nuno candeias et al_estratégias de raciocínio e dificuldades dos alunos do 2º ciclo do ensino...

7/31/2019 nuno candeias et al_estratégias de raciocínio e dificuldades dos alunos do 2º ciclo do ensino básico em visualizaçã…

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Ow{qc{èihcw ko qcgh`gîjh` o khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w u`q{iowow k` 1*¼

ghgf` k` ojwhj` aãwhg` on Rhwcfh|céç`& Nokhkc o Ãqoc

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L`ç` Uokq` kc U`j{o Koucq{cnoj{̀ ko Okgcéç` kc Bcgfkcko ko Ghìjghcw kc _jhroqwhkcko ko Fhwa`c

Qown`< @w cfj`w u`q{iowow {ìn {hk` hjrcqhcrofnoj{o qowf{ck`w hjwc{hwbc{÷qh`w on ow{k`w kog`nucqcéç` hj{oqjcgh`jchw& kowko ` WHCOU& c` [HNWW o& nchw qogoj{onoj{o& ` UHWC* G`jmogon.wo `wqowf{ck`w scj{h{c{hr`w ifàchw& ncw jç` wo g`jmogon on ko{cfmo cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w jon cwow{qc{èihcw so wcn ucqc fhkcq g`n ` {hu` ko sow{ÿow uqù`w{cw* @ uqowoj{o ow{k` {on u`q àlog{hr`g`jmogoq cw ow{qc{èihcw ko qcgh`gîjh` o cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w u`q{iowow k` 1*¼ ghgf` k` ojwhjàãwhg` on {qìw gcnu`w g`jgou{chw qofcgh`jck`w g`n c Io`no{qhc< Rhwcfh|céç`& Nokhkc o Ãqoc* @

ow{k` {on u`q acwo c cufhgcéç` ko n nown` hjw{qnoj{` ko crcfhcéç`& g`nu`w{` ko wohw h{ojw k` UHWC&{qìw ko rhwcfh|céç`& n wàqo Nokhkc o k`hw qofcgh`jck`w g`n ` g`jgoh{` ko ãqoc -n k`w schwn`khbhgck`(& g`n` {ow{o owgqh{` o g`n` ihç` ko oj{qorhw{c `qcf* Cuqowoj{cn`w `w qowf{ck`w scj{h{c{hr`wqoboqoj{ow c 95 cfj`w ko {qìw {qncw k` 2*¼ cj` ko owg`fcqhkcko& aon g`n` `w qowf{ck`w scfh{c{hr`wqoboqoj{ow c 35 oj{qorhw{cw* Uq`gqcn`w qobfog{hq wàqo `w kowonuojm`w kow{ow cfj`w {ojk` on c{ojéç` `gqqîgf` u`q{iìw*

C Io`no{qhc& ` UHWC o ` gqqîgf` jcgh`jcf

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g`jwosoj{onoj{o& c gcucghkcko ko rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf o c g`nuqoojwç` ko g`jgoh{`w

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{hfh|cq cnufcnoj{o khwg{hkcw*

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Nc{onã{hgc -JG[N& 15554 NO.KOA& 1553(& ` ojwhj` kc Io`no{qhc koro acwocq.wo jc

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388? o& nchw qogoj{onoj{o& ` UHWC -@GKO& 155;( so wo g`jmogon `w qowf{ck`w

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gcnu`w g`jgou{chw qofcgh`jck`w g`n c Io`no{qhc< Rhwcfh|céç`& Nokhkc o Ãqoc* @

ow{k` {on u`q acwo c cufhgcéç` ko n nown` hjw{qnoj{` ko crcfhcéç`& g`nu`w{` ko

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k`hw g`n ` ko ãqoc -n kofow n`khbhgck`(& g`n` {ow{o owgqh{` o g`n` ihç` ko

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{qìw iqu`w ko h{ojw< 3* G`jw{qhjk` af`g`w -rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf(4 1* Uã{h` -ãqoc( o 7*

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{hfh|céç` kc b÷qnfc ucqc gcfgfcq ` r`fno o -hh( g`j{cion k`w ga`w kc bhiqc*

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* @ woijk` h{on kow{o iqu` è hkìj{hg` c` uqhnohq`& ncw qoboqo.wo å Bhiqc G&

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19„* @{q` cfj` cuqowoj{c c nownc ow{qc{èihc& ncw gmoic nown` c g`nucqã.fc g`n cqowu`w{c c` h{on cj{oqh`q< ‖Ow{` c bc|oq ` nown` so bh| j` A& ow{` c cgmcq cw

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7 jc roq{hgcf& jc bqoj{o k` ga`* Ko woihkc g`j{c `w ga`w so àwoqrc jc bcgo fc{oqcf

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ga`w*

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nown` cwuog{`* Jow{o h{on cw qowu`w{cw b`qcn nchw rcqhckcw& cuowcq ko wo g`j{hjcqon

c g`jgoj{qcq jcw {`{cfnoj{o oqqckcw ` jcw g`nufo{cnoj{o g`qqog{cw* J` oj{cj{`& cw k`

uqhnohq` {hu` cnoj{cqcn ucqc nchw k` kàq`& ` so u`ko woq àwoqrck` j` Sckq` 1so cuqowoj{c `w qowf{ck`w so `w cfj`w à{hroqcn jow{o h{on* È chjkc u`wwîrof

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cfj`w c o}ufhgh{cqon ` qcgh`gîjh` so {hfh|cqcn o& u`q{cj{`& b`h u`wwîrof crcfhcq c

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k` Ojwhj` Aãwhg` -NO.KOA& 1553(& è jogowwãqhc c ‖cu{hkç` ucqc b`qnfcq cqinoj{`w



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rãfhk`w qog`qqojk` å rhwcfh|céç` o c` qcgh`gîjh` owucghcf& o}ufhgcjk`.`w on fhjicion

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7

@ cfj` cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw jç` cuqowoj{c nc qowu`w{c*U`q o}onuf`<. qo{hqc ` ga` k` goj{q` kc bhiqc o jç` kh| scj{`w ga`w wç` jogowwãqh`w ucqc bc|oq c

g`jw{qéç`4. kowojmc cw {qìw bhfcw ` gcnckcw ko ga`w g`n `nhwwç` k` ga` wh{ck` c` goj{q` ncw

jç` kã qowu`w{c*

?-9/(

1

@ cfj` kã qowu`w{c oqqckc ncw cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`*U`q o}onuf`<. kowojmc cw {qìw bhfcw ` gcnckcw ko ga`w g`n `nhwwç` k` ga` wh{ck` c` goj{q` o

qowu`jko ko b`qnc hjg`qqog{c*

3-1/(

3

@ cfj` o}uÿo ` qcgh`gîjh` ucqghcfnoj{o g`qqog{`*U`q o}onuf`<. kã c qowu`w{c g`qqog{c o qoboqo so qo{hqc n ga` kc bhiqc jç` owuoghbhgcjk` ko `jko*

?-9/(

5

@ cfj` cuqowoj{c qowu`w{c oqqckc ` jç` kã scfsoq {hu` ko lw{hbhgcéç`*U`q o}onuf`<

. kon`jw{qcjk` nc hjg`qqog{c rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf kc bhiqc* G`n` jç` è rhwcfh|ckc{`kc c bhiqc& ` cfj` ucq{o k` uqhjgîuh` so u`ko qo{hqcq `w ga`w so jç` wç` rhwîrohw4

. g`jbjko ãqoc {`{cf k` w÷fhk` g`n ` wo r`fno* G`jwhkoqc gckc bcgo g`n 8 ga`w og`n` ` ga` {on 2 bcgow& nf{hufhgc 8 u`q 24. qo{hqc ga`w hjg`qqog{cnoj{o n`w{qcjk` jç` oj{ojkoq ` woj{hk` kc ucfcrqc `g`< cbhqnc

so ucqc bhgcq `g` {ìn ko wo qo{hqcq {`k`w `w ga`w4 qo{hqc n ga` ‖k` noh`„ kc bhiqcjç` owuoghbhgcjk` ko `jko4 qo{hqc n ga` wh{ckc jc gcnckc wuoqh`q& c` goj{q`4ofhnhjc 7 ga`w k` goj{q` kc bhiqc4 ofhnhjc c wogéç` wuoqh`q kc bhiqc4 qoboqo ` g`q{oko cqow{cw ucqc bhgcq `g`4

. won woj{hk` cucqoj{o< cuqowoj{c gãfgf`w cucqoj{onoj{o won woj{hk` 2; >1;(4g`jbjko c ufcjhbhgcéç` k` ga` g`n r`fno* Ufcjhbhgc ncf ` ga` o g`j{cahfh|c 9bcgow& g`jgfhjk` woqon jogowwãqh`w 9 af`g`w4 {oj{c{hrc ko {qcjwb`qncéç` kc bhiqc G jcbhiqc A4 gcfgfc c khboqojéc oj{qo ` jünoq` ko ga`w kcw bhiqcw G o A*

78-?2/(

JQ @ cfj` jç` qowu`jko 7-;/(

_nc kcw ow{qc{èihcw nchw wchw ko gmoicq å qowu`w{c è g`jwhkoqcq ` so b`h boh{`

j` h{on cj{oqh`q o wa{qchq.fmo n& ` jünoq` nîjhn` ko ga`w uosoj`w so wo u`ko

qo{hqcq å Bhiqc G& won so ow{c uoqgc ` wo cwuog{` -Bhiqc 3(*

C cjãfhwo nchw cuq`bjkckc kcw khbhgfkckow so forcqcn `w cfj`w c qowu`w{cw

hjg`qqog{cw acwo`.wo jcw oj{qorhw{cw* C uqhnohqc uqojko.wo g`n c khbhgfkcko on

hj{oquqo{cq ` c{qhahq whijhbhgck` c ‖`gc u`q koj{q`„<



=

Uqoghwc ko*** Hw{` {on noj`w 7& rcn`w uoicq j`w 19 ga`w o wa{qchq 7ga`w so wç` kc cf{qc so ow{ç` j` goj{q`* È c cf{qc k`w ga`w& `jünoq` ko ga`w& so ow{ã j` noh`*

Bhiqc 3* Qowu`w{c kckc u`q n cfj` c` h{on 3*g( j` {ow{o owgqh{`*

C iojoqcfhkcko k`w cfj`w so {hroqcn wgoww` jc qow`féç` k` h{on

f{qcucwwcqcn ow{c uqhnohqc khbhgfkcko {hfh|cjk`& owwojghcfnoj{o& k`hw {hu`w ko

qow`féç` khboqoj{ow* J` uqhnohq` uq`goww` ko qow`féç` g`jwhkoqcqcn c qowu`w{c kckcc` h{on cj{oqh`q o wa{qcîqcn ` ga` so wo ojg`j{qc j` wo goj{q`* B`h ` so cg`j{ogo

g`n ` cfj` cj{oqh`q so jnc woijkc {oj{c{hrc lw{hbhg` ` so è woq `g` o g`qqhih c

wc qowu`w{c hjhghcf<

Soq kh|oq so ow{ã& so ow{ã*** C ucq{o ko koj{q` ow{ã rc|hc& jç` {onjckc* Cm& lã uoqgoah# Oj{ç` ow{ow 7 ga`w jç` u`kon& w÷ u`ko woq nga` so ow{ã j` goj{q`*

Cfo}cjkqo {cnaèn {hfh|` ow{c ow{qc{èihc cuowcq ko {oq g`noéck` u`q g`j{cq `w

ga`w& ncw cacjk`j`.c& u`hw jç` uoqgoao scf oqc ` ga` so u`koqhc qo{hqcq* Kou`hw&

qog`qqojk` c` nc{oqhcf nf{haãwhg`& khwu`jîrof jc nowc& cbhqn`< ‖jç` u`ww` {hqcq `w k`

noh` wojç` `w `{q`w gchon„* C` woq cfoq{ck` uofc uq`boww`qc ucqc ` bcg{` ko `w ga`w

woqon g`fck`w& gmoi` hnokhc{cnoj{o å g`jgfwç` so {hqcjk` ` ga` k` hj{oqh`q& w÷

jogowwh{cqhc ko 12 ga`w ucqc bhgcq g`n c nownc b`qnc*



8

J` woijk` {hu` ko qow`féç` `w cfj`w {oj{cqcn g`j{cq `w ga`w so c bhiqc

{oqhc* Ow{ow cfj`w {hroqcn iqcjkow khbhgfkckow& cuqowoj{cjk` qowu`w{cw oqqckcw< ‖Rh n

jünoq` nchw uosoj`& ;& o g`j{oh {k`* ; nchw ; nchw ; hicf c 31„* Ow{o cfj` g`j{`

`w ga`w so g`jw{h{on `w rèq{hgow k` ga`& {ojk` rhwcfh|ck` ` wo owsofo{` won

{`k`w `w ga`w kc ucq{o goj{qcf*

Cuowcq ko {hfh|cq ow{c üf{hnc ow{qc{èihc ko g`j{cq `w ga`w& nc cfjc g`noé`

c qo{hqcq {`k`w `w ga`w o}gou{` `w so wç` ‖rèq{hgow„ k` w÷fhk`* Qog`qqojk` å bhiqc G

g`noé` u`q ‖qo{hqcq„ `w ga`w uosoj`w kc bhfc goj{qcf< ‖rhj{o o sc{q`& {hqcn`w ow{o

csh„* Kou`hw {oj{` g`j{cq `fmcjk` ucqc cw `{qcw bcgow o jç` wo cuoqgoao so g`j{`

rãqhcw ro|ow ` nown` ga` uosoj`* Cu`j{cjk` ucqc `w ga`w so {ìn nc ` kcw

bcgow rhwîrohw g`j{hj` c g`j{cq<

• È ow{o o k`hw c{qãw• C{qãw kow{o nchw k`hw* Rch kcq ?# Csh c nowncg`hwc• 2 Csh on ach}` {hqcn`w ow{o• 9 o ow{o• =• 8• 35& kou`hwnchw {qìw u`q ach}` 37 o ow{ow k`hw 3;• 3?• Oj{ç`& 19 noj`w 3?*** 31*

C cfjc jç` wo gmoi` c cuoqgoaoq so {hjmc cf{oqck` ` cwuog{` kc bhiqc o&

g`n` {cf& cuqowoj{` nc qowu`w{c hjg`qqog{c*

@{qc cfjc& so jç` {hfh|` jojmnc kcw kcw ow{qc{èihcw cj{oqh`qow&qowu`jko so<

@ jünoq` nîjhn` ko uosoj`w ga`w ko so ofc uqoghwc ucqc g`jw{qhqn af`g` g`n n cwuog{` hicf c` kc bhiqc G wç` 1;* Nf{hufhsoh `wga`w ko ghnc = u`q 7*

C cfjc jnoq` cw bcgow ko gckc n k`w ga`w uosoj`w g`n o}gouéç` k`

goj{qcf o& g`n` {cf& jç` g`jwhkoq` `w ga`w kc ucq{o goj{qcf -oh}` roq{hgcf(* [oj{`nf{hufhgcq ` so wo ucwwcrc jn k`w jîrohw kc bhiqc uof` jünoq` ko jîrohw* U`q hww`&

qo{hq` n ga` uosoj` k` goj{q` ko gckc n k`w jîrohw*

J`w h{ojw k` uqhnohq` iqu` c khbhgfkcko è noj`q scjk` `w cfj`w {ìn

u`wwhahfhkcko ko `awoqrcq khqog{cnoj{o cw bhiqcw w`aqo cw schw fmow wç` b`qnfckcw

uoqij{cw o cnoj{c scjk` {ìn so hncihjcq ofonoj{`w ckhgh`jchw kc bhiqc& ucqc

cfèn kcsofow so wç` n`w{qck`w* On scfsoq k`w h{ojw mã ofonoj{`w n`w{qck`w

khqog{cnoj{o o ofonoj{`w jç` n`w{qck`w& ncw c g`nufo}hkcko kow{ow üf{hn`w cnoj{c



35

k` h{on3*c( ucqc ` h{on 3*a( -ko 1 ofonoj{`w {`{cfnoj{o owg`jkhk`w jc bhiqc A

ucwwcn`w ucqc = ofonoj{`w jc bhiqc G( o cnoj{c nchw chjkc k` h{on 3*a( ucqc ` h{on

3*g(& so qosoq c hkoj{hbhgcéç` k` jünoq` ko ga`w so u`kon woq qo{hqck`w kc bhiqc*

Roqhbhgcn`w& hicfnoj{o& so khroqw`w cfj`w n`w{qcn cfinc khbhgfkcko on

fhkcq g`n {oqn`w kc fhjicion g`qqoj{o& g`n` cg`j{ogo j` {oqgohq` h{on g`n c

ucfcrqc ‖`g`„* U`koq.wo.hc wu`q so wo {qc{c ko n {oqn` bcnhfhcq ucqc c iojoqcfhkcko

k`w cfj`w* J` oj{cj{`& cfijw jç` ` g`jmoghcn o `{q`w n`w{qcqcn khbhgfkcko on

oj{ojkoq g`nufo{cnoj{o ` wo whijhbhgck`* Ow{o o}onuf` n`w{qc g`n` nh{`w

uqàfoncw g`n c g`nuqoojwç` ko ojjghck`w ko h{ojw nc{onã{hg`w {on nh{cw ro|ow

`qhion on khbhgfkckow on fîjic u`q{iowc*

Jc qow`féç` k`w h{ojw ko rhwcfh|céç` hkoj{hbhgãn`w gfcqcnoj{o kcw ow{qc{èihcwu`q ucq{o k`w cfj`w< -h( nc hj{h{hrc& acwockc jc g`j{cion ko àlog{`w woijk` nc

`qkon ckosckc o -hh( `{qc nchw b`qncf& acwockc j`w g`jgoh{`w ko r`fno o ko

nf{hufhgcéç`* Cw qowu`w{cw c` {ow{o u`q owgqh{` on cfijw gcw`w orhkojghcn ` w`

kow{cw ow{qc{èihcw& j`{q`w gcw`w jç` ` bc|on g`n gfcqo|c* Hww` n`w{qc g`n` c

hjb`qncéç` kckc uof` {ow{o è fhnh{ckc ucqc wo g`nuqoojkoq ` uojwcnoj{` k`w cfj`w jc

qowu`w{c åw sow{ÿow uqù`w{cw* Jc oj{qorhw{c `qcf {`qjcn.wo nchw uoqgou{îrohw cw

ow{qc{èihcw wckcw uof`w cfj`w& ona`qc on cfijw gcw`w wolc chjkc khbîghf oj{ojkì.fcwg`nufo{cnoj{o* Jow{o gcw`& nh{` uq`rcrofnoj{o& ow{ç` on rcj{cion `w cfj`w so

wç` gcuc|ow ko wcq cnacw cw ow{qc{èihcw& g`n bfo}hahfhkcko* C ow{qc{èihc ko g`j{cion è

ü{hf ucqc g`noécq c b`qncfh|cq c wh{céç` ncw c ow{qc{èihc acwockc jc j`éç` ko r`fno

è ko f`jio c nchw obhghoj{o o woiqc ucqc qowu`jkoq c` h{on 3*g(*

@w cfj`w so g`jwoihqcn qow`froq g`qqog{cnoj{o ` {oqgohq` h{on b`qcn `w so

g`jwoihqcn cq{hgfcq kcw hkohcw nc{onã{hgcw hnu`q{cj{ow< -h( c g`j{cion k` jünoq`

{`{cf ko ga`w uqowoj{o jc bhiqc& wcjk` ` g`jgoh{` ko r`fno& o -hh( c qocfh|céç` kcùoqcéç` hncihjãqhc ko qo{hqcq n ga` k` goj{q` kc bhiqc& qog`jmogojk` so oqc `

nã}hn` so wo u`koqhc {hqcq jcw g`jkhéÿow k` uqàfonc& ncj{ojk` ` g`j{q`f` wàqo c

qowuog{hrc g`j{cion*

Nokhkc o Ãqoc



33

1* Uã{h`

Ow{o woijk` iqu` {on cuojcw n h{on<

1* UÃ[H@ @ Cjkqè soq ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` qog{cjifcq kc wc j`rc gcwc* @ uã{h`{on ?&1? no{q`w ko g`nuqhnoj{` o 7&55 no{q`w ko fcqiqc* @ Cjkqèuqoghwc ko =3 n`wchg`w u`q no{q` sckqck`*Gcfgfc scj{`w n`wchg`w ` Cjkqè uqoghwc ucqc ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` {`k`*-Wo jogowwãqh` kowojmc& bc| owsoncw& •(

U`kon`w kog`nu`q c qow`féç` kow{o uqàfonc on {qìw o{cucw khw{hj{cw< -h(

gãfgf` kc ãqoc k` uã{h`4 -hh( gãfgf` k` jünoq` ko n`wchg`w jogowwãqh`w ucqc

ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` o -hhh( hj{oquqo{céç` k` qowf{ck` k` gãfgf` cj{oqh`q& g`jwhkoqcjk`n jünoq` hj{ohq` ko n`wchg`w* [cf g`n` {hjmc cg`j{oghk` j` h{on 3g& cw qowu`w{cw

à{hroqcn gfcwwhbhgcéÿow rcqhckcw& {ojk` khnhjîk` g`jwhkoqcrofnoj{o `w cfj`w so

qowu`jkoqcn hjg`qqog{cnoj{o -Sckq` 1(* [cnaèn è u`wwîrof àwoqrcq so jow{o h{on

{`k`w `w cfj`w koqcn nc qowu`w{c*

Sckq` 1* Cjãfhwo scfh{c{hrc ko qowu`w{cw c` h{on 1*


; È cuqowoj{ckc qowu`w{c g`qqog{c& cuqùqhckc å sow{ç` ojjghckc* 3?-13/(

7@ cfj` cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw owsogo.wo kob`qnfcq c qowu`w{c*

3=-12/(

1@ cfj` o}uÿo ucqghcfnoj{o ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& hjkhgcjk` sou`koqhc {oq rhjk` c kowojr`froq c cgéç` g`qqog{cnoj{o*

=-33/(

3 È cuqowoj{ck` ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw g`n gãfgf`w oqqck`w* 15-18/(

5 @ cfj` cuqowoj{c nc qowu`w{c oqqckc& kowojsckqckc kc sow{ç`* 8-37/(

JQ @ cfj` jç` cuqowoj{c scfsoq qowu`w{c* 5-5/(

Scjk` `w cfj`w jç` qowu`jkoqcn n jünoq` hj{ohq` ko n`wchg`w -o{cuc hhh(&

ncw cuqowoj{cqcn g`qqog{cnoj{o ` wo qcgh`gîjh`& cw wcw qowu`w{cw b`qcn gfcwwhbhgckcw

g`n g÷khi` 7& ko n`k` c khw{hjihq kcw so ow{crcn g`nufo{cnoj{o g`qqog{cw*



31

Jc cjãfhwo åw oj{qorhw{cw è u`wwîrof hkoj{hbhgcq g`n` wojk` c üjhgc ow{qc{èihc `

gãfgf` kc ãqoc k` uã{h` -b÷qnfc kc ãqoc ko n qog{ájif`(< ‖C uqhnohqc g`hwc so

{on`w ko bc|oq è gcfgfcq c ãqoc k` uã{h` so è ?&1? n ro|ow 7 n***„ @ cfj` owgqoro

ojscj{` bcfcrc o fhi` c gcfgfck`qc< ‖***so è hicf c 3?&9? n1*„ Kou`hw hj{oquqo{` `

jünoq` woucqcjk` c ucq{o hj{ohqc kc koghncf< ‖@ Cjkqè uqoghwc ko =3 n`wchg`w u`q n1*

J÷w {on`w 3? n1 oj{ç` rcn`w wcaoq scj{`w n`wchg`w mã on 3? n1 Towgqoro

3?=3 n1 >^*„ C woihq qofcgh`j` c ucq{o koghncf g`n c bqcgéç` º o gcfgf` º ko

=3<

=3 ro|ow 7 so kã 1;7 c khrhkhq u`q ;• Kã 25&9?• Bh| ko gcaoéc• Kã

319?&9? n`wchg`w* _n kofow rch uqoghwcq ko woq g`q{ck` u`qso jç` gcao{`k`* Ofo rch uqoghwcq ko g`nuqcq 3192 n`wchg`w*

Cfijw cfj`w so {hfh|cqcn ow{c ow{qc{èihc woj{hqcn c jogowwhkcko ko

kowojmcq ` qog{ájif` ucqc cu`hcqon `w wow gãfgf`w* B`h ` gcw` ko Cfo}cjkqo so

g`noé` u`q bc|oq ` owsonc k` uã{h`& qoihw{cjk` cw khnojwÿow* Kou`hw& ko{oqnhj`

c ãqoc k` qog{ájif` gcfgfcjk` ` uq`k{` k` g`nuqhnoj{` uofc fcqiqc* Cuqowoj{` `

rcf`q kc ãqoc k` uã{h` won qoboqhq c jhkcko ko nokhkc* C uq`boww`qc sow{h`j`.`

w`aqo ow{o cwuog{`<

Uq`boww`qc< Scf è c jhkcko ko nokhkc k` g`nuqhnoj{`0Cfj`< È ?&1?*Uq`boww`qc< Owwo è ` rcf`q k` g`nuqhnoj{`& ncw scf è c jhkcko konokhkc0Cfj`< È ` no{q`*Uq`boww`qc< O jc ãqoc0Cfj`< È ` n1*Uq`boww`qc< O ` so soqow wcaoq0

Cfj`< Scj{`w n`wchg`w wç` jogowwãqh`w0Uq`boww`qc< G`n` rchw bc|oq0Cfj`< Wo on gckc n1 wo {hfh|cn =3 n`wchg`w rç` woq 9?&3?=3 *

Cfo}cjkqo cuqowoj{` g`n` qowu`w{c ` rcf`q so `a{oro c{qcrèw k` qoboqhk`

uq`k{`& uof` so c` qoihw{cq c qowu`w{c gmoi` å g`jgfwç` so oqcn jogowwãqh`w 3192

n`wchg`w& lã so w÷ wo rojkon n`wchg`w hj{ohq`w*

@{qc cfjc cwwnh so ` uã{h` {hjmc cuojcw ghjg` no{q`w ko g`nuqhnoj{` -jç`

g`jwhkoq` c ucq{o koghncf( o {qìw ko fcqiqc<



37

@ Cjkqè uqoghwc ko 313? n`wchg`w ucqc ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` {`k`*=3 $ =3 $ =3 > 1;71;7 $ 1;7 $ 1;7 $ 1;7 $ 1;7 > 313?*

B`h g`nn c hkoj{hbhgcéç` k`w cfj`w oj{qo ucrhnoj{cq o ` gãfgf` kc ãqoc& `

so u`wwhrofnoj{o qowf{c kow{o uqàfonc wo cuq`}hncq k` so è boh{` qoifcqnoj{o j`

g`j{o}{` owg`fcq* Kcw oj{qorhw{cw {qcjwucqogo so cfijw cfj`w g`jwoihqcn qowu`jkoq

g`qqog{cnoj{o c` uqàfonc cu÷w cfin sow{h`jcnoj{` u`q ucq{o kcw uq`boww`qcw& ` so

j`w forc c g`jwhkoqcq wo ` nown` jç` {oqhc cg`j{oghk` g`n `w cfj`w so c` qow`froqon

` {ow{o owgqh{` jç` qowu`jkoqcn g`qqog{cnoj{o*

Ow{o è n uqàfonc g`n n rhjgck` gjm` ‖owg`fcq„& ` wolc& è n uqàfoncso nh{`w uq`boww`qow u`kon g`f`gcq jc cfc c`w wow cfj`w -` jn {ow{o ko

crcfhcéç`(* C qocfh|céç` k` uqàfonc ojr`fro rãqh`w cwuog{`w< -h( c g`nuqoojwç` k`

g`jgoh{` ko ãqoc& -hh( c gcucghkcko ko qocfh|céç` ko nc nf{hufhgcéç` g`n jünoq`w

koghnchw ko n kîih{` u`q {qìw kîih{`w4 -hhh( ` qog`jmoghnoj{` ko so ` jünoq` {`{cf ko

n`wchg`w ucqc nc kckc bhiqc u`ko woq à{hk` c ucq{hq k` g`jmoghnoj{` k` jünoq` ko

n`wchg`w u`q no{q` sckqck`4 -hr( ` qog`jmoghnoj{` ko so ` jünoq` {`{cf ko n`wchg`w

jogowwãqh` è n jünoq` hj{ohq`& u`hw jç` wo rojkon jc f`lc bqcgéÿow ko n`wchg`*Ko {`k`w ow{ow cwuog{`w& c g`nuqoojwç` k` g`jgoh{` ko ãqoc è {cfro| ` nchw

b`q{o& ncqgcjk` c jc{qo|c k` uqàfonc& ncw cw gcucghkckow ko gãfgf` jnèqhg` o ko

hj{oquqo{céç` ko ojjghck`w on bjéç` k` g`j{o}{` k` uqàfonc {ìn {cnaèn n ucuof

hnu`q{cj{o* @w 37/ ko cfj`w so jç` qowu`jkon u`kon {oq {hk` khbhgfkckow jc

hj{oquqo{céç` ifàcf kc wh{céç`* @w cfj`w so bh|oqcn ` gãfgf` jnèqhg` g`qqog{`

ncw jç` koqcn g`n` qowu`w{c ` jünoq` hj{ohq` hnokhc{cnoj{o wuoqh`q qorofcn

khbhgfkckow jc hj{oquqo{céç` k` g`j{o}{`* Nown` cwwhn& ucqc cfj`w ko 33.31 cj`w&kckc c g`nufo}hkcko k` h{on& jç` wo u`ko g`jwhkoqcq so ` qowf{ck` wolc nh{`

joic{hr`*

7* Ãqoc ko un g`j{hjoj{o

Jow{o h{on oqc cuqowoj{ck` c`w cfj`w ` ncuc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc c` scf b`h

wàqou`w{c nc iqofmc jc bhiqc k` uq÷uqh` ojjghck`* @ h{on è k`nhjck` uofc qofcéç`



3;

so o}hw{o oj{qo cw nokhkcw qochw o cw nokhkcw cuqowoj{ckcw jn ncuc* C {hfh|céç`

g`qqog{c kc owgcfc è bjkcnoj{cf ucqc owwc qofcéç`*

7* ÃQOC KO _N G@J[HJOJ[OC bhiqc cach}` è n ncuc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc*

c( Gcfgfc c khw{ájghc oj{qo ` U÷f` Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how0 Hjkhgc `w gãfgf`wso obog{cw{o o {`k` ` qcgh`gîjh` {hfh|ck`*

a( Ow{hnc c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc& wcjk` c owgcfc k` ncuc* Hjkhgc `w gãfgf`wso obog{cw{o o o}ufhgc g`n` bh|ow{o c {c ow{hnc{hrc*

G`n ` uqhnohq` h{on uqo{ojkhc.wo so `w cfj`w gcfgfcwwon c khw{ájghc oj{qo

k`hw u`j{`w j` ncuc& ojscj{` so g`n ` woijk` uqo{ojkhc.wo so `w cfj`w

ow{hncwwon c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc {hfh|cjk` c owgcfc k` ncuc* G`n` è u`wwîrof `awoqrcq

j` Sckq` 7 nchw ko no{cko k`w cfj`w cuqowoj{` nc qowu`w{c oqqckc*

K`w 95 cfj`w so qowu`jkoqcn c` {ow{o& cuojcw 38 qowu`jkoqcn g`qqog{cnoj{oc` h{on* Jcw oj{qorhw{cw {`k`w `w cfj`w g`noécqcn u`q nokhq c khw{ájghc j` ncuc g`n

nc qèic o kou`hw bc|oq c {qcjwu`whéç` k` rcf`q `a{hk` ucqc c qocfhkcko& ` so jç` b`h

{ç` bãghf g`n` wo u`koqhc uojwcq hjhghcfnoj{o*

Sckq` 7* Cjãfhwo scfh{c{hrc ko qowu`w{cw c` h{on 7*c*




3?

; È cuqowoj{ckc qowu`w{c g`qqog{c& cuqùqhckc å sow{ç` ojjghckc* 38-19/(

7@ cfj` cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw owsogo.wo ko b`qnfcq cqowu`w{c*

5-5/(

1 @ cfj` o}uÿo ucqghcfnoj{o ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& hjkhgcjk` sou`koqhc {oq rhjk` c kowojr`froq c cgéç` g`qqog{cnoj{o* 2-8/(

3 È cuqowoj{ck` ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw g`n gãfgf`w oqqck`w* ?-9/(

5 @ cfj` cuqowoj{c nc qowu`w{c oqqckc& kowojsckqckc kc sow{ç`* 7=-?;/(

JQ @ cfj` jç` cuqowoj{c scfsoq qowu`w{c* 1-7/(

@w cfj`w nokhqcn on uqhnohq` ficq c khw{ájghc uokhkc g`n nc qèic o

kou`hw {oj{cqcn {qcjwb`qnã.fc jc khw{ájghc qocf wcjk` uqù`qéÿow* Cw nch`qowkhbhgfkckow ko{og{ckcw jcw oj{qorhw{cw qocfh|ckcw b`qcn< -h( {qcacfmcq g`n rcf`qow

koghnchw o -hh( foq c owgcfc cuqowoj{ckc j` ncuc*

On qofcéç` å uqhnohqc khbhgfkcko nc cfjc cuqowoj{` iqcjko khbhgfkcko on

{qcacfmcq g`n rcf`qow koghnchw -2&?(& ` so c hnuokh ko g`j{hjcq c cww`ghcq c khw{ájghc

kobhjhkc uofc owgcfc g`n c khw{ájghc nokhkc u`q ofc< ‖Nokh k` U÷f` Wf c` N`j{o

Noj|how so ko.no 2&? gn„3* C woihq `fm` ucqc c owgcfc o bo| c woihj{o cww`ghcéç`<

7&? gn > 3555 dn255 dn > 1 gn;55 dn > 3&? gn

On qofcéç` å woijkc khbhgfkcko& nc kcw cfjcw qorof` bcghfhkcko on

g`jroq{oq c nokhkc jc qèic ucqc c owgcfc k` ncuc ona`qc {ojmc boh{` nc foh{qc

ucqghcf ko 355 on 355 dn on ro| ko 155 on 155 dn<

Cfjc< R` nokhq c khw{ájghc* T_{hfh|c c qèicÛq`boww`qc< O0Cfjc< Ci`qc rol` csh Tjc owgcfc k` ncuc^* Kã =?5*Uq`boww`qc< C noh` gcnhjm` oj{qo =55 o 3555 dn ow{ã0Cfjc< Mn• Cm u`hw• È ` 855* È 855 dn*

3

@ cfj` qoboqh 2&? gn so oqc c khw{ájghc oj{qo ` U÷f` Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how j` ncuc& u`hw o}hw{h nuqàfonc g`n c b`qnc{céç` kc bhiqc* U`q hww` ` cfj` {hjmc nokhk` c khw{ájghc g`qqog{c g`n c qèic*



32

J` woijk` h{on so g`jw{h{îc ow{o iqu` uqo{ojkhc.wo so `w cfj`w

ow{hncwwon c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc* B`h jow{o h{on so wo roqhbhg` c nch`q uoqgoj{cion

ko qowu`w{cw oqqckcw -2;/(& woihkc k`w gcw`w on so jç` m`ro qowu`w{c -38/( o kcw

qowu`w{cw nh{` hjg`nufo{cw -35/(* B`h jow{o h{on so `w cfj`w {hroqcn ` uh`q

kowonuojm`& {ojk` o}hw{hk` cuojcw ? qowu`w{cw {`{cfnoj{o g`qqog{cw*

Jcw oj{qorhw{cw ow{o h{on b`h cuqowoj{ck` ko kcw b`qncw khw{hj{cw uofcw

uq`boww`qcwhjrow{hick`qcw* C khboqojéc qowhkh j` bcg{` ko c bhiqc cuqowoj{ckc {oq whk`

` jç` wàqou`w{c u`q nc iqofmc* @w cfj`w kc uq`boww`qc Gqhw{hjc& so ù{` uofc jç`

wàqou`whéç`& {oj{cqcn cufhgcq c b÷qnfc kc ãqoc ucqc qowu`jkoq c` h{on* _n k`w wow

cfj`w {oj{` gcfgfcq c ãqoc u`q ojsckqcnoj{`* Jow{o gcw` b`h ` uq÷uqh` cfj` c

kowojmcq nc iqofmc g`n sckqck`w {ojk` on c{ojéç` so gckc fck` k` sckqck` {hjmc7&? gn& hw{` è& c khw{ájghc kc owgcfc<

3? nhfmÿow o noh`*Bh| c iqofmc o gckc sckqck` {on g`n` ãqoc 3 nhfmç`& o lj{oh 1 c 1 oow{hnoh so b`wwo nchw ` noj`w 3? nhfmÿow o noh`*

C uq`boww`qc Ihkc {cnaèn jç` wàqouûw c bhiqc k` ojjghck` g`n nc

iqofmc& ` so jç` b`h n hnuokhnoj{` ucqc so {cj{` W`qchc g`n` Cfo}cjkqo {oj{cwwonqow`froq ` uqàfonc ko b`qncw gqhc{hrcw*

W`qchc g`jwhkoq` so ` ncuc oqc n sckqck` g`n 39 gn ko fck`& {hfh|cjk` c

nownc ow{qc{èihc kc cfîjoc cj{oqh`q& o g`jwhkoq` 7;55 dn g`n` c nokhkc qocf* Cwwhn&

ko{oqnhj` ` rcf`q kc ãqoc& nf{hufhgcjk` 7;55 u`q 7;55* Cuqowoj{` g`n` ow{hnc{hrc

3? ;55 555 dn1& {ojk` ow{o rcf`q whk` hjbfojghck` u`q oqq`w ko gãfgf` jc cufhgcéç` k`

cfi`qh{n` kc nf{hufhgcéç`*

U`q wo {qj`& Cfo}cjkqo qog`qqo å qèic ucqc nokhq n g`nuqhnoj{` o ncfcqiqc cuq`}hnck`w& {`ncjk` g`n` rcf`qow 32 gn o 3; gn& qowuog{hrcnoj{o*

Nf{hufhg` owwow k`hw rcf`qow u`q 155 o ko woihkc nf{hufhg` `w wow uq`k{`w&

cuqowoj{cjk` g`n` ow{hnc{hrc ucqc c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc = 825 555 dn1*

On qofcéç` c`w cfj`w so qow`froqcn ` uqàfonc g`n c bhiqc wàqou`w{c g`n

nc iqofmc bhg` uc{oj{o ` g`jmoghnoj{` so {hjmcn wàqo ow{hnc{hrc& {ojk` g`noéck`

ko hnokhc{` c qow`froq ` uqàfonc* _n kofow nokh ` fck` ko n sckqck` o



39

qofcgh`j`.` `w wow 7&?gn g`n 3555 dn* Ko woihkc& ù{` u`q khrhkhq c bhiqc on

rãqh`w qog{ájif`w<

C H `guc 1 sckqckhjm`w& c HH `guc ? sckqckhjm`w• Kou`hw rcn`wkhrhkhq `{qc ucqc `gucq ; o `{q` ucqc `gucq 1* Ci`qc rcn`w gcfgfcqcw ãqocw ko gckc bhiqc ucqc wcaoqn`w•

Kou`hw qog`qqo c` gãfgf` noj{cf ucqc nf{hufhgcq u`q 3 555< ‖U`qso scjk` è

nf{hufhgcq u`q 3 555 lj{c.wo 7 |oq`w*„* Cu÷w ` gãfgf` kcw rãqhcw ãqocw -jc qocfhkcko(

bc| c wc w`nc< ‖U`q{cj{`& c ow{hnc{hrc kc ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc è 37 nhfmÿow ko

shf÷no{q`w sckqck`w Towgqoro^„

_n k`w cfj`w oj{qorhw{ck`w uofc uq`boww`qc Cfo}cjkqc {oj{` lj{cq `w‖uokcé`w„ ko {oqqc ucqc g`nufo{cq sckqck`w< ‖U`q o}onuf`& ow{o a`gck` kow{o

sckqck` bc| nchw ` noj`w ` qow{` kow{o& cwwhn ow{o bhgcrc g`n` n sckqck`

hj{ohq`*„ @ cfj` lw{hbhg` c {hfh|céç` k` {oqn` nchw ` noj`w< ‖Nchw ` noj`w

u`qso jç` wcaon`w c khw{ájghc o}cg{c wo ow{o a`gck` ko {oqqc è o}cg{cnoj{o hicf c

ow{o a`gck` ko ncq*„ Kou`hw g`j{` `w sckqck`w o cuqowoj{` nc ow{hnc{hrc<

O ci`qc ow{o a`gck`& nchw ow{o o ow{o bhgc& u`khc bhgcq nchw ` noj`wno{cko ko n sckqck`& u`q hww`& u`kon`w g`j{cq `w sckqck`w {`k`w***3;* Rch bhgcq 37&?*

@ cfj` oqq` scjk` nf{hufhg` ` jünoq` ko sckqck`w uof` fck` k` sckqck`

o jç` uofc ãqoc k` nown`<

Cm*** G`n` n sckqck` wç` 3 555 dn& nf{hufhgcn`w `w 37&? sckqck`wu`q 3 555 o kou`hw à{oqon`w nchw ` noj`w ` jünoq` ko shf÷no{q`w kc

Cj{ãqg{hkc*

@ uqhnohq` h{on ojr`fro ` w` ko owgcfcw& c nokhéç` ko woinoj{`w o c

gcucghkcko ko qow`froq uqàfoncw ko uqù`qgh`jcfhkcko* @a{ojk` c nokhkc oj{qo ` U÷f`

Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how -;&? gn j` ncuc( o wcaojk` so 5&9 gn k` ncuc g`qqowu`jkon

c 155 dn j` {oqqoj`& bhgcn`w g`n n whnufow uqàfonc ko uqù`qgh`jcfhkcko ucqc

qow`froq* [cnaèn woqhc u`wwîrof roq ` g`nuqhnoj{` {`{cf n`w{qck` jc owgcfc -7&? gn(&

qofcgh`jcjk`.` g`n 3 555 dn o c ucq{hq kcî b`qnfcq hicfnoj{o n uqàfonc ko



3=

uqù`qgh`jcfhkcko& {ojk` on g`j{c c khw{ájghc oj{qo ` U÷f` Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how kckc

uof` ncuc*

@ woijk` h{on ojr`fro c gcucghkcko ko ow{hncéç` kc ãqoc ko n àlog{`

hqqoifcq* Ofonoj{`w hnu`q{cj{ow ucqc c qowu`w{c wç` c owgcfc o c iqofmc& c ucq{hq kcw

schw wo u`ko roq so gckc sckqck` {on cuq`}hnckcnoj{o 35553555 dn1* C

ow{hnc{hrc u`koqhc woq à{hkc u`q nc khroqwhkcko ko uq`goww`w ojr`frojk` on k`wow

rcqhãrohw gãfgf`w o}cg{`w o ow{hnc{hrcw* @ bcg{` ko goqgc ko ¶ k`w cfj`w {oq

qowu`jkhk` g`qqog{cnoj{o ` {oq kck` ucww`w hnu`q{cj{ow jowwo woj{hk` koh}c cj{oroq

so ow{o {hu` ko h{on è cgowwîrof c`w cfj`w kow{o jîrof o{ãqh`& kowko so wolc boh{`

{qcacfm` owuogîbhg` jow{o woj{hk`*

Cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w qowf{cn ko rãqh`w cwuog{`w& kowko c g`nuqoojwç` kòjjghck` k` uqàfonc -{qc{c.wo ko n {hu` ko uqàfonc u`g` g`nn jc j`wwc

{qckhéç` ko ojwhj`(& ucwwcjk` uofc khbhgfkcko on fhkcq g`n c owgcfc o {cnaèn on

qog`jmogoq so ow{c jç` ow{ã iqckckc on jhkckow ko 3 gn ncw whn 5&9 gn& c

uqù`qgh`jcfhkcko o ` gãfgf` g`n rcf`qow koghnchw* Cfijw cfj`w g`jbjkhqcn c

hjb`qncéç` kckc jc bhiqc qofc{hrcnoj{o å f`gcfh|céç` k` N`j{o Noj|how& ` so u`ko

{oq g`j{qhaîk` {cnaèn ucqc ciqcrcq cw wcw khbhgfkckow*

G`jgfwÿow

Uq`gqcjk` hkoj{hbhgcq cw g`nuo{ìjghcw cuqowoj{ckcw uof` UHWC -@GKO& 155;(

on lì` jcw sow{ÿow cuqowoj{ckcw& u`kon`w cbhqncq so ` uqhnohq` iqu` hjwoqo.wo jcw

sow{ÿow ko qouq`kéç`& u`hw è w`fhgh{ckc c` cfj` cuojcw c cuqowoj{céç` k` jünoq` ko

uosoj`w ga`w so g`jw{h{on bhiqcw bcnhfhcqow whnufow* J`w h{ojw 3*c& 3*a o 3*g&

hkoj{hbhgcn`w cw g`nuo{ìjghcw -h( Uojwcq o qcgh`ghjcq & u`qso è g`f`gckc nc sow{çàãwhgc kc Nc{onã{hgc& hw{` è& ‖Scj{`w ga`w uosoj`w•0„ o -hh( Qouqowoj{cq & u`hw `

cfj` {on ko hj{oquqo{cq c qouqowoj{céç` uhg{÷qhgc -1K(& on wu`q{o ko ucuof& ko n

ucqcfofouîuok`* U`qèn c üf{hnc cfîjoc è nchw qhgc on {oqn`w ko g`nuo{ìjghcw so cw

cj{oqh`qow& nc ro| so {cnaèn ow{ç` on lì` c Cqinoj{céç` o c G`njhgcéç <̀ `

cfj` {on ko cuqowoj{cq ` qcgh`gîjh` so kowojr`fro& u`q owgqh{`& qouq`k|hjk` `

owsonc noj{cf {hfh|ck` -kowojm`& gãfgf`w& {o}{`(*



38

@ h{on 1 hjwoqo.wo j` iqu` ko sow{ÿow ko g`jo}ÿow& u`hw qosoq c qojhç` ko

g`jgoh{`w o ko uq`gokhnoj{`w nc{onã{hg`w jc qow`féç` ko uqàfoncw bcnhfhcqow c`w

cfj`w* On {oqn`w ko Rhwcfh|céç`& wcfhoj{c.wo jow{o h{on& c g`nuo{ìjghc Qouqowoj{cq

u`qso ` cfj` {on ko kowg`khbhgcq c qouqowoj{céç` ko nc wh{céç` -qog{ájif`( ucqc

u`w{oqh`qnoj{o gcfgfcq c wc ãqoc*

[cnaèn `w h{ojw k` {oqgohq` iqu` wo hjgfon j` g`jlj{` ko sow{ÿow ko

g`jo}ÿow u`hw è w`fhgh{ck` c` cfj` so nàhfh|o g`jgoh{`w o uq`gokhnoj{`w ucqc

qow`froq ` uqàfonc* Scj{` å cfîjoc 7*c& onoqion cw g`nuo{ìjghcw -h( Uojwcq o

qcgh`ghjcq & u`qso `w cfj`w {ìn ko fhkcq g`n g`jgoh{`w -nokhkc o owgcfc( ko n`k` c

ojg`j{qcq c khw{ájghc qocf& oj{qo k`hw f`gchw& c ucq{hq kc khw{ájghc oj{qo k`hw u`j{`w j`

kowojm`4 -hh( Qouqowoj{cq& u`hw è jogowwãqh` hj{oquqo{cq nc owgcfc o khw{hjihq ` àlog{`qocf -g`j{hjoj{o( o ` àlog{` g`jw{qîk` -kowojm`(4 -hhh( _wcq qogqw`w o boqqcnoj{cw& lã

so è hjkhwuojwãrof c {hfh|céç` kc qèic jc qow`féç` kc sow{ç`* Uof` wo fck`& c

cfîjoc 7*a& ojsckqc.wo jcw g`nuo{ìjghcw -h( Uojwcq o qcgh`ghjcq & u`hw ` cfj` {on ko

nàhfh|cq g`jgoh{`w o uq`gokhnoj{`w ckshqhk`w c bhn ko gcfgfcq c ãqoc k` g`j{hjoj{o

-bhiqc hqqoifcq(& sow{ç` uq`rcrofnoj{o u`g` bcnhfhcq4 -hh( Qouqowoj{cq& u`hw ` cfj`

{on ko wofoggh`jcq nc ow{qc{èihc acwockc jnc kcw rãqhcw b`qncw ko qouqowoj{cq c ãqoc

k` g`j{hjoj{o -g`jwhkoqc ` g`j{hjoj{o g`n` n qog{ájif` ` g`jwhkoqc.` g`n` c ljéç` ko ucq{ow ko rãqhcw sckqîgfcw(*

È& {cnaèn& hj{oqowwcj{o qobfog{hq wàqo cw ow{qc{èihcw o khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w*

On {`k`w `w uqàfoncw `w cfj`w {hfh|cqcn nchw k` so nc ow{qc{èihc& o}gou{` j`

uqàfonc ‖1* Uã{h`„* Ow{o è n uqàfonc g`n n gcqh| nchw owg`fcq o& g`n` {cf& nchw

uq÷}hn` k` so è ojwhjck` j` khc c khc jcw j`wwcw wcfcw ko cfc* Cuowcq khww`& cfijw

cfj`w woj{hqcn khbhgfkckow jc ucwwcion k`w gãfgf`w ucqc c wh{céç` qocf o& cwwhn&

cuqowoj{cq nc qowu`w{c so bh|owwo woj{hk`*Ko cfin n`k` {cnaèn bhg` uc{oj{o c {hfh|céç` ko ow{qc{èihcw kh{cw noj`w

g`nufo}cw g`n` b`h ` gcw` kc g`j{cion k`w ga`w uosoj`w jcw sow{ÿow qofcgh`jckcw

g`n c rhwcfh|céç`* Jow{o gcw`& `w cfj`w so {hfh|cqcn ow{c ow{qc{èihc ucqc qow`froq `w

{qìw h{ojw {hroqcn nh{c khbhgfkcko on qowu`jkoq& o& on goq{`w gcw`w& qowu`jkoqcn

oqqckcnoj{o& c` üf{hn`* @ so j`w forc c cbhqncq so& wo jnc uqhnohqc ca`qkcion `w

cfj`w u`kon {hfh|cq ow{o {hu` ko ow{qc{èihcw& uqìqowwhrcnoj{o koron {oq c mhu÷{owo ko



15

g`j{cg{cq g`n `{qcw ow{qc{èihcw so uoqnh{on qow`froq obhgc|noj{o uqàfoncw nchw

g`nufo}`w o so& hjgfwhrcnoj{o u`kon woq {hfh|ckcw j`{qcw wh{céÿow*

Cfincw kcw khbhgfkckow ojg`j{qckcw uof`w cfj`w qorofcn& å ucq{hkc cfinc

bcf{c ko g`j{cg{` g`n uqàfoncw on so wo cf{oqc cfinc g`jkhéç`& {`qjcjk`.`

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cfj`w so ucqoghcn k`nhjcq `w g`jgoh{`w ko owgcfc o uqù`qéç` woj{hwwon nch`qow

khbhgfkckow k` so woqhc ko owuoqcq*

B`h {cnaèn hj{oqowwcj{o cjcfhwcq cw khboqojécw so o}hw{hqcn jcw qow`féÿow k`wcfj`w j` üf{hn` h{on uof` bcg{` ko {oqon ` jç` nc iqofmc c wàqou`q c bhiqc* C

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c` gãfgf` kc qoboqhkc ãqoc* G`jrèn qoboqhq chjkc& nchw nc ro|& so b`h boh{c nc

ckcu{céç` k`w h{ojw {hfh|ck`w j` UHWC u`hw `w cfj`w bqosoj{crcn cuojcw ` 2*¼ cj` ko

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Bhjcfnoj{o& nc qobfo}ç` wàqo c no{`k`fìhc {hfh|ckc* È ko j`{cq so w÷ jcw

oj{qorhw{cw b`h u`wwîrof uoqgoaoq cfijw k`w qcgh`gîjh`w {hfh|ck`w j`w {ow{ow o cfincw

kcw khbhgfkckow so `w cfj`w woj{hqcn jc wc qocfh|céç`* C g`nuqoojwç` kcw

ow{qc{èihcw è bcghfh{ckc jcw oj{qorhw{cw& ncw jç` wo u`ko kowgqcq ` ucuof cwwnhk` uof`

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bc|ì.f` ucqc so ` cfj` g`jwoihwwo qow`froq g`qqog{cnoj{o ` h{on*[cnaèn è jogowwãqh` qoboqhq so cw uhw{cw so u`q ro|ow wç` kckcw u`q cfijw

k`w oj{qorhw{ck`qow u`kon {oq forck` `w cfj`w c g`jwoihq qow`froq `w uqàfoncw& `

so ko `{q` n`k` {oqhc whk` nchw khbîghf ko cg`j{ogoq* Wo& u`q n fck` c b`qnc& g`n`

cw oj{qorhw{cw wç` g`jk|hkcw koro woq nc uqo`gucéç` jow{o {hu` ko ow{k`& ofcw

uoqnh{hqcn roq ` gcnhjm` so ` cfj` uoqg`qqo c{è gmoicq ` jç` å w`féç` k`

uqàfonc* Cfèn khww`& c uoqgouéç` kcw khbhgfkckow jc hj{oquqo{céç` k`w ojjghck`w

owgqh{`w {cnaèn b`h bcghfh{ckc uofc qocfh|céç` kcw oj{qorhw{cw* Kow{o n`k`& ` {ow{o ko



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nc hkohc nchw ifàcf kcw gcucghkckow kc iojoqcfhkcko k`w cfj`w& ncw w÷ cw oj{qorhw{cw

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NO.KOA -1553(* Gqqîgf` jcgh`jcf k` ojwhj` aãwhg`< G`nuo{ìjghcw owwojghchw*Fhwa`c< Nhjhw{èqh` kc Okgcéç`& Koucq{cnoj{` ko Okgcéç` Aãwhgc*

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Ucq|xw|& A* -38==(* Dj`yhji rw woohji* Uqàfonw `b {mo ufcjo qouqowoj{c{h`j `b wucgoio`no{qx bhiqow* Okgc{h`jcf W{khow hj Nc{monc{hgw& 38& 98.81*

nuno candeias et al_estratégias de raciocínio e dificuldades dos alunos do 2º ciclo do ensino...

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