Potencial para o atendimento de emissões EURO VI e US 10 ... · Evolução dos níveis de...

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© by FEV all rights reserved. Confidential no passing on to third parties Titel / Autor / Datum 1 Potencial para o atendimento de emissões EURO VI e US 10 com consumo e complexidade otimizado Horst Bergmann 27.10.2009 São Paulo -SP

Transcript of Potencial para o atendimento de emissões EURO VI e US 10 ... · Evolução dos níveis de...

© by FEV – all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third partiesTitel / Autor / Datum

1

Potencial para o atendimento de emissões EURO VI e US 10 com consumo e complexidade otimizado

Horst Bergmann

27.10.2009 São Paulo -SP

© by FEV – all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties

Visão Geral da Apresentação

Evolução dos níveis de emissões de NOx e material particulado para veículos comerciais (caminhões e ônibus) bem como motores industriais na Europa e EUA;

Complexidade do sistema completo motor e pós-tratamento de gases de escape

Dimensionamento do motor, minimização das emissões brutas através de medidas internas ao motor

Requisitos do sistema de pós-tratamento de gases de escape

Dimensionamento de catalisadores (SCR e DPF)

Comportamento transiente, otimização do sistema completo

Resumo

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US 1998US 2004

US 2007US 2010

US 1991

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Euro I (1992)

Euro II (1998)

Euro III (2000)

Euro IV (2005) Euro V (2008)

Euro VI

012345678910

PM

Tier 1 (1997)PM not regulated

Tier 2 (2003)Tier 3 (2007)

Tier 4 (2012/14)

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

Stage II (2003 Stage IIIA (2006

Stage IIIB (2011 Stage IV (2013

[g/kWh]

NOX [g/kWh]

75 kW ≤ P ≤ 130 kW

Limites de emissões para motores de veículos comerciais e motores industriais

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Desenvolvimento Padrão para a Redução das Emissões -Abordagem Geral

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Aftertreatment Concept• Arrangement / Sizing • DPF Specification• SCR Layout• DOC Definition

BASE ENGINE

Global Platform• Options• Diversification• Derivatives• Arrangement

Engine Management System• Functionalities• Interfaces• Sensor/Actuator Kit• Modularity / Flexibility

Hardware Upgrade• Engine Architecture• Combustion System• HP FIE System• Air System (TC/EGR)

Desenvolvimento padrão para a redução das emissões Fase de definição do conceito – Abordagem Integrada

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Tendências futuras para projetos de motores

Cylinder Head Design for High Peak Firing Pressure

Robust Crankcase Design in GJL or GJV

Robust, Capable and Cost Effective Valvetrain

Low Emissions

Low Costs/Weight

Low Fuel Consumption

Good NVH

High specific Performance

GJV(CGI)

GJL

Production Costs

130 %

100 %

120

160

200

240

280

25,0 30,0 35,0

[kW/l]

PFP

[bar

]

GJV(CGI)

GJL

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Condições de contorno dominantes para atingir umcomportamento de consumo favorável do motor base

EGR

Rate

[%]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Air/Fuel Ratio [-]1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

53.0

54.0

55.0

56.0

57.0

52.0

Process Efficiency [%]Oxygen Concentration (inlet) [%]

Peak Firing Pressure Combustion

[bar]

rel. A/F Ratio (adv.) rel. A/F Ratio (std.)

BSFC

[g/

kWh]

5 g/

kWh

10 bar

Compression Ratio = const.Max. Inj. Pressure > 2000 barEGR & Boost Pressure adj.BOI adjusted

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000Engine Speed [rpm]

FMEP

[bar

]

R6 13L Truck, peak pressure 220 bar

R6 13L Truck, peak pressure 250 bar

High Combustion Efficiency demands lean operating conditions High charging grade @ High EGR Rates

High Peak Firing Pressure requests sophisticated engine mechanics improved friction behavior

High Charging Grade requests appropriate advanced operating conditions High Peak Firing Pressures @ managed A/F ratios

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Influência da Pressão de Injeção na Formação de Fumaça

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Síntese – potencial de redução de NOx através de medidasinternas ao motor

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Strategy to achieve lowest NOx EmissionUS´07 / EURO-V Base Combustion System

EGR λ = const.

λ

Rail Pressure

ε

EURO-VI / US´10NOx LevelCharge Cooling

Extreme Boost and Peak Firing Pressures

High Boost and Peak Firing Pressures

High Boost and moderate Peak Firing Pressures Cold Start Issues

Endurance

? ? ?

Caminhos Possíveis para Atendimento de Elevados Padrõesde Emissões sem a utilização de DeNOx ativo.

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Innovative Exhaust Gas Recirculation System

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Exemplo de Conceito de Aftertreatment para Caminhões Heavy Duty

DPF MixDOC

Exhaust Fuel Injector

Urea Injector

SCR-Catalyst with Hydrolysis

Mix

Temperature Sensors NOx Sensor

Intake Air ThrottleNOx and A/F Sensor

Air Pressure and Temperature Sensors

Turbo

General Arrangement (Schematic)

DPF

DOC

SCR

Urea Injectors

Exhaust Fuel Injector

Pressure Drop Sensor

„One Canning“ Design Examples

DPFDOC

SCR

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Sistema de Pós Tratamento de Gases de EscapeWorkflow para Estudo de Conceito

NO

x co

nver

sion

rate

[%

]

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

temperature [°C]150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

SV = 40 000 1/h NO2/NOx = 0.00 NO2/NOx = 0.25 NO2/NOx = 0.50 NO2/NOx = 0.75

SV = 20 000 1/h NO2/NOx = 0.00

SCR Cat Analysis (fresh)

SCR eff. (fresh SCR)

DOE AnalysisConstraint: η-SCR target > 90%

DO

C-c

ost

BSFC-penaltyTemp. offset engine out [°C] D

OC

per

form

ance

inde

x [%

]

EAS Simulation (GT Power Model)

EAS Specification:- Thermal management- DOC performance- Distances T/C out to DOC

and CDPF to SCR

Temperature [°C]

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Temperatura dos gases de escape nos novos ciclos de homologação em comparação com o ETC

Source: Emmerling, MDVN, MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG, ATZ, Köln, 18./19.11.2008

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Comparação entre Catalisadores SCR a base de Fe- Cu-eficiência na conversão de NOx – Catalisador Degreened

NOx conversionCold operation: Cu >> FeDPF Rgn.: Fe > Cu0

20

40

60

80

100

100 200 300 400 500 600Temperature [°C]

NO

x co

nver

sion

rate

[%] NO2/NOx = 0

DPF-Rgn. Target

Fe

CuFTPDPF Rgn.

Conclusion: Favorite SCR technology is Cu zeolite

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Vary

ing

boun

dary

con

ditio

ns

+

ECU-calculations

Solver

-

-

sVGT

sEGR

NOx

Particulates

optional

Sensor 1

Sensor 2

Engine model

DoE-models for:

emissionspressurestemperaturesmassflow

Setpoint-calculation

+

Sensor 3

Control loop oncalculated valuee.g. virtual NOx

Control loop onmeasured value

Control deviations to be minimized by the solverCho

ice

of a

ctua

tor

setti

ngs

min

imiz

ing

cont

rol d

evia

tions

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Processo de Desenvolvimento IntegradoSuporte de Engenharia da FEV e Ferramentas de Software Comerciais

- Feasibility studies- System simulation

Requirements

System Design

Control Design

Acceptance Tests

Integration

Components

- Series Calibration

Software Design ECU Code- SiL*

- Detailed simulations

-HiL*

- Calibration on test bench

- Coding

- MiL*

Tool-aided Validation and Calibration

• cost & time efficient• flexible• technically founded• close to production

* MiL: Model-in-the-loop* SiL: Software-in-the-loop* HiL: Hardware-in-the-loop

Integrated model-based xCU Software Development and Calibration Process

supported by

- Base calibrationSimulation based development process

• clearly structured• self-explaining, easy to use• modular and flexible• close to production code

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Resumo

As futuras legislações de emissões para veículos heavy duty, on- e off-highway na Europa e EUA têm restrições de nível comparável.

O esforço técnico tanto no que tange a modificações internas no motor como no âmbito do pós-tratamento dos gases de escapamento é enorme.

O desafio consiste em dominar a complexidade com pouca variabilidade de sistemas atendendo um amplo espectro de aplicação.

Com a necessária experiência e os mais modernos processos de desenvolvimento é possível atingir os níveis de emissões desejados e o ponto ótimo de consumo.

© by FEV – all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third partiesTitel / Autor / Datum

19

Muito obrigado pela atençãoHorst Bergmann

27.10. 2009 São Paulo - SP

© by FEV – all rights reserved. Confidential – no passing on to third parties

215220225230235

rel. A/F Ratio 1,55 rel. A/F Ratio 1,65

b eff [

g/kW

h]

1015202530

AG

R-Ra

te [

%]

160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230-15-12-9-6-3

Anst

euer

begi

nn[°K

W n

.OT]

Maximaler Zylinderdruck [bar]

160 170 180 190 200 210 220 2303,23,43,63,84,0

Lastpunkt: n = 2100 1/min, pmeVM = 16.3 barε = 17.6Rail Pressure: 2000 bar, NOx < 2 g/kWh

Lade

druc

k [b

ar]

Maximaler Zylinderdruck [bar]

Influência da Pressão de Combustão no Consumo de Combustível

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Risk of high NH3slip in transient operation

Too low efficiency at low temperatures

Possible operating areafor T < 250°C

NOX-C

onve

rsion

[%]

NH3-S

lip [p

pm]

0102030405060708090

100

stored NH3-Mass [g]0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

250 °C150 °C

350 °C NH3-Slip NOX-Conversion

Risk of high NH3slip in transient operation

Risk of high NH3slip in transient operation

Too low efficiency at low temperaturesToo low efficiency at low temperatures

Possible operating areafor T < 250°C

Possible operating areafor T < 250°C

NOX-C

onve

rsion

[%]

NH3-S

lip [p

pm]

0102030405060708090

100

stored NH3-Mass [g]0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

250 °C150 °C

350 °C NH3-Slip NOX-Conversion

reducing agent(e.g. urea/water)

SCRCatalystDOC DOC(C)DPF

Mixeror

Mixing pipeoptional

reducing agent(e.g. urea/water)

SCRCatalystDOC DOC(C)DPF

Mixeror

Mixing pipeoptional

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

<200°C <250°C <300°C <350°C <400°C <450°C

ETCWHTCWSTC

Cum

ulat

edDw

ellTi

me b

elow

Tem

pera

ture

[ % ]

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

<200°C <250°C <300°C <350°C <400°C <450°C

ETCWHTCWSTC

Cum

ulat

edDw

ellTi

me b

elow

Tem

pera

ture

[ % ]

Influência do ciclo de teste no perfil de temperatura noescapamento e rendimento típico de um sistema SCR

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Estratégias para atingir baixos teores de NOxEficiência do Aftertreatment vs. Emissões Brutas do Motor

0%10%20%30%40%50%

60%70%80%90%

100%

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0NOx raw emission [g/kWh]

requ

ired

NO

x-re

duct

ion

effic

ienc

y [%

]

Assumption:•NOx limit = 0.4 g/ kWh (NRTC)•20% engineering target

Legal Emission Lim

it

Engi

neer

ing

Targ

et

Significant additional effort & cost for engine, low cost aftertreatment technology Significant additional effort & cost for engine; low cost potential with regard to aftertreatmentNOx conversion rates not be realized considering series production boundaries

Well-balanced demand & costs regarding aftertreatment and engineSignificant additional effort regarding aftertreatment (costs & fuel consumption penalty)

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Target AreaTarget Area

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55180

200

220

240

260

280

300

Cylin

der p

eak

pres

sure

[b

ar]

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 551.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.2

rela

tive

A/F

Ratio

[-] Rail pressure = 2100 bar

Rail pressure = 2300 bar Rail pressure = 2500 bar

Rail pressure = 3000 bar

20 25 30 35 40 45 50 550.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

1.8

NOx

Emiss

ion

[g/

kWh]

EGR-Rate [%]20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Base point

Soot

Em

issio

n [

g/kW

h]

EGR-Rate [%]

EGR

ε = 15

ε = 17.5

*Multicylinder/Single Cylinder/Simulation

Operação em Plena Carga C100 Resultados e Potenciais

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1,3 1,35 1,4 1,45 1,5 1,55 1,6 1,65 1,7 1,75

relative Air/Fuel Ratio / - [λV]

heat

EG

R c

oole

r / k

W

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1,3 1,35 1,4 1,45 1,5 1,55 1,6 1,65 1,7 1,75

relative Air/Fuel Ratio / - [lV]

heat

Inte

rcoo

ler 1

/ kW

0

5

10

15

20

25

1,3 1,35 1,4 1,45 1,5 1,55 1,6 1,65 1,7 1,75

relative Air/Fuel ratio / - [lV]

heat

Inte

rcoo

ler 2

/ kW

050

100150200250300

1,3 1,35 1,4 1,45 1,5 1,55 1,6 1,65 1,7 1,75

relative Air/Fuel Ratio / - [lV]

tota

l h

eat

co

ole

r / kW

Load Point : C100 ; T after EGR cooler : 120°C ; T after IC1: 55°C T after IC2 : 62°C ; Tint.mani : 62°C

.pint. mani=3.5 bar

pint. mani=4.0 bar

pint. mani=4.5 barNOx < target

engine with 2 gNOx/kg/h

NOx < target

.NOx < target

NOx < target

..EGR-Cooler Intercooler 1 Intercooler 2

EGR + Intercooler 1 & 2

Taxa de Calor Rejeitado com EGR resfriado

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1. Add disturbance2. Calculate or

direct control3. Compare4. Minimize

deviations5. Find settings

where deviationsare zero

6. Store settingsand evaluateemission models

Resulting emission distributionBlack bar: Base pointNo normal distribution!

NO

x [g

/kW

h]

Particulate [g/kWh]

EGR-openloop:

Particulate [g/kWh]

NOx and λ control:

Particulate 3σ = 0.054 g/kWhNOx 3σ = 0.08 g/kWhComparison of different control types / sensor accuracies

Relative Accuracy Particulates

Different Sensor- and / or controlconcepts

Rela

tive

Accu

racy

NO

x

Abordagem utilizando DoE para avaliação dos sensoresdo motor

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Loop 2 calibrationFuel consumption results and targets

BSFC rated BSFC min at full load BSFC best point190

195

200

205

210

215

220

225

230

BSFC

[g/k

Wh]

SM HE

Target

Target Target

Targets reached