Inslitutn Tnrcuritn DI 3'clla Centro de RocialngI;t Grinzparadn Irirrey dc l Pino, 3230 Ruenog hirera - R ~ r ~ n t i n n

T w ~ u l d lfke to expresa m- gratitudc to Prbfessom ZuBrna Recchini de Eattes. N~lnqy Tmpez, JusnC 3'. Ikfñr~nl, m d Joe& L. hhseno, and to Mra . Carmen T,larnm de Azar. frir hheir mnst gerremua xnd kind he$,

Thc pnpm stgrt4 with ~1 ~riticsl surnmasy raf Ijerm,miFs ihenwtir:ll mcidclc

v i l srici:il í:h,mar i.i I,;itin ' Z m ~ r i ~ r t , Yslng as an exnmple thc mnss iiie iniluii of

fií ir~ígh i mni i ~ r r m t s Intci Ark:c.nl in-3 ir% f l i ~ t a ~ t pwrt n f fhci .KIXth centt~~jr 2nd the

Ii ~ B X pnrt 01 t h ~ . ~.si.r;iriciil nw. it nf rr~r.? nn ~llternativc fnrrnulation rlrf S O ~ C fnctnrs

of ssciril chringe, Tlrcsc :irP t h r n incllurleri in a hrsosdcr scheme af coastructs nrr

thc rolr*s ni' ritics irt r o c ñ ~ l clinnge.

On 3 s lrnd v i s i t hii RlrcndR hi rcs , n fcw rnonths %o. profc-asor J2%zxéims ~ggc~ste~"(1 tci m e ihal 1 i n c l u d ~ in thc gresent gqwr some general rxins ider;itions on ":-iii.rcs nbout traclitionnliam, marlernimtic~n. ru~obilixntinn 2nd pnlilicnl participa- I .n, nnd, rnaE apccificntly, a summr~i-y uPGormahi's ide;m an ihr.rr- ~ul? jc cfs. Icp

.rh:vc ns hhasra f n r thc rliscusslons o£ tEds sfll~omrnittea. i~e ia mt. nf cowrccl. tcr 0 1 % lifbld rcspsnsiblr Jor ~ v l ~ n t folEo&vs. I i ~ l I :uii q~lite grnt~Su1 tu hirn Iós n u d g i n ~ mmr r i ih:it d i ~ ~ ~ t i o n , sillicr 1 sinccscly k l l ~ v e rhat Llle ;~ii;llysis r i i tlie resu l ts cil.~?r. I J . I ~ -

. Cxl t Y ' + ~ J r tascn rcli -mi 11 hiael'it frnni 511c pmscnt wtlernpt :ir m:diang eqiicir o i i % l [ 3 í he ienajing srrm~ptual i r ~ m c w o r k s f u r t 1 ~ . ~ i i l d y r7f B O C ~ ; ~ lrlxmgc.

Ii hrcni-tir r:ipidlr: appam~at to b?ie tl-isl m alllemyi I r i sunir~x1xi7.a 'ccn anii d~2lniI lic rw!st i r i i ~ rnrirlcls for soci:il rEi:~ng~ in !,aIib h e r i r : i n-nuld krgsly sxcrrc.i i.he

I m i t rnyscu lo a partid --ami IWI :1131y UISL;LLT--

in r r i r s:iinc nrcn.

As h c f i t ~ thc crnpiric;ll rlr.;crilition nnrl thcnrrtical explanation al :i.i ~rirnt>lepr ,?irtA.;i$ :1? 1ilnri7I rh9n: :~ 9t tiir c ~ i i le ni' 9 \;hnle crini ihPn1 in I he T r i a n r i f I ~ v n

mnt~iri~s Gcrmmírs rnorlci is :i rnulti-lcitel rrw, rnnging f rnm vrry abstract 1 1-ur~urnl-lunciional pnrstulñairins {npplicahle to mjf instance of social change h

- A-!.Fslcrn nr sulisystitrrn whntshcrvkrj Cci Fdirly sj~eciiic Earrnulatacins of slpqes rif :iragc. :ind tn nn:il rrscs o€ concwle h ialoric:ii exxrnpks nP his mnrc ahst rzrt cm-

-r)ts nnd 11i~'pnPhcses.

1 I r l n r r o v ~ ~ r , Idc in my studv. I carne ;ir~-rnss a wnrk i i t~ wrhin=h thnt dask hat! l.~cc 11

np:Iy pk rSo rmed: J. F . Msrsd . The lrnage iif a Chsnging Lntin rtmvricn: Il Snuio [o@ r:il C r i l i c i ~ m r ~ f %m* Cwrrcnt ,lmcricnn nnd Lntin .\hlcr~crin hCs>rlr ln - - ---. . ... . ~ i n ~ . r u l ~ l ~ ~ l i r r l rlnclnrnl rlissrrl :ition, Princretcrn, 1CiFi.5 l,Tcr he puI~E:.slit~il in Sp:!~i~;ii

In that a r d e r , the mbst n.hcrlmd r n n d ~ l o f socj al prnctlsscs is presrated iri his p3ptr on '"~ocinl C h q e and Intergmup Conf l ic t~ . " 4-1 It may bc callcd a rTn~rmxt~ji~ci-integsiitive" mobeL oí sneial stnicture '[rvlth most of the emphasit pul on norma ti ir^ intepation ami dislntogrdion):

[ By1 . . , m TTintlegr;itedlT ~ o c i e t y . . WCI mean a society in which the faEIour- ing ciscumstmces occur: [a) The vsrinus pprtions of thc mransiiivr ~trincture. L. e . , the systerns and silmlasgslems s f nsrms, statusea, ard m l e n . are in a statcr of relattlvc reclprocxl ricljustment . T k r e isi s cartaia degree nf "campatibility" Ixtween the v a r i o u ~ pads sumcieint lo assure t h ~ ! "n~rrs id" functloning af s soclety (thiere may be codlicts, bul &ese are either Inre- Been a d resolved wii.hin the structufe itnelf, oz. elss Wiey are nat sn iaitenaive BY tso preveait S U C ~ iunciiáning W l j . P) The axpectirtiaw, rnlea. nnd ~ttituudcs aw "intc;r?riullfacd. 7 ' cnsrespanding tn ~ h n t ia dcmmdcd by ~ n r 3 fcircaacn Ay Ihe normative stmcturc {thrrc i s thrrs: 3 dcgrrc of wciprocsl crrmpstlbnll~ xnrl congmcncr be'tw~en the viñternnlizationsM of individuals). Ir) The xctrtu~E ~irc~lrnstmcr~ uqthin vrrNrih the a&ions of t hu indirMuala h c b r y c i r g tcr a scrcictg corrcapm3 sufficlent 1 h thri p r e d i c t i ~ ~ , expr?dalions. arid deiinitinnn mf thr .riLuation..i, rw they si-isc fi-nm tbc nnrmativr sy~ tv rn ar~l the relative uiniernslizations. " (Ruch circumstmces dn nnt mcrely result f rom fntemstion between the mernbera o1 the wociety in question, but a l ~ a i rom ghysicnf and envirarimcnkal factñ nnd prricesses, nnd in te r fe rence~ slemrning in Parg part f m m n thm ~ o ~ i i e t l e s . ) TO under~tancI th1s bc-r we xhall cnlí thti fimt : I R ~ P C E of intcgratinn ncirmati~w intcgratiw. thc -- ñarnnrl R F I ~ ~ C ~ indicntrd e,.igcha-soc&l. íntf gkation, ,uld t h ~ thlrd aepect env imnn~cnta l irrtcsrwtion. t* * 1

'This pwl oi Br m d r l implir-s not thma7. ht five aspcctc of social Intc- g-ratton rñnd dlslnte~ratnon~: (1) rnteffratron oY the norma Wth the --socIal oir physicsl-- ~nvisrirrrnent r-i l the aociely ; [ii] integrgtion smsinng thía d i í f ~ r ~ n t p:cds of the nnrmritiw syst~lm: (iii} intcgrntion nd t h c iaitrmnlized zattitrrclrs mith t h ~ envirnnment ;ll processec; ; jiv) iintegra,tinrm nS the intern-nali zed atritudcs with the norrnstivc system. md (1-) integi-almn ~meinq tht: i I ~ f [ ~ r e n t internal17ed 8ttitudrs.

ii uses almost exclus itnely the ~econd , ks a systrrnat- mrk i iy : out of thc >m ñnd i?s vlir-ioiic Pnsrironrnents,

Thb ahilisence is, oi' murse, y:~rticulnrlg e ZPIWI~ ivith r~fewlace to thc "itr~ntns- natlumll envrrnnment: oY t h e L;itln h m r r i c t ~ n sricicties. Ln gcmraL, Germanirs thearrtienl tmatrnrnt tcdwls to dci~mplap the externai social m d phyaical f a r t u ~ s w h i r h hn1.p hppn SFI irnpidñnl in v h ~ p i n g fhp cliangc. nf Lntin Amerlcan nñtirins.

("1 Social CRmge ami intemrokip Conflicts in 8 . L. Horowitx (Ed. 1, The New Soclobgv. Fow Ysrk: Uxforil Universiti* TJsess. 1965.

(**) Grrmanl. iii l h m w i t ? , op. cit. pp. 391-392.

There are, of coiircc, f r rq~r rn t rc-ferrnrrs in ITestern E u r n p e 3rd USA, acattered thmriglio~it Gernianil~ hmks anrl p s i p r ~ : Biiit ihc IwUr o l them deals w t h i n t ~ r n a l --

intcgratian i ~ n d dii..inecgrntlon, ~ i t h interna1 f n c f ~ r s cif st.&~ility o r chang~ . TIiis might nbt bc Loo importnnt for-, 3ny. n throry nE chmge in Eu.rap~ o? tko USA, but f l r:onstitutrs n, s c r i o a c lnrlr in :1 ~ y s l c r n wrportlng tc describe and explain t h c evolriticrn nf n brisir;~l- riependent pnrt aF thc world. onc in which rcnnr~mic. : i d

cu1tur;rl mlnticin~hipli tn thc res[ nf ihe I.Veakrn Poonornic anrl socia? aystpms p i q such an I m p r t mt pnr? in hhil ~hanpe~ i ihnt Grrrnk~ni fñ i q i r ~ l u Jcscr i l .~ anrl explain, Tn thls, m in otithcr f~ritsirrs rrf bis níodcls , \ve rietecl Ihe idluener of thc .4rner iom ~ocisSo~ical per5pcctirr-c. which i s l e l t e r auifed tcl Ihc dcscriptiocin nT the aelf-contained rnspects of stablc, eo~hr4rninsuxl, grnduially c h : ~ n g i ~ aocic.tl~s t h ~ n ta

R thcriry crf suc ia1 c h ~ m ~ e ~ in Bepcadent, rmstablc. confhoiunl, emerging or cqvcl-

ln C:tcL, ~Iae Iheory shoivc a prcdnminiare , nnt ady wf --- i n l ~ r n a i Pactors, lwt of -- nnrrnativc* - nncLs ;IR W C I ! , [ + j l so murh su, th:it wo will caEB !liis cc~i-ior.~of thc rnodrl 11s 't~7~nrmnii.rrr-inl~gaa:i2.ii.r~'k P.)I'~.

Alter inlegrxtinn 1s defi 3 rd i n i l~nsc ierm+; socEnZ c h m ~ r i s rnnin!v dafined ira rcrrns nf d i s ~ n t r g r n t inn. sinrc 1 ~mg-ile- me7113ry clirinqí~s in n l l [he releir;; incl ~nt~l ronrn~iz ls L 1 cstnicturex inr.aliceti wt-~ l i~o prrsrrarl i : z n ~ ~ tr~nk plilirr 2nd surh nn cirrlerli- scricd; rif cvcntc; is tiichly rrnpmlíñhlr ;II ;~í ty Irui. thc rncisi. minute md c~ntroltrr! scnlr, Htancc:

PVUS SCLT

3, vñy-ch ktiíin whi

E v e n socia l. chnngr, .rtcaliuesl ;is :o trnnslorrnatkoa of t h & social s t rue tu re . im@ts n c r r t a t ~ d ~ ~ r n p nf distritrgr;itií~n, This is cluc ta thc asyriehrriniam in ~-1-1:ingrl m1 i h ~ im.irlnLIS pnrta of tEir ñ t ~ ~ r r t u r e . (. . .) Only If al1 social p3rtP ~ A ~ [ ~ I - C tpi mry :LL snme :Praap nnd kn thr snmr d i r e d ion r ñ ~ u id clt Re p n ~ s i h k x Cril rn*iitil;riii [::e idjuarmrnt rir cringruency in nurrns. 4,. . . ) Tht? mrist Ireqlienl sitriEltion is tFiat nf nsqmrhmniñm, nnrl hcsice the l o ~ s nf ndjt is~rncnt cin sume cir nll of ilic i h r r r Ir%-cls. There wil l kw somp ~'diñinlf*grnf.iun, 'Vr4*)

I[ * ) I frll that Gerrnnnl t~licl3 to r ~ i f - ~ t h r niirmñtPi~P lfiirel. i v h i k 1, rluc pcrhslpa to rny hi ases :w 3 ~;i,r~:i1 psycholcihist. trnd tn see norrns m socia lly ro1ri;;int ritil). Bnasmuch a6 thcy ;krc3 ~mbnllierl in Ilie i~r irnts t inna srid khavior of incltb+rlwals nr g r l i ~ ~ p s 01 t h ~ ~ q ~ i c t y an qurantinn. mtl h~n-lnt~rnaLiz~~cl nnFinsl ILS I1non-

c x i ~ t ~ n t , Srom the prjiílt i ~ i ' view of the intrgriitiurr or cEisintegration o f aociety. Llriren~er. 1 hniw rlac Ernyirrs%ion t h n i bis insistente iin norrnatiirr cnnaenwus. 3rd bis tciiclrilcy ito downl?l:\y c r ~ n f l ~ c t ns ñ ~ ~ n c r ~ l t haorr~Lic:il ccinccpt fa l t hnugh hc uscq it am alwndnn!ly in rcincWtr Iiistcwicnl drscriptiorirrj is, ~~3111, rcflccl ion nf t l i r naprnta 1if cur rcn2 Ames- icm cocio!rrgjr kss :ir3apt~d f n r t h ~ drscríptií in m d cx\_i.lan;dion a: social thnmgr.

l*') ffermxni. in Jbr=owitz. e i l . . pp- 3?2-:trl;i.

í t Fs impartnnt ta ~ o t c . f n r thc purpoae sis, tkat thiñ d i s - integrative process may k pemeived I ' angIrs: thcsc may

.ieatation of ehñnffe), snrl in (he merit af valuea {the maut clemirabl~ f 30cb~l chantl-).

in lrnc first plricc, twrs crpposite pointa of %lierv ariae- (n] thdt ctr thc strurtu~c frnm which the c h ~ n g e operates. md (h) that o£ the struclure toward ~ h i c h - -- - the change is nrientrxd. Eñch of i h c s ~ p~rspcctiarcs p - ~ l r ~ s rige to attilimdes eiI ncce*pñncs RT v j ~ r t i ~ i n nC thc" prciccas. Fttdhermore, wkn chminffe is

ncles 3

om ihe chame): zrcd rltiferent concrpts conmming the structural modril toward which thra torndrncy anght t o Trad. These am preclsely the d ivergsnt paiaits of vbew which cicicur in the form ui c a n t r ~ ~ i i n g political idanlogieñ, { * )

I' from tk rist . cli: t t . ~ . wli,

structurr 3 ricnt ati t u a r ia

x Fn iine with his initial ~rnplansjs on normative conscnsac and inte~rxtiun, G a m a m i Lend~ iIn w e changtz. bbnsical iy. aw EI tliaint~grating factor. S';rhat apparent-

-A - -- ly escapes to him, at t h í s theoreticn1 1 ~ ~ 1 , [*=) is tliat, once tlie t radi t ioml stmcturre h:is been chsng6d --whx;il in i m p n r t ~ n l arpa4 of Latfn Amcrlca 1aok place losr;~ a ~ - - a h ~ n g e s may go in ami, rilf bcrth c l i r ~ c t i n n s : t ownd Snrther rliaintegrneinn nr tawnrd R

nerv intepration. And th is , nul only in tcrrnw nh t he ''pem-cepticrn~ " of thr: prnccss , to 7 -- ~vhich he refees in zhe r ibo~@ irmscril~ed paragrc~ph, hut also tn his orw. 'kcibject.iv~. "

normalirre terms.

The pr I r:td i cj t h i s rli

'OCPSb 01

ioni i l slr

sinlegra . 1

zcd by e 7ñ its mi t h ~ ! displ

7 . .7

:roup lei the

{el, lth

reLation r o tnp y lnre ivliacn rnrrespnlnoea ro rnprn. 3ucn displaccmena nas' : a l l l ~ n e s h ~ e n c n l E ~ d 'Wriispns>bility. " :ind thr gsnupa nffrctcd 13v this prcswss 1i:iiíe 1-n o n l k d q'disyias~ble grnups . " 'i&%rn th is rlispnsahi lity is translnted into a r n d ~ % ~ intermiin? participhtion thnn uceurs in prcvious structurcs or in ephiiroa f0rrnsz.1~ nxcluried, ihen uce ~pjenk af mnhilixritinn. Ulhen ch:mg~n hñve nccorrrd which make jt p s s i b l ~ on tlw onr hnnd ta le~itimate, d on thc clthcr to afford ~ffr i r t ive pos8 ihfliiieil cif mhietrernent of ihe o d d ~ d riagree csf participa1 ion oP ihe m~ilgilizeti gmups , then we spezk of integratinn. @. 395).

!rrn:ini, in Hi.ruwikz. op . cit., . 1). 3113, iain, this criticism is much les3 yertin~nt to h~ s mosr mncrírtc analycra of

hisio~"icnk Cases.

Trt orde s t n u d e r l i ' n ~ t h ~ 'homeostatic ' fcdt~res of th is part of t11~ mrídel. wc h;~ve anticip;itleci. in t h p ñ1N)r.e qnote, xnme af the inci*emlagIy concrete cnncepits. which G~vmani rrspif, ;is dy-namie h b a r e in his theory; especially. the coneept of "incrrawctd p3fl lcapntinn, " whlch 1 lnlrs i h r partn rif tlle ~lrcidsl rvhich wc llave mccn up 1n nriw ( 2 ~ 1 ~ 1 ivhjrh arc applicnhle tcr xny typr ( ~ l social charge) to slrr falluwirig mes. zpplienhlr mly l o chn~lgc in intlustriñEizaing slnd rnndernir ing scwirkaes:

Different ipes iof socia1 structiire may fie charsctiiñ7ed hy diffrrenrt d e ~ r r ñ s ancl forms (11 p:irtlcñpatitim ai thc vwl-ious groups h rnultiplr spherec of h u m m :ict Zvity, In particuinr, i n l)Trac~itirinn~ll lypes of sncietg t h c ~ iis a ccrnsider- :il>le rsinjnri 4 y t i f t h r piyu1:lticin wrhnsri p:rrtñcipatiun is clrcrirnñrritjec2 wilh i . p u p 3 ~ 2 tfi gf ngi;~phic ~urrn~nrl inf S (. . . ), urcupat~nn (, + . 1, dccis ion- rrí~king d . . . \ . ~ a i d knnnb le í i~~ , c~c : r ienm md cn iaimca! nl the rnn t r r i n l a niterid benrfits nl yetler industrial

S characte-i-i:ceci hy n hig11 h e rn:ijCiriiy aC sor:iiil actiriliPs Tn ~ Z J I Lr:iCJltlriJl,gm i i n ~ : IIIUUYLI-Y:LL T U K ~ C ~ ~ ~ C S .

~ h e í t a 5 s ~ 1tic3.n is chnrar.f.rr1 nrrl in Siffcrmtial WR-. 1 % - )

.al cultui cle~rcr c - 11. 1 P- 1:

. .

re [ . . .). ~f mass 1 A > - - . - R A-

T h e so particip: ..* Z - J . - - 1

Gr~m;~rii'ñ n r i i n ~ t i u n ul p:irt-tjcipaiítin i~ziclrslines, d~rriouqly, thr p n s i t ~ s -

fi:tlS ot'fht: ~ r ~ r c e s s of thr lunroottr ri irc R

rnqirnrínf ~ R I Y ? p ~ ~ i j ~ i ~ ) . n t in :I i i7a icn ctrslrcrt i~itr i :i 1;isgclr I-biir. The soc ?;~aed 1 uite ñzigh. G r r m .c;., Lhic ethnncentric nnd npti - t tinn ;~nrl devr lrini h rnnxt sit -4rncric:in cocroiogy, : iixe t h ~ f n d that qcd pan-Ei cip;&iraal' mrñns, quitr VI icri, riiiri-sxstr~ r e l : t ~ ~ r l c d~j3rivnt10n. (**)

i ~ k d ~ ~ l ñ 4

C U ~ ~ U ~ T 1

;, tci tho

5 which !ture, :ni

s. vir sur

up to-,.i 8 nd nsr t f zh "imn

Hr=w :~cain, I fee l tknt G ~ r m a n i IR pay24'iqq :I p r i ~ e Ior x high Leircl af g~ncrrtliz~atinn, i~nd thnt "incwmtsr in p:-trtirtpnfit~n'~ i s a r-atiicr irnpmcisr: tn rmuln- Lian for tl-ie proecssrs hr desccibcs.

rnahIg in rc~pect to cocanornlc nnd pliiit:al pl~rtzcipsrian snd cuntr esscnw &al willi carnpef,iLive s jtuntiuns, 'tzc-ro-si~m ganrs, '' i* ' 4

('*) R . l í . fi'IWton. ,%ciñl Tlicuq irrid Susíal Structure. C1cn~nr, Frro P ~ P E , 1flC.7, pp. 234-SR?. mcl sptacifillv pp, 2G2-27L. 0-a ~ ~ T e r r a c e gmup theory :ind smisl

(* **) See A. Rnpriporl, Iíighis. - Gnrncls nnri Deliatcs* Anta Arbor : T h Unlvere ity of MLcRigan Fress. lli.641, pp. L:;1 f+.

Thc cnliccs fnr incrcnacd pndkcipntion arc atudicd 8.k two l c z ~ l s : ths ~ibrivc: q ~ u t e d p ~ r ~ x g r ~ p h r ~ l b r s tn what wc rnny csll its ene eral - aswcts; bul Germani alrirr iues;cr, at the Individu:rl md gmvp Ievel, tha notinn o€ 'tdemriristratian riffrct, and refcm often to t,fib "thr sthvolwtion of rdsiw exlpectatiom,'' 1 terid to thInk Lhat thr rn:iin m ~ i m of the rldernonstratian eflectV iq ti) be bund at the lcrrel of thc elitei:-mt

S -- - -- - -- -. .- of thc mrisace. ( " 1

Increasad parti eipntion, nt tlir grnup Icvo l. is part of the process ahich Geman i descñbes, at t l~e scrcirtñl I c r ~ l , as l ' s~cular izat ionq ' of rhe '"tddJtional ezlciety. '' nnd which he rharñctesixem nf; fnlInwra:

111. Thrrc . i a n chnn~e frnm a set uf - mlaiivcly und.iffr i.rntir.rtrd institutions -- - . - -- - - to ttheis inceasine: differentíatinn aad spiccialization. f e + )

In ~cri-gcntfroF. tcrnis. then. tliri dvrinínic element of the rnoh 1 1s hazsed on thp claasieal dichotomy brtivcrn "traditional" and '"mdern1%ooieties. Germani i s wcl l awsm of t h r danncrs of cxc-csairr~ simnlificatkon that a aaive use of su& a r n ~ l c l might c rthelesrs, lr 1s only dalr uate Fnr

id kr m:c out that

J- T r e _

vf rt, ("* iris rde re1

sf rnodrsnimtirln, a. fact wh lch rnai. cscn~ l i thc attentian crf slcidenrñ rrsuLdde thp aren, whía iend lo ser S A i n Arneri can cauntriric a s morr uniformiy qY~adi t ioml ' e t h m thcy ~ c n l l g aw, and [b i use o i the rr!~atfi~iunnl-morlern" dirhntonzy inr ti^

[ * ) i c o n t r a r l o , in n cm, far instmcc, tlic ' trnmag~abic'' oconornic and mlltical di5 ltw*acn the snassc2s and thr pririi Icgrd few can often lw snn- wi short- or medhni-rmpc cficcts. as long 3s s rnñss-orit Le do ve pobitinnl oxpr~arion to tho lntent *na ionr~ of thn situsti

f * " ) G . i. Pr,lilic:~ j wric*irrl:id en un:i Pmc;r de Lransicidn, B~lenas -4iires; - - --m

Pa 1i2, p. ;a. !***) Se ITíiure. L;ori:il f.3:ing.c- ;znd Cornpar;l_tiire Sterdieñ, Interndinnal Sr.

Sc. ~ournak, 1963, 4 , p.521 Ii', . rur ;a r r i t i c i ~ r n QI Ihe dichotomir mridel ni -. -. - social chawe, ande spccifically. tsf its use .r; Germtini,

dccreaaing pñrto nf the b,atin Arnprican ama tú ~ % l c h it still is applicabk tends LO + ~ p i l l ovar1 tr i the concepluaElzallon of the more tadvancedi part af C I , by a c l e a r cLFe clf H h ~ l o ciffcct. " ('1

Wost i m p f i m t is the Exct t h ~ t . espc-cially €os countries well advanccd Wward industrialization aria mmoei-niaabiíin, the d y n m l e tensilms mirst deacrihed nci6 as rnwch in terma of "traditinnnl" versuñ "mud~rn" gr~iups, mrms OT ñ t t i t b d ~ s , transferencc of Loynlties f m m the local gmup t o the nation, &c. , o r weri in Ecrrns iof ' 'vert.Icalrt tcnsiona k t w e n thc moderniziw tmxssea and litoa nrhich try tn prel-enh or lirnit fh i d economlc-- participatitlon, but w the many-front tes, wMeh semi-times usrr the a~pir:ltim a aad allrgiai ves% mcl uther t i w w Iaa.i..r: them ;mide

ir: in thci iitian am he mims

The: riest cruntal conmpt is 'irnohilizEition", which mnv be equusted tci ttcxm?s- B ~ L T ' ' pnlrfi~~p;lttc)n. ;m rne;i.~ured by ttie srmdards of rhe olrl snciety. f * + )

This; ncriCon i a closnly link lrll ( 8 ) !n t h ~ conmpt ol "integraded'@groups and fb) tn the conrpept of t l~e i P ~ r m ~ l ' ' fumctinn ot a RmLlp fn socje-: i n Iine .cciih

4") l 'h is is mnai cnnapic~r í~ i l ; in the wrIt iw of Arn~l-ican r;phn!firs R I ~ P ~ g $ knnw-

L r d g ~ ñ Latin X m ~ r i c ; ~ n i s . t as K.Si1r~~r- I~ svs : ''"rhe Lditi-iimericnn reuntriec which are nexrcr thc constiiuiion of a Nrteion-State are Uruguay. Argerrtin;i. Costa Rica and Chilr. pcrhnps i n t h n t d~scsndim arder, f. . ) Thf! next category might include those couiitries whicli ndi:ance rapidly t n w a d such a State, wii h 3 ~ n l i d soeiril consonsus nppqpmrivinp ciP ihal t~ i s t l~ncy . IR B qucsfrinnnhr~ d~ac~nr l inp:

order. sucb countries ñrc Mfixicn, B ~ a x i l , Cuba, Venezuela md Cnlnmbin, " 1K. Sllrrert, L n socl~dad pnfrrma. ~ u e n u s Airplt: Faidbu. 1 x 2 , p . 35). 'rhe nrd f r - ings iire acceptahle . ~ n t l rvflr:ct 1"rlr~vnn1 dilferencee in d e ~ r e e of incti-hitionnl 3 ~ r i pllilica1r:umenSus. Butespccial!y f f * ~ t h e first four muntrics. l.ocnn- krgduallzc ~ h ú ~ i d i lFe r~n~ .e s as llddcgr~rs of appmxirn:itian t c ~ Ihe h'stlon-S?otr" i ~ i tn use a ~ ~ 1 7 i 4 p & p l i v ~ whirh hx.9 rreased ts Iw appwpsiñtt: fn €he ~ i l u n t i o n at thnaí: s i n r i ~ t i e s . Rec, in the snme seme, U . Gprmani ~ n d K, Silvert. Estnicrora Social c Intrr>-cnclbn Miiitar en Arnérii, Lztina. in T. S. Di T r l l a e.t al, ArSerr- tina . Socicrlad . dr Masñ.9. op.ciP.. P. 229,

(+ * ) ''Tl-ie prucess ol partieipation implica that grnupa tkffcct~d by thc chnng~~: T.(>-

Iinquish t h r lr.ve1, degret?. c)r Form o;f Intcgrat~d particip;dic~n, :md pass 10 hes

t y p s of iinforpspro in tlie nnrrn:ltiw and psycho-socñrrli stmcitare 0 f thc ~ 0 c i d ~ prior tci thc ehmgc. Change in pñrtiripatlon mv irnpl- ~ i t h e r n rt?.duc#lon o r a n Incrcase in Icvk.rl nrid rrxten~inn, l1 Tlic phennmcnon ( . . . ] ''mhich rs of ~pri: \L import:ineo in thr anri1~si.s nf stwí;~b Irarisid ion is i,hat o f increwe in partlciipsti.nn. T ~ I E proccss W P cal1 tmtiailizntiun. \\'E- undcrctmd Ihy rnobili7ztioe thc 'nxcrñs ' (in Ocgrec , cbrnt , nr fclrrn) st group participntirin in r e l ~ t i ~ n La the Eevcl dcfinsd by lhe old solrhety as 'norrnni. E. Grr rnan i , iri Harowitz, -- np, cIL. + p. 395,

T

C;emxü% 'nnrmd.iv-cf pwrspectii~~, both (hese ennccpts a r e delined ~xcluslwly f rnm tl~c paint OC view of t h e níirrnative systern oi thc global aociety, [ * ) But, as €,a l ih Rmsric-ui aocfetier incmsoingly tlepnrt Emm Chc. "%~~~ñdit ionsl '~ model OS

nírrrall aormstive comensus, such perspectiw iic ccor~esg~~i~indfngly, !esa applic- able.

ks 3 rnatter of fact., 1 belieyg thnt . in :in increasingfy pleralistic ancl crimplrx society, i h e ~ i s a p~opostion;~teilr, increming prnbnbility thai anltitudrs. nnrrno ñnd khrii.iat-s uf thc mernbers nf diverse groups coweiming the khav in ra of :t gi17r.n gmtip wili he contraclictory,

Such contrndirtinn may exial at aevrral levels, cil which the following Lhmr :'LTE- ~ x a m p le S :

1. Cnntradíctiom atttong the a l t i t ~ i d t ~ s . nor rn~ . behavivrs OF demariris al thc m~mlwrs <ir scnvcraf ~tra teg icñ l ly Zocatccl pmups wha r ir~leiale rhe he- --- - ---... InmVirsr nf th'mf m l ~ r i ; [PI thrb ~ r o u p in quest i~11 and malr ac:t upon thcm (c. g. , ths di r tc t ing : gt-orl~ae ot' u11 itrio ; ~ r w l E:#> rrrpxny In thelr darnands l a r.he w n r k ~ ~ s ) ;

2. ConCri~dirtions nrnnng ~ l l t i i t l d ~ s r tc . of the rncmí-isrs of gmup, whirrh i8 s t r ~ t ~ g i c a l l y Iricntcd b e~ ,n lu :~ te nnd s ~ n c t i ú n &e hehavior of .mothar g n u p [c. E. , bhc dnminnllag, s;ln~tioning gmup is mar l~ af prcj~idiccd iari~\~ícit~aQs, wha ivil l rntiuirnli~~ t l i ~ i r altacks on Ihe membors crf the unr l~~p~iv iE~gcr l group no rri;dLer whnt thcy doe as in thc limiting r n w nf

Jcw..; in Krixi C:crrniinv):

9, G a r i l ~ : ~ d i ~ € l a m xmong 1 h e : ~ t t ~ t u d c s , etc, , o1 cine ar mare gmups tind thiic

within vñriar ri 9yil~ei.c~ rif l ~ a h n v i o r rvil t Fie m:~dr Fs.~itininie, and will k so per- n e i v ~ d hv tlie nthm lrrrups coruprising n ñí>cicl v. Fuoh norrnslity dncs mt imply

ex y llre nnrmnt ivc :mrS I H ~ P R E I - R B C ~ R ~ stm.~tur@. G . Gerniani, in Horowitz, tip. cir. . pp. 3513-3Y4, F E q h ~ t r i s in t h c ciriginnl}. - .

(+*) 'I'lir '~hrririuc; ~ i :~ rn l l r - 1 tri thcsc s ~ t u x t i n n s , ín psych~lagic i~ l torm. are the cases in ivlriich I hp Iridir i i luo L 15 q ? t ! ticmir~rl hv nnr rir m a ~ e cbintrí~ditTtnry OF ummz~nliskic

not to the limiting c m e in whlch the hchnvinr or partieipiatioa .u[ the r n ~ m k r s of a gmup are acceptcd ctr wjacted in a pr.zcticallg unanimtrus f o r n by thei rest rif tRe membera of t.he ~i but 'tu more "plurali~ticl~ oncs in which tha rncmkrs oñ vanous oCher gru Iteiw r4iver.8~ &greta úf scceptanw, indiffcr~nce of rejectfon of fhr ~Pticipntinn of the gmup ia que~tion.

Erren if ive were to find some tlpe o% ru lea (fiinctiora~, in h e srnae g i w n to - that cxprcsaian by Arrow)(*) tn decide siuch cams o f l ens tban p ~ r f t = c t "cornmon- nalltyFt of norms, ritiitudes. etc.. zrn the part of tht rnembers of the society nt large [or of str~tegir: par ts of it) in their evsluation of the paeicigation nf rhe gm4xp in guestEon. thc- .sali.kg from apply lng in such cases the coneepts 'Tin~g~:utec!"', "non- intsgrzf.~d" or 'k.iisintcgratrd1' t o s ~ i e i y --which i3 quils Begitirnale-- to applyiírg them M' the gmup In question --which Ca m entiraly different rnatter-- ia n rnest debaiahk o-nr.

Ts do 5ri á9 equivalcnt tn defibina thc "normalityU of an inrlividua1 s ~ l e l y in terms of its ndjustment (ar Encíl: oí' iai tu its social éniriromcrrt. Tn shor t -c íscui t

i a l o n ~ discussinn. Pel me put it bIuntly: 'Bxite wnI adjuslrneat at whatever. coa LF; r 3

thn ~LiM?lrxiatem'~ 35 scnrsel) 3i crltrrlon OI n.cirmaE6'ty mcl lntegrathn [l.rutti l u r .

subrsyst~rn nnd t he tnral R ~ s E F ~ . b f,**i

{ * ) IC,. J. r\rrow, -Faoiai C h o i w :id ind i r r ldn~l Vnliim, - NPW Yark: SITi l e y , 1951. [**) Here, I find mvxel! m n ~ r ~ v r n i P r t ~ . with Ihc utmnst exwnent of ainit.m:itivf intr-

grdicrn; saya ~ ~ r s o n i s : ' ~ F ~ n a l l ~ , a icnrd abilt tlrc prnblem of nomnlity ancl , priltholo~y. W e linvc strisseci that t h e r 18 alu'ny!? s ncirmntive aspect in thie

nnnLSsis of procpsa in aysterns of activn (, . . j W r cnnnmt th i s ao~rnatiire re- femncc with thc pcopcrty of hiuddn~y rnsinti-n~nre whlch wri i rnpi i t~ fn t h r systerns nf ~ction. Rriundriry rnzinienmce incm maintenmce of FI distinct1.t.c Intrasyslcm patierrr which, ic nnt assimilat~d to the pa$.t.ern of the iexirmyst~rn siluatiocrn. In this theomtical sctting. the qu~stinn of v ' h ~ ~ r ~ - ~ 1 1 " DT "SUCCPS~-

fully'Yhr systern i~ andntajning i t s ppttem is unarcciid~ible 0-n o;nay nnrnprnhnn~;ive leve! of thrni-eticd nnaiysis!" .."(.. Ii'Drt.ermirsste tern3rural phmeu sesuIl f r u m ttre comhimtion,ncr af two CundamrntaP conaiderstion. P i + ~ t . Ihe extemal factorñ affectlw a t. . . ) systprn src cnntinb;ally cchanging. Ti U sorme extsnI Ihe syetrrn did not changii i t ñ stxtz'le! in resgmnsta la them, thi: effect a í the rmge of ~hmgc in its inputs u~ould be intfil~rnh [y g r c ~ t ttnd unulci be irrcarnpntible w ~ t h the mainten- a n w ui' a ~ L i t j l h ~ ut;gaqization a. a system. Bccund, n atnble hrgsnlzatian c~iiinot climge Ita statc in nearly randnrn hmhian without dfs8ri~utPon. Kf the eflect of siteratian;~1 fluc.t~calions nn Ilie ssystcm ivere not gxrtially neututralized by l l a c t i r ~ l l rnrchmisms which partly cnunterad these effwts, it c ~ r t r l y could mot persist as nn argnnizd systern. The eme~$rncci r i f ;L pattern of changes of státr Over timv mar; be ssid to br thc cúnseqiienm that neiiher cif thesc Irrw "rñaic~l" splutians i s pos9 ible; tYir nctuxl prcicess is s u"cámprornisa. TTbisre mil ~t be sornl: "givr" in resprime tcr thr inatalillity nE the aituation, but also therrg mirst

illl this points to %he need of a cxrncleption of ancaal structare md social cbang~. whicli uBaH c r ~ u i l i ~ i [ i i i í r r i iS~~1 ur rlul) iiuL as a dialur-l.itari~e. a r r ~ a l i u ~ ~ r r l i u i & g .-. or a pasging pliemnienm, but as a perrnamnt d.wlamic factor in societg.

5. T h e s t u d y of t e n a i o n s - -----m - -- . .- -

- Germani uaes the tthree consepts of Lnte~ratlon, mobillzatisn and 'd tsws- abll ity' { * y iw darti= points for the atudy of tensiona ''ta the sxitent t h ~ t thcñc: centes around thc fact of a suddon active participatisn af grrsuprs farmerlg characT"tcrizcd 5v ihsir tgpaaivitv, (G. G~smani, in Hárriwita, 4 ~ 1 _ c i L ~ , p . 397).

S t r e ~ ~ I r g tbe cmciñl fac't that bc r ca scd part~cipation and €he '?evrrluticin oF aaplratirrrrñ" ila hy no mpms l imitrd tn t h r ~ r o n n m i c wcrta-rñ. air to ñ dr.rn;rnrí IOT higher lavela of consumptlsn, he introriucerr the intr@uing notion of ' i l lusoryt

be some msistmlcc'~. . . ) ' ' t ~ t i r r v things cm h ~ p p c n tn E ayatrrn t . . . ) w h ~ n the input-output factora appm~ch "dangrrousi' limits in r r l n t i o n tn i i s anvirnnmrtnt. First is the mmifostation rif ''strmn, '' of B ' ~ b n ~ r m a I 1 ' functioning of snme ~ o r t . This is aluravs thc initinl cnnbcrqurincrcl, and mny tic?com~ cmisnlidated intn a '"athological structura" i . r . . onr- which iñ rnLPtivrly stabiliw-d in auch a mrny as t o cope with t he spaclf l~ sourc@B rif strñia, but at some "coat" els~where. The other t ~ v posslbilities are more fuadammtal. Une ic clissolutinn rrf thr systarn. For Ehr: ~irgsni~im :hiw i~ Aeinth, hui ,srrci;il nylsterns c m disaalve w1.Et.h- out the physicñt or thc peychoLogical ckath of thrir mcmhicrs. rlnothrs is structurnl change whjch makes portsible ~ucressful aA::~ptation Lo the ensri~on- mental situation. The thrrr possihiIitirs a r r djmnrnic,sllly r ~ l a t e d . In the p rnc~68 O£ chmge t h e w ia alwñw "patbologyir"; t hsre ic always "3 littlei' death In the sensc that some old ~t.tpilcturcs ass climhatcd. 5hor-l of mraiplí=te d i s - solutioñ t h e w ia alurave somr stractursl, chnwe; it is difficult lo imagine IrpureFr patblogy s v e r a Long per iad wilkiout ;mg atraoturaE cbange."

91' . . In a very rentative wq. we haiv skctchled a model 06 t h r procsas crf ailaptivc siructural changc in a psychol~qicnl systern: mrri lxlliripc thae this srrsclel ia of very general si~mf6csncr in t he thmrg of action, at ecvernl pñgcho- lu#ical IeveLbi :md In tiucinl and c u h r ~ l syslrr~is a27 wrll . ' ' [1,Praraorih, AII

A~pmach to Psycholo~icx! Theory in Terrns of the Tkorv of Action, in S.Koch (Ed. 1, Psvchnlu~v: - A estudi r -o i ' -aSci~p, VoI. 3, Yew York: Ifr&rzw-Hi~l, lgTi9, ~ p . 643,G'i" 1, 689 and íiC3rF). Th? rxtrapnlatinn ta the pns i t inh of a gmup in soriety Is straigh l-f wwami, 11 0111. w extencl whzt 11s aaid of ~.ystcma. xbric to s!b- systems , and ailaw t o tha se 1atIi.rly greater "permeabllily'* u1 Lhe t?~riuntiar~vb: uJ siich ~uhsy.str-na tc, tha ncüon aF snciri-v a,, s. nfholrs, For a crilicism af Germ8ni1s stpuetil irsl-fuaictinn~l~~m, see J. Nun, L a s p;sr;irligm~q de Ln ciencia polkica: un intento clc conmptualizaci6n, - Revista - - - -- Lqtinoamericam-d-ocioilogk, - - - - +-- 1966, 1, pp. P13-B3"

( * \ : T h c procesa O E trm'mitihin i~ rhxrncterized by m iniLia1 disinbgrdion of the

(1) Svsttem ~f BOC~RI stra€ification; (2) Ethnic s t m c t u m ; 13) Diatribetion of t k e pnpslatian throaghout an RraR;

(4) "C~cntra l~ ' or f*pripkra. lFf poaition occupied by varioua grnlipR, nis

rciated to {I) the hrgcmony of certain areas ufithin the n~tional t~rritciry, snd [ii) t h ~ Ai~ctrihitinn nf pnwri~-

a. Variables r~latiw to thc spliew. ates md pmpostinns nf chang~. and €o t h e pstsihillties cid Pntqtslion:

ubeequei y o f thr Iry OI ex

c place; :c; 12 0.f illh

(1) S p h w of humm actlvity within which dispaahility. ninl~iltrzsdi~n, and pos-

I Z 1 !3) ~grzition for ths groups in

corirsc uf m b i l i z at ion (and/t>li.r rapidity ~ a r l socinl l T m ~ t l k o f the passlhle creaticm ol suc!r rncchmisms l :

~ntlegrated participaticm vial~lc (md/or rapátdity ~ncl social 'l'coatlq of

(53 Rc~prrcf ivc proportimis nf thrá populnkion d s e a d y mobilixeici. int egrated, or in thc csursc o£ intcgrdion (i. c , , s t a k of thc ovcr-all PPOCCD3 iñl

which thn r7wious gmups cornprfsirrg thc yopuldion are r?ngngad\. [G. Gerníani, in H o r m i t z , ap. cit. , PP. 39,s-399).

tradítionnl s t ructure [in at I ~ m t Heme of Its p r t i o n s ) . 0 ñ thr gmup leve-1, Lhia disinttgrnkion i;4 r e i ~ n l e d thmugh thc displñcament af t he R P Q U ~ R wikh wlation lo the phce wbich, corresponded to lhem. Su& displaeernent hm at tkrnes k n calle9 ' r l l 8p~~&i l i ty , ' ;uiU ilie g w u p s affected by tilis procasa have h e n callad 'clkposal?l~ arolrps . J47i1cn this dispoañbility is trmelntcd i n b a more intensiive pad-kicipiiticin than ucicum In previous struclures or La spheres formcrly rrxclerdtd, t h ~ n vv cpc& ikf mohiiization. t'irhcai chamqgcis h 3 v ~ occlarr& which rnke it pnsihle on rhe une Eirind l o legiiim;ltle, :mti lin the other to dhrd effcc-iivc pos- ~ I M l l t r e s clf achlcr~rnent of ?hr addrd degree of parttclpatloa af Pht! rnuit i l l l izrd grmigs, t h ~ n m s p a k ~f intngratioa. r t G.Gerrn;sni, in Hsirorñliti, -- op.cIt., p.395.

(*] ($!%at) "wc rnñght t r rm kn cxp~sícncn in p~~+tjcip~tiasnr, bn dhcr ~ p h e r e s (md often a m w illusion of participztirin) may ke effective in =surim 1Re sup- port cif thc mccntly mobillzcd gmups as an expmslnn in cans.rurn@ionin. l1 F. Giirmani, In Horswitz. -- @p. cit . , p. 3Fi.P.

F r ~ m s thmreifical. point of view we msy rregwt thai bwic ndtions as f c ~ ñ l i t r p a ~ v ~ r f a r ~ intm-rhiced in a rdher Incidental wiiy: the fir& ttoac in 'he pw q~luted In nute ( 7 ) 6n the pmceeding p q ? t. . . "m illaslon of f iani -

cipaticng Juay ke m effective in assuring tbthe supprri.t af the recerrtl?; rntibilHziuF g r o u ~ s as ,m smmsion in mnsmmw€isnPri . and the mcnnd o n ~ íi,4 rnemIy cinc of t b c - ~ s p c t s of the fourth '"sstruct~ral'~ variable listeid edbom. If) Otherwlise, the liat QT ~ a t l ñ b l r s i~ rnmweable md appmprtate, m d h z s alIoi4tí-d Gcrrnmi to pei-forn some extremely ñnsightful ~ T L ~ B P B 01 concrete hiatorical casca.

Wthin the general procesn of rnn&rni sation, urbanization, industrial- izatien md secuLxrization, uf vh ich diffearnt n:itinm are in d i f f ~ i ~ n t stagcc, canffi c t ~ aaid trnsions

nrise R c.cnmeiequectnot? of Etn Incongrurnm in athe aspfrdinns, attitudea, matirrations, and carres[íondim bahavilrr of each gmup, . . T h most evident cunflicts are thoeo bntrvocn rewntly moM1lzed gmups of t he luwer atrnta, ~ncl g m p s posscssina political and ecnmmio powes, inmmuch a5 tl-ie new-lound attiludea 0 4 pñflicipntinn rm the p m t nt thr: tnrrnrr a r r not accepted as "lepitimxteiQy ithc gmrm-ning rli lcs. Thc nld rlll.ss irontlnue t 6 fnllow m orientat icm in fim witli traditiond ~x-pedations. The lining up { e n f r s n t ~ m í ~ n t o ) of thc tradltñonal familbu, w i t l ~ their a l l b s --the w m y ?nd t h ~ Chiarch-- are pseaumably the clnssic Form msurned in Tunlfn America, dad mmifesterl in innu nie rah 1.p idanlngicril fnrmñ. [G. Grrmanl , in FLorowitz, opzcit. , p. 4 V O ) ,

Ac~odin-g 00 Gerrnmi thew 3r.e 11FEferent level~ n i inter- and inlra-group tensiclnlmd mflirts, Snme úf thc mnst typicn1 limes 01 cl~invage are:: (**)

(21 Tncnngruenciaci mrll conflids Rmoryg flciup.iris s l tu~ tcd withlii-the s m ~ c c?lit@, rvhen nmcrnt hurgmisie xnd othcr strntñ of the mlddln clms fsce up

grnupa, rxliich rnrrne~ly rnnnnpnli 7nd thr pnwcr. '?n many casrs, thc nriv enlreprerreairinl gmupñ, n r i m t ~ r l tnward indastríiilizatinn. cnnfmnl thc ' t radi t innd fmilies, + urhnsr pra%ver (is) b s e d on t h ~ concsntration of Iand tenure, o r khc expoa uf r3w rna1~ri:ils.

(") This rnay be secn as the Ilreái-e.lical counlerparb nP m o f h e r la& tu which inre hxve alm:~dy refesnd, narnelv the absence uf explicit referemes tci fítcbrs external tn khe m c h na.1inn:i.l ~nr ic tv , and n f thcnrcticnl mncepts and vi-rriahlea to hmdle t k s e factors. Of c n u r e . Lhis c m be Iiarrily be bhlrned exrlosively an Gerrnmi, siane preaent soc io lo~ i ca l theciry still does not have an accepted workln~; m d e l of t rmmt lona1 grocessc~.

("*) $%%at follows is a summary u i Gerrniisii, io Horuwitz, ap, cit., pp,SiOQ-dO2.

[(ij C(mflir ts grnerotrsd hy the rTincongruent" aspects al pm+tially ~ ~ ~ ~ d c r n i red persolnalitife. (*+)

canll~cla s tbr var

I T I

mth tkr mohili7Ed grnupq snd the stmctrtre tif the rest a£ the soriety must undrmn niridific:dions if Shr P ~ O C P R R (31 itew l n t c ~ r ~ t i m ia Zo tdie place. To P" lo m 0.1 es

(* ] It i%,ould be a rnistake tn rúnsldcr t h r army m L r n d n a i i t h i ~ SFC~CIT enrcrlbect in J ~ V O T ~f onc OT othr3r atrlliunn. QLllt~ thr caaatpm-;;, in x majorlty nT' c-aunLri~s thc 3rrny E A Iragrnentetcd into ri numher af factlons which to wome exteut rrnert tlie c li?arrwah.cs ~ ~ i e t i n ~ i n sriripty 63 lthnugh in reriera1 t r r rna thc inierirenti~n of thc? arrnip has slmnst n1w.i; k e n In Pnvor of thr pre-exlsting orrler) . l1 r l Y ~ r ivokild i t be cnrrect 20 s p a k of the ' I s w r " s t r n t a ELS R rníinolithic block facing i h r h

f c > rmcr holdesa o I pririirer. Thr prnmss al Irxnsíorrnrit~on inta ;m ~aciustrlnl social structum ttendw .La rliff@redintc within these stratita, eartain seetbrs with special chcrrnctvriñ tics pccu lirca to tlw pmductive pmcess and living st:mdnrds. Xlso, Lhe prncrañ of mnbilixation aqzrirrs diffewnt rates of pmgspas in the i r 3 riiius gmaps sncl thiñ i n t ~ n d e ~ e s 2n e x t r i n ~ i ~ differenliaiian bptxveen rnfire modr rnixcd and lrss rnodrrni~ed scciors. Ta :iII ihls must air acided edhnic difikrenccs whi ch snrn~timtries pP- n rolr in the caíiflicts, pnrtirularly wittiin rhc ' loivrrq strntn. l 4 f G + G a ~ m : ~ n i , in Ibpawitx, cip. cit. pp . bilR-dfil) .

&- 7

(**) "Par inst:ince. tlrrl r u r a l mígrant r n q have bcmnie tr~wqfarmc+d intn m industrisl workcr, h u t h i ~ orlentation towrird ;i eeAnIn t y p ~ o f pdernalPstñc nr particuInrlsf r l i

rclatirrnship, which le:iteired h i s fnrrner aituatjon cln the jah rnay not bar+ dts- ;lppeartid lind mray cantitrue ito influrnc~ his slildions townrd Lhe l i r m rrr t he l ~ h n r Liniofi. Equivnlc-nt anynchmnisms n i ~ y occur betiwsn entrcpWnPiirs t h r olrl ~ n d r tmu goifemlry: p l i t r ~ , the r m e r ~ i n g n l i d d l ~ al-s, asd thp rtrtscent i n d u s i r i ~ t I~r iurgcois~c. " iG. Germaiií, in l inrrrwitz , ag. cit.. p. 4 D t ) .

4 * * * ) C~irmar-ri c;iwsses the cañp nf .ivl-ini rve rmi~!$t ktcalll i g u n n ' n l i ~ t i t a s p i r ~ t i n n s " rngcndrv.+d hiv the 'Yleriaonstrntinn efrect, " (G, Chrinmi, itr Horsivitz, ap. rit.. , pp. 401-4021.

genei-al praporitian mny be f ~ ~ r a u l a t c d SI I o l l o ~ : Tbe probability oI vislent canflict Inrreaqea wiSh the rste of mobilization, m d with ikhe pmprsflinn of tba total porpul- ntion ahich, 1s sin thc prwnas cif mobilizatiún, ~ n d rlocmasises with t h e poñsibilitiec of channeling such moblllzation through Icgitirnate rnechmisrns of paslicipatioa. [*)

FOI tht m l p i b af t h t a l t ~ a t i ~ n ln fie JifTeerie Lñlin knerican cuerrrtria~, t h e ~ h v ~ pmpmitiibn must be cornliimed ~ 4 t h 1he rrotion af a mmdonic incrrme ia pa rbl cipatian, which in the Europe EIQ ~ n d AmerEcan cwe rew I L ~ in tho clistinttion nf l l ~ t ñ g ~ s p T in the generaL prtncess af politicaI chan~e aad mndemízation. ThcS mnat synthctic formulatian i s rdumd to three aurh s t q e s : (a) l j rnited-psrticlpatlon darnocrscy, (b) Smad-participatinn dcmocracy ,md (E) total-participaticm deriioc~aq.

Ia E E L C ~ slage theré is formaticm of r h a n d s nE participlition ivhich makes it possible tn integrate the paA rif ihe pnpulaiion vvhich is ta rnsball~,erI in rhe next staga. t. . . j Tbe seqwencc af atngcc mentloned above. a lnw maae nf dcv~lm~merit mmbimd rvilh a marked eL-ti~ity in :qo~laL S ~ ~ U C ~ L I ~ P S [S~~ORTI

in ithe dispdstti~n of the gsrrerninp cl:~ssea to accept the change and the attitudr on the par% uE the liaurrs strnta in moderatimi! their dernñndñl h a r r hr'cn the easential feattrres nf t M s process in the West. Rut thc: situatjon in h t i n America IR quite diffemnt. fG .Gerrnani, Pn Ha.rib~~its. op. - cit. - pp. 403- 404).

6. T h e wtages o f h ñ s t o r f c a l c h x n g r - -- ..

T h i s crimpietes the main linos af üermmiTs general mlndcl. applicablc to any escñety in tsnnsition fmm a 'Yradíti~nal'~ In a trmodcm'f type of s t ruc t~~re . - . What f01lci.w~ mñg híl r.n s p 4 T i c - -- I hiilsloricnl ~ h : i ~ l p ; r , as i t hng t d e n md Is t&irrg ylaw in L !rica. fr wginning a l l ññ t c~ntury to the proscnt.

X F q w r by Germani nad 5611vcrt (**) atidyzes a detailcd ssrirs af hlstoricnl atages of social ami pulihica1 change:

[*) '%e irnportnilt cIcmciit f a ~ d~t~rrnining thr chraracter of ~6nflict.s cnnsials in thc possibility of socia1 pr0~1?6s t~king phce In suc.ce;t;rmive stages. . . [Wth) time md o ~ o d u n i i t y betu?hlCn OS~P atwe and b e nexi ~uff ic ien t tci intr~rate ikd parZ. ú i the popul~tion wkich is mobilixed, '' 6 , Grrmani, In Horowitz, opap, - . ciL.,

p.403. E*'\ G . C r m m B rsnd K . í I . 8ilv.(rrt, C ~ t r ~ d u i i l . 3ncí~1 r Intarvencldii Mil i t a r eir

tina. Ch. 11: d. Argentina - --- Snc i~dad de Masas, op. cit . , IG .Eer- H . Si Ix r r r t , PoliZics , Social RCructurr. anci Military Int~rventJan In ea, Thé Europem Jmmal oi SuciaZngy, Vnl. 11, NQ1, l4rjl i . Sec

niño G . ~érrnani; I'IF (a ~sncikdad tradicional a la participacibn totxI pn Arricri-

Erica La ii and K, Lü Ameri

ca Latina, Ch. 5 nh PoYRicñ y Soci~dad, op, cil, - ---

Latin hmerican caun.lries, in ihe marnent cif ita po1itir.d indepndcncc: weie alrnosit arrciwtypicnl rTtradltlonsllt svrieties, with a tw-clms systern hea$ecl by Spaniards [or Portumicso) 3 r d cricsllos jwithoiut p ~ l i i t i c ~ ~ l r-ighis, buL cultural ly ñnd ccmorn f ra l Ly int~aríited tn thr urtban C l i t t s ) . The criolkos h ~ a d ~ d tllr nriticlnñl reirnluiions sgainst apsin: fhey wcm hri~irily in.;pimd By the kmer lc~n mnclel, the Freneh Reranlvtio~n mci X7,"Wth crnteiry- Tllumini~m. The rnodel of Stnt r t1ir.y rlri~ti lo estnljlirih h d Lhe Lfappiwgs sf mridern dem- acrmtic Litat~s [n l i k r n l Cnnsiiilution, ~ L P C ~ J V P Parllamenrsr xnd Psckidentn, rtr. nnd f i i ) PCOB-

nmi :m. ~ r n l nppl irnliirrrr of thcsc xdrr:inrerl pulitkc%l m u d ~ k .

--iC did i: the iac

the cllffi

nor lncl %u tll SUC

-srnt FRI

udr thr 1 rnl. geor indries r

Thcne c ~ ~ n ~ t l t u E ? n i i n I Cigrncnl rz i%rrr.l? ah:itt.iared by pul L ~ ~ C R E re.rlity in n WEZT~PR ni inlernccin~ ~ r x - 5 i n \q-hir.li t l i ~ lradci's were bcaP "cnudillrisn, n f k n ui mestizo o r rt-iAn 1ndi:in TtiFlynn. gPuring ihia st4wc ~ I I P sncinl ~lructur~ rernainrd ~!neh ;~mr?t-l.

Onc af tfir 'Ec;tuitEillos l 7 evcntuxliF1y ymv:riletli. G ~ r n ; i t i i and Silved c a n ~ l d e r ris vt.cgrcf;sirir~rl r1irt:itors the unos whti did nothing t o chmge t h e traditinn~ki sr3cI;il s t rcc t t i~~ r . aml. padimiarly. t h ~ ecommic iacrlati tsn trom thc world rn~rkr.ls.

The i'iLPkisi rairdu di cbatnrs beg.m %he transfinrniatiaai. nf their rriuntriea, Tmrn wrtbnisient.e cconnmy intn t h e grod~iction nf raw rnaterlalñ fnr Ihe wc~rld rnarkets, whIch i n i t j ~ t ~ d t h ~ i r ~ n ~ ) d ~ r ~ ~ h ~ n I . i n r t .

The ooligaschirs wli ich, in mosi Latin ibnerican couiuntri~g, rcplaccd thc o ld - f i~~h inna r i ciic.tatnsships . vr r i ed in their orientnl iuns towarui mudrrn- ization. In the rníísl :id~p,mcrd cRaes, tiley pmmbtrd exkernal mig ra t i~n i[rvk~ch chring.~rl the srructure of the sncie ty j , promu1g;ited 3 ciernrirr;itic Csnst Itiition rind :L s y ~ l c m nf formal. l~dernocraSicl~=lecL icias fnr t he ñur:cptis-

siiín OS prr.iidcnts. T h e s ~ +mncrniir: reioi+ms WTTP ñharpby mstric.ted tn a rninositg ni' thtb pupuilalirin ( r l ~ i s GliLe m e 1 t h e srnall Clrte-oricnted reiynt m1Mk Brctnrs, -re%idin~ !n t h r c ~ n t r a l , urhm i~mrr,a n i the cotintrles).

first nne thp "tntpl mnhi !i.ratinn'ibrnr~~htnhnirt 111~ t h ~ rnrnlw nf agp n i thec hrgentine Ron8 of the f o r ~ i g n Irnini~ants (the parmts had nnt nxturalized ancl, thcirfortr. did not háue the fyanchise) and b- tfie gmat 'antrrnal. r u r a l-urban rnigratiana from 1936 ora. produced (accurdiy to Germani) a break iia t h ~ p r e - ~ x i s t i n ~ ~quilibriurn whieh had hoon b s ~ a d on s poliiticnl s y s t ~ r n snrnervh~re Iietween vc~emuí~racy wrth lirnitrd participntlnn" ilnd '%l~rnocracy 141:h broad p3rticiglation "(+j Thjs wnulrl be the rnexning cif the rnill.Lary crrhips znd wtlolutli>ns ln ~ I r g r r i t i n ~ , V r n ~ 7 u r l n IR m n m e x y a ~ e d Lu an sllematiiíe of tke typr "national p~np9e's r~tvolut ian"~ due to a belxted mobllizaTlon. ihrhich ylrocerdrd a.t nn r x t r ~ r n ~ l g r fnst pace. tvith rates mí1 proportions nf lnrsrrasc i i a padicipal inn nmply excdeding the cspaclty o$ t l~e social sg'stern to rnrrdifv bd!r ~ t s r l f nnd the mubilized niasses in an intrgratcd E2sh 1Cm.

6 , C n i i i i t r i ~ s a1 ~xpamrled n ~ n h i l i ~ a t i o n ahd in%pcrmon in n ctnJpPnff -- - -- -- - cria~i li!xliunl. Iir ihcsc couni r i e ~ . rriughly h;ili cil' the pnpi4l:~t~crii has -- -- I,een rt~ciiizllzcd rind - intr*-Terl. --- mchilr thr* r~sl. i~ pM.rsLrre and pnrtially sii wginar tl- the tiaii nna i i i Ir. Chi Ir is ;u typic:il ex:lmpli?. anil E kaxiG

nnti M6xlcu a nr cnsr. i r t u r e of "1 r3d It~onal'" flrxihle- m ih& c

o I ;I ccsnsidernb~c propnrtínn nf +mobiliz:tble' rnasses rnay Fx wtcntially more disrup7ive i n Brsz i l thnn iar 3lÉxico or Clíile.

'rhr sri

nnd ndn~ ..1:--.*.--

19 IaZOiT

irr two

D. Ct~ulibi-ian w i l l t lun úlite~l ;itiuii aiicl ~ a r i l s i v c o1 r-cry- r;iyicI r n ~ h a l i r i ; l t ~ ~ t > . - - - &5q-is! ~i tlic rcsi 1-d thr c o ~ ~ i i ~ r i e ~ ,?E I,:itin hmc-rica (witti tlic cucvpri~nn 0 s Costti Rica ancl Culcirnki~:i\ 1411 i n this cateqciry. 1%-ith t l ~ Grzst pos- ~i!>ilitieu br 3 " F C ~ ~ ~ S P T I ~ R ~ I F ~ C drrncrcracgfi ñnd the mañt h r iriolent changrs 3nri ilrr:il.ion:d people 'S revo lutiolis''. I/G. GerrnanP, in H o r n w i l ~ , *Alt. , pp.405-407).

In anuthcr. and Incire rletai tect, charlictcai mtim nf I,aiPar Amerhcan natlons . Cermani uses a ceriea of cultural ,wd structural indices (a] iw urder Lstln AmPricm nbions in a rankimg of rconnmic. ~ t r u C t ~ r ~ 1 iand culf ur:il modernii.,atiiin, ñnd 413) ta

grarzp the c r ~ u n t r i e ~ Ln rcriir cat.~s;~llsirs, (**) Pnr ranking purpoqeu, the indices aric quite appropriat~. and most rtf the cnuntries ~ - z m l i ralher wcll on moct of t h r n . The ~strgarinetinn rir t y p o l n ~ ; i s difbrrent f r c i r n tht? une ~~e j ~ t studicd, and, i f wr ccimpare both uf them ( 3 , urith thc s b i 3 5 ~ dcscsilxd ~ e r i e ñ nf srqes and [if l with

("1 Rut a o l yet " t d ~ l " pnrtir ipation (**) Arg~dina Wcicdad - dr -- Mas?, op. cit. . pp- 337-230 :ind 247-246. Tkc índlers

are: (1) P ~ r e r x n g ~ naf tllr-Ii.r<~blntann in rniddb xnd auperior strata. [2) I d . . in primary activitirs. (3) I d , . in cities nf 20,000 o r more, (4) Id . , Ln u r @ middle

- - and superior strnta, ( 5 ) Irl. , l i t t c ~ n t p ! :ind ( 6 ) University s ludrn t s pe r 1. 000.

asah other. two feriEur*eí beigame nppsrñnt: on the nne hmd, the typology diffcr- esitiales much mare clearly amrrng muntries near the rHmodern'E gole of the con- tinucirn t h m m o n g the le,tie deveilnped oncs: on t h ~ other hand, the mmit rrmndeni" cauntsias [the m e s in which s o m ~ tqpe of 'lrepresentntive democracy" has pmvdlad, nllrreit haltlngly) are the dnly anea for which tkc t;s'pology of stages has rclcuancc, aincc khc a t h c r anca ñrs lumped Lato ~taaea 3a, and 3L. , which ir. hiatoricalh unsstisfaying, s i n ~ e it failñ tn rnakr j u s r t c~ to the dlstmuire Iboth! in time and in essence) among different t-ypes of non-dernobratic regimes,

R%at i a clearly nc~ded i~ a mom &taikd typ,.po.lugy S,@úth d stsages md countries) af thesc las8 modrim ~ o c i e t l e ~ , which ordefs them according tu lheir - - - - - intrlnsi6'-ch;lract eristics, md i0t &lY t l mat ion ta a democr:~iic and repmserrtatiirr systscrn ~ w n preriictinris, thcy mny t,Pkri a l n n ~ time t rmhñbly, such a tyq~olo~pr shi~zald give awsial crnphasis tn rwgrnriu8, transnñtional fmtcirs, including ihe degms ;~nd f n r m n f their rmnomic snd poLi?ical bependanc~ of th other natinnsi QP acicio-economic systems, waicb, obvinusly, dec rca s~ with incroming development, ( * )

A. I , A s u m m a r y v i e w . - . -- -

SarnmIng up, Ge~rnmi's theoreiicai xystern f n r thr strrdy cif social chxri~a may k Becrn RE a @mblnatlon of sevieral d i f f ~ r e n t Qpes o€ rn~leils:

IiI . A d-marnic. directiond, di chata mi^ mndcl nf t h r prnccssrs nf rnndcrniaation, of tthb typr 'G~m~indchdt-Ee9eL18chdt, l 1 "fnlk-urhanir "frnditloanl-moder~'~ "~acr~d-snculnr , Ii etc. , ur[tli incmzqed pnrticipation %Q thc d y m ~ ~ ~ i c factor. -

IV. A m d c l eonsls'in~ in a series uf sla~ew in the process of increaing secalnr- iratien ancí nnations! inte~ration, snd a lypoloá~ ctf coantrias , bw6d in thoao stagm3.

Thes-sr fou r rnodels (altisciug-h inclading d ievel ( c ) rif mridel 1 nllusiom t o snvirwmontal pressures and the n e ~ d f n r rncchnniams af adjustmertt t o such gr~csn7*ne) do r ~ i i R ~ O L - i n nny drtnlil thc lnwa which npplv tu tbc prnw~scs 0f

- -- [*) That iis to say: the kss a country is developed, the more it dapenda on trans-

n:dional Inriors. {**) Or, in the cgse of an inridrcguacy nf I l ~ e readjus t in~ rnechanisrns, ""lnsting dis-

inte~ratftin" (leadirig, cventually. if grneralized. to thie destruclion DI the Bgsternk.

interehangr hlctweon the ñaciety md Ihe ellemenk ~f its phgsicnl md sriciizl cwima- ment. 1.1 FaiLcire tu do so Impart 10 tbese ano&?lri the charscter OS ~&u~-~~d~~yalerri~ {in the wnsa giwn tci that expreswinri hy iion Rertalanffy. ) [**)

R. F o r a b ~ n T r n r n i g r i l i l i n n a n d M u d e r n i z a t i o n i n A r g e n t i n a -

iic :md g I modef-n %le oí t i

* 8 m.

As ;a trPiIcm.ln ~xnrnple oF ehe applPcabiLity of FermaniTs rnnrlsk crf social cliange fn Lñtin Amrrica 1 hmw &usen hia saudy of t k mir of foreign immigrants in t h r transformatinn of the écnncsn l i f ~ of Argentina, d of kbeir contrlhution tri thr tirbanizatitian md ~ n t r y . This I s c l o s r l v Linked tca the cukural ~ n r l politiex1 i a r ~ t i a n centeriw liroi~nd Ruenos A i r ~ s C!tjF, ~ n r l rvill Rerve tts n r l n K ro Lne Becuna part of thc present paber.

c l n i Bue Fig. 1 :ii

1 _ ..- I -_

i l s prin nl liws 1

---..Al"

if the cm agglornr - . . - -7 -.

Perha-8 E ~ E ! l ~ ~ t w q 141.0 ~ I L O V ~ ~ C rcndlcrs whn are nnt familiar rk?ith tlir generol f e s t u s ~ s OI i h ~ m i g r ~ t i ~ ~ n s whiob chmgeci &e social ñtr-ucture n i Arqentlna an nos Aires wifh 3 rnpicl occnlint n i rfpñl! facfs i s tn ~ e f e r tu them to nd i.rs T;nhle 1, in whlch t k pf-ner 31' the impar3 of fnrrjgn anrl i m c r m ~ ~ rnjqrntinng --irr t h d t rirclor-- in Ihh g r . . ~ ! ~ ~ , nf Grr3t í . r IT3uenas hiws md of thc rr,sil rif II-rgr id ihe nbsolule fi ' tlic re lat'ii-e gror~lh whicli hnfi h w n rnapp-rprcl in ia'j! ~d cle~c~qt',

and r@..oi.lumir: structurr.~ m f mndern Amenlínn In Ch. 7 , L:i inmigr:iri&ii mnsíirn y sir pnjwl rti 1a mnrlrrnixacilsn de l p ü h , -. Pol i t l cy Socicda-, c ~ p ~ c i l , , $p+ 174- 21$!!!, crT urhjch ?.RE: follnwinq p:lr-;qr':aphc REY a Clrlp sriirnrnary.

I* ) a t h ~ r globnl sncieties, othes tethnolopJcd and econamic complexes, o t h ~ r ru klures anci systerns of mmmtiniicdinn, t h r physical envimnrnrnt, etc.

i [** } J.,. van Rerialadfy, Tlie tkeory of nppc nymterns in physics ~lnd binlngy;-*, Science , 1951i. 111, ]3p,S3-3Cla It has not ~ lwí tya been poasibk ta cls jttritiw in these Ieii. - pitgas tn ihc tutal rekvnnce nF G r r m ~ n i ' s mndels Trir cbange in Latin Amarica. The hreuity uf t h e p-sent palxr forccd me tu corlceíltrnte in thc p r rwnta l i an and cornmemt 01 hisi more a h c t r a c t thkirnrrticel mnrepLrs arid to 1eai.c ñside hie many I C P ~ characteriz&tlcill~ of C O D C ~ ~ ~ n t i % e ~ ;md c w e s in t l i ~ evolutinri nf several Lalin American coitrilrlcs [and more sspeclally uf ik#r.nlirlu.c) w l r i ~ l i

c ~ m t i t u t ~ a moat salient pnrt ol' his rernaskable mntributinn tr., the scrclology nl r h a n ~ e in fhe arca.

[**'j Pmfs. Zulrnñ Recchini de Laiees and Jos$ bis 1T~reriv gathesed nnd cnmputed Ihe clara lor thc: srcvcr~l figures and taldes of the p ~ s c n t . pflper. Fig, 1 ancl 'rabie 1 s h ~ w data fmm t h r nln&imal Conauses of 1569. 1595, 1814 m d 1347 - - m d , Iar Buenas Aires. of the I V 3Tunicipai Census of 1936-- [remnverted írom prceniages hy Germani in II - 1 Prciccso de h~shanl~n.cibn rn I*,-Fgedtinas --- nuen.crs .* i i r~s , U~~T.'EI"R il!ad ~)i' DLIC~OF, lirirl's, 195CI, ppG 9 and 1 1). ami! .Ih£ Kgiinniil Crolwiis ts" f r iFq ,

Greater Buenos Aires 3. Argmtin~tr non-migrmts 2 , Argrnt im miaranls 1, Frrwign

i p ~ 597 1.368 - 1.156 P. D99 115 2 93 555 3 .650 1.797

1.292 2,2R1 3.917 - 8,384 10.546

hTass.;i~~e irnmigmtion ín A r p n t i n a resulted in a subrstantial tran?formatttlnn nf the naifire s tnck, of ifs cu L ~ U F P ~ m d prrsanality Eypen. nf thr rconomlc mri ~ n c i a l strur;ture,r t i c ll~r cu i~n l r y~ m d . in Elms. of its pr~lil ical atructures.

Tmrnigration WFLS massive imleecl: 111 re lative terma I t sxceeded by f a r the ratiu fuwignprs/ndlt,te~ eren in countries chsicñlEy mnsidered tu hwe: basn chmged nnd rmewed by externa1 irnmigratiún (a tbe U. S. A. )

This enormoun rela%.;tiw w i ~ h t rsi &e migrmt prspulstioti was cnmprnindrd 1 3 - the fact of Its selective ecnlnairal mnwntrat inñ in a fpw aw39 oí t h ~ country, while the naiives rernaineii b~qlcally dispersed, t o the p i n t that, fnr a period of more than ssix-ty yexrs , at the arlult age- Leve fs , extemal irnmZgrants reyre?enJc$ -,,-in - - S me n@ii :11 city, ñnd ~i lm$sti j Q:L_in-tlac --eí:onurnic;illy sntl dclncr;: ~ - ~ p t i l c ~ l l y - - mirs-t importan!. prnvinccls . JIoreover, t h t b imrnigrmts, v P r y r~p7lrlly, Iircnmrr abo strr~r~ietr:rilv cnncentrsteri, in thc nribr acctors tvhich rrncrp?cl in the pmeess crf urbanizaticrn

Alfhougfi the Plikes that twk f h ~ inIzini deeisinns lcadlng to such massive Increase and t n ~ w x l wf a lñrge part of the prqulatinri dld not fomsee Lhe ultirniltc comequerices nT l k i r mis, thii truth Is tbat Lhey fnlloived an ~xpl ic i t , quiie C o l X ~ i 0 k ~ r ; e plan, a ~ r a n d design nimncl zt mmodemizing t h r ccitlntry, mainly ort the hasis r i í : (a) uniírcrs ai educatitiun, [b) mms ive Bmmigrntinn, ( e ) irrtrodurtion uT fomign capitalc, and (d) mndcrnization ofthe mems sf productlon, which entñiled t h r drveloprnenl ol rnc:ma of tr;in.spndntinn. thc impmvernent af c a t t l ~ brerding and thc dnvelnpmant nf modcrn agriculturc and indilestv.

Seich 3 plan wne thc resprnnne af thr llhstrated origarchy md tbe rnocie~ri- izing Blites tn thair ~ x p c ~ i e n o e undpr roa^. T k e ~ e Glitex rvem nn tha hami tfie h r i r s to Lhe Eurnpo- and USA-odc-ntcd inkllectuals whu had bten suthfessly prrsclciited mder tkr Ros= regima: on th r other hand, i h e i r political; hascs. w e r r cbscl~p Liaked tn largc llariidholdigs. %hoy tended to view the psohlnrn cif

h~gentins as Pieihg s i ~ l ~ c ~ b l e crnly by a I r j r e d PfEuropexnizatioarr of tfre cnuntry

GREATER BUENOS AiIRES

RECT OF THE COUNTRY '\ \\

Z \

--which in line witk the prev:Gling theories a h u t race-- they interpretet i in m i h o r direct hiologdral aiid dernographic terms,

To a l a ~ e extent. thc four p a d s of tbc: plan wcie fulflllad, srrd hugo m-sea af e x t ~ m a l Irnmíjirants --huge hnth in absolute md in relativa terms- arrived tn rthe poM af Ruems Aires.

Thrry myrc supposed to go on iu t h ~ : p m i ~ n c c a of the hintesl,md, t o 'Fp~pulat..to the deserts, t o kcoine ane hundred mill inns o f pez~ants and ro brirq: Europaan c i~l ture :md more to $he lL1~ñrbaraus '' faad. This auccesdad 0311~ itli pad, Allhnugh mast nT t h e irnmigrznts %rere zgriculturnh trrnrkess, many of tkcm were effectively pt-eveiited by tba regime s f 1and tenme tn bernme rural propletors , Ca1nni;íntinli w m spotty , and piafflzod by c p c u l r i t i ~ n , E-xtensive agricultiere md l ivea tnck rmchcs, gearcd t o U-le expu r - t ui Irim8 atiiplra ilu LFic natluns UI E a r n p , dtd not a b s o m h o f ihem as tn incr~aac the popiilatiori in the dreamizd of propostñons.

ib1zi.q of them rame hack to ithr cities lor netrer wcni to t h t pmirinces iim lhe first place). blosi, uf the rest. becarne afq+iculluntt w~rkera, ~ 5 t h t h ~ nafive . 4~wrl l i i t i rrr iñ w u r k i n ~ ia Lhy mrnure tradftinnal Ilwstoco@k rancbs.

Tn the citics --md. as can be seen in Pig. 1, th3 meant, to a large extent, in I;re:iter Buenos Airea-- the urs and workers 61 t k new rrirnrnerce rind indus t~y, t11e m : nevF urRan middle cla++~erj and thc urhm proletarlat: the iustry, the new cnmmerm xnd thv serrriccs of the ever-grn~wing urban ccornplex.

treprrne! rg ron in~

new ini

She urban cimceniration of the ncwcornera w m quita high: Greatrr I3u~nos Aires rereived, during t h ~ 91 yrxra oi thc g w a t rnigrxtinn, 311 t o 50% of the migrants. .A few f~rtrle pmirinces hnd similar p ropor t lm, Only t h e dry Northwest kcpt its nntive stock ptacltically unchanged, F o r m o r e tlian half a cenlury, Argen- tina. in i t ~ mañt imp~vlnnl cPnlPrs. urw l ~ a s l c d l y prspulnted by Firct- .md eoonnd- gr ncratiion breigmrs .

As c m hri easily infermd fmm Tabte 1 nnd Fig-UTT 2 , v ~ s t rxtenslons of Ihe sprawling cnuntry rcmainclcl practically deserted, tvhile t31c citá~s incrilmed m:my times their popuL:~tinri. Pr t r~~ i rn 1870 nncl l-i1€1 Lhe L i z n prnwsscs cif ~rbanlzñtioin ancl susial trmsfclrrnntion i ~ n t hmd in hmd. xnd, especially in thc cltbas, the social strurtum -ech;sriged f m n a "trndl"ililrosl+ l q turu-clws snciTItg t o a throc- or mnlti-atratum type of SOCLP~J?, with ihe rnidrl te s e c t ~ r s brvckllen by the entrepreneurs af cornrnarce and indusiry :ind t h r X ~ S ccnt dcpendent rniddle c l~qsea, The prnpnrtinn of middlo cln~.ees incrorw~ri hy 30LIfF, biv.?ccn 1 8 T Q nmd 19GO.

The Integratinn of thr ncw rnigsants wns swik and thriirough in rcomrnic tcrme: although t h ~ y c;irn~ in w r y high propí-tiam f m m t h e agricultura1 rcgions srf Itslq~ and Sp.lin, t h ~ y ~dnp tcd tlicrnscll~es sucertsiully to secnndary :md t c r t l a q ocmnElttons,

Their oultusnl. inwgratinn, nlthrrugh less ripid, WJL~ in the end cnmplotc.

ñnd rr~irltrd in t h c prnrqpnt-r cif S n r w t y w nf-rity dn-ellcr. -

ather hand, +ey did-nnlhnire any aignificmt amount of political --. - - -- Thig I c w kvc l nf polilical in~egr:itiriil ( ~ a dif€erent Tmm rvh;it tuak

fmor instante) has htirn artributrd Lo various fac tors : the palitical ap.pnthy nf rni~rmts whn csme from countriee in whirrh rheit polttioat participatim had a h o been nihil, md whnsc ~ c l u c a t b n ~ d Beirel rr-:tq quite lniv; the desire, on tllair pqrt, t o kcrp thvir nat.iciañllrv ú I orie;iai: in thc ra8e af lnwer stran, the fnci thrif that t he Arj ientIn~ lciiver classes ivere ñbn tot;illy depriuerl nf pnl i t l ra l particñp~tion, crnd qliiLe apti'hetic :~h.hriut it; nnd, finally, t h e ernbiv~lent attitadr of the oligarchy tn~vard the neiv mames ñnd theis eventual politicnl poqres. 1;*)

As 01te.n h a p p e n ~ , intorgrnrasnt innal int~grat ion was much FELS 1~ r than Intragenerational onrz. At t t h ~ lc>rcl of thc gpcctn~lil md nerrt geaerations. polltlcrcl ird~grntion wws tntal, and pIlitic:nl partirip3tinn. eventunlly (;d leaA in Ruenos A ~ e s Ciily p r u w r ) complete. E iren when Conavriísiivr ~srcrnnicrrita Iicld powc r thmugh Irnurl iri Iarge srctnrs OC t h r rrat nf tlae criuntrjr. clertícrnc in Biienos Airañ City, wrre qtiitc ccirrect From l91G on

This is one of ?he rn:iny ;tsp+?cts nl' t h r p r a t - i kgd ~10liticaL situatisn nf Buenos AC res ( O Y I ~ t hnl rf<~t.s iwit cxLt.nrl crr Chc, rcst af Greotrr f3urnne Aircsj . (* *] --

ng arad ti i l ir- r i j r t il

Thc foreign imnmf~rants hrcwght t n rirgcntina thc traits of thcir crrltures. Less 'traditinnwl' attttiidcu Liswni.rJ work (rragric~ltrarall' at t i tud~s). nnd tendencica lo savi 3 upwrard Y . quite rliíle rrnt Cmm w h a i w2w in hcJ found ;"LIIII>BI~ u[-- ~ ~ [ ~ h n f l 1: 'Y m

Germ;tni strt,srsrLs t h a l t h c r i ramss ub mrinsive imrnigratinn wrsultcd in thr virtual r t i ~ a p p ~ a r i m c ~ ol whiilc neriors nf thr social ~tructurct and idlof t h ~ 'na t i i r~ . " 'traditiunal' persnn:~lity tygrh.

[ * j ' ' - ! ' I i~r [ihc r>Iijifi r i l ~ v i wnnirlcl ta ~iopul::rc ~ h c ries.rlr~. hui. they did n t ~ t rnndi. I ~ P agrarlan strur.tklre ol s th i rh [he. Fi~nvf i t ed . They ivmted .In inlegrnie the imrni~r : rn!o , hiii nni t r i s k - ~ r ~ ~ I I I L * ~ trith i h ~ m I 1 G~rmqni , Pnl f ' t i~ñ y R ~ c ~ P - dad, np . C T ~ . , 11. ::fi5 , --

(**) It we ~r:afited Lci d i - : ~ ~ :I pnr:il l~l btweavn hrgrritinri. nnd t h c Unitrd Stntc7s In $he ititegr:il.jon n.F fori-ign lniRrnnts w r niihht sxy thmt calt i i rnl ly, Ar~cntinx in- t r ~ r a t c d thcm nt lcast 35 rnpid iy ;inS ~ o m p l ~ I ~ ? iy tht! oniced St:iles. but

thch new jnduslrics nnrl com r n c ~ c r (nnrl. íyi-rntnial !y, in t h ~ p r ~ f ~ s s f o n s l thcy

~ w p o n d ~ r a n t r í3nc~ntra t inn in t i ihnn xrrac . and. in particuhr, in Grcatcr

Ir'p ta nnw, T hñw considered in itc main Ilms GerrnzniTs aaalysis nf t l ~ e irnpact of forelgn rnipntlon anci mudcmn~xP1on m Asgentina, S ~ I L I ~ . dter.iiati7i-c

wmsrks seem apprnpriate.

A1 leas1 In this s a n c ~ ~ t c caRe ol Lhe mmsiw frireign immtgration tci AP- gentim [which WRS par~lleleci in Uruguay ancl. to n minar extcrrt, in other Eatin Amorican ccnniri~a) we Fea crucial elrenis. whlch actuiilly triggfired khe urholr p r o c c ~ s of swcial ehange in whlc :ied, and whicia fit only piirtinlly G e r m a i 'a node l . Far frum thr ~nifiated by thc drirnamtratlcrn effect. lending to the --nlaw o~ ,.,... increbisp nf parliclpxtion by Ihe marginal memlx?rs a1 ;i norm~tji-ely ~ons~nsu:iil , well bstqgrñted trsditmnal aocicty. which 1s recistcd hy m inntrcncherl o l ~ ~ a r c f i y . the etQen%s f o i b w an opposilc cuursc. starting with t h ~ planned action r i i the ao8ignrchy. in a CO~ZSC~OLIS effOrt tn rniri.dernizlc tlic cuuntrq-.

Thls rffrirt is límitcd and arnbirrxlrnt, hui, in tlie who le- SUECFSS~U I Fevcn rnn.t-e su klim tlie íiligürchy rnight h a w wisli.nc1).

It je nnt dihIiault to deteci, in this i niveraion cif Grrmxni 'S model, Ihe samc pnttern o1 P V ~ M S uthich I s nppnrent in thr rnnvementB nf ernmcípdion ~i mnny L ~ t i n Americm countrics - sm:lll Intc2lectual ~wa1iitinn:iry e litcc. inspired in t h s Europenn :mi (Noath) American pnliticni moclrb nf the day ( a d , in s i ~ r r n l catres wlth the d i r rc t bscking of thv E-nit.ed Kirgdom), tsi~gercd srries or pic~lilicxl rwrr i t . - i wrhIch rapidlp 'rgot out of Rad, l' nnd reriulred in (3) gsa-rtizkl m o d ~ m - izatinn ami (b) nii ~luthrfdi oF cutrcme ritrnditinnalrr polit ical rnnverncnt~. (:~narr.hy. and "unifying diotstcarshipsrr) +

In thc planned ctarí n6 massive inirnigration 5 1 7 ~ find the sarne clcments: [R] n C O ~ S ~ - ~ O U S ( a l t h o u ~ h xr~S~iguuua) ef2ol.t. m {he paít of aru I l l u s t r n t ~ d anc! politirally a c t i w minorlty, t o l8rnndernize" the cnuntry, [* ) nccorrfLn~ tn thr~

Americ,ui xnd Eurnpenn modela 05 n%a2 modcrniaíition rvm mmrñnt tu bc: @) a stmng palitiral md fin.mcial hñckirg Cmm a fowign p n w r ; (+*) {c) FI srriles oí'

(6) This arnbiguity is, proh3blpr, 8 ref l~ct ion of thc inirrnaa incwsideircl- of t h r sewral sutrelites invohed m thc prnmss, But t h l ~ 1~ rtuO a p1~~111etri t c~ bo

rnnsidemd n t the prescnt l ~ v e l uf ma1ysZs. {See, ait this sespect. S - M Tella, RniCes de la ContrnvPrsln Il<dure~inn;21 CYI I R Argentina, Bucnns Aires; Uni- - ~ r r s i d a r l d i Bilcrint; Aires [Scririrln d e Dacumcntari?n dc Socinloglnl, lr)65) ,

l inr csar: this f o r n i p pwer rvas. oncs: agñln, Grezt Rritnin. ;ondc, "Prohlernas dc 1 crecinrion1,n indu~Lrial '~, in T, S. Di T~ l l : t .

I;. G l e r r n m ~ , J. Crrsci:irena rt R I (crls, Argentina, Rucltiriad de ATasa~, Buenos -- - .4i ws, Euel~bn, 196 5 .

political evenia iíihich proved less manxg~ahlc th,m glaninned, namely a typc oF mndrm- irulivn y u l l ~ r i i r f e ~ n t from t hp one ~ C L T P S ~ C ~ by the initially active cii#. the failum nf Ihe e f f ~ r t kn r+populab the deaert" irihich sntaikd thc extreme u f i m grciwth, tha uo l l t f c~ I revindtcations od ncw Clites snd masses --mainly urhan--. nnrl t h ~ n ~ ~ r l for a serics of political adjustments. rr:sulting, as n!onsequmce, ratheir thm as-. a cause. in fairly unjvcrssl political participaticin by 1911;. --

1 rvould lilw tri link t h i ñ initial. active md t k c i s l w dtftude DE thp u ~ h m

4 rgrnt in-his t o ~ y , and. more ~:i.rtirul:~rly, in the political and ccosmarnic tr,msform- ;rt.irin ~f tll-c country, aith a general eharacteristic af snmn Latin ilrnerícan urhan centers .

1 . T h e a l l a g e n e t i c r o l e o f E l t i e s . T h e c a s e o f B u e n o s -- - -= - A i r e a .

In x welr-hawn paper, (*) Redriield anrl Singer point to tsvo difkrent roles aE t h e r l t y Lar Lhe r!~naerv~tian nm-3 rnodlficztion of aultural patierm:

The dialinctiiin thzt is ahrn hasle: t.o mrisideration of the cultural mle of ciEie~. is hhr diñ t inc t inn brlwcn thcl c a r q ~ Corwart! intu systematir: and reflectlire $imcmiaile ñn old cultum mind tlie P . .

thucight that hairc. aurhority b~yonbor- ln ~lqgflict !vr,ith-o,ld ccultu-ls and a iv i l~ j . ,ñ f tn í i s . iVii: r n ~ g h t spe:ik 0 1 the ni-iho~enekic rulturnl í-ntr n i ri t ics as cnntrastcd w teragem ral rale, ( * * ) rth fiwHif

f--- ,L.

tic cultu

A--.- -- A krirf excerpi lrnm tnc? same paper mny sufficrr for a general character- izntlori uf both cnnccpts.

1n 6mth th-r roErs tl~e city is s place in vhich cultural c h m ~ e t k e s place. The roles dlffer m tu t h e nharrictrr nT thv chringv. In so tre rity has an ortbogcnctic rolc, II is not t n m;iintain cuiltum as the ~ r t h c r - gcnetic cit,y is isot stalic; i l id t h e place w h e r r rixligioiis, iphicerl md litersr~ specin L rct. a y

material new ñr !nts m d fci be nut~rirvthr >Id. wb ~ ~ ' h a t WWT them mrorr. Tn so 'hr m ;;a crLy has a BelemReneL~í: mle, i t I R

f the frai lt. by lhe

b atziternc

ixta mil .rang¢mt 5 nf t h r r 3 .-

snd cre: ncnts th: nged Is ; . a

I ~ Q iliklf O

$t are fe r f~trther A .

far m L it waa; philoso

- ment md Cukura.1 Chaage, Vnl . III. Yo. 1, 15-54. pp. 53-73. ReprinterI in R: Rcd t ieli.1. Hun-i:~n Nnlurr : r d ihc Pturly nf-~ncirity. Chicngo: Un3%rerslty of Chigwo PPERS, '1962. pI3. :3zF;-:ir,rb.

(**) R. Rcdlfield and M. Singer, op . cit., . p. 332.

anorng. Gitics are both t h ~ s ~ things , anci thc eame eirents may bppar to particular people or groups to k rrrpiresentxtiv~ nf rillier brtFicig.c3nasis ur hetsmgcnesis. The prrdoniinating tmnd rnay be in m e O€ ihe tw direitáons, anrl ~ a o allu7n ua Ln difiraclrrl-ln;~ thc clty, ór that pph.29~ ~f thc history 0 3 tho citj. aa ihe nne o r the uther . (*)

IVe canivnt ( ~ n d nced mlitp fnllour here RcdfieW md Singer ñn theis study nf tke cnmplex interactcti~ns wilhin nnrl amonR culturas. In w h i ~ h c j f i e ~ are sometimas the h c i r l pninjs ñn which a dnFk cultul-e, witliouh murh ~ l i r n lnterfetence. is trma!ormed ifio m urh:tn cu ltum [prirnzry urlaanP~dinn). ~ n d sometí m ~ w thr: 5 ~ a t

of ciiltui-al contxcit. iri which ''3 Iolk sncirty, ~ ~ c i v i ! i x r d . pPnc?nt, nr pslPCiy ushnni zcrl, is hi-Lher srl~anizeil by conttiet \vi th psog11cs cif iirirlc ddiffcrc~ie zrultures fscrrn that 01 iÉ- a im members. " [arinand;iry iishanizatian). (**) But wrie rnxy pr rl~iipñ u s e and cnrnplsrnent. for uur owc.n purposea , thcir ~ e w r n l cnnceptuaI f r m e - work.

lurnte de lilture iin . - 1 3

Tnciee.1, Por a n ncc scr i~t 101 iist~+rir;i9 rnlr nf cities i creaiiaa mirl d ilusinn nf c thr ccni ns í>f t~b:bt tudny iñ , 4 r g ~ n nerd n nnw rwnre.ep. C i t i v s nizire (l3iienos , Snnrst F&, Rasnrio. ctc. 1 inlitia1ly ncii-licr orin)l;c=ncl elin, i n lhr A P ~ S ~ atmi-e drscrilwcrl. T h q can bettrr be clescrihrrl a nd d e f i m ~ l 3s ilir81;ui settlrrnrnts having the

n thar re :entcrs o

f') R.Rcdfirld md M. L ; i ~ - g ~ b s , op. ril.. pp.332-333. {'") H. IilniPlfieEd :~nd YI. SinEer, up. C E E - , p. 336? Fit~rrovrr, :a is well kíiutvn, finmp

u% Rsrlfirlci cnnc~pts aad theor i rs are qu iie ruriitroversid , {* **) Por a re1:itt.d mnwl~t, scc. hJcl~alf Sarfatti, Sp,uriah - Rurocratic-Patriníonialism

in A m ~ r i e a . B e r k ~ l e ~ : Vnlvvrsiiy uf Cnlifnrnln. fihB6, pp. 2 -2 : '9L k;~+ Iwrn arm~eti hy ari rrnirtent mthropologisl --Grnqp M. Fustsarr-- thn ~pTis theurg nf ncciiltusaiion. i c inndcquate to d r a l wit1-i I h r compohsltc 3 r r : s ~ ~ l t i ~ from rtcnloni zaiiutl". In thc e l a ~ e i ~ ñppr~iach. S U C ~ cii 1 t u 1 ~ s W Y U I U nr ~ynthct ic . tlia rincnmnclatccl -ccauEt o i tbe coritñrit b ~ t . ñ ~ a z i Clic "Juriur" anci wrerlpl~nt'' culfunrs. The p r o b l ~ m of explainiw the mechaniarns Ln~-ulvc-d ancl tEie retlsnns hr thc selcriinn n12d predmminni~cc u1 cei-t-tain cul tural irziits arisss irnrnediately. ñncl is n n s a C i s f x c t i 1 scilricd by ~either ftinctiontll explnnstrarms or i h e 1henr-y of L ' ~ m w ~ i o ~ u l rcpresí~ntafiunrT (thc prcdominant rtimprted't iraits are those mant fwqucntly preseni ira t h r " c n l ~ l a ~ l " xiLur~liun\. Favtcr p r o p o s ~ s t0 ItSe an intermcdiale rnnwpt, l h a l nf l i c ~ n r j u c s t calltum~, " which presimppasrs ":hat the anven~nwni . . . n l tllc danor cul turr hm sume dcgrec o l rniiilxry anrT prr1ilic;il r:aritrní nwr rhe wcipierit people. md that this. rr3nt1-01 i~ utilfzed tn bnng a(Xiut phnnrd ciiñIIge5 in thr rvsy uf 1 i k of t1l-ñ~ ArnUp. In otlier wrijrds, mnqwrst implies that forre nnd 1-inlcnce mny xccornpmy 3rd evPn aId tr:msmi~sioñ

Borne of the s s e i d , political and altura1 implfcaticim of these Ftall~genetic'r tunctions are apparent: in urban Wnters of th le eharacter the rñrhob re~uI11ng 8ub- cult!ir? and the 80ci~il and p~litlml structure are! 170riented1h toward the oriflaal pnliticat ñnd ciiEttira8 cpntpr~ ahmad, Thiq au 11~13slly hased UJM.~ F L ~ wintnrr-~rl by a mlontal o r dewndent econonay (as w m the case itl Argentina during mnst bf its history).

,ks the vailágen&fc'r cit. graws 1% 6edsmes a meeting moartd. not only for periple frcim the h i n t c r l m d , from khe clty itself and from thr ~ P n t ~ r s nf the original cililture sbroad hut alsa --rspecixlly in modern times-= fo r peaple f rum othcr , dlff~reni. u r b ~ n and r u ~ a l amas. The Incmneig rythm of mmmurticatian, travel and difusion ndds to t h i s noiv r%~temgenetic'u robe ei the (forrnerl colonial cxclaTe. But even in thcsc wiv , mnre cornplex fitnctiúng, the iaitisi asirnt~tion nf tha d. --md of i ta not o f urban-mrnl intersieInti~tl~hipe-- tñward di#tmt mntara of cul tdra l irifluence and gcilltisal power will be felt f o r x bng time mi wiH cc6írtribte tcr narsnrc- dnwn tha stmge oriT selccrfon a l the c-emltural md stmctural olements ivhich are "ncfieptablerP 2nd tn sh,apc in ñn allogenetic directinn the socid, ecanomic, poHticxl and nultaral r3tT~dum of b t h ci@ and hiqte~land, svcn whcn th~? ostensible b o d s with thc original mctropnlia h ~ v c hccn súvrwd.

&aln, comisfdcratims of spam m d time pmwnt me fmm fnlIswing up in detni l t he irnplicatiom ouf this politico-cultural msde i, brrt 3 think that m enumeratim of Nome o l the facriors whicki probablyfavornrhitlcSCr~l~allogenetic chwrwter oT an urban hrit%intk, (2) iEs drgrric of concentr~tinn rir dik-usit~n, and (Y) ita r;rourth. rnight ~uFfice trs point n& the rnriin l i n e ~ 0.f thought d research which sboulrl be fallúwed in ~ t s furthes exp1ur;itiari.

- In ss dnPng, I w i L1 Stick 10 the Argent in l ;~ case, not rinly 'because I know it better thm ~ t h e r s , btlt becxuce 1 belleve it cxernpllflleds m extreme case of ñ l l ~ g ~ n ~ t i c

u r b : ~ cnncemrñtTnn nnd, cosrespmdigly, 18 a rltarer, rpurer case than wilr find. for instarice, in Xi~xico 01- Pcrn .

In what r ~ f c r s to t h factnrs t h ~ t ddrtcrrnane the cultursl rola o I the u&an systcm (wlthin the three typea of alxivr drifimd rokzs], it is apparent Lhl ihnoIati~n I'airors -- cpteria paril-M-- the ~leveloprnom of the G r e d Tradition which Redfielcl

--=- - -

of ccrt-tain cultural char~cteristics. Qn the cither Aand, dlstancc frolrn the mothrr ~ n u ~ ~ k r y rid the purwicisc. oi canquesi imposes a acilection ñ1: thc nutset, ;it Lmst :Lmong t h ~ ar t i f a~ t s and ieehrhniqum tto bx cxmrkd. '+ T ~ P wf~rence is to G . M. Foster, Cultnre aPBd Cowuest, G h i c ~ g a : ' Cju~drarr~lc Blroks , 1960.

and Slnger see as. the cultural contributtcln af the o&hogenetic cities, ("1 md that frele mmnuaic;itiocin, at the urhan center os wnters, amena tivo o r more equally rewilient ctilt~~z-s-, favora thie hek~oe;enetia m l ~ of th~ar l cPntprq Thg n 1 lcí genetic mhr i v i i l ke Siaf*ored in t l i ~ casa oi an urbm exclavr in a territnry with /ni spwse pqulatLfln of thc almcrrlginkl! rlweliers {hi& gsattlcrs-natirre~ rdilr), Ib) Low leve1 and cnrr rspnding l:~l>ilitqr for s~aístsnne .tci integr:iiion ,md ~ccu i tur~ t t i on~ oti

thc pwrt nf the nbnripinal ibk-cultum, ( * * j (cj isaiat.tlun á ~ o m amr nthrr culture, exeept fmm tho alien une, Qn hcball o f which ihe nlbgenesis 1 nkcs pl~m: , and (rl)

economic. palitlcal anrl emlo~ic31 crntrnlizatinn s i thc el t -hinter land wpvct+?rn.

In tfze pl .t ion rc-hi* m y cuhL , =

Most ctf these ~andi t lons IWFP P P C ' R B ~ ~ in Lhíi init1:d s~tt lcmrnts o l bhe S he River (a) spnsse, reeafcirire ly n ncl ~rithering, [ & * * )

II m?, - i r 1 i ~ ~ l ~ ~ i i o m , anu rr i t exlrcrnr cernrit~17n1icin,

idcd on h i p t the S

Excrpt si the leve 1 nC thr < l j tw , much rnf r hrs .s.Ptuntjori pcrsjñted pr:icLically uiui1 t alrc ~lciircnTñ1i oT thc "reniFying íEictator~hip" 05 Rocixñ. rvith ehc c i t i rs --o~peri. i l lv Rurnu~ Aires-- ~s wnttlrs nf rllfusiun of tEic Eiirripr*m r~ilt~ire, aiid thp almrsst desertrid ~o~~ntrvsidrl ns r h ~ weat ool a S 1 iqh4,ty m.-xi.izn lolk-cu1tirl-r.

li zvill dexl ~irnullaneokls ty with thf? secolid iuld thfrrr s c r i r s nf fnctass -=th@ ones fairorinp 4 % ) thc concentrarion ef thí. urban netwrirk. and [h) t h ~ grnir-th nl h e urhan whvnrk , :1nh1 eq3t'e i:i11y I I R p r i m ~ t r rkfy-- Iier3lt~fs S C S ~ F C B ~ nf thcm h:ive a msltlt~ r f f r c t hoth nn rnnrent cntion md Fronth. Tl-iey iinc bdc . in thr c lse aP Ruenrrsi nLi res, a h c t ~ r g n 1 ~ 1 i C o n y i ~ t c n t S P T ~ P R nf ~cnlsgica l , ceonnmic, social nnd wlftical factors. [-)

('1 R . R ~ d f l r l d rind SFhger, %sit. ..- . p. p , 333-347. gass. - [I*] Sec R . R. Ssrvire. Ttldim-Eurwpean selatiana in Cc~lonlal Latin Amrricn,

-4m~rlcm .4nthropalsgririt, -- -- + - Junc k9ri.i. 57, pp.411-43, f ~ r a much m n r e dettuled acscuunt oof t1.i~ jnflucnrt. a I (a) the niirnhtri. nncl (bl the type of culture of Phe wl~>r,rlgine l pnpu lations wn Ihe r ~ s u lting kisid nf Indian-Ernapcnn ñd justmenis.

[***) See: E. R . Bcrr-iw, rip. c i t . , p. 418. [*"**) Alihough I l i i s rolc dccrrxsrd mñrkerlly rlurjng t h ~ regime n l R n s m . (m j 1 % ~ R I I C * ~ C I F ,%ires to Iixve rcacc.hcxd i4.s r x c t . ] ~ l iitnn l nl~snliltr R T I ~ relative di -

mensiotic, its nwf=su;hrtrning inf1urarr~ nvrr 9ts irnmetliate md rncdiatitr hider- lmd . :~nri its c1ccisir.c p l i t l c a l sole, m:iny Eactors muct liñw rnncurrcd )'in tha same r l i~eot ic>i t . 'VI .is a 'uniqut.' plienomenan, ncrt in f h ~ a e n w th3L' t1111qu~ Iñws apply tto I t , but in thr scnse thrit ii i~ tlic r ~ s u l t nE m exmgtlonal m m - hin:ilirin :mcl interactlon nf vn-irinhlcw wtlich we maZv flnd elsewhrr~. but thxt in otl~er cases wurk la n k s s 'cnnr?esghntr Swhioñ, nnrl reslult i n lesa .~;pcancular

E c ~ l ~ g i c a l l y , Buenos Aires is the n n t u ~ a l port oof the mmo~t f e ~ i k m$ rich ~eg ion oí' Argentina; tbe nakural routes nn 1md and water converge in Buenos Airea {buth the huge Paran& and Uruguay rivera, md thc opcn pompas, which W W D ~ R and ~ O P S C G COULCI ncgotimtc without ohatnclcs fo r mhny hundrcd 01 miles in al1 dli-cctiona). Witlr rhe- deveíopment OI rnndern c&le raising md ngrlculturc, and thc crcatian of a mmplete network of rrailmada ;znd (later) p a t d h lghway~, the geographical situatian of Buenas Airea b c m a aven more privileged, e i d e a91 of them con- tsemed in the capital cit.-.

Ia ecomrnlc terms. G r e a t e ~ Buenos Aires, ín the 1 s t ane hundred yesrs, has aesn its impnrtancncc (which w m almarly cruelal) sosr both lai ralative and absoieitc terms, EW the --by far-- mask active port for ilae exportation of ciaftb and ngricultural. produce md the imprtxtion of maaufactured g o d ~ from Eurdpe nixd t l ~ e U.S. A . . as tire luoatloii o i iiicat-paukbiig ladust~sles ,mtl i q u d of tlle rawt

of the irir3ustry erf the cúuintry, (*) md ík4 a. ~rncentrated rnnrktt For p d s ~ n d srwices. including ::nr third of the pnpialatirin af thc munt ry .

Tt has a mmadea-n ~ o c i a l stmcture, rñrith F+ tkrrre- nr multi-straturn t~pr: of a l n ~ l i ri rtl liun, liigli susin1 rnr~bil1i.r. Iza-Y --ami plllically crucial-- rniddlt? srctnrs, and grrot masscs cí.1 industrial mrkers.

In ñdrnínistratlire and polLtlca1 Zerm, the inbtial colonizatian OS the country wañ started from a feiv, wldely separabd e n t e r s , &LB o€ thern, excepl Buenos Ai-res, ourside the preseIlt territorg eif Argentina: tbe ccmquest md tRe calony were rigidly centralixed (u cúrnpared, for instarice, with t h s plurientraí- i sm uh Yorh A m ~ r i c m culaniers). [**)

In f m t . hf no3 la words. plCticxl centrsli;i,atioa wss prrscticed by m& nisf t h c grivernrnents which sücceerled thto Viceruy ot the Híver Plfktsi: atlfter K ~ s m ' dowfall, c ~ k s nf IRW ~vrr prornul~ated oniforrntjr f u r ihe urholc country, a nnl inna l amn y wnw inntitirld, Xhp naiinnal gnt-~rnrnrni! hok ~ s í d ~ n c ~ in Rtilerios Aires, ivhicfi %vas hedernli7,ed. {***) ñnd althnugh. the pmvinces th~nrét ical ly constitute a federziicrn nf ~utonnmouñ stzteñ, centrriliarn <md cnnlrentrztinn of polilical poicles have ~tendiLy ndi.;inceci in t h e last nnt hunrlred ye~irs .

[* Wxen irader~try i ~ : hnn'Ltod iñ ihe prí)Vih~~E?, - Aibnentee ~ s h + . a ! - @ d bubm~.iiia control ( ~ 4 t h the main officrs loc~ tcd in Brieizcrs Ai r r s , huncir~d oi' m i k ~ aw3'~y) p l w e s many of the sppawntly de-c?entrslixed plm2.q.

IU+)i Se@ liB:qx11 Smfatt i , 013. c.il, f a v + j 50 .ipawedly dehnt ahLe par:~Tle 1, we rnzy mcnmpa~le Emaker Rue

to 1 k (without. the poEiticñ1 cantrcvl of Xlbñn?;) which wtvnuld sim S ly b wiv,-iiiriKtrin and, tn :i certain cxtcnt, Chicngn. m d whicih wnuld cniiz-eiiLi i r c l i

nne third nf Ihe pc>puls.tian uI the Cniled Rkaks,

On t ha níie hmrl. civilirin gozwrnrnentq have alvsys hact, aot oaly psestige, powes &d nPms much ritmx:e lhnse of any pmílince or m ~ i o n , but also the

ccmstitutional md ltgal facultics fw {a) s ~ n d fedcra l ''intei-~rentorea'r to t h ~ provincrs --r'jthes by Iaiv ni- I I ~ preairlcnijnl derree--, and t o {b) auapeild hhe ccinstilutionai gkiarmties in anv p a d of tlie national territory.

hlost OF t h ~ m uscd t h i ~ pnurer hnth M a 13:imucienri threat rind as m acLual political instrummt. I t wner Fd l-re 4nci l»ng Ln a u i v e y ili c1er:cil al1 &e other examples of poIiticnl 8nd finmcinl puwer mnenkrlrted ir tire hmds of the central pwcrrtmrnt; auffiee ta say ihat there is a isir crinsehsue mong Arb;entFniñn political writcrs on the factud entr:slisrn of. Che s ir~~ctute rrf inctiiutional osve ve r. dcspite the formal rfauto~nmgi'of €he prnilncial pm-ernmenls,

t h s othr 'rnancnt

.r 11

- cnnspir tionnl p . 1 - - - * : - - -

0ii .r 1~,1nd, civi 1im1- whicli lasve been a pea fratiturc of Argcni tn ths present, have ;zlati c.un~rii,ii led lo this ~rrill;ih~: cr.nrr;ius.<i lun u 1 p c i r r i ic;-cr pr ,wrr TI the cchtr:il cirhnn nren rilf Lhr cfiuntry .( + ) Al1 hri~igh lolr*a 1 prllit[cs is aonlctlmes ncl spiritcd, its impnrrnncic ri-Idnm Lil,linwwnds t h ~ 37-PR ni t h ~ prn1,~ince ~cnt ina iEle cut l sy ir ;~v ica l r r í l w ~ ~ r r v i l ~[inszu ruid t l~c iiil1lLni.y l~nz-e i r l t hnrl n a t l r ' r ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i m - nm3

ñipiFir;~noc, -il~rec,i.rir. in iioe ictiilh the iiinctiorial centralisni of 1 1 3 ~ nrrny, the resulting caups. stxrtec! in Bucnos Aires. hnve anífnrm lmpl~11irrit~tion in thk: rrst aC t h ~ r n u n t r y . (=+) Dut-irtg thv ~ n s u i n ~ p ~ r i u d s u1 rnleilriry r u k , 1Rc s a m r crntralisrn ~hmt~ th'xtinhd.the_~rnlutinmt7;. gamrmetiB. P~rortissn w:is hiehly cenrrallzcd, ns 1 s ~ h v p ~ 4 $ q ~ n [ rniIi::iq- g*~vr:rnrnt>~it.

A11 lthcse conirewIm Si~~tom have rescilt.rcd in such n concrntrntíon crf e \ -~rv type of in:iut.nce and 1Pnivt.r in .Ihrh cenlrd ii rtxin ;irea ol Ihe c43uht.i (***\ m-fcí mxkike it

( * ) Betiveen 113:30 :mzl 19Fb ~ n l y twrn pi'~-s~dc~tls hnvc stnyrrt jn pnivop un t i 1 t1.l-i~ ~*md nf €he ppricid 10s s h i c h they hacl b e ~ n ~ppaln t rd . Dnih R~PT.T grnrrals (dustn, and PerBn, in bis firct wrásd. 1 Thr siacwsis I ain 'ncir.i Einn grivernmrnt-rnilitaq cstzp-elcct Icrns-clvllian goi~ornrn~nt-mi l itxsy ~ o u p , " ~ t c . h:tq k m m e r e g u l a r enough as to tle concljdrr~d, in Al-~cntina as in s r v ~ r a l nther I,r'itin :2rnerivan cuuntsies, thr "institulirin:lli~~d" --r~ltl.io~ig not the "official'l-- sydrrn nt polit ical eucanesion. Snc Grncisrcnn, in 'S .C . Di Tpll:~ +.t :d., -,htrq?;entina, Soci~dnd de TiIZm:~cr, í ip .c i t . . p.364. :M &e aartitzle bgr Rl.lilim. 'I'ow-ards a Theorv af Pswrr m b 1301iticaE 1mtiikiliti.r iir Lntin America. in J. H.I<autsky

the sea t of a social m d politicn E phrinnrnnmn ,mi$+' diffewnt fmm t . h ~ lnrp; .~ cz~itals o r cities af the g~seat nations éif t d ~ y : the phennmenon of n 1rir-g~ eity without a pmportionate nntion to match it. t x * ) {***]

Although shscr numbers arc ~ n l y .R pñrt of the story, the relative urbm grnwih nf G ~ A ~ P V W U P ~ C ~ R X l w ~ 19 A t~11Sng indfcnfni. ni' irs cnnntanl ly inswrieingr overall Irnpastmcs, Ia Ffppre 2, T haw plotted t k peroentwe d i its ~1 ipu9~ t ion over thc irlioIe population of the muntry, a~ccrrding h tlie fitre Nztionril Censuses batween 1869 xlzrl 1960. pereentage cif the total popuLation nf the cnnntry 1ivit-g in vhicli w a ~ hitiñlly R high 13,2"?, i n c r ~ a a r i by a factor ~j 3%.

that pcr Burnas %,m 2.56

At the ssme time, €he nbsalute n ~ m b e r s {more than 6 , 700, Oír0 inhahitnnts b y the latest afficial w u n t , six p a r ngo] put Ruenns Aii-rs among iihe f ive Iargest u r b m wglorncr~titions in tlzr modero 1+r0rIS. {*'** )I

íf we comhine t k twoi itrdicaitior~ (a] alisuiule numkra, lily crarnp:irixun with other urlxm agglnmeratims in zhe wor Id. (*sab m d ~ ~ h ' i i ~ ~ t i w , ~ r r ~ x t i o n ~ or plripod-tinn af thp pipui~ltion cif t k muntry living in a g l w n urbsn rrtntf?lq {Figure 31, we see Ihat. amcine; t h e ten Lamer urhan sgglornerations, Grenter B u ~ n o s Aires is, bv fsir, the l~adzding une in velative conrefitr:itiun. i

(**") StnicturalIy m8 plltIcn3ly 'rcientsal, " bbut emlngically margiinal: in 1 its Lnitial m ~ d preserit ;~LIt~gerreliír rule, Buecu.1~ -%.lrllrn uccuyic la1 pnsitian thfian Rta d~ Janrirri, Kew yosk+ Honteirldeo, Lima, her

-- A-ricm capcal c l ~ e s . _ . {y*) Jn r e I n i i w tterrns, Slícint~riden, Uruguay, í s similar tci Buenos Alres lil many

recpmis. (***) T w Unes ot resenrch 6tem ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 8 3 1 ~ 20 90110~ D p fsom whst r have preeented

here in ;m rnastly impmasionistic fsskloa: la) to c~~bstantiate these impressinns with m srnpirical study. l t l i nf Argcntñm m d , cornpar~tively, of dsveloping rciuntries n f differant t ~ ~ e c . md (bl tr, cxplnrei the irnplications of extreme urban concentratinn in nn allogrrrric s e t t i n ~ for rnodcrnizat ion and develoipmeat, - -- . . .,

Accnrrlirg t n thr eañr of A r g r i ~ t lnn --wh id i mlght be ~cnrralIzxb1~ t u other deve laping ccluntri~s-- , extsernc allogcnctie ecrneentsation ten& to favor

urhan ccntrr j c . ~ . . Buenos Aires, ?+Toneetlideoli, kiut alirn, in t h i s er:i n? m a s rncdia, pliblic eciucatiun, elc,. ih t h ~ sed nf the mudcr-y. It has much lass ~Le3r crlnvc-quences un cconnrnic dpvolopmcnt md induktrlsllzation, aot on ly because a t scriously dlstorts the emnomic, social mii pkitisal slructurea of t h ~ frii!ni-r.y, hlrf 91-n h ~ c a i i s ~ il ~ u h ~ i i s t s thr= hrrniñn rpsniirct-s OF thp Iimvinws [B.K., ky imLLtutfng m d inlra-tiafinnal '%rain-dsdn."]

(**") Spe The kTorl~1 - Merclpnlikm ~ l rea - , Rt*rkelli*y I!niv%rsiiy of Cnlifnpnia Pesñ , 1959, rkls u, K. D;ivis, Thrl IJ~hmisat inn O I the Hum liln Papulatioii, Scienlific ArncrIcart, Irol. 213, No. - 3 (Septemkr, 1965), pp.41-53 (especinlly pp.-li-d.?)

tm) K.a:wia, op. &.

&-sin. thia points to + h e plttrprnp r ñ q ~ nf :L i.itjf ~vhicla, oic-ing ini nart tw the ~xwptjnnal carivcrgence u£ factor3 favnring what m have calked itc allogenetic fuanctinns, mnmiwd thls time not only in strict culttiral terms hut, by analcrgy, in h r a a d ~ r ecosarnir and politicnl terma. has Men TbuiltT t d the scalc 07 tlhe t~r i r ld .

but not tci t h ~ a c ~ l e of thf oaruntry to rcrhich ii: beiongs.