ISSN 0201-7585 ISSN 0150-0083 · I0.C. KYKYUIKUH - rnaansla penamp, C.A. E&EAKOB - sam.rnaanoro...
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ISSN 0201-7585 ISSN 0150-0083
Transcript of ISSN 0201-7585 ISSN 0150-0083 · I0.C. KYKYUIKUH - rnaansla penamp, C.A. E&EAKOB - sam.rnaanoro...
ISSN 0201-7585 ISSN 0150-0083
I0.C. KYKYUIKUH - rnaansla penamp, C.A. E&EAKOB - sam. rnaanoro penampa, B.A. EOPOLIAEB - orsesersennslti CeKpOXpb,
A.M. EOPOAKHH, A.T. ~ O J M K O B , c . n . K A P ~ O B . B.A. KY3WUIMH. n.C.JEOHOBA, r.@. MATBEEB, J.B. MMJIOB, C.B. MAPOHEHKO, A.A. HMKRUIEHKOB, E.H. nllBOBAP, B.C.TYPYHH. [email protected], B.n. IIHAH
Penamp O.H. ATEEBA
Tem.recmR penamp 3.C. Kowpamos.
Koppemp r.M. Cemenosn
ki3 MCTOPMM MOCKOBCKOrO YHMBEPCMTETA
A e p r a s e 8 a J.R. Moc~osc~ l rR ym8epcmeT n ra3e~a eMocK08C~we seno~ocnt* 8 1870-e rr. ................... ... ................................................. 3
Anpec penamnu:
I25W9, Moc~ea , yn. 6.Huxumc~on. 5/7 Ten. 203-31-28. 119992, Mocxea, Jenunc~ue zopu, ucmopuvec~uci &xynsrnem
Xyp~an 3aperricrpnposaH B Mn~nnepcrse neqam a n~@op~auwn PoccnRc~oR @enepaunn. Ceune~enbcrso o perncrpaunn M 1554 or 14 @spann 1991 r.
ll n n c o 8 c K n x M.B. npencrraane~m o KpacoTe .renoneKa 8 cncreMe 3 m o ~ y n s r y p ~ m c ~ e p e o ~ ~ n o ~ ( ~ a Marepnane ncna~ncloor car) ............... 19 3 8 e p e a a K).M., T y p b n ~ c ~ a n X.M. M3 ncrropun ~ y 3 e h o r o nena 8 POCCAW (KOH~U XIX - HaValTO XX 8.) ........................................... 40 A 0 K y q a e 8 a A.B. P Y C C K O - @ ~ ~ H U Y ~ C K H ~ XynOXeCTBeHHble CBfl3U 8 1920-e - Haqane 1930-x m. .............................................................. 63 Y 3 H b H) a H b. n p ~ ' 4 ~ H b l PaCnalIa CCCP ( M H ~ H U ~ K H T ~ R C K O ~ KCTO- PUK~) ......................................................................................................... 80 C a n 0 B H H K 0 8 a 0.A. MnenHble OCHOBbl CY@~~XHCTCKOKI JIBUXeHWl B CUM ( p e m XIX - XX 88.) ............................................................. 89 C a @ p 0 H 0 8 k B . MCTOBHK~ HCCJlenOE23HB3 n o n m e c K o R ITorpa@Ef~ n p e e ~ n x arb L S ~ C C ~ ~ C K O ~ O nepnona ............................................... 101
I I U a C b B npOUeCCe nOCTOflHHOr0 OTp%KeHMIl H a n W O K CO CTOPOHbl er0 IIPOTUBHUKOB, CTpeMUBLUMXCfl nOKa3aTb, W O UOCHOBHm MaCCa X e H U M H HUKOrna H e UCKaJTa U H e XeJIUa UMeTb npaBO lUJlo~a*~'. n 0 6 0 p H U I I a ~ IIOJIWTWIeCKOro PaBHOnpaBUfl npKXODWIOCb npU6eE lTb
K Pa3HbIM DOBOnaM PJlA BblpUeHMI l CBOUX B 0 3 3 p e ~ U R , H B UTOR HM ece me ynanocb co3na7.b 3asepme~~yro u nonnecm o 6 o c ~ o ~ a ~ ~ y r o CUCTeMy 63~JlRDOB. ~ ~ P U K ~ H C K R R C Y @ ~ M ~ M OTJlUWJICfl paUU0-
HSU16HOCTbIO A YerrCO O ~ O C H O B ~ H H ~ ~ M M nOBOIIaMH, IIOHXlXblMM A W M - HUMaeMblMH TeMM, H a K O m OHM ~ ~ U I H PaCCYUTaHbl, T O H npHBenO
B KOHeWOM CYeTe K IIPUHWIWO 18 aBVCTa 1920 r. J IeBrr r t r~I IUaToh nonpasw K KOHCTUI~UUU CLIIA.
nocrynma B p e n a m 20.04.2006
4' The New York State Association Opposed to the Extension of the Sunrage to Women. Eleventh Annual Repon. N.Y., 1906. P. 8.
100
BECTH. MOCK. W-TA. CEP. 8. MCTOPMII. 2007. % 4
A.B. Ca@ponos
3a n o c n e n H u e seTsep7.b BeKa u c r o p w e c K a n HayKa nocmna 3 ~ a - Y ~ J I ~ H ~ L X y c n e x o B B o6nac~u u 3 y ~ e ~ m q n b q Me3oa~epu~u u O C O ~ ~ H H O K y J I b w b I UHiTefiIIeB MaRfl. Apesme ~ a R f l OnHM U3 HeMHO-
rux npenc~a~menen n o ~ o n y ~ 6 o ~ o f i h e p u m , o c r a s u B m u e nocne c e 6 ~ 6 0 r a T e f i ~ e e H a c n e n u e n u c b M e H m K U C T O ~ O B , npeme B c e m ~ I I u Q ~ @ u Y ~ c K U X IlaMJlTHUKOB. K HaCTOflUeMy BpeMeHU U3BeCTHO
6onee 20 TbIC. u~Po~J IU@UY~CKUX TeKCTOB ~ a h f l , COXpaHUBLUUXCfl B IlepBylO OYepenb H a KaMeHHbLX MOHyMelrraw (CTWI~X, HaCTeHHbDt na- H e n m , n p m o n o K a x , nemuuax, anrapm u ~ . n . ) , a T a m e u r r y ~ o ~ b o c
penbe@ax, HacreHHbvc p o c n u c f l x , K e p a M u q e c w x cocynax, puiyanb- mrx npemm u p a u l w ~ b n : n p e m m M~JTKOR n n a c m (mame- HURX 113 m a n a l , u3nenm u3 KOCTU, p a K o s m a x H np.) u H a npyrm H O C m n m .
I lepornu@s~ec~w n u c b M o ~ a t h 6 b m o uemu@posa~o C O B ~ T C ~ M yYeHbrM 1O.B. K H O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ I M B c e p e n u H e XX 8.2 flam~enuree u3y~e- HUe u ~ ~ o I ' ~ M @ u Y ~ c K U X TeKCToB nOKa3an0, '1TO OHM BeCbMa ~ ~ 3 3 ~ 0 0 6 - pa3HbI n O COnepXiHUIO, HO ~ O J I ~ W U H C T B O A3 HHX, O C O ~ ~ H H O Te, T O BblCereHbl Ha MOHYMeHlitY, HeCYT B ce6e HH@OPM~UWIO ~ ~ 6 0 UCTO-
pmecroro xapanepa: onucame BHYTPU- A B H e m H e n o n u T m e c m x c06bITkiR MHOrOYMCneHHbLX U a p B IIPeBHUX am, BORH, IIUHBCTU-
v e c m x p o m . B nocneme n B a n e c m m f l ~ ~ U I A cnenaHb1 oqem s a x i b l e m ~ p b m B M ~ ~ Y ~ H M U 3nurpa@uw ~ a t h , n p o n e M o H c T p u - pornsurere, YTO ueporm@mecme H ~ ~ I I U C U - ropamo 6onee 6ora~ba ucrropurecm HCTOYHUK, YeM C Y M T ~ ~ O C ~ paaee.
6 0 ~ 1 b m c ~ ~ o c o x p a m s m c f l H ~ ~ U C ~ R m o c m c f l K Knaccwe- CKOMY nePUOlIY (111-IX BB.) - BpeMeHM HaUBblClUerO PaCUBeTa KyJIbTypbI ~ a R f l . CYUI~CTBYIOT TpU B m a UepornU@UYecK&CX TeKCTOB:
1) uapcme H a n n u c u ; 2) ananenbqecwe H a n n u c u ( ~ a K e p a M u K e u M~JIKOR n n a m e ) ; 3) ueporm@wecme pyltomcu. Cneyu@m uap-
' Xan - o6mee saxianne nnn nonynpamuemim n noneno.mm KaMneft 3ene- mom usem ( p w m arretlKo6: csnem, 6enom. po3o~om n np.) 6crpe.malourlrxcn y MHOMX npesseauepnKancKm ~ ~ n b n p ,
nonpo6eee CM.: ffiopo3oe B . B . npeswm nnct.Mennm U e m p m ~ o f t h e p n - Kn // Coserc~an 3~norpa@nn. 1952. NQ 3. C. 100-118; On x e . I ~ ~ C ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ npesHm Maw ( o m pacuui@po~mt) // C o m w morpa@m. 1955. M I. C. 94-125; On we. Cncre~a nncbMa npeannx ~ a k n . M., 1955.
CKHX HmIWice f i KaK UCTOpkNeCKOrO RCTOYHMKa 3aKRK)YaeTCII B TOM,
YTO O m I'IOCBRUIeHbI IIeXHHIIM MafiRCKItX u a p e f i W !4X npK6JlurneHHbLX - BblcUIefi 3nHTbl. TO o ~ Y c J I o B I I H B ~ ~ T OnPeEeneHHYH) CKYlIOCTb WH-
@ O ~ M ~ U H U , O C O ~ ~ H H O O COUUaJTbHO-3KOHOMKYeCKbiX OTHOllleHWRX,
m 3 m m 3 m cnoes 06tuecma w T .n . Ho, c n p y r o f i C T O P O H ~ I , o m n a m T 60ra~ei%urue csene~un no ~ 0 6 b M H o f i U C T O ~ U U .
~ O M U M O PeKOHCTPYKUHU HCTOPUYeCKllX CIOXeTOB B IlOCJTenHee
B p e w s a m e f i u r e e 3 ~ a ~ e m e n p U 0 6 p e ~ a 1 0 ~ W c c n e n o B a m r r B o6nacm ~ ~ T O p F i Y e c K o f i reorpaem, o c H o B a m b r e Ha u 3 y ~ e m u 3runpa@mecmx llaM%llMKOB. n 0 f f B W I a c b H ~ O ~ X O ~ U M O C T ~ U , CaMOe rJIaBHOe, - B03-
~ o m o c r a c m e m naHHble ~ a n r m c e f i ~ a k n c peam~ozi r e o r p a @ ~ e f i
0menbm.K p e m o H o B . Oco6oe MecTo B u c c n e n o B a H m U c T o p m e c K o f t
reorpaam Ma& 3 a ~ n ~ a e ~ p e K o H c T p y w m n o n u ~ u q e c ~ o f i reorpa- @MU - T.e. onpenenerfue ~ O K ~ J I M ~ ~ U U U , p a 3 ~ e p o ~ ~eppr.iropui% w ~ o ~ @ m y p a u m r p a m n o m T E s e c m x 06pa30BaHHti ~ a h , a T a m e
m H a h f m u 3 ~ e ~ e m r c T e p p m p h Ha n p m m e H m C y r u e m o B a H u r c
n o m ~ u f i , pacnonomem m O C H O B H ~ K u B T O ~ N H ~ K n o n m e c w UeHTpOB U O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ BHyrpeHHerO WMKHHCTpaTHBHOro ~ e i r e H U R .
H e c ~ o T p a Ha TO T O u3yreme n m ~ o f i np06neMb1 BeneTcx OTHOCM-
T e n b H o HenaBHo ( c 70-x rr. XX B.), yxe cnomacb onpenenemarc rows 3 p e ~ m Ha MeTonuKy xccnenosam n o n u m s e c ~ o f i reorpa@uu
Omra~o enmm c u c r e M a aeanwa u p e K o H c T p y w m nocnen- ~ e f i no c m nop He pa3pa60TaHa. nommeucn p a c c M o T p m b Bce cy- urecmyrourue Ha ceromurwW4 nem mom, ~ b m m m nono- XKTeJIbHble W OTpKUaTeJIbHbIe CTOPOHbl U npeDJIOXMTb C O ~ C T B ~ K H ~ I ~ ~
(opam~anb~b~t i ) nowon K u c c n e n o B a H u m n o m e c ~ o f i r e o r p a @ m
n p e B H k m Ma&.
K m o y e ~ o f i n p 0 6 ~ 1 e ~ o f i B ~ c c n e n o ~ a m rocynapcm ~ a h n wraccn- q e c K o r o nepuona mmcrc m m o n o ~ 3 a ~ w . Ha o c ~ o ~ a m ~ m m 3 a
z - i e p o r m @ m e c m T e K c m s ~airrr , nposomoro B T e s e H u e nocnen- HKY 15 JET, 6 b ~ 0 BbMBIIeHO, YTO B K J I ~ c c F ~ Y ~ c K H ~ ~ nepuon n o m - s e c K m c r p m a o6nam Ma& He 6bliIa o ~ o p o m r o f i , c n e n o B a m H o ,
a H m 3 roCynapCTB Ma& H ~ O ~ X O ~ ~ M M O IIpOBOnHTb B PaMKaX YeTK0f i
w r a c c u @ m a m . I l o c ~ o m ~ y K y m T y p a ~ a f i r c KaK sacm ~ e s o a ~ e p u - ~ a n c ~ o f i L U I B K I I U W ~ omocmcrc K npesneinuklM O ~ L U ~ C T B ~ M , a npes- H e a M e p m H c m e m r z r m 3 a m m o n o m e c m k 3 m n p e ~ ~ e i h u m L U I B ~ W ~ BOCTOK~', TO HaM He 0 6 0 h X ~ b 6e3 OnbITd W I ~ C C U @ W -
K a u u u n p e s H m rocynapcm C~aporo Csma. B m e s e c m e ~ ~ o f i m o p u o r p a @ m ~an6onee ~ P W ~ H ~ H H O ~ ~ m m c x
m o n o r m rocynapcm npemiero Mtipa, p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ ~ m M.M. D b m o -
HOBblM I? B.A. ~ ~ K O ~ C O H O M Ha OCHOBe naHHbM no 06urecma~ & e ~ -
3 CM.: h b e p L - ~ a p n o 8 c ~ u K., Ca&@ E. n p e s ~ n e unsmn3aunn. h c m u i t Boc- TOK Me3oa~epu~a. M., 1992.
Hero BOCTOK~. 3 r a T m o n o r m npennonaram c n e n y l o u r y l o cxeMy: aHo- Mosb le r o c y n a p c T s a n - m e p p u T o p w w H b l e u a p c T s a n - e m n e p u u n
( M U ampoBbre ,> nep~aebr)~ . K ~ K n o K a 3 a n c n e u n a n n c T no apxeono- r&tM ~ O K O J T Y M ~ O B ~ I X KYJIbTYP B.ki. TyJlReB, n a H H m T W n O J I O M IlpUMe- HMMa K Me30aMepWKe. OH X e OTMeTWI, YTO O C H O B O ~ ~ COlulaRbHO-no-
J I W T U Y ~ C K O ~ Op~aHA3aUWU Ma& X W a C b He60JIbLLIm < ~ ~ ~ r u l ~ ~ ) ~ ~ ,
COOTBeTCTBylollIaR no KJI~CCM@- M.M. ~ b ~ 0 ~ 0 B a U B . k f i ~ 0 6 -
c o H a ~ H O M O B O M ~ rocynap~m~ ,>~ ( B 3 a n a n ~ o i t w c ~ o p u o r p a @ m 06blw0 ucnonb3ye~ca repMmt.1 city-state - wopon-rocyapc~~o ~ U I A primary state - * n e p s u r H o e rocynapc~~o>>').
~ H O M O B O ~ rOCynapCTBOL' - H ~ ~ o J ~ ~ U I O ~ , HO YeTKO PEJI lFMMOe no T e p p m o p m pawtee r o c y n a p a s e H H o e 06pa30~ame, ue t iTpoM KOTO-
pOr0 fiBJMJlC5l ropon, 0 6 n m a s l u u f i @YHKU~UIMEI BOeHHO-nOnWTKYe- CKOrO, a4MRHUCTPaTIIBHOr0, 3KOHOMMYeCKOTO ( P ~ ~ W C T ~ M ~ Y T I I B H O ~ O )
M p e m o 3 ~ 0 r 0 ueH?pa. l T p F i Y e ~ 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ a H H e ropona npoucxomo OnHOBpeMeHHO C @ o ~ M M ~ o B w ~ M PaHHerO ~ o c ~ E ~ ~ c T B ~ ~ . n0JT.m~- Y e C m CTpylcrypa aHOMOBOr0 rOCynapCTB&> Ma& - UapCTBa, - 6bma n p e n c T a a n e H a u a p e M , y n p a m w r o p o n o ~ - c ~ o n u u e f i , a T a m e Ha- c n e n c m e H m u n p a s m e m M u ~ ~ o p o r o paHra - K H X ~ ~ X M I I , K O T O P ~ K B OTnenbHblX o6nac~m Ma& B KOHUe VII B. C M e H W Ha3HaYaeMble
HaMeCTHUm - caXaJTU9 ( B ~ ~ o Y ~ M , KX nOJlXHOCTb T a m e MOrJIa nepe- naeaTbcrc no ~acnencr~y). h M k i H H ~ T p a T H B H b l f i a n n a p a T rocynapcTBa
n p e n c T a m r r n u ~ X K ' Y X Y H ~ I ' O , 3 a ~ m a ~ m e p a 3 n m 1 e L I O J D K H O C ~ n p ~
CM.: Jbnnonos N.M., ~ K ~ ~ C O H B.A. aH0Mosble mynapcrsax, trreppUTOpUanbHbIe u a p m , *nonucur n nthnnepnax. npo6ne~b1 rnnonomn // B e c r ~ n ~ npes~eR H ~ O -
pm. 1982. NQ 2. C. 3-16. 5 B naHHoit pa6ox npMnH monumx (or aHm. polity) ynu~pe6nnercn nnn 060-
3HaVeHW IIepBUqHblX IlOJlUTWIeCKUX 06pa308a~nR, K a K nOIO€YtiapCTBeHHblX - 8oX-
necm, r a ~ H paHHemynapcTBennblX - X H O M O B ~ mynapcTsr, H H U K ~ K He c ~ n m co ~ ~ a r e ~ n e ~ , Kompoe sKnanblnaercn B Hem OTerecrseHHblM aHmKosenenneM, - xmeanbHoe rpawcnaucKoe 06mecr~or (no Apnc~o~enm).
Iymee B.N. ropna-rwynapcm Ma& ( c r p m a u @ m m u ropona B pame- vnaccosoM 06wec~ne). M.. 1979. C. 11-13; OH x e . T u n o n o ~ n n n p m a npesHnx ~-~~ . . mynapcrs MesoaMepnm // Ucropnrecme cyn6u aMepnKaHcloot umeitues. npo- 6ne~b1 HmeaHncruKU. M., 1985. C. 55-63. ' Gmbe N. The City-States of the Maya // A Comparative Study of Thirty City- State Cultures. copenhagen, 2M10. P. 553.
P ~ ~ K O H O ~ H.M., fl~o6con 8.A. YKa3. cor. C. 3. 9 Sajal: (caxanb) - aiaMecrHnKx; Tnn o6nacT~om npasnmn, nonsmmnitcn B
3ananno~ pernotre so 2-R non. VII e. 3mMonomn cnosa no KoHua He ncHa, so3- MOIKHO, nponcxonm OT saj - <~aneHbKII%b.
'0 'Ahk'uhu'n (m'yxy~) - T H V ~ ~ O I D K H O C T H ~ ~ nnu npu uapcKoM nnope. I l ep~o- HaranbHo c r m w b , r m OH 0603~arae~ xnocnaHHnKx (CM. nonpdnee: Locadem A., Ciudad A. Reflecciones sobre la estructura politica maya clasica I/ Anatomia de una civilizaci6n. Madrid, 1998. P. 3 1 4 ) ; no3nHee A. Crmap npennonoxm, r m TAIYJI nMeer 3 ~ a r e ~ u e ennceux (CM. nonp06Hee: Sfuarl D. The Aj k'ulrun title. Deciphering a Classic Maya term of rank 11 Ancient Mesoamerica. 2641. N 12. P. 217-228). Cynn no sceuy, n ~ n ~ ~ Tn.ryna a x ~ ' y x y ~ BblnonHnnn paulnrtme @yiy~mnn npn nsope.
nBOpe. u ~ o ~ W T H H * Mafiff YPOBHH) COUManbHO-~OJTHTWI~CKO~~ Opra -
HU3aUWi H e ~ L I J I M OAMHaKOBbl. B UeHTPanbHbLX M3MeHHOCTILY OTHO-
C U T W H O KpyIMbIe no ~ S l O ~ ~ WCylIapCTEa OTJIWI'rarrUCb MeHbluef i
CaMOCTOIITMbHOCTblO MeCTHbLX 3nMT, B TO B p e M KaK, HanpMMep ,
B 3anamo~ pe rMoHe cmyaunrr 6bma npmo npomnonomofl . T ~ M cyluemosano 60nblu0e KOJUiqecTBO U a p m B (6onee 30 06pa3oamnfi Ha momam B 30-35 ~ I C . K M ~ ) c IIOCT~TOWO cnommc ~ ~ y r p e ~ m ~ n e n e i i u e M n 3 ~ a s m m ~ o f l BOJI~HOCIE.~ y n e n b H m npaamnefiI1.
BblpZKeHMeM rOCynapCTBeHHOCTL4 y IUIaCCWeCKHX Mafin IIBJImOCb
acnonb30~a~ue ~ ~ M ~ J I ~ M H O ~ O nepornn@a*. ~ 9 ~ 6 ~ 1 e M H b l f i nepor- nn@u'2 , KaK n p a B w o , cocrom u3 rpex qacTefi : nnyna k'uhul - u 6 0 -
XeCTBeH~blf i ,> , T W n a 'ajow - UUapb* M BtUiCaHHOrO B 3HaK 'AJAW OCHOBHO~O 3 ~ a ~ a , ummuemn, K ~ K no~a3anu a. Cnoapr H C. Xay- CTOH, T O I I O ~ M O M - Ha3BaHneM n o n m e c K o r o uempa u a p c ~ ~ a 1 3 .
@0pMa U ~ M ~ J I ~ M H O ~ , M e p o ~ , m @ m BbllTFWTT C~eIIylOUIUM 06- pa3o~: H a n p n M e p , K'UH-MUT-la-'MAW, k'uhul Mutu 'I k jaw - u ~ O X ~ C T ~ ~ H H ~ ~ U a p b Myry'na* (uapCTB0 C UeHTPOM B apXeOJlOllNe-
CKOM roponwme Tu~anb). B n e p o r n u @ n ~ e c ~ o ~ ~ a f m rocynapcrso 0 6 0 3 ~ a q a n o c b T e p m o M 'ajawlel/ 'ajawil - u u a p c ~ ~ o u l ~ . tam^ o6pa- 30M, UHOMOBble IY)CYnaPCTBa* Maflfl CnenyeT AMeHOBaTb U a P C T B W .
Pa3Mepb l UapCTB nOBOnbH0 CKTlbHO pa3HUnUCb, I lJ lOUaUb KPYfIHbIX
c o c r a m a OT 3000 no 6500 m2, c p e w O K O ~ O 1500-2500 m2, o n H a K o C y u e m B a m H ~ O B O ~ H O M e m e n o m , n n o ~ u a n b m B He-
CKOJlbKO COTeH KsaUpaTHbU KMnOM€3'pOB, O C O ~ ~ H H O B ~ ~ I I U W O M pe- m o H e c en, np06~0fi nomnmec~ofi c ~ p y ~ ~ ~ ~ o f i .
B KOHUe 1980-x rr. n. C ~ l o a p ~ M C. X ~ ~ C T O H nOKa3'rarrM, .IT0 B
nepornu@mec~ux TeKcTax BcTpesaeTcrr 6 o n b m o e K o n w e c r a o p a - JlMqHbLX TOIIOHMMOB. 0 6 b l q H 0 OHM yno~pe6n~mw11 I lpH yKa3aHMH
MecTa c 0 6 b m c r n a r O n o M thtiiy ( u r n CJIYWJIOC~~) rn MecTa npo- MCXOXlleHm Y I l O M H y E U JMU (TaK HiwblBaeMblfi UTMTyn npOMCXOX- n e H u n u 'ah... - u s m o B e K n3 ... e). B pacore 1994 r. OHM nommm, 9TO CylueCTBOBWIO HeCKOJbKO Y P O B H ~ ~ ~ TOIIOHMMOB, paU1UqHbIX no CBO& 3HaWMOCIU: Ha3BaHHR UBPCTB, Ha3BaHIIII 06na~~efi/n,p0110~, H a 3 B a H m M W lXorpa@ulqe~KHX o ~ ~ S K T O B ' ~ . K ~ K Mbl BWHM, we B IMCbMeHHbIX MCTO'fHUKaX COIIepHTCIl C B e n e H m , 'IT0 UapCTBO CO-
CTOXJlO M3 H e C K O J I b W o6nac~efi, o&aenMHeH~bIX BOKPYr CTOJIMUbl.
CM.: 6me8 8&. ~ P B H H O Ma& (lII-D( BB.) // UHBWII(J~UHOHHM~ MOneJlH n m r e e e m . M., 2002. C. 138-144.
Bnepsue *3~6ne& neporm@r C i a w 6bm n p m m i A. Cnoapro~ s 1985 I. (Sfuan D. The Yaxha emblem glyph as Yax-ha // Research Repons on Ancient Maya Writing. 1985. N I) .
1' S m n D., Howon S. Classic Maya Place Names. Washington, D.C., 1994. P. 3-7. l4 Gmbe N. Op. cit. P. 553. 15 Sfua)? D., Housmn S. Op. cit. P. 7-18.
B ~ y r p w u a p m B c y m e c T s o e a n a n e p a p m roponcw nocene~ufi, B ~ I - n o n m s m p o n b y m o ~ B c u c T e M e n n a c r R M y n p a m e ~ m l 6 .
3necb CJlemeT o 6 p a m BHMMaHMe H a rUnOTe3y 0 *CaKptMbHOCIUe
rpaHMU UapCTB M a n , K0TOp)TO BbUIBPiHYJlH MccnenoBaTenn H. rpm6e A C. M a p m ~ . Ee O C H O B H ~ wen cocrom B TOM, wo nm6an u n o n n -
TUX* Maflfl, 06nanasuras CBOMM ~ 3 ~ 6 J l e M H b l M H ~ P O ~ R @ O M D , 6bma @ O ~ M U ~ H O HenpMKOCHOBeHHa B CBOKX VaHHUaX U DOroKHa 6bma Cy-
UeCTBOBaTb <B~'~HO*". P ~ ~ B M W 3ly MnelO, C. M a p m ~ CfleJIan IIpen- nonomeme, TO K a m o e u a p m m e n o c ~ o m ~ o ~ O B - I T O K ~ O B ~ T ~ J I ~ ~ ~ ,
IlBnllBUlUXCR rapaHTaMM He~PAKOCHOBeHHOCTA TPaHHU M ~ Z ~ R C K A X uapml*. KOCB~HHO 3 ~ y rmo~e3y n o m s e p m n a e T 6ommm c~a6nm- HOCT~ C W C ~ ~ M ~ I n m q e c ~ o Z f reorpa@m M*. ~ O J I ~ I U ~ H C T B O u a p , 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ ~ b u c B pa~eiaaccureciaf l nepuon (111-V BB.), cyluecmo- B a n u M B IIO~DHAR (VI-IX BB.), HecMoTpn H a qepeny nepuonoa 803- B b l I I l e ~ M f i U YTIiVIKOB. K ~ K OTMeTUn n.n. EenffeB, I'IpaKTWeCKH H e
CyUeCTByeT npMMepOB HaCMnbCTBeHHOI'O YHUqTOXeHUII UBPCTB'~. Pen~ne ury.lau y m o m e H n R u a p m B 3 a n a n ~ o ~ p e r n o H e npencTaB-
l w o ~ co&R n c l c n m s e e m .
B ~ e m C TeM C. Mapmi crrMeuaeT, 'iT0 IVCynapCTBa ah pZ3Ui'Zi- m c b CBOW n o n o m e m e M B n w n q e c ~ o f i c u m M e . Uapu, H o c m u u i e
TWTyJl k 'uhd 'ajaw - a 6 0 ~ e c T B e ~ ~ b l f i Uapbe , CTOmM BbIUle, H e X m H
npOZT0 'ajaw. ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y TaK Ha3bIBaeMafl *CaKP'rarrbHOCTb V a H M U n
nonpruytdema c o x p a H e m e ~ ~ M ~ J I ~ M H o K I ~ e p o r n n a a ~ de jure, y ~ a f l r t
6bma Bblpa60TaHa CJlOXHaR CHCreMa BaCCaNbHOrO IlOlIWiHeHWl MeJwzw
u a p c r B 6onee KPWH~IM, npennonarasmm T a m e e p ~ t . 1 , KaK ~ M ' I H ~
Y H m uapefl, Bb lMaTa MHM, B O ~ H H ~ ~ W W C , L M H a C T M q e C ~ 6 p x 2 0 ,
a T a m e c I I ~ ~ ~ @ W ~ C K U R BapUaHT npIIMOn, 0 6 . b e n M H e H ~ ~ m)'X CO-
c e m n a p non B n a m m omoZf m a c m , s b r p a x e ~ ~ b r f i B m h o ~ * ~ M ~ J T ~ M H o M Mep~r lTK@e*~ ' .
Hapmy C aH'rarrU30M ~ 0 J l ~ e C ~ O f i CTPyKTYPbl PaHHMX IUCynapcTB
Ma& inLI.& 6 ~ e B y K a 3 m H a H e p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a ~ ~ o c ~ b B KJ~~CCM@UK~UKM
H.M. A ~ H K O H O B ~ M B.A. ~ ~ K O ~ C O H ~ T~KO&? n p o 6 n e ~ b 1 , KaK T n n o n o r m
l6 h e 6 A&. npeeaue Ma kn... C. 139-144. l7 O C H O B H ~ I ~ nonomeawl 6bum npencrarmeau B nowane: Gmbe N. .The Maya
rhetoric of war*, Ha ~ o a @ e p e ~ u e n *Roads of war and pipes of peace. Conflict and Cooperation in the Americas, Past and Present., Eploccenb, 16-17 aon6pn 2002 I.
OCHOBHU~ nonomeHlln 6 m u npencrarme~bl B nomane: Manin S. *Identity and Distinction in the Classic Maya Polity*, Ha ~ o a @ e p e ~ u u u "Maya Ethnicity - the Constmclion of Ethnic Identity from Preelassic to Modem Times*, ~ H H , 10-12 ne- ~a6pfl 2004 r.
l 9 CM.: 6meei7J. npBHlle Ma flfl... C. 138. lo Manin S., Gmbe N. Chronicle ... P. 19-20. " CM.: Car$ponoe A.B. LisoR~oA s 3 ~ 6 n e ~ ~ b 1 1 3 neporn~@r B ~ e p o r n a @ m e c m
Hannncnx Makn // Apesana B o c r o ~ a ~ H T H ' I H ~ I R M U P 2005. Ban. 7. C. 184-185.
KPWbIX paHHeI'OCyDapCTBeHHbLX 06pa30BaH&, A ~ p e ~ O m w l CBOB K n a c c u @ m a ~ u m ~ ~ :
1, sHo~oeoe rocydapcmeor - * n o m m r ~e6omurm paMepos (no HeCKOnbKKX TbIC. KM~) , C0CTOIIBllla.S H3 0iUI0fi WM HeCKOnbKUX Tep- pHTOpUaiTbHblX o6uu~-o6nac~eA M, KaK npasmo, OmWYeHHa5l eC- TeCTBeHHblMM IpaHHUaMH.
2. ~ P ~ ~ U O H U ~ H O ~ zocydapcmeor - KpynHaX UeHTpUlU30BaHHM u n o m m s , oxsararrtasman enmb~R uc~opu~o-~ynb~yp~blZi A reorpa- @mecmA peruo~.
3. aflepwasan - nonuTurecKoe O ~ X ~ U H ~ H H ~ HecKonbm rocy- mpm, B K O T O ~ M oTcymmBana uemparuuauwr ynpaanem, u 3ma- cmme n m m 06113a~b1 6 b m B m a w m r a B~PXOBHOMY npa~.lwm, DWb U OKa3blBaTb BOeHHYlo nOMOUIb. %POM nepmaB MOrnIi 6b1~b K a K HOMbI, TaK H PeMOHWIbHble IIapCTBa. %OT Tun UenyeT OTJlmaTb OT aHOMOBblX r e r e ~ ~ ~ l l f i * , KOrna OnMH HOM Ha KOPOTKOe BPeM (KBK npaBMno, owo n o ~ o n e ~ u e ) B O ~ B ~ I U I ~ ~ C R ~m CocenmMu.
Ilpu TOM n.n. 6emes oTMeTm, YTO nepxasa, - wo npenen p a - BUT^ pamemcynapcTseHHm CucTeM, a uaMnepmw, - yxe n p u 3 ~ a ~ spenom m c y n a p c ~ ~ a ~ ~ . K ~ K nonrepmBan B.M. ryme~, B m e p a m e TePMKH UUMnepmD WCTO U He BCerna O ~ O C H O B ~ H H O UCnOnb3yeTCH Pm 0603Ha'ie~Wl nm6m KpYnHbM nOnHTmeCKKX 06pa30~a~uf i~~ .
klcCJIe~0BaHlle A ~ ~ o ~ ~ u @ ~ ~ c K K X TeKCTOB M3 UeHTPanbHblX HM3- ~ e m o c ~ e f i , npoaeneHHoe H. rpm6e u C. M a p m o ~ B 90-e rr., snep- Bare nponeMoHcTpupwo, YTO B K n a c c u ~ e c ~ nepuon y ~ a i h cylue- CTBOBU 6onee cnomblfi ( H ~ x ~ J I H UHOMOBOe IQcynap'XBoa) WBeHb COUH~JBHO-~oJMTAY~cKoR OprW3aUYM. B 30He H H ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ Mah C @ O ~ M M ~ O B ~ ~ H C ~ nBa ~pynHefiUIUX utOCynapCTBeHHblX 06pa30BaHbW KnaccwecKom nepuona: Ha p e x e N-V B. - Myry'nb (apxeonoru- YecKoe r o p o m e Tmanb) M B Harane VI B. Ka~y'm (apxeononise- CKOe r opome ~ ~ K M Y J I ~ ) . no C F H , kiX 6opb6a B W-VII BB. onpe- n e m a paBuTue peruotia ah B uenoM. C Haqana V B. rereMoHoM Mupa M ~ R R n m c n Myry'm, HO B 562 r. OH norepnen nopameme OT K ~ H Y ' ~ ~ R , A Il~cneJIH~fi JIOMMHMpOB?U BnJTOTb no 695 r., KOl%la B H O B ~ noTepnen nopaxeHue OT M y r y ' ~ ~ ~ ~ . -
'2 CM.: Gennea A.A. Qopmponanne n pa3Bnrne rocynapcrnennoft opranusaunn y MA n m n a B KnaccnYecKltC4 nepnon (I ntc. n. 3.): JZnc. ... KW. UCT. n a y . M., 2W1. P. 241-243.
2' T ~ M me. C. 243-245. l' CM.: fynne.8 B.N. Tnnonornn n n p y w p a ... C. 53.
CM. nonpocinee: Grube N., Manin S. PolRica clisica maya denm de una mdicidn mesoamericana: un modelo epigrifico de organizaci6n politica rhegem6nicm Il Modelos de entidades politicas mayas. Primer Seminario de Mesas Redondas de Palenque. Mexico. 1993. P. 131-145: Marl in S.. Grube N. Evidence for Macro-Political Organization Amongst Classic Maya Lowland states. Unpub. man. London; Bonn. 1994; Marrin S.. Grube N. Maya Superstates I/ Archaeology. 1995. N 6. P. 41-46, Manin S., Grube N. Chronicle ... P. 25-53, 100-115.
D.A. 6emea Ha ocHoee a ~ m 3 a snurpa@wec~oro H apxeonom- qecKoro MaTepuana npuqucmeT Myry'nbc~oe n Ka~y'nbc~oe rocy- napcrea K KaTempuu u n e p x a s ~ ~ ~ . LIepxasbr M a h menu cnoxmym c ~ p y ~ ~ y p y , cxon~ym no xapaKTepucTuKaM c nepmasaMu C~aporo CBWa. no MHeHUW A.D. bUTe8a, l4X WHOBHbIMM YepTaMU BBjWJWfCb: CJlOXHa5l CUCTeMa BHFpeHHKX UepapMYeCMX O T H O ~ U ~ H W ~ ~ MeWy BepxosmrM uapeM u ~ ~ B U C U M ~ I M U npaaurennuu npu coxpaHeHuu H O M U H ~ R ~ H O R CaMocTosTenbHocTu nocnegtinx, Korna nepena'ia ux snacTu ocyluemmnacb no Hamenmy, HO npu yrsepmnerfm Bep- XOBHblM UapeM; H~o~xo~AMoCT~ nOCTOflHH0 nOa9epmBaTb VaHUUbl npll nOMOuM KapaTenbHblX IlOXOnOB (TX. TePPHTOPWl IIepMBbl @0p-
MHpOBaIIaCb WeM 3aBoeBaHWI). O T J ~ U W ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ Yep~0R 6ma OnOpa BepxoBHoro uaps Ha cmb~eAmero u3 CBOMX B ~ C C ~ O B , YTO cnoc06- CTBOBmO pZ3BkiTWO MHOrOHjlepHOCTU EepXaB. kicCJIeJIoBi3~eJIb OTMe- m, YTO Ha W B H e DepXaB Ba]KHYIO POnb 11ap006MeH MeNly BepxosmIM uapeM u ero ~accana~w27.
C IlWleHMeM K ~ H ~ ' ~ I ~ c K o A nepXaBb1 B KOHIIe VII B. Ha TepprFropUM
H U ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ @OPMMPY~TCII HeCKOnbKO KPYnHbIX TOCYnaPCTBeHHblX O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H U B , KOTOPbIC, KaK IlOKa3aJ n.n. ~ ~ J I u ~ B , IT0 ypOBHi0 COUH- ZllbHO-~OJlHTWleCKOTO Pa3BW BblllLnM 3a p a w UHOMOBbDO> UaPCTB A A M e M TeHEeHUHM K C03naHYIlO PeMOHWIbHblX TOCYllaPCTB. ,bl no- 1106HblX 06pa30BaHk~l 6ma XaPaKTePHa flOKamA30BaHHOCTb, BblCOKilll CTeneHb BH).rpeH~efi HHTeQXXlUU U BCe 6onburee BO3BbILUeHHe Bep- XOBHOrO UapR Hall 3aBMCMMbLMM IlpaBkiTemMU. no csoeR C F H OHM npencrasrmnu co6oA unpo nepxae, KoTopble He 06pomu nepu@e- paefi28. 6emeB npeanaraer y c n o ~ ~ o uMeHomm m M m e p x a B a M w . B Kaqem TaKoabnt OH paccMaTpuBaeT u n o m u a VIII B. c uempa- MU B Tmane, Hapamo, Kanamyne, Doc-nmace, Kona~e. O n ~ a ~ o npouecc npeBpaurems mHmepxaB B nonHoueHHbre pemoHanbHble
rocynapcma 6bm npepeaH O ~ U I A M KPMSMCOM ~ynbrnbr ah Tepm- ~ a r r b ~ o m KnaccmecKoro nepuona (IX-X BB.).
tam^ 06pa30~, YerKoe onpeneneHue Tnnononirecm oco6emo- cxZt paHHerocynapcTseHHbrx 06pa30BaH& ah KnaccmecKoro ne- puona no3somer nonoi"nu K pemeHm He MeHee WOR 3ana~n uc- cnenosaHuu, a uMeHHo peKoHcTpyKuuu n o n m ~ e c ~ o f t reorpa@uu ah, u mecb B O ~ H W K ~ ~ T n p w npo6ne~a - onpeneneme MeTonn- M uccnenoBaHun. Cneuu@u~a A ~ ~ Y ~ H U I I n o m e c ~ o f t reorpa@u~ 06nacru M& COCTOMT B TOM, YTO apxeonorurecm sTa ~ e p p u ~ o p m ucmenosaHa nommHo cnabo. HaYu~au c nepeoR nonoBuHbr XX B. paclcolucll senyrcs B ~au6onee ~ p y m u : m p o m a x - n o m m e c m
26 CM.: b e e lL JZ Qopmponanne s pa3smse ... P. 245-246, 27 TaM me. C. 246, 251. 28 TaM me. C. 251.
ueHTpax KnaccnvecKoro nepuona. B TO me spew s ~ a w ~ e m ~ b ~ e no nnoluam paAomr ~ o ~ p y r ~ T W X roponnlu - T~PPUTOPMM rocynapm - H e HCCnenOBaHbl IIOBepXHOCTHO. BO MHOrOM 3T0 O & I I C H ~ ~ ~ T C I I
TpynoeMKocmm n p o x n e m K P Y ~ I X PemoHanbHbm npoelcMB B m- M a m e c w YCJIOBARX H H ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ am. llpawa, B noweme rom B UeHTpamHoM neTe~e , pernoHe IImem6a1y~, B rime Ycyhfacmb~,
B W ~ O - B O C T O ' L H O ~ '4aCTM K a ~ n e ~ e U nP. Haqm npoBOmTbCII pa60Tbl
no U3yWHKKI BTOpOCTeneHHbIX KIpOnULU. HO B UeJlOM ClCnanbIBa~CU
IlapiUOKCanbHaR CHTyaUWl, KOrna, OCHOBblBaRCb H a D a H H b l x 3nUl'pa-
@am, Mbl MOXeM PeKOHCTpYUPOBaTb MCTOPMH) U a F T B a , 3HaeM, me Haxomacb ero mma H , B H ~ K O T O P ~ I X uym, n o m m I e uewpbl,
HO H a M H e IICHO, KaKYIO TePPMTOPWO OH0 3aHHMiWO. T ~ M H e MeHee ceronwl yxe c n o m c b onpeneneHHble npencrasneHun o nonumi- sec~of i reorpaam o6nacm Mafin.
npu PeKoHcTpylUrnu Monenu nonu~u'rec~ofi reorpaam o6nac~n ~ a h l B 70-90-e rr. XX B. RCIIOJb3OBakiCb nBe MeTOnMKM: Melon UUeHTpWbHOrO M e C T a , M MeTOD UnO~ArOHOB T u c c e ~ a u ~ ~ . Te0pua
UUeHTpFiJlbHOro MeCTaD 6b~na c @ o p ~ y i l ~ p o B a ~ a HeMeUKuM MCCfIenOBa-
TeneM 9. KpHc~anJIep0~ u B Kavecrrse MeTona npuMeHeHa m uspe- ~ u n censeR M e x n y ~ p y n ~ e R u r w ~ u uempaMu 06nac~efi IOmoR rep- MaHuu B 30-e rr. XX B. Cyrb MeTona sa~nmqanacb B BbmeneHnu
Kp)TI~efilu~x nO~U~KO-3KOHOMU4eCKuuc UeHTPOB OTneJtbHOTO WMO-
H a U iQYllll ~ O C ~ J I ~ H H ~ ~ p a 3 m n ~ O R BeJlWMHbI BOKpw H W X . Arranus cBII3eR U e H T p a CO BTOPoCTeneHHblMH nOCeJeHWLWU naBaJl B03MOX-
H O C T ~ onpenennTb npwunn @op~uporn~ua ~~oroypoe~emt ' i nepap- m e c ~ o B ~ T o c ~ J I ~ w ~ c K o B cucTeMb1 B O K ~ ~ T UeHTpoB, a T a m e 3 a ~ 0 - HOMePHOCTb BOSHUKHOBeHWl HOBblX ~ O C ~ J I ~ H U A ~ ~ . B naJlbHefiIlle~,
B 70-e rr. XX B., Teopwn uueHTpmHoro Mema* 6bIJIa acnonuoBaHa aMepmaHcmMu apxeonoraMu r. paw^ n r. AXOHCOHOM npuMe- HHTenbHO K MaTePHaJlY IIPeBHHX 06lueCTB 6nHXHer0 Bocxo~a U Me- C O ~ O T ~ M H I I ~ ' .
B 1972 r. aMepmaHcme uccnenoBam - apxeonor K. Qnamepu, a UTeM Am. Maplcyc - npubernn K MeTony WeHTP&llbHOKJ MeCTap npu W ~ ~ Y ~ H M M nocene~rec~oti wepapxuu roponulu ah maccuqe-
CKOrO IIepAOna B o6nam UeHTpanb~bLX H U ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ . M X aHiLIIA3
6a3uposancs npemymecrxmo H a apxeonomqecw naHmm, a mime mTepnpmauuu uepornu@~.recwx TeKcTos. O ~ H H M u3 rnaBmN B ~ I -
BOnOB, CneJlaHHblx H a OCHOBe MeTOna aUeHTpmHOP3 MeCTan, 6bu10
j9 M m u s J. Ancient Mava oolilical oreanization // Lowland Mava Civilization in . . the E i t h Century A.D. ~a;hi&ton, 1993. P. 153.
'O lbid. P. 153-154. CM, nonoo6nee: Wrizhl H. Johnson G. Pooulation. Exchame. and Earlv State
Formation in ~&thweslem l i n //American ~nthro~ iog i s t . 1975. N ?7'(2). P. 26;-289.
)TBepWeHMe 0 CYlUeCTBOBaHHA perHOHUfbHblX rOCynapCTBeHHbLX
o 6 ~ m e ~ n t t , paccMaTpurnammcn K a K m pacuaera n o n m e c ~ o f i opra~s3awu Knaccuqecw ~ a h l . B pa6me 1973 r. Ax. Maprqc H a
npmepe r o p o m ce~epo-mnan~oru ne~erra abrc~a3ana wem o cy- mecraosamu B n o m R Knaccmec& nepwon ~ p y m b ~ x pernoHanb-
m m rocynapm, meBmm TpeXypOBHesylO uepapmm nonmmecm u e ~ ~ p o s ~ ~ . P. A n a ~ c M P. h o ~ c pa3annu ny w e m u B pa6me 1981 r. onpenemu, wo B n03- maccuqecmfi nepuon H a ~eppuropm
ue~TpaJIb~08 U C ~ B ~ P H O ~ ~ 06nac~efi Ma!& CyUeCTBOBanO BOCeMb pe- ~ o ~ a n b m n t m y n a p c T B (Konarr, Tmanb, h a m n a ~ , nane~~e, ffi- namym, P U O - ~ ~ K , nyy~ n Ko6aJ3), moluanb K O T O ~ ~ L X BapbupoBanacb
B npenenax 8-21 rarc. m2. Bnocnenmun h a ~ c , ucnonwyrr ~ a ~ o 8 @ m o p , KaK pacnpoapaHeHne apxmelcrypHbtx crmefi, onpenennn ux NlOUanb B CpeXFfeM B 30 TbIC. KM2 34. O ~ H O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O i l0~06~aR UBeII nonyYma pi33Bll.lue B pa6max AX. Maprqc. B Ue~TpWb~of i 06namu
~ a f i ~ UCLXenOBaTe.TbHKUa BbmenWIa IWTb PeMOHaJIbHblx rOCynapcTB ( K o ~ ~ H , TMKanb, ~ a U q m a ~ , n a n e ~ ~ e , KWIaKMynb), a T a m e r a K ~a3bmae~ylo nerem6a~y~c~yro ~o~@enepauuro - rocynapcmemoe o 6 p a ~ o m e B 6accehe pem nacbo~, B pawoe Bpem ynpammeeca paurmmrmu u e ~ ~ p a ~ n ~ ~ .
Cnenym, onaalco, omeTmb, T O npuMeHeHue MeTona UueHTpanb-
HOW MeCTa* no OTHOUIeHUK) K o6nacm ~ a f i f l H e COBCeM OnpaBnaH- HO, nOCKOJIbKy ITOJIUTMKO-3KOHOMR'IeCKHe ti ~orpa@WIecKMe pe&llHR
r e p ~ a ~ m nepB0R nonosml XX B. C y m e m e H H o o T m a m I ( OT yc- JOBllfi pa3BHTWl IWCynapCTB ~ a h l B o6nac~u H U ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ COOT- BeTCTBeHHO, 3aMeTHO OTJTtV3aKXCII A n P A H U m I @ O P M H P O B ~ H U I I no- cenewec~o8 uepapxnu. K HenocTaTKaM namofi Monenu mime MOXHO OTHeCTU O L I I H ~ O ~ H O ~ OTOMeCTBlleHUe PeMOHaTlbHOrO rOCYlIaPCTBa C
Bbl~luefi @ O P M O ~ ~ IIO~UTHqeCKOfi OPraHA3aUMM ~ a h l ~ ~ . Pe3ynb~aTbl p e ~ o ~ a p y ~ u u R , OCHOBaHHbLX H a T e O p m UUeHTpanbHOrO Mema*, Bo
MHOrMX C J l J ' Y W O~POBePraIOTCII IIaHHblMH nHCbMeHHbLX MCTOqHMKOB, conepxarrue K O T O P ~ L X B nonlrofi M e p e o~asarrocb noHmIM uccneno- ~ a r e r n ~ u ~ o n b ~ o B 1990-e rr.
M W O ~ * n O m O H O B Tucce~a* BnepBbIe 6bn IlpAMeHeH B. Eynnap- n0M B 60-e IT. XX B. nP!I A3ReHMA COUMUlbH0-I~OJU~TLN~CKO~~ CTpyK-
" Marcus J. Territorial organization of the Lowland Classic Maya // Science. 1973. Vol. 180. P. 911-916.
" Adam R., Jones R. Spatial patterns and regional growth among Maya cities // American Antiquity. 1981. Vol. 46. N 2. P. 319-321. " Adams R. Rio Azul Repons 2. The 1984 Season. San Antonio, 1986. P. 37-45.
35 Marcus J Mesoamerican Territorial Boundaries: Reconstrunions from Archaeolw and Hieroglyphic Writing // Archaeological Review from Cambridge. Cambridge, 1984. N 3(2). P. 48-62.
T p b l Ce&pO-BOCTOYHOTO neTeHa3'. 3aTeM 3TUM MeTOEOM BOClIOJlb30- sancn H. X ~ M M O H ~ B Havane 1970-x rr, nnn onpenenemin rpaHm nOJIUTUR Mans Ha donee O ~ W U ~ H O R TeppUTOpUA UeHl'PWlbHbl~ A K)XHbIX H A ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . C y ~ b 3TOr0 MeTOna COCTOUT B TOM, YTO
K w o e 6 o n e e - ~ e ~ e e KpynHoe roponulue Ma& maccmecKoro nepa- ona paCCMaT&XiWOCb KaK UeHTp He3aBUCHMOro IlOJlUTAYeCKO~ 06- pa30BaHU1, COOTBeTCTBeHHO OTpUUanOCb CyUleCTBOBaHKe KpmHbIX peruoaanb~bot rocynapcm u uepapm nonmsecmx ueH7poB. Ta- m 06pa30M, nonuTmecKan CTpyiaypa ~ a d n npencTammacb KaK O ~ U H O C T ~ He60nbLUUX NO IUOluanM rOCynapCTB, 06nana~mux PaBHblM CT~TYCOM~~. KpATepkieM W MaPKUPOBKU TePPHMPRH CnYWUl nOCTa- TOYHO ~ c J I O B H ~ ~ ~ A I ~ H C K ~ C C U O H H ~ I ~ IIpkiHUAn IlpOBeneHMH JIHHMR rpamu (vase8 nonuroea) Ha pasHoM ynaneHm m cocenHux nonu- TmeCKHX UeHTpOB. B U T O R PeKOHCTPYKUAR ~ O J I K I T N ~ C K O ~ KaPTbl X a ~ ~ o w a rrpenc-ramnna co6oR ~ a 6 o p ~ ~ o r o y r o n b m o ~ paurmoti ~ 0 ~ @ 1 . a y p a u u ~ . Aiwibdi ~ m n nomprcn pes~oR ~ p m e cropomn- KOB Teopuu xnempmbHom Me-, nocKmlcy 3aqacrylo peKoHnpyK- mm n m a a k y p m ~ e pe3ynbTaml. H q m e p , rocynapm c uelrrpohl B Tu~ane - KpyKHeheM IWpOne U ~ H T ~ W I ~ H ~ I X H U ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ - meno TaKym me no p a 3 ~ e p a ~ Teppmopun,, KaK cocemiee rocynap- CTBO C UeHTpOM B ~ J I ~ - ~ H K ~ H T O - MaJleHbKOM rOpOllUUe IUOlutUbKl MeHee 1 ram.
T ~ M He MeHee o6lum KoHuenum pe~o~npylcuuu nommecKom neneam o6nac~u Ma&, npennonaramlum cyuemosame MHOTOWC- ne- HesaBMcuMbrx rocynapm, nonywma nomepmeHse B AC- nOJIb30BaHUA Mafin q3M6JIeMHbIX A~~TJIU@OB* - n0Ka3aTWleft CaMO- CTOSlXJIbHOCTU IIOJMIWfeCKUX UeH7poB. ~3~6JIehf~bW A~~oUIH@* 6bu1 BbUeneH r. ~ ~ J I U H O M B M~POT~~U@MYCCKUX TeKCTaX B 1958 C., HO
IIepBOHaYanbHO YYeHbIfi On03HaJl TOJlbKO BOCeMb 3~6neMHbIX Uepor- m a o s (Tu~anb, Hapa~xo, n a m m a ~ , nsenpac-Herpac, n a n e ~ ~ e , K o n a ~ , Kupurya, CeR6a~rb)~~. n o c ~ o n b q ux 3 ~ a v e ~ u e He 6bm0 on- peneneHo BnnoTb no Koma 1980-x m., H m u e u ~ M ~ J I ~ M H ~ I X uepor- ~ @ O B V B ~anrrucm He PaccMaTpmanocb KaK npoTmopewie men c y u e m a a i i m y p r u o ~ a n b ~ b m rocynapms. O m a ~ o uccneno- BaHUSl Uep~rJlA@UYe~~llx TeKmOB MaRn B BOCbWeCXTbIe IWbl BblR-
17 CM. nonpo6we: Bullurd W. Maya Settlement Pattern in Nonheastem Peten, Guatemala // American Antiquity. 1960. Vol. 25. N 3. P. 355-372.
38 CM. nonpo6~ee: Hommond N. Location Models and the Site of LubaanNn: A Classic Maya Center // Models in Archaeology. London, 1972. P. 757-800; Hammond N. The Distribution of Late Classic Maya Major Ceremonial Centers in the Central Area // Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches. Austin, 1974. P. 313-334.
I9 Momus J. Ancient Ma ya... P. 154-156. " Ibid. P. 155. 4' Berlin H. El glifo nEmblemaw en las inscripciones Mayas 11 Journal de la SociW
des Amkricanistes. Paris. 1958. T. 47. P. 119.
BKRll HeCKOnbKO neCRTKOB U ~ M ~ J I ~ M H ~ I X H ~ P O ~ J I U @ O B * B PiUnKYHbLX roponAIuax H U ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ MBRR. n. M3Tbl03, OIlUpaRCb Ha UneU H. X a ~ ~ o ~ n a , npennom C B O ~ p e ~ o ~ c p y ~ u k u o nonuTuqecKoro ne- neHHn H U ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ MaRn, B K ~ O P O R CTaTyC He3aBACAMbIX IlOJM-
TUfi IlpUAaB&lCR UeHTpaM, UMeBUUM CBOR ~3~6~leMHblfi UepornU@,>. T ~ K A M 06pa30~, no M3Tb103y, nonuTmecKan Kapa ~ a R n no3n~e- KnaccuqecKoro nepuona HacsmbrsaeT o ~ o n o 60-70 rocynapcm co cpen~eti mou~amn, B 2500 K M ~ 42. Pe~o~cTpylcuun Mmm3a B pme cIIyYaeB conepmana x me HenocTaTm, s m u Monenb X a ~ ~ o ~ n a , u3-3a Yell3 Tame KpUTUKOBaJIaCb CTOpoHHUKW pelWOH~bHbIX NXyIIilpCTB.
~ O M H M O o6ueR peKOHCTpylcuUll ~ O ~ A T A Y ~ C K O ~ KaPTbl 06nacm Ma& II. Mmm3 B c~oeti wccep launo~~oP pa&% oco6oe B m a m e ynenm M ~ ~ Y ~ H U I O n o n w a n e c ~ o ~ reorpaanti 3anan~oro peraoHa. Pe3ym~a~b1 a ~ m 3 a ueprm@mecmx T~KCTOB noweKiIaccmecKor0 nepuona 113 HeKoTopbw s a n a n ~ m roponaur, B nepsyn, oqepenb nam- qunaHa, OH ucno~rb3o~an m u AccnenoBaHun nuHamm u 3 ~ e ~ e m TeppUT0pAR UapCTB B 06nac~u Bepmeii Y C Y M ~ C P ~ H T ~ I ~ ~ B IlePHOP C Ha%Wla V1 8. n0 KOHeU IX B . ~ ~ BnepBb~e rOCYlIaPCTBa Mafin 6bmA IlpeDCTaMeHbl He CTaTUYHbIMH TePPUTOPURMM, a M3MeHltK)~MCII BO BpeMeHU B SBBACUMOCM OT Pa3BUTUR ACTOPUY~CKOR CUTyaUUU. OIIHaK0 HenOCTaTKaMU nawoR pa60Tbl XEJMIOTCn nOBOnbH0 OQJaHU- qeHHaa Bb160pKa snurpa@mec~oro MaTepaarra ( n p e u ~ y l u e c ~ s e ~ ~ o u3 o n ~ o r o roponuua) H ero nosepxriombG a ~ m s , a Tame npe- nwrb~m cxeMaTu3awn ~ e p p m p d snonmuh. K p o ~ e ~ o r o , M376103 n p u n u c m craqc c r o w LIapcTB B 3 a n a m o ~ peruoHe Bcem 8-9 m- ponmaM, B TO ~ p e ~ n KaK B p e a m ~ m ux 6bmo Ha nopmorc 6onbue. nono6~ylo MeTOWKy n. M3Tbw3 IlpHMeHMn W u 3 y ~ e ~ m ppa3BUTm n o n m e c ~ o f t reorpaam ~ereu16a~yHc~oro peruotia B VII-VIII BB., Tome Ha ocaom m m s a anurpa@u~ec~oro ~ a ~ e p u a n a ~ 5 . n o c ~ o n b ~ y B 3TOM CJl)nlae aHillM3MPOBaTIUCb TeKCTbl W BCeX TOpoJMU PemOHa, nonywnacb %nee uenocr~m peKoHnpyKum, ~ m o p m 3 a ~ e ~ 6bu1a nomepmeHa pe3YnLTaTMU pa60~br apxeonomecltoro n p o e m pe- MOHa I I m r n 6 a ~ y ~ ~ ~ .
Mathews I! La esculmra de Yaxchilan. Mexico. 1997. P. 293. 295; Idem. Classic Maya Emblem Glyphs I! Classic Maya Political History: hieroglyphic and archaeo- logical evidence. Cambridge, 1991. P. 29. - " Y c y ~ a c m - ~ p h ~ e t i l u a n peKa aanansoA o6nacm Ma-, 06pa3ylouan c
lIpRmKaMU 06UlRp~m BacceA~, BOKpYI KOTOpoIV, CO~CTB~HHO, R @OPMAPY~TCR P- IHOH 3anMHm HU3MeHHOCTeti. \
Marhews I! La escultura ... P. 332-357. 'I Ibid. P. 3 2 L 3 3 1 , 333: Marhews I!, Willey G. Prehistoric polities of the Pasion
region: hieroglyphic texts and their archaeological settings /I Classic Maya political history: hieroglyphic and archaeological evidence. Cambridge, 1991. P. 30-71. " CM. nonpodsee: Houston S. Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas. Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya. Austin. 1993.
06e PaCCMOTpeHHbIe MeTOnUKU PeKOHCTPYKUAH I ~ O J I U T U Y ~ C K O R reorpa@uu ~a f t f l , npencTaarrlrrr naa npoTuBononombrx ~3rnlma Ha cucTeMy nomsecl toro neneHm o6nac~u ~ a k , 06nanaro~ o6iuu~u HenocTaTKam. M x o p m uuempmHoro MecTa,, u ~ e ~ o n unonuro- HOB Tucce~an npennonaram onHoponHocTb n o m m e c ~ o a mpyrcry- pb1 H K ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ R ~afiff: J M ~ O TOnbKO PerAOHaJIbHbIe IWCynapCTsa, nu60 TOnbKO He60JIbLLl~e He3aBHCHMble UnOJlllTHllu. K p o ~ e TOrO, npemoxeHmre peKoHcTpylarm unea~1u3upym npmw @op~upo- BilHm IRPPUTOPMU rOCYnaPCTBa Pi HMKaK He OTpaXaFOT O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~
KCTOpUYeCKOm PEiBPiTm K W O M A3 IIOJlUTUqeCKUX 06pa30~aH&. K TOMY x e B HKX B ~ O J I H O ~ Mepe He 3aneRc~~osamr rUlcbMeHHbIe UCTOYHUKU, O C O ~ ~ H H O B Tex c n y ~ r n , Korna apxeonomecmft MaTe- puan nosonb~o 6ene~, HanpuMep &m 3anan~oro pemioHa.
n o w o w mo6m Monm peKoHmpylarm umpmec~oR reorpaam am, nonpa3yMesalolum cyluecTsoBaHue onHommm u 6onee-~e- Hee p a B H o B m n o m e c m 06pa30~a~~d3, He mffeTcrr BepHoft. K ~ K CBllneTeJIbCTByeT MaTepMaJl CT~~OI 'O C B ~ T ~ , TeppUTOpm Mm- mff PaHHUX rOCyflapCTB IIOCTOKHHO MeHRJlaCb B 3aBPfCUMOCTU OT A3- M ~ H ~ H M R o6meR O ~ C T ~ H O B K M . kh3pWl UapCTB ~ ~ I I ~ H O ~ O peruoHa no~a3b1sae~, YTO m n e m n o m e c r t o m m m n mynapma Morna KaPLWiHWIbHO H3MeHUTbCff B TeYeHMe HeCKOnbKUX JleT.
B nocneme ronbr ~au6onee nporpeccm~bril ~ e ~ o n peKoucTpyK- urn ucTopmec~oi4 reorpa@uu ~aZirr 6bm npennoxeH k h a m . cBoero uccnenosaHurr A~aftrr npuMeHun TaK ~ a 3 b r ~ a e m f t MeTon *Q~BUT~LIYIOHHO~~ MOEeJMRII*, p E i p a 6 0 T a ~ ~ b ~ B CBOe BpeM nnr! JIOKa- nU3aUMU H ~ U ~ ~ H T U @ U U K ~ O B ~ H H ~ I X rOpOnUU ~ O X ~ T T C K O R 3nOXU (1940-1740 IT. no H.3.) B AH~TOIIA~' . ~ ~ H H ~ I R MeTOn OCHOBaH Ha pacqeTe urpasmaquoHHoro paccronHunn - pamyca 3om1 m- nommecrcoro ueHTpa c noMoubm MaTeMaTuyecmx aopwn48:
lij = k ((PI) (PJ) / (do)=; ~ x j = d i j / l + m;
do = [(Pn/(PJ) / I f l ; Dij = ((dab - d@)/rd) + Dab,
me n o ~ a 3 a ~ e m mmo~crr: ij - u3sec~mril u ~ e w ~ e c ~ m r t k nom- m e c m e uempbr; ab - nBa ~ ~ B ~ C T H ~ U L n o n m e c m uempa; I - CyMMa UHTeHCIIBHOCTU CBICI~R M e w nBYMR *IIOJlUTHRMUs; k - KOH- mama; ee 3 ~ a ~ e ~ u e u ~ n u ~ u n y ~ b ~ o &m Kamnoro a~anu3a n onpe- ReJweTcff ucxom u3 n m b m no apxeonomecm ropomaM, 3a-
" Anaya A. Site Interaction and Political Geography in the Upper Usumasinta Region during the Late Classic: A CIS Approach. Oxford, 2001. P. 42. 4 Ibid. P. 42-43.
112
n e f t m m ~ B uccnenommm (= 251,671); Pi u Pj - w m o mam- mar ynomaH& B ~ m c m n o n m d i M j; D - paccrome Memy roponuqaMu B KlmoMeTpax; d - urpaeuTauuoHHoe PaccTouHueu Memy n o m e c m uempam (~.e. ~o%$@umem, orrpenenrrema PeaJIbHblM PaCCTOSIHMeM B KUJIOMeTPaX II CTeneHbH) YIHTeHCUBHOCTU cBff3eR); rd - K03@@UUUeWI OTHOUleHWI PaCCTOmII B KUJlOMeTPaX K U~aBMTaUUOHHOM~ paCCT0ffHMK)u.
P ~ C Y ~ T urpaBBTaUUOHHOr0 PaCCTO5lHURB 6a3~pye~cff Ha naHHbIX 3n~rpa@~YecKUx UCTOYHHKOB, YKa3bIBaH)lUUX Ha O ~ U U R YPOBeHb UHTeHCUBHOCTIi C B I I ~ ~ R MeXIly UaPCTBaMU. nnff er0 npOBeneHMU A. h a m B B ~ lu~any o u e m UcTopmecm C O ~ ~ I T U ~ ~ , no KOTOPOR pa3JIUYHbIe TUnbI C O ~ ~ I T U R (pa3rp0~ UapCTBa, 3aXBaT IlneHHUKa, n p u 3 ~ a ~ u e m c c a n m a u ~ . n . ) B ~~BMCUMOCTU OT C B O ~ R nomure - C K O ~ ~ H ~ W O C T U OueHuBanucb B npenenax OT 30 no 100 emHw. B CBOeM kiCCnenO&WMM W P T~KOR @XIOp, KaK nOKamf3aLWH EXO-
pmmm n o m e c m UempoB, nommiemibm OCHOBH~IM ueHTpaM, TO RBmeTcff 6eccnop~b1~ n o ~ a 3 a ~ e n e ~ TeppuTopuu mcynapcTBa. P e ~ o ~ m p y m m r p a m OH nomlTancu npuBx3am K @wmo-reorpaau- s e c m ~ ~ H H ~ I M , B ' l a m a K pacnonoxem KO-OHH~K nyreR B o6nam BepmeR YcyMacm~, u o n p e n e m m mumue Ha HanpameHue u cTeneHb HHTeHcuBHocTu BHeuHen0musecu.x csmen rocynapcm namoro pemio~a~9, a Tame MapmpoBam mom nyreR TaK mbLBaemIe i q m e c l o l e m m - Mem, me CO~~UKOCHO-
seme m p e c o B anonmdr Ha~60nee sepomo. Bb160p o6nam u c c n e n o ~ 6bm HecnyYaeH no n p m e 3 ~ a w -
-HOB np06~oc~u n m e c K 0 f t KapI A, OWOBpeMeHHO, 63raTOIU 3nurpa@usec~oro MaTepnana B mponumax BepmeR YcyMacum~. (3Jrenye~ OTMeTUTb, YTO aHaTIM3 M ~ ~ o ~ ~ u @ ~ ~ c K u x TeKCTOB IlpOBO- m c a npeuMyluecmemo K ~ H ~ C K I I M U 3nurpa@uc~a~u M. 3 e ~ n e p o ~ u C. rmmepo~. 3ana~eft A. A ~ a h rrerwrocb onpeneneHue npu6m- 3 m w - r p m neBm s n o m u h : c M ~ B ~ C T H ~ L M U uempam B ro- p o m a x ~ ~ I U Y U ~ ~ H , Jla~ama, L b ~ a m a ~ , nbenpac-Herpac, N TOM OH^, 3JIb-~opp0, a Tame HeU3BeCTHbIMM - C~KU'W, f i IUBkiU M *Knot- Site*. OLVIOR A3 KmO'ieBbK np0611e~ UC'XenOBaHlW 6bura PeKOHCT- p- r p a m uapcma C~KU'U - unonum*, nrpasureft samiym pom B MCTOPUU 3 a n m o m pemiolra, no~arm3aum mopo oft, omaKo, no c m nop TOYHO He onpeneneHa. B pe3ynb~a~e npoeeneltmm pacne- TOB A. h a m npemoxun CBOIO peKoHcTpylarm n o n m e c ~ o f t Kap- TbI o6nacm BepmeR YC~M~CMHT~I~O 11 0 6 0 3 ~ a ~ np116JIU311~enb~b1e TePPUTOPAU, IIOlIYUHeHUble YKa3aHFblM IIOJIUTUYeCKUM UeHTPaM. Ma~ep~aJIb1 IIMCbMeHHbLX MCTOYHMKOB 38 IIepllOII V-IX BB. LI&llM
49 Ibid. P. 50-55 Ibid. P. 49.
8 BMY, H-HR, M 4
B03MOXHOCTb aBTOPY nOKa3aTb nMHaMMKY A3~eHeHAfi T ~ P P M T O P M ~ ~ uapcm Ha pa3HbLX 3TanaX HCTOPKYeCKOTO pa3BHTHII O ~ J I ~ C T U Bepx~efi YcyMacwmb~.
Hec~oTpff Ha CBOIO IrmoBauuoHHom A Y ~ T K O C ~ MaTeMame- c ~ o r o pacreTa, ~ m o n A. AH& conepm pm HenocTaTKoB. npeme Bcero, a ~ m 3 mcbMeHmm A C T O ~ O B , nposenemrii M. 3emepo~ A C. ~ I O H T ~ P O M , COflepmLiT p a H ~ T O Y H O ~ ~ ~ , K TOMY Xe He 6bJ.n~ AC-
nOJIb3OBaHbI MHOlXe BiuKHbIe H&TlIPiCU. 0 6 ~ ~ KOHIIeItWiII nOJMTA-
receoro n e n e m perkiotia Bepmefi YcyMacu~~t.1 A. AHafiu OCHOB~I- BaeTcn Ha cxeMe n. M3n103a 1987 r.51 Cornac~o woR cxeMe, nBa ~ p y r m b ~ roponma peruotia - 6 0 H a ~ n a ~ A JIa~ama - f l m c b
c m m a m nByx p a 3 m uapcm - A K ' ~ A L I l y ~ m ~ a x a . coo me^- CTBeHHO, VmUUa M e w HHMU ~ p o X O ~ ~ a ~ ~ u ~ ~ u ~ u T ~ ~ ~ H o BnOnb
pem JIa~ama ( r o p o m a 6 o ~ a ~ n a ~ A JaKama pacnonomeHb1 B 5 KM
npyr OT npyra no 06e CTO~OHM pem JIaKama). B3amopacnonome-
Hue 3 m u a p m Henocpencmemo m x e T Ha n o ~ m 3 a u m Caw'n, peKOHCTprl(UK5I TePPMTOPMM K O T O P O ~ 5IBJWlaCb O C H O B H O ~ ~ 3anasefi
ticcnenoBam. Omia~o B nocneme row norrsmcb H O B ~ I ~ naH- Hble, KOTOPble CTaBIiT CXeMY M3~bIO3a nOn COMHeHAe.
Bb13b1BaeT HapeKaHAR urrtalla OUeHKM BiuKHOCTU nOJIUTHYeCKHX
~06blTAf3. H a n p ~ ~ e p , TaKOe BOeHHOe co6bmne, KaK 3WaT rmeHHuKa (chuhkaj - a6bm 3 ~ a r e ~ * ) , BO Bcex cmam ouemamcff B 60 em- HUU, XOTII n0JI06~bIe c06bmm COBCeM He PaBHOUeHHbl - 3aYBaT Ca-
x m ( ~ a ~ e c ~ ~ m a ) ~ r n npencTaBmenrr uapcKoro neopa no c~oei3 ~ H ~ Y M M O C T U mmraeTcs OT 3 a ~ ~ a ~ a uapfi, nneHeHwe KoTopom Morno npusecni K n o m e m no6emnemoro uapcma. ~Oc~osmreu BO-
emble co6bmm - pa3rpo~ uapcTBa (tuluuy 'ek' - amcxon 3se3nb1>>),
nopaxeme (hubuuy 'u-too 'k ' 'u-pahl - enoBeprnocb em opymeu) - OUeHMBalOTCff B 90 enUHUU, OQHaKO B PeallbHOCTll npOCT0 ItOpWeHMe
B 6 m e ~a~oro-HH6yLb m 3 n WlM caxm MOXeT yc7ynaTb no 3HaWi-
MOCTA 3axaa~y renoseKa TOTO me pama. HaABbIcluaff ouenKa - 100 6 m o ~ - nma C O ~ ~ ~ I ' P W M , n p o u 3 o m e ~ no noBeaem uaprr ('u-kabjiiy - *OH IlOBeJeJl %on), M e w E M 3TO M O W 6bl~b OYeHb
pmme no ~ a c w a 6 y nefimufl: OT ycra~osm MoHyMeHTa no ymepm- n e m FiaccanbHoro npaBum. K TOMY me cymaprim oueHKa co6b1-
npl? HenOJIHOM AC~OJIb3OBaHKM naHHbIX JIMCbMeHHbE ACTOTHKKOB Hek136eXCH0 Beam K o lm6~e . ~ o ~ T o M ~ ejlMHyt0 A WleKBaTHyIO CMCTeMy OUeHKM 3HaYMMOCIU ~ 0 6 b m OnpeflWlWI5 IIpaKTWeCKM HeB03MOXCHO.
HO CaMbIM Cepbe3HbIM HenOseTOM, XapaKTepHbIM A npyrlvt PaCCMOTPeHHbIX MeTOnOB, 5lBfMeTCII ~ O p A p O B a H U e @aKTopa eCTe- CTBeHHbDt VaHMlI anonmufi~, 'IT0 BeCbMa CylueCTBeHHO LWl p m IDC~apLXW2HHbIX 0 6 p m a m . henyff M€TOnaM sIloJlMlUHOB Tucce~an
A ~ ~ ~ ~ B H T ~ U M O H H O ~ ~ MOneJlUu ( K M ~ H H o lvt MbI PaCCMaTpABaeM KaK ~au6onee arcrym~b~e), B ~ I X O ~ , YTO ~ o ~ @ m a m n r p a m 3a~ucm
UCWUOYMTenbHO OT B3aAMOpaClTOnOXeHYLI1 IIOJMTHYeCluut UeHTpOB A H e ~ O f i y c n o ~ ~ o f i B ~ ~ I C E n e H A kiX BJMXHUff. CKJIWTB~HA~ me UHOMOBbK IY)CYnapCTB)>, KaK IlOKa3blBaIOT MHOTOWCneHHble IWIhfepbl
n p e ~ x o 6 q e m Cmporo Csem, n p o u c x o ~ o Ha m o c m ~ o He- 60nbmofi Teppmpm, meroutefi ~ e ~ o ~ o p b ~ e e a c r w m l e rpatnarbr:
ropb1, Mope, Q'CTbIHtO A T.II.~' B CXOIIHO~~ CuTyaWA @ O ~ M U ~ O B ~ J M C ~
A p a m e rocynapcma n0~0r ry~60~0f i A ~ e p A m . B Me3oa~epme on- HAM A3 T a m nOKa3aTemHbE IIpFMepOB RanReTCR CanOTeKCKOe rY)CYe
napCm0 C UeHTPOM B M o H T ~ - A J I ~ ~ ~ H ~ , C @ O ~ M U P O B ~ B ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C X B KOHUe 1 TblC. no H.3. B PaMKaX ~30nAp0BaHHOfi Ue~~pkWIbHofi nOnUHb1
Oawarcll(2150 m2), mnene~~of i OT npymx o6nac~efi Oaxam r o p ~ b ~ ~ l l
M a c c m m B ~ T C O T O ~ ~ no 3000 M~'. X a p a ~ ~ e p narunrrawa, 6e3 come- m, ~ ~ 6 x 0 ~ 0 m T b M npu 0603Ha~eHmi EppWl'Opd UaPCTB ~ a i h B 6accethre YcyMacm~, nocKomrcy nan~brit pemo~ npenmB- meT co6ofi rpeny IOPH~LX x p e h s n XOJTMOB, ~ e 6 o n t . m 3 a ~ p b l n ~
peYHbIX n o m , ~OJIOTUCT~LX HA3KH A T.n., KOTOPbIe MOXCHO PaCCMaT- p m a n B Karecme ecTemeHHbDt nperpan.
~ ~ O ~ U ~ O B ~ H U ~ O C O ~ ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ JIarimua@Ta 06ycnoarrmae~ elUe OnAH HenOCTaTOK MeTOnOB a ~ O ~ H O B Tucce~au H UTpaBMTalMOH-
H O ~ Monenub - n o m e c d ueHTp rocynapcma amoMamecm m e ~ ~ w @ m w p y e ~ c s c ero reorpa@mecm~ uempoM, CnenosaTemHo, peKoHcTpynmn npemonaram, YTO nommmecaoe m e ~3 uelrrpa
paBHoMepHo pacnpocrpamnocb BO Bcex r e o r p a @ w e c ~ Hanpaarre- mm. O ~ H ~ K O B pemHocni B YC~OBARX nepecere~~ofi MecTHocni
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