OTC 20879 MS (Perdido)

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  • OTC 20879

    Perdido Development: Great White WM12 Reservoir and Silvertip M. Frio Field Development Plans and Comparison of Recent Well Results with Pre-Drill Models Vern Eikrem, Ruijian Li, Michael Medeiros and Bryce McKee / Shell Exploration and Production Co. Ed Shumilak, Betsy Boswell and Raj Mohan / Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.

    Copyright 2010, Offshore Technology Conference

    This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2010 Offshore Technology Conference held in Houston, Texas, USA, 36 May 2010.

    This paper was selected for presentation by an OTC program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been reviewed by the Offshore Technology Conference and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect any position of the Offshore Technology Conference, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written consent of the Offshore Technology Conference is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may not be copied. The abstract must contain conspicuous acknowledgment of OTC copyright.

    Abstract

    The Great White and Silvertip Fields are located in the southern Alaminos Canyon area of the far western Gulf of Mexico. Shell is the operator of the Great White and Silvertip Fields. Along with Shell, Chevron and BP are the Great White JV partners. Chevron and Shell are JV partners in the Silvertip Field.

    This paper will provide an overview of the current Great White Field WM12 reservoir development plan, will compare the results of the recent six development wells with the pre-drill predictive model, and the impact of the well results on our understanding of this frontier area, Paleogene age reservoir. In addition, excellent results in two horizontal wells drilled in the Silvertip Field shallow M. Frio reservoir are also highlighted along with the well construction challenges in drilling and completing them.

    Oil in the Great White Field WM12 Sand reservoir is trapped in a large, highly faulted anticlinal structure. A high-resolution 3D seismic survey shot over the field has enabled us to map this structurally complex field reservoir in detail, identify hundreds of faults, and estimate reservoir thickness and quality away from sparse exploration and appraisal well control.

    The Great White JV partnership plans a staged development of the WM12 Sand reservoir. Staged development of this frontier area, ultra-deepwater field mitigates the downside production risk associated with Great Whites structural uncertainty, the scarcity of well data, the lack of reservoir production data, and the potential for reservoir compartmentalization due to sub-seismic faulting and / or stratigraphic barriers to flow.

    Development drilling at Great White began in 2007 and to-date six pre-drill wells have been drilled and completed prior to first oil. Well results drilled prior to first oil at the Perdido Spar and at the subsea Southwest Cluster locations are in-line with our pre-drill expectations and so far, have confirmed our large estimated oil-in-place volume in the WM12 Sand reservoir in the field.

    The M. Frio oil reservoirs at Silvertip Field are located in shallow M. Frio canyon-fill sands. The M. Frio is relatively unconsolidated and contains high viscosity, heavy oil. Because the M. Frio reservoirs are relatively shallow, drilling margins are very low and the wells push the boundaries of extended reach drilling. With detailed planning, we have been successful in drilling and completing these long horizontal wells and had better than expected well results.

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    Introduction

    The Perdido Development Project will develop and produce hydrocarbons from three separate deepwater fields in a frontier area of the western, ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The Perdido Development area is located in the southern Alaminos Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico about 200 miles south of Freeport. The Perdido Development area is shown in the location map in Figure 1.

    The Perdido project is comprised of three fields: Great White, Silvertip, and Tobago. Great White Field is by far the largest of the three fields. These three fields will be produced via the Perdido Spar production facility located at Great White. The Perdido Spar is located in water depths of about 8000ft on a plateau above the Gulf of Mexico abyssal plain. Oil and gas will be exported from the Perdido Spar utilizing pipeline systems linking into existing oil and gas pipelines. Production from the Perdido Development will start in early 2010.

    The Great White Field is contained within the single, 6 OCS block, Great White Alaminos Canyon 857 Unit. The Great White AC857 Unit is operated by Shell. Chevron and BP are joint venture partners in the Great White AC857 Unit development. The Silvertip Field is contained within the single, 2 OCS block, Tobago Alaminos Canyon 859 Unit. The Tobago AC859 Unit is operated by Shell. Chevron and Nexen are partners in the Tobago Unit development.

    The Perdido Spar has full offshore processing, water injection, and export capabilities. The majority of the development wells at Great White Field will be clustered under the spar such that direct vertical access to the subsea wells can be achieved from the Perdido Spar rig for drilling, completion, and other well interventions. Similarly, the spar rig can access and repair the subsea boosting systems under the spar. The remaining Great White wells will be drilled from remote subsea locations. The largest of these is the Southwest Cluster drilling center located in the southwestern corner of OCS block AC857.

    The Perdido Development is the first Paleogene development to come on-stream in the Gulf of Mexico and the Perdido Spar is now the deepest spar in the world. Because the Perdido development is in a frontier area of the Gulf of Mexico, there is significant remaining uncertainty in predicting Paleogene reservoir productivity.

    Great White and Silvertip Exploration, Appraisal, and Development History

    The Great White Field was discovered in April 2002 by the AC857-1 exploratory well. Exploration, appraisal, and development activities performed to date in the Great White AC857 Unit include the drilling of eight exploration and appraisal wells and one sidetrack. This was followed by the drilling of six development wells at the Great White Field between late 2007 and late 2009. Three major oil bearing reservoir sequences have been discovered to date: the M. Oligocene age M. Frio Sands, the L. Eocene age U. Wilcox WM12 Sand, and the L. Paleocene age L. Wilcox WM50 Sands. WM12 appraisal of the field included drilling of seven wells. These wells have extensive datasets including core in four of the appraisal wells. The M. Frio was appraised by five wells. A significant amount of M. Frio reservoir data was gathered including whole core in two wells and an OVT production test in another. The only WM50 Sd. penetration to date is a bypass of the discovery well, AC857-1BP1, drilled in 2002.

    The Silvertip Field was discovered in 2004 by the Chevron operated AC815-1 well. This well penetrated and evaluated a number of shallow, heavy oil bearing M. Oligocene age M. and L. Frio Sand reservoirs. No further appraisal drilling was done at Silvertip after the discovery wells were drilled. Fluid and rock data was gathered at Silvertip in the AC815-1 well. After project sanction, two M. Frio horizontal development wells have been successfully drilled and completed in Silvertip M. Frio Sds. in late 2008 and early 2009.

    Great White Geology and Reservoirs

    The Great White Field is a heavily faulted, northwest-southeast trending anticlinal fold associated with a deep, down-to-the-southeast reverse fault. The Great White Fields structure is one of a large number of en-echelon anticlinal folds that make up the Perdido foldbelt. While the main anticlinal fold is the most prominent structural feature; later, pervasive, normal faulting and collapse associated with salt withdrawal formed a series of normally faulted blocks in the northern and central parts of the field. At the WM12 Sd. reservoir level, the field can be broadly divided into four areas: (1) the large, relatively unfaulted, northeast-southwest trending main anticlinal high, (2) the highly faulted central and structurally low graben areas of the field, (3) the structurally higher northern area of the field that is separated into numerous, eastwest trending, fault blocks, and (4) the small eastern, four way dip closure in the graben area southeast of the main anticlinal structure. A shallow Miocene seismic amplitude and velocity anomaly, the so-called Big Mac, creates a significant seismic absorption or wipe-out zone over the center of the field and impacts reliable characterization of each reservoir.

  • OTC 20879 3

    The shallowest reservoir sequence at Great White is the heavy oil bearing M. Oligocene age M. Frio Sands. To date, oil has been encountered in a total of six, stacked, shallow reservoir sands. A seismic cross-section showing the stacked M. Frio reservoir sequence is shown in Figure 2. The Frio productive area is estimated to be approximately 7500 acres and the total M. Frio OIP could be two billion boe. Total reservoir pay thickness can amount to over 300ft in the crestal areas of the field. However, the M. Frio reservoirs contain biodegraded 18API, low GOR oil with a viscosity of 6-20cp. In addition, the M. Frio reservoirs are buried to a depth of only 1500 to 3500ft below the mudline. The M. Frio sands are feldspathic litharenites with an unusual abundance of unaltered volcanic glass. Low overburden stresses result in the M. Frio Sands remaining uncompacted. This lithology and the lack of mechanical compaction results in very porous, compressible reservoir sands. Porosity averages 35%. The compressibility of the M. Frio means that significant uncertainties remain in predicting M. Frio development well performance, including: the impact of compaction drive, the increased likelihood of compaction related well failure, and reservoir permeability degradation with pressure depletion. In addition, contradictory measurements of the initial permeability distribution in the reservoir make estimating initial well productivity difficult.

    The major Great White L. Eocene age U. Wilcox WM12 Sand reservoir is a single, high net-to-gross ratio (~90%), 60 to 110ft thick oil sand that appears to be continuous over most of the Great White structure. A top WM12 amplitude and structure map are shown in Figure 3. Net pay in the WM12 Sd. reservoir ranges from 50 to 100ft. Average porosity ranges from 25 to 30% and average permeability ranges from 50 to 250md. The WM12 Sand oil is a volatile, high GOR, high shrinkage, 36API gravity crude. The oil column is graded with slightly heavier oil downdip and lighter oil updip. No oil-water-contact has been penetrated to date in the WM12 Sd. at Great White Field. Currently, the total oil-in-place in the U. Wilcox WM12 Sd. is estimated to be approximately 900 million boe based on Shells seismic interpretation and well results to date. The WM12 Sd. is primarily composed of a ponded, amalgamated, lobe sequence. The WM12 Sd. is truncated to the southwest due to erosion of the WM12 Sd. by a large bypass canyon complex. The WM12 Sands are lithic arenites and are much more quartzose than the Oligocene M. Frio Sands. The WM12 Sand reservoir sequence is easily correlated among the Great White wells. Significant non-permeable heterogeneities seen in the core include calcite streaks or nodules and rare, thin shale laminations.

    The deep, L. Paleocene L. Wilcox WM50 Sands at Great White consist of a 1000ft thick sequence of amalgamated sands that are correlatable over a large area in the Perdido foldbelt. The WM50 has been subdivided at Great White Field into the WM50A, B, C, and D sands. Oil is likely present in each sand package, but the WM50A and WM50B sands have apparent oil-water contacts underlying relatively small hydrocarbon columns. The WM50 Sand oil is interpreted to be a light crude at approximately 40API. Structural interpretation at the WM50 level is very difficult given the poor imaging of this deep reservoir. At Great White, the WM50 Sands were likely deposited as a stacked series of amalgamated sheet or turbidite lobe sands. The WM50 Sand in the Perdido area wells has a high sand percent (N/G > 75%) and low porosity (

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    The Silvertip Frio sands are unconsolidated feldspathic litharenites. There is an abundance of volcanic glass in the M. Frio Sands that together with the low vertical effective stress results in high porosity and compressibility.

    There are two main Silvertip M. and L. Frio reservoir architecture types apparent from seismic facies analysis calibrated to Silvertip Field well control. There are thick, incised, by-pass canyon fills that are filled with excellent quality, high net-to-gross, amalgamated sand. These by-pass canyons typically incise older, relatively laterally extensive amalgamated sheet sands.

    Seismic Data Available

    Seismic quality over these fields is considered to be good to excellent, and the Oligocene and Eocene objectives discussed here are supported by seismic amplitude anomalies related to hydrocarbon fluid fill. The current Great White development plan is based on the well results to-date and a proprietary 3D seismic survey acquired during the summer of 2003. A preliminary version of the data was delivered through full PSDM processing in November 2004. The most recent TTI (tilted transverse isotropy) Gaussian beam migration reprocessed version of the data being used in the current evaluation work was delivered in September 2006.

    The Silvertip development plan is based largely on a proprietary 3D survey acquired in 2003. A preliminary version of the data was delivered through full PSDM processing in 2004. This dataset has been used for the mapping and development of the M. Frio Sand reservoirs at Silvertip.

    Great White WM12 Staged Development Plan

    The Great White joint venture partnership plans a staged development of all its reservoirs, including the large WM12 Sand reservoir at the Great White Field. The WM12 Sand reservoir is the anchor reservoir for the Perdido Development and contains an estimated 900 million boe of in-place volume. Staged development of this frontier area, ultra-deepwater field mitigates the downside production risk associated with Great Whites structural uncertainty, the scarcity of well data, the lack of reservoir production data, and the potential for reservoir compartmentalization due to sub-seismic faulting and /or stratigraphic barriers to flow. Early production performance will confirm if the WM12 Sand reservoir is well connected and can be produced with high ultimate/high rate producing wells, and also if the reservoir can be waterflooded successfully.

    The early, non-contingent portion of the Great White development includes 16 development wells: 12 oil producers and 4 water injectors. These wells are considered relatively firm in that they are largely independent of earlier well results and are economically viable over a large range of subsurface outcomes. Depending on the performance of the initial WM12 Sand development wells, there is a contingent second stage of development. Great White WM12 contingent development could include a large number of follow-up development wells. The location and number of the later, contingent development wells will be dictated by earlier well results and reservoir performance. Depending on early well production results, we will likely continue a minimum of a one-rig development program in the field to develop the WM12 reservoir for the next three years. This development plan is shown in Figure 3.

    In addition to the phasing of our development plan, the drilling of development wells prior to first oil will also allow us to ramp-up production more quickly once the facilities are constructed and are on-line. These pre-drill wells have some of the highest expected rates and ultimate recoveries of any wells planned in the Great White Field.

    The pre-drill wells selected also provide us with early well and production information from key areas of the WM12 reservoir that will allow us to more effectively plan follow-up development drilling.

    Silvertip M. Frio Staged Development Plan

    The M. Frio development at Silvertip Field will be piloted with two horizontal wells in the best turbidite reservoirs in this field. These two wells are the only planned development wells in the Silvertip M. Frio at present.

    These two horizontal well locations were selected, because these locations were most likely to produce at high rates and to achieve high ultimate recoveries. These two wells were targeted for M. Frio canyon-fill sands that based on well data obtained in the AC815-1 well were potentially the best quality reservoir sands in the field. The location of the two pilot wells is shown on the structure map in Figure 4 and in the seismic cross-section in Figure 5.

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    If these wells were to produce at higher than expected rates and did not fail mechanically, then given the proper economic conditions, follow-up M. and L. Frio development wells at Silvertip Field could be drilled. Contingent on pilot success, follow-up drilling could notionally begin two to three years after first oil.

    Great White WM12 Development Well Results to Date Compared to Plan

    To date, six development wells have been pre-drilled prior to first oil targeting the Great White WM12 Sd. All six wells were successfully drilled and four wells were completed. Figure 3 shows the location of these development wells.

    Of the six, two highly deviated wells were drilled from the Perdido spar site prior to arrival of the spar hull. These wells showed that we could achieve the long drilling reach that is required from the spar location in order to successfully develop the aerially extensive WM12 Sd. reservoir.

    Four wells were drilled from the subsea drill site located three miles south of the Perdido Spar. This Southwest Cluster drilling center is located in the southwestern corner of OCS block AC857. Two of these wells targeted thick, high quality WM12 reservoir near existing Main Fault Block exploration and appraisal wells. However, the third well successfully proved commercial hydrocarbons in the East Fault Block. This small, four-way dipping structure is located in the graben separating the Tobago and Great White Fields.

    When compared to the subsurface predictions of the WM12 Sd. reservoir thickness and properties made just prior to the drilling campaign, these six development well locations were typically within our current predicted range. When compared to our geologic mapping at the time the Perdido development decision was made in 2006, the well results were consistently better than expected. The well results to-date have generally supported the large estimated HCIIP in the WM12 Sd. reservoir at Great White Field.

    While well results are in-line with our expectations and tend to support our hydrocarbon-in-place estimates, high initial well rates and good long-term well productivity are key to the success of the Perdido development. High initial rates and long-term, stable productivity will confirm our reservoir permeability estimates and also confirm that the WM12 Sd. reservoir is continuous and well connected. This will also improve the chances of Waterflood success.

    Based on well results to date we have developed confidence in our quantitative seismic interpretation methodology, our geologic model, and in the resulting WM12 HCIIP estimates.

    In addition to the six pre-drill wells, a total of 22 shallow riserless batch-sets were all completed at the future Perdido Spar location prior to the arrival of the spar hull. These deviated, riserless batch-sets were cased to a depth of about 10,500ft tvdss. Future spar wells will be drilled using these shallow batch-sets. No significant drilling problems were encountered during the drilling of these batch-sets at the spar location. The Big Mac amplitude anomaly was drilled without incident.

    In summary:

    1. Shell as the operator of the Great White JV has successfully completed our pre-drill development well program at Great White Field.

    2. The results of the WM12 Sd. six pre-drill development wells have been significantly better than the predictions made at the time of the 2006 final investment decision.

    3. The acquisition of the AC856 block and unitization of the entire Great White Field will lead to efficient development of the field in the long term. The AC856 block appraisal wells were also significantly better than our 2006 predictions.

    4. The TTI re-processing of the hi-resolution PSDM 3D seismic has improved WM12 Sd. fault and reservoir mapping results. Generally better reservoir connectivity has been estimated.

    5. The six pre-drill development wells have been in-line with our higher hydrocarbon-in-place volume predictions based on the TTI seismic data (2008). Thus, current in-place volumes are generally supported by well results.

    6. The Great White JV has had excellent well results at the Southwest Cluster wells GB004 and GB003 located in the Main Fault Block.

    7. The East Fault Block was proved to be commercially producible by the GB002 well. This well result increases the probability of success of later Graben Block development wells.

    Silvertip M. Frio Development Well Results to Date Compared to Plan

    Development drilling was started in the Silvertip Field in late 2008 and was completed in early 2009. At present, two 2,200ft long horizontal M. Frio development wells, the SA001 and the SA002 wells, have been successfully drilled and completed by

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    the Noble Clyde Boudreaux rig in the M. Frio FR12 and FR14 Sands, respectively. These development wells are currently the deepest subsea wells in the world. These wells are shown on the seismic cross-section in Figure 5.

    The objective of the SA001 well was to successfully drill and complete the M. Frio FR12 canyon-fill sand near the Silvertip AC815-1 exploratory well.

    Drilling operations took only 20 days. Completion operations, which included drilling of the 8.5in horizontal interval, took 34 days. The well was drilled almost exactly to plan. The heel of the well missed the target at the top of the FR12 reservoir by only 9ft and the toe missed the target by only 2ft. Drilling of the 8.5in horizontal interval went better than anticipated, with total depth reached in only two days of drilling. This was primarily due to excellent drilling practices and preparation. Wellbore instability was the greatest perceived risk to successful drilling of the horizontal well, but wellbore instability proved to not be an issue, as the well was successfully drilled and completed as planned with minimal trouble.

    The 2200ft long SA001 horizontal well penetrated a total of 2160ft of net pay in the FR12 Sand. The well was drilled to final total depth of 16,350ft MD. The estimated porosity and permeability of the FR12 pay interval in the well at 37% and 826mD, respectively; were higher than expected (34% and 500mD). Overall, SA001 well results were much better than prognosis.

    The objective for the SA002 well was to successfully drill and produce from the FR14 canyon-fill sand, which had not been penetrated in the Silvertip Field prior to drilling of this well. Drilling operations took 22 days, slightly longer than expected. Completion operations, which included drilling of the 8.5in horizontal interval, took 40 days.

    The 2240ft long SA002 horizontal well penetrated 2169ft of net pay in the FR14 Sand. The well was drilled to final TD of 16,513ft MD. The estimated porosity and permeability of the FR14 pay interval (36.6% and 513mD) were higher than expected (34% and 500mD, respectively). The FR14 Sand had a 97% N/G, which was higher than the expected N/G of 83%. Overall, the SA002 well results were slightly better than prognosis.

    Like the SA001 well, successful drilling and completion of the SA002 horizontal well through the poorly consolidated M. Frio canyon-fill sands was completed with minimal trouble due to excellent drilling practices. The greatest perceived risk to successful drilling of the horizontal well, wellbore instability, ultimately proved not to be an issue.

    In summary:

    1. Shell as the Silvertip operator has successfully completed our two pre-drill development pilot well program at Silvertip Field.

    2. The results of the two pre-drill horizontal development wells have been significantly better than earlier predictions. These positive well results will likely cause an upward revision of Silvertip HCIIP.

    3. The TTI re-processing of the hi-resolution PSDM 3D seismic has improved fault and reservoir mapping results at Silvertip. This new data was used to target the successful horizontal wells.

    4. While well results have been favorable, ultimately Silvertip EUR is primarily dependent on reservoir permeability and long-term well mechanical integrity.

  • OTC 20879 7

    HoustonHoustonNew OrleansNew Orleans

    Mad DogMad Dog

    AtlantisAtlantis

    HolsteinHolstein

    TahitiTahitiAugerAuger

    Diana HooverDiana Hoover GunnisonGunnison

    Great WhiteGreat White

    NansenNansen

    GAA244GAA244

    AC 90117571

    AC 85519415

    10/31/07

    Perdido Area Setting 7,500-10,000 water depth Rugged seafloor terrain Extreme weather 200 miles south of Freeport 60-90 miles from existing oil & gas transport First production from lower tertiary in GoM

    Great White Unit

    Silvertip

    SALTSALTSALTSALT

    U.S.A.U.S.A.U.S.A.U.S.A.

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    Great White #1

    Great White & Tobago Areas

    Tobago #1

    Silvertip #1

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    Perdido Area Location Map

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    Figure 1 - Perdido development location map in the ultra-deepwater Gulf of Mexico

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    Figure 2 - Northeast-southwest seismic M. Frio cross-section through Great White crestal area appraisal wells

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    Figure 3 - Great White WM12 amplitude map overlain with the structure on the top WM12 Sd. showing the development plan with firm development wells in green and the later contingent wells in yellow. Wells highlighted with blue circles are the six pre-drill wells.

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    Figure 4 Silvertip top M. Frio structure showing the Silvertip development plan. Two horizontal wells: SA001 and SA002 have been drilled and completed in the M. Frio FR12 Sd. and FR14 Sd., respectively. These wells have been connected to the Silvertip subsea manifold.

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  • 10 OTC 20879

    FR12

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    Figure 5 Detailed northeast-southwest trending M. Frio seismic cross-section showing the Silvertip horizontal development well locations in the FR12 and FR14 canyonfill sands.