Inglês técnico paula s ouza

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Técnico em Informát ica Etec- Cafelândia

“ Aprendendo a aprender !!! “ www.etecafelandia.com.br

IT

Plantão de dúvidas Email : [email protected]

Assunto: <coloque o nome do professor>

Gramática e Exercícios

IInnggllêêss TTééccnniiccoo

Vanda Pereira Lopes

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SIMPLE PAST TENSE O passado simples é usado para expressar ações acabadas em um tempo definido. É geralmente empregado com advérbios de tempo : yesterday, ago, last ...etc. Ex; I walked to school yesterday. ( Eu caminhei até a escola ontem)

• Em inglês há verbos regulares e irregulares. Como se forma:

• Para se formar o passado simples dos verbos regulares acrescenta-se d / ed ao infinitivo do verbo. Ex; love – loved change – changed talk – talked play – played

• Se o verbo terminar em y precedido de consoante troca-se o y por ied. Ex: carry – carried study – studied hurry – hurried

• Se o verbo terminar em sílaba forte formada por consoante / vogal / consoante dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se ed.

Ex: stop - stopped occur – occurred drop – dropped permit- permitted

• No pasado os verbos têm a mesma forma para todas as pessoas. Verb to plan ( planejar) I planned ( eu planejei) You planned ( você planejou) He planned ( ele planejou) She planned ( ela planejou) It planned ( ele(a) planejou) We planned ( nós planejamos) You planned ( vocês planejaram) They planned ( eles(as) planejaram

• Os verbos irregulares não seguem as regras acima para a formação do passado. Ex: make – made send – sent find – found

• Nas formas negativa e interrogativa , em que se usa o verbo auxiliar (did) o verbo principal fica no infinitivo sem to. Afirmativa - He studied He spoke Negativa - He did not study. He did not speak Interrogativa - Did he study? Did he speak?

• Forma abreviada: didn’t ( did not)

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EXERCISES

A) Mude as orações para a forma negativa, reescrevendo-as: 1) They offered personal computers. (Eles ofereceram computadores pessoais) -

2) He detected the errors last Tuesday. ( Ele detectou os erros terça- feira passada). - 3) This operation needed a lot of time. ( Esta operação exigiu ( precisou 0 de muito tempo) - 4) The peopleware designed another software. ( O recursos humanos criou um novo programa) - 5) We tested the new software yesterday. ( Nós testamos o novo programa ontem). - 6) He tried the new program. ( Ele tentou um novo programa) -

B) Mude as orações para a forma interrogativa, reescrevendo-as. 1) My fahter bought a new printer. ( buy)

( Meu pai comprou uma impressora nova) -

2) She had a good scanner. ( have) ( Ela tinha um bom modificador de imagens) - 3) He send the results to the date control. ( sent) ( Ele enviou os resultados para o controle de dados) - 4) The manufacturer sold the machines. ( sell) ( O fabricante vendeu as máquinas) - 5) They found the applications in market research. ( find) ( Eles encontraram as aplicações em uma pesquisa de Mercado) - 6) The systems analysts had a difficult problem to solve. ( have) ( Os analistas de sistemas tiveram um problema difícil para resolver) -

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EXERCISES

A)Mude as orações para a forma negativa, reescrevendo-as: 1)They offered personal computers. (Eles ofereceram computadores pessoais) -They didn´t offer personal computers.

2) He detected the errors last Tuesday. ( Ele detectou os erros terça- feira passada). -He didn’t detect the errors last Tuesday. 3) This operation needed a lot of time. ( Esta operação exigiu ( precisou 0 de muito tempo) -This operation didn’t need a lot of time. 4) The peopleware designed another software. ( O recursos humanos criou um novo programa) -The peopleware didn’t design another software 5) We tested the new software yesterday. ( Nós testamos o novo programa ontem). -We didn’t test the new software yesterday. 6) He tried the new program. ( Ele tentou um novo programa) - He didn’t try the new program.

B) Mude as orações para a forma interrogativa, reescrevendo-as. 1)My fahter bought a new printer. ( buy)

( Meu pai comprou uma impressora nova) -Did my father buy a new printer.

2) She had a good scanner. ( have) ( Ela tinha um bom modificador de imagens) -Did she have a good scanner. 3) He send the results to the date control. ( sent) ( Ele enviou os resultados para o controle de dados) -Did he sent the results to the date control. 4) The manufacturer sold the machines. ( sell) ( O fabricante vendeu as máquinas) -Did the manufacturer sell the machines. 5) They found the applications in market research. ( find) ( Eles encontraram as aplicações em uma pesquisa de Mercado) -Did they find the applications in market research. 6) The systems analysts had a difficult problem to solve. ( have) ( Os analistas de sistemas tiveram um problema difícil para resolver) - Did the systems analysts have a difficult problem to solve.

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DEMONSTRATIVES

THIS- ( este, esta, isto) - refere-se a algo que está próximo . O plural de This é THESE Ex. This book is interesting ( Este livro é interssante) These books are interistings. ( Estes livros são interessantes) THAT ( aquele, aquela, aquilo) refere-se a algo que está longe . O plural de that é THOSE. Ex: That computer is new. ( Aquele computador é novo) Those computers are new. Aqueles computadores são novos)

Exercises

1) Passe as seguintes frases para o plural. a) This identifer is not visible. ( Este identificador não está visível.) - b) That symbol doesn’t start a type definition. ( Aquele simbolo não inicia uma digitação definida) - c) This suggestion doesn’t help. ( Esta sugestão não ajuda) - d) This scanner is new. ( Este scanner é novo) - e) That computer was sold. ( Aquele computador foi vendido) - f) That code varies from time to time. ( Aquele código varia de hora em hora) - g) This central processor contains thousands of circuits. ( Este processador central contém milhares circuitos) - h) This is an old criterion. ( Este é um velho critério) - i) This program is very complicated. ( Este programa é muito complicado) - j) That firm works with multiprogramming.( Aquela firma trabalha com multiprogramação) -

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k) That engineer repairs the equipments. ( Aquele engenheiro conserta os equipamentos.) - l)That operator sends the messages through the terminal. ( Aquele operador envia as mensagens através do terminal).

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Exercises (Correção)

1) Passe as seguintes frases para o plural. a) This identifer is not visible. ( Este identificador não está visível.) - These identifiers are not visible. b) That symbol doesn’t start a type definition. ( Aquele simbolo não inicia uma digitação definida) - Those symbols don’t start a type definition. c) This suggestion doesn’t help. ( Esta sugestão não ajuda) - These suggestions don’t help. d) This scanner is new. ( Este scanner é novo) - These scanners are new. e) That computer was sold. ( Aquele computador foi vendido) - Those computers were sold. f) That code varies from time to time. ( Aquele código varia de hora em hora) -Those codes varies from time to time. g) This central processor contains thousands of circuits. ( Este processador central contém milhares circuitos) -This central processors contains thousands of circuits. h) This is an old criterion. ( Este é um velho critério) -These are old criterions. i) This program is very complicated. ( Este programa é muito complicado) - These programs are very complicated. j) That firm works with multiprogramming.( Aquela firma trabalha com multiprogramação) -Those firms work with multiprogramming. k) That engineer repairs the equipments. ( Aquele engenheiro conserta os equipamentos.) -Those engineers repairs the equipments. l)That operator sends the messages through the terminal. ( Aquele operador envia as mensagens através do terminal). - Those operators send the messages through the terminal.

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IMPERATIVE 1) Escolha algumas expressões e transforme-as em um diálogo. - Hello! – Olá - What are you doing? - O que você está fazendo? - It seems that... – Parece que.... - I’m starting this program. -Estou iniciando este programa. - I’m installing this program. Estou instalando este programa. - Start the program! - Inicie o programa! - Receive this messages! – Receba esta mensagem! - Repair this terminal! - Conserte este terminal! - This is to difficult! - Isto é muito difícil! - Clean the computer! - Limpe o computador! - Please help me! - Por favor ajude-me! - I don’t understand it. Eu não entendo - Type this letter! – Digite esta carta! - What is Hardware? - O que é hardware? - Help me, press this botton! – Ajude-me pressione este botão - Please, dial the code number! – Por favor, digite o número de código - What happened ? - O que aconteceu? -Look here! - Olhe! - Look out! Tenha cuidado - I’m in a hurry. – Estou com pressa. - I don’t know. - Sei lá. - What is your name? - Qual é o seu nome? - It is at your left. – Está à sua esquerda. - Give me the mouse! - Dê-me o mouse! - This isn’t a mouse. – Isto não é um mouse. - Oh! I’m sorry . – Oh! Sinto muito - Let’s use another code? – Vamos usar um novo código? - Let’s replay that key? – Vamos trocar aquela tecla? - Don’t worry! Não se preocupe! - Don’t send messages through this terminal! – Não envie mensagens através dete terminal! - Correct the program! - Corrija o programa! - Don’t tese me! - Não me amole! -Are you not ill? – Você não está doente? - What did you say? - O que você disse? - I don’t feel well . – Não estou me sentindo bem. - So long – Até logo - Bye – Tchau, até logo - See you later . Até a vista

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Hardware

We call hardware the actual physical components of a computer system. Here they are:

Input devices – they take the information from the outside world and convert it in one way or another into binary code which the computer can cope with. It may be a card reader or a CRT (cathode ray tube) terminal, for example. Central processor – it is the part of a computer where arithmetic and logical operations are performed. It acts as the brain and processes the information in accordance with the program of instructions. Output devices – they receive the messages from the computer as a result of its calculations. This message can be given on a television screen, on a printer, or stored on magnetic tapes or disks.

Vocabulary hardware = machinery = todos os elementos físicos de um computador; maquinário.

actual = tangible = reais, tangíveis cope with = manage successfully = enfrentar, aceitar card reader = leitora de cartão (perfurado) cathode ray tube = exemplos: tela de televisão e terminais de computadores = tubo de raio catódico brain = cérebro; parte importante do sistema in accordance with = according to = de acordo com 1-) Responda estas questões de acordo com o texto: a) What do we call ‘hardware’? (O que nós chamamos de hardware?)

b) What do the input devices do? (O que a entrada de dados faz?) c) Give some examples of input devices. ( Dê alguns exemplos de entrada de dados.) d) Where are the arithmetic and logical operations performed? (Onde estão armazenadas as operações aritméticas e lógicas?)

2-) Una as colunas. Olhe para os Antônimos. 3) Translate into Portuguese. ( a ) actual ( ) spiritual a) outside world ( b ) outside ( ) unreal b) television screen ( c ) receive ( ) inside c) in one way or another

( d ) physical ( ) give d) as a result of

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High-Level Languages

A high-level language is a computer programming language designed to allow people to write programs without having to understand the inner workings of the computer. They are fairly close to natural languages like English and most have been written for one particular type of application or another. For example, ALGOL has been written for general applications, COBOL for business applications, FORTRAN for mathematics work and BASIC for general purpose introductory programming. High-level languages are easier to program than assembly languages, but generally produce programs that are less efficient and run slower.

Vocabulary designed to = planned for = planejada, projetada inner workings = trabalhos internos, o que se passa dentro, funcionamento interno close to = near = perto de, parecidas a most = a maioria general-purpose = general-aim = objetivo geral fairly – razoavelmente to allow – permitir without having – sem ter que High-Level Languagens- Linguagens de Alto Nível

less- menos run slower rodam vagarosamente

Exercises A)Utilizando a estratégia “ Skimming” faça uma leitura rápida do texto e:

1) Grife as palavras cognatas. 2) Qual é o assunto abordado?

3) Complete the sentence with the correct Word. a) High-level languages are ………………..to program than assembly languages.(more dificcult - easier ) b) High-level languages produce programs that are ……………. than assembly

languages ( less efficient - more efficient )

c) Programs in high-level language run …………..( faster - slower ) 4) Math the columns. ( a ) COBOL ( ) business applications ( b ) ALGOL ( ) general-purpose introductory programming ( c ) FORTRAN ( ) general applications ( d ) BASIC ( ) mathematics work 5) Write in English.

a) planejada para permitir – b) sem ter que entender – c) relativamente perto - d) funcionamento interno -

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Memory

The memory is the place where the computer keeps information when it is not actually working upon it. We can think of it consisting of several thousand ‘letter boxes’. Information is held there as bits of electric charge. In a particular spot in the computer there is a charge or there is not, so it is for this reason that computers understand binary code- O means no charge, 1 means a charge. The memory can store numbers and characters and these can be retrieved by the processor. Each ‘letter box’ has an address, which is also a number. The processor can connect itself to any particular memory location – a particular letter box – by specifying its address. Inside the memory the information is held as minute charges of electricity. Unfortunately, the system only works when the computer is switched on. When it is switched off, the information is lost and consequently different types of memory storage are needed to hold information which the computer needs to keep for longer than it takes to run a program.

Vocabulary working upon it = lidando com ela, trabalhando com a informação letter boxes = escaninhos eletric charge = carga ou impulso elétrico particular spot = certo lugar, ponto determinado retrived = recuperados address = endereço, identificação da localização na memória unfortunately = Infelizmente switched on/off = ligado/desligado is lost = é ou está perdida for longer = por mais tempo it takes = leva to run = rodar (um programa) is held = está segura bits = digito binário characters = letras keeps = conserva charges = cargas Exercises 1) Faça um breve relato a respeito do texto. 2 )Encontre no texto os parágrafos onde as seguintes idéias estão expressas. a) Infelizmente o sistema só trabalha quando o computador está ligado.

parágrafo ______________ b)Números e caracteres podem ser recuperados pelo processador.

parágrafo _______________

c) Podemos imaginar a memória consistindo em vários milhares de “caixas para cartas”. parágrafo _____________

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d) O processador pode conectar-se com qualquer dessas caixas.

parágrafo ____________

e) Diferentes tipos de memória são necessários para guardar informações. parágrafo ______________

3) Say if these statements are true ( T ) our false ( F ). ( Diga se estas declarações são verdadeiras ( T ) ou falsas ( F ). ) a) The information is lost when the computer is switched off. ( ) b) Information is held in the memory as bits of electric charge. ( ) c) We keep information only in the memory of the computer. ( ) d) Computers understand binary code. ( ) e) Memory is the place where the computer keeps information when it is working upon it. ( ) 4) Observando o contexto semântico das palavras abaixo, tente ligar as palavras em inglês com suas possíveis traduções. ( a ) binary code ( ) ligada ( b ) store ( ) compreende, entende ( c ) keeps ( ) código binário ( d ) switched on ( ) armazena ( e ) understand ( ) desligada ( f ) switched off ( ) guarda, contém

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Programming Languages

Just as there many human languages, so there are many computer languages. In the early days, people programmed using the computer’s binary code, or what we call ‘machine language’. When this became difficult, mnemonics were used to make life easier. This is called ‘assembly language’ programming. Finally, there are ‘high-level’ languages like BASIC, FORTRAN and ALGOL . These are much more similar to everyday language, and are translated directly or indirectly into the computer’s machine code using the computer’s firmware. BASIC is the language most often used to introduce programming. Vocabulary just as = assim como in the early days = no princípio, no início mnemonics = arte de desenvolver a memória mediante processos auxiliares como a associação; mnemônica to make easier = tornar mais fácil high-level = alto nível BASIC = Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code FORTRAN = FORmula TRAnslation ALGOL = ALGOrithmic Language Firmware = ‘software’ armazenado em ROM em vez de disco

Exercises

1) Answer the questions according to the text. a) How did people program in the early days?

b) Why were mnemonics used? c) Give examples of high-level languages. d) How are they translated into the computer’s machine code? e) Which language is often used to introduce programming ?

2) Name the three types of computer languages mentioned in the text.

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3) Associate the languages and their explanations. a) machine language ( ) usa o processo de associação b) assembly language ( ) usa linguagem cotidiana c) high-level language ( ) usa código binário

4) Complete these sentences a) First people programmed using ___________________________________________ b) Then they programmed using ____________________________________________ c) Nowadays they program using ___________________________________________

5) Write in English.

a) linguagem cotidiana ___________________________________________ b) linguagem humana ____________________________________________

c) linguagem de computador _______________________________________

6) Procure no diagrama as seguintes palavras: human - days - machine - basic - algol - fortran - make A H V M N X T V E B U C A E A G O L I M J C K P M U D E A D H X M A K E I N Y I J N O Q R L S T N A S Y A D O X Y E M L E F G G A M V G S I H Y L L B A S I C V U A I D N T U G J K M F F O R T R A N

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What Is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a sequence of instructions that tells how to solve a particular problem. Once the problem has been identified, the next step is to select the best method for solving. If the problem is a familiar one, standardized algorithms may be available from programs libraries. But is standard algorithms are not available or suitable, a new algorithm must be written and then added to the program library. An algorithm must be specified exactly, so there can be no doubt about what to do next, and it must have a finite number of steps. A computer program is an algorithm that is written in a language that a computer can understand, but the same algorithm could be written in several different languages.

Vocabulary Once = uma vez Standardized = padronizados Added = acrescentado, incorporado There can be no doubt = não pode haver dúvida Steps = passos, etapas Available- disponível That tells – que nos diz Solve – resolver How – como Program libraries – seleção de programas Suitable – adequado Must – deve

EXERCISES

1) Answer the questions according to the text:

a) What is an algorithm? b) What the next step after identifying the problem? c) Where may we find standardized programs? d) Why must an algorithm be specified exacty? e) How many steps must it have? 2) Find in the text the answer to this question. - Por que estamos falando sobre algoritmo em um livro sobre computadores?

Inglês técnico paula s ouza

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