Myaq;fspy;nropg;Gw;W tsu;e;jJ. Nfhtpy;fspy; jkpo;f;$j;J> Mupaf;$j;J> rhe;jpf;$j;J vd;gd Mlg;gl;ld.aho;g;ghzupd; kugpy; te;j ghziuf;nfhz;L uh[ jpUg;gjpfq;fSf;Fg; gz; tFf;fg;gl;L>jpUKiwg; ghf;fs; ,irAld; gapw;wg;gl;ld. jkpo; Nfhtpw; gzpfisf; FiwTwhJ nra;tjw;Fg;gy ,lq;fspypUe;Jk; 400 Njtubahu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;Lf; Nfhtpiy mLj;j tlf;fpYk;>njw;fpYk; ,tu;fSf;F kid mikj;Jf; nfhLj;J xt;nthUtUf;Fk; xU Ntiy epkpj;jk;nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. gujf;fiy Myaq;fis ikakhfg; nfhz;L tsu;e;jJ. eldf; fiyapy;ty;Ydu;fs; “jiyf;Nfhyp” vd;Dk; gl;lkspj;Jf; nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs; vd;W rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpd;thapyhf mwpfpNwhk;.

NrhoUf;Fg; gpd; jkpofj;ij rpwpJ fhyk; Mz;l ghz;baiuj; njhlu;e;J tp[aefug; NguuR Njhd;wpw;W. 14Mk; E}w;whz;bNy ,tu;fsJ Ml;rpapy; nry;tKk; tsKk;nropj;jpUe;jd. ,f; fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpNy fhsNkfg; Gytu;> gbf;fhRg; Gytu;> ,ul;ilau;Kjypa Mw;wy; tha;e;j Gytu; gyu; Njhd;wpdu;. eldg; gz;G ngUksT mike;j gs;S>FwtQ;rp Nghd;w gpuge;jq;fs; Njhd;wpd. jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rpAk; Kw;$lw; gs;Sk;,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ,f; FwtQ;rpfs; mf; fhyj;Nj Nfhtpy;fspy; eld ehlfkhfebf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; gpd;du;> gz;ila $bahl;lKk; rhf;fpahu; $j;Jk; Ml;lf; fijfisj;Njhw;Wtpf;f mbNfhypd. guj ehl;baj;ijg; gpd;gw;wpf; fpU\;zhl;lKk; fjfspAk; Nfusj;jpy;Njhd;wpd.

,iwtNd Mly; ty;yhdhf eluh[dhf ,Ug;gjhy; Nfhtpy;fspy; eldf;fiy tsu;e;jJ.,f; fiy rkar; #oypNy Nfhtpypd; mutizg;gpNy ,iwtid topgLk; tiffspy;xd;whfNt tsu;e;J te;Js;sJ. kyu;> ePu;> jPg> J}gk; Mfpa rfytpjkhd cgrhuq;fSs;Sk;epUj;Nahgrhuj;ijNa Mz;ltd; ngupJk; tpUk;Gfpwhd; vd ‘epUj;auj;dhtsp’ vd;Dk; E}ypy;$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fPjk;> thj;jpak;> epUj;jpak; ,k; %d;Wk; ‘njsuPaj; jpupfk;’ vdr; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ.,tw;Ws; fPjk;> thj;jpak; Mfpa ,U cgrhuq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; gjpide;jhtJ cgrhukhfepUj;jpak; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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njd;dpe;jpa Myaq;fs; kl;Lkd;wp tl ,e;jpa Myaq;fSk; gujf; fiyapidg;Ngzpf; fhj;jd. FthypahupYs;s ‘gta’ vd;Dkplj;jpYs;s rpw;gq;fspNy eldf; fhl;rpfs;cs;sd. ,f; fhl;rpfspy; xd;W jw;fhy eldf; fr;Nrupapid epidT+l;Lfpd;wJ. jpNahfl;bYk;>rhu;zhj;jpYk;> m[e;jhtpYKs;s eldf; fhl;rpr; rpw;gq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. ehr;dhvd;Dkplj;jpy; fp.gp 5Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nru;e;j Neu;j;jpahd eluh[u; rpiy fpilj;Js;sJ.gy jpUf;fuq;fisf; nfhz;l Mlw; flTspd; rpiy kj;jpag; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s rNfhNuapNyfpilj;Js;sJ. vy;Nyhuh> m[e;jh> ghjhkp> vypgj;j> gj;jlf;fy; Mfpa ,lq;fspYs;s kpfNeu;j;jpahd eluh[u; rpiyfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. fp.gp 5Mk; - 6Mk; E}w;whz;Lf; fhyj;ijakpf Neu;j;jpahd yypj epiyapYs;s eluh[u; rpiy vypgj;jhtpNy fpilj;Js;sJ. ‘guy;’vd;Dkplj;jpNy Vopir kakhd $j;jgpuhdpd; tbtk; fzq;fs; #o;e;J thj;jpak; ,irf;Fk;epiyapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njd;dhl;bNy> fhQ;rp ifyhrehju; Nfhtpy; eld rpw;gq;fSk;> Myaq;fs; gujf;fiyapd; fhg;gfq;fsha; mike;jpUe;jd vd;gjw;Fr; rhd;W gfu;fpd;wd.

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