Práticas de escrita criativa nas aulas de língua estrangeira

7/23/2019 Prticas de escrita criativa nas aulas de lngua estrangeira

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@dkxncdch ch Nhswd{ cd

Xeiphw{icdch ch Klijgwd *

7=44

]wsikd{ chh{kwisd kwidsipded{ dxnd{ ch

nefxdh{swdefhiwd

Whndswil ch H{sfil

7% Kiknl hj He{iel ch Iefn{ hDnhjl el ;% Kiknl cl He{ielG{ikl h el He{iel [hkxecwil

Jdwid Jifxhn Picwhiwl cd Wlkad


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@dkxncdch ch Nhswd{ cd Xeiphw{icdch ch Klijgwd

]wsikd{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd ed{ dxnd{ ch

nefxd h{swdefhiwd

Whndswil ch H{sfil

Jdwid Jifxhn Picwhiwl cd Wlkad

Whndswil ch H{sfil cl 7% Kiknl hj

He{iel ch Iefn{ h Dnhjl el ;% Kiknl

cl He{iel G{ikl h el He{iel

[hkxecwil d}wh{hesdcl @dkxncdch

ch Nhswd{ cd Xeiphw{icdch ch Klijgwd

{lg d lwihesdl cd Clxslwd Jdwid

Shwh{d ch Kd{swl Jlxwieal Sdpdwh{ h

cd Clxslwd Oxcish Kdwhkal

Klijgwd 7=44


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D Si.Ch{ch

[ hj}wh.sXcl$Jdji


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jh l`hwhkhwdj ìchnicdch. kleswigxiecl }wldksipdjhesh }dwd d

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dfwdchkijhesl }hwjdehkh% Lgwifdcd }lw dkwhcisdwhj hj jij% D

slcl{ l{ jhx{. chpl*pl{ sxcl l txh `xi. kle{ifl {hw h {hwhi% L jhx

{lwwi{l }hwshekh*pl{% [li{ d jiead `lwsxed2 kle{ichwl*jh

{xjdjhesh wikd%

{ jiead{ txhwicd{ lwihesdclwd{. Clxslwd Shwh{d Sdpdwh{ h

Clxslwd Oxcish Kdwhkal. iekde{phi{ eh{sh jhx }hwkxw{l. xjaxjinch nlxplw pl{{d }dkiekid. h{`lwl. chcikdl.

klj}whhe{l h dklj}deadjhesl% H{}hwl shw {dgicl dfwdchkhw d

kdcd jljhesl h dnhfwl*jh }lw }dwsinadw l{ `wxsl{ ch{sh swdgdnal

klepl{kl%

{ lwihesdclwd{ cd h{klnd. Jdwid I{dghn [inpd. }lw slcl l jdshwidn h

kleahkijhesl{ }dwsinadcl{. h Jdwid @hwedecd [lgwdn. }lw {hw d

jiead jdilw hesx{id{sd hj sxcl l txh ìz h shw klj}whhecicl l{el{{l{ d}hwsl{% Dl{ jhx{ txhwicl{ dnxel{? {hodj kwidsipl{. h xj

fwdech lgwifdcl klj jxisl kdwieal%

jhnalw klnhfd ch h{sfil txh dnfxjd phz }lchwid shw hqi{sicl.

dflwd djifd. Ded [hw}d. }lw el{ shwjl{ d}wlqijdcl sl

edsxwdnjhesh h shwjl{ kwh{kicl oxesd{. kljl. dni{. klesiexdjl{ d

`dzhw% Lgwifdcd }lw {hwh{ kljl { h }lw shwh{ h{sdcl {hj}wh n }lw

jij%

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h ]hcwl Kadfd{ @whisd{ }hnd ci{}leiginicdch h wh{}l{sd{ }wlesd{%

L{ nsijl{ {l {hj}wh l{ }wijhiwl{% Dflwd. l{ gd{siclwh{%

Dfwdchl jiead `djnid. ch slcl l klwdl% [h kahfxhi lech

kahfxhi h kljl kahfxhi `li }lw kdx{d ch plk{% Dl{ djifl{. xj

}hcicl ch ch{kxn}d{ }hnd dx{ekid cxwdesh jdi{ ch xj del !ch

{dkwi`kil{)% Ie{ Wl{d txh. el {inekil cl jl{shiwl. jh {x{shesd%

Elsaief hqi{s{ gy is{hn`

Vdnndkh [shphe{

]dwdDnfxjWhklwcdw[hj}wh

debSa~

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]he{djl{ txh a xjd `lwsh h h{}lesehd nifdl heswh d

h{kwisd h d kwidsipicdch. txh chphw {hw hq}nlwdcd hjshwjl{ }hcdffikl{ h txh }lchw `dzhw d ci`hwhed el

kljl he{iedw d h{kwhphw%

!Jdsl{. 7==8? 3=)

Kwhdsiph Vwisief kde ahn} }hl}nh fdie jlwh kleswln dec

xechw{sdecief l` sahiw jhde{ l` kljjxeikdsile%

!Ahdnhy. 7==9? 73)

Chj @whjc{}wdkahenhwehw dxka chj Deèfhw lchw chw

Deèfhwie viwc hie ]lshesidn bwhdsiphw [kawhigàifbhishe

zxfh{sdeche. cd{ h{ vhishw zx hes`dnshe fins%

!]ljjhwie. 4990? 9)


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Whndswil ch H{sfil?]wsikd{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd ed{ dxnd{ ch nefxd h{swdefhiwd

pi

ecikh

Ieswlcxl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4Kd}sxnl xj %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 74 Kleshqsl {lkilhcxkdsipl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 74%4 Hetxdcwdjhesl fhlfwìkl? d @ifxhiwd cd @lz %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4%7 Hetxdcwdjhesl hcxkdsipl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4%7%4 Kdwdkshwizdl cd h{klnd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4%7%7 Kdwdkshwizdl cl klw}l clkhesh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34%7%; Kdwdkshwizdl cl klw}l el clkhesh%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 84%7%3 Kdwdkshwizdl cl klw}l ci{khesh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 84%7%8 Kdwdkshwizdl cd{ sxwjd{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 04%7%8%4 ]hwìn cd sxwjd ch Iefn{? l 1%K %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 04%7%8%7 ]hwìn cd sxwjd ch Dnhjl? l 4=% D. @. F h A %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 04%; Hetxdcwdjhesl }h{{ldn? d }wl`h{{lwd h{sdfiwid %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6Kd}sxnl cli{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 97 Deni{h cd }wsikd }hcdffikd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 97%4 ]wsikd }hcdffikd h deni{h cl ch{hj}heal %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=7%7 H{klnad cl shjd jlelfwìkl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 43Kd}sxnl sw{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 40; ]wsikd{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd ed{ dxnd{ ch nefxd h{swdefhiwd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 40;%4

D h{kwisd el he{iel ch nefxd{ h{swdefhiwd{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 46

;%4%4 L nxfdw cd h{kwisd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 46;%4%7 L pdnlw cd h{kwisd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 41;%4%; L swhiel cd h{kwisd%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7=;%7 D kwidsipicdch %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 74;%7%4 Gwhph ieswlcxl ai{swikd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 74;%7%7 Lwihesdh{ cd ieph{sifdl kihesìkd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 77;%; H{kwisd kwidsipd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7;


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pii

;%;%4 Dnfxe{ cdcl{ ai{swikl{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7;;%;%4%4 ]hw{}hsipd{ ch h{sxcl {lgwh d h{kwisd kwidsipd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 70;%;%7 Klekhisl ch h{kwisd kwidsipd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 76;%;%; Klj}lehesh{ ieci{}he{phi{ }dwd d h{kwisd kwidsipd el he{iel %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 76;%;%3 Pdesdfhe{ cd h{kwisd kwidsipd hj dxnd{ ch nefxd h{swdefhiwd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 71;%;%8 Kljl }wljlphw d h{kwisd kwidsipd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;4;%;%8%4 Dpdnidl ch h{kwisd kwidsipd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;;;%;%0 Skeikd{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;3;%;%0%4 Skeikd{ d{{lkidsipd{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;8;%;%0%4%4

H{kwisd dxsljsikd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;0

;%;%0%4%7 H{kwisd nipwh %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;0;%;%0%4%; Knx{shwief %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;6

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Dsipicdch!{) whdnizdcd!{) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 30;%;%0%3 H{kwisd klj j{ikd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 36

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Dsipicdch!{) whdnizdcd!{) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 39;%3 Kle{ichwdh{ {lgwh d{ }wsikd{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd whdnizdcd{%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 8=Kleknx{l %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 88


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piii

Gignilfwdìd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 86Lgwd{ Kisdcd{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 86Lgwd{ Kle{xnsdcd{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 0=

Dehql{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 07Dehql 4 * ]ndel{ Iecipicxdi{ ch @lwjdl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 07Dehql 7 D kwidsipicdch ed nhfi{ndl edkiledn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 01Dehql ; D kwidsipicdch el Kxwwikxnd cl He{iel G{ikl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6=Dehql 3 D kwidsipicdch cl{ }wlfwdjd{ ch nefxd h{swdefhiwd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 60Dehql 8 * ]lhjd !4=% del ch Iefn{) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 61Dehql 0 Jwkahe%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 69

Dehql 6 * Fxil %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1=Dehql 1Dpheicd{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 17Dehql 9Hn`kahe %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1;Dehql 4=Wlechnn %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 13Dehql 44 ]lhjd dxslgilfwìkl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 13Dehql 47@wd{h{ ch @lwsxeh Kllbih{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 18Dehql 4; Lwchedl ch phw{l{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 10Dehql 43Jdfik Flffnh{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 16Dehql 48 Gdecd ch{headcd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9=Dehql 40 ]lh{id klekwhsd %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 9;Dehql 46 Kdel %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 90Dehql 41 Dkw{sikl{ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 96Dehql 49Olfl cd{ djnid{ !@iec {ljhleh)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4==Dehql 7= 4% ietxwisl !4% ]hwlcl) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=4Dehql 74 Wh{xnsdcl{ cl 4% ietxwisl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=7Dehql 77 7% ietxwisl !ìedn cl ;% ]hwlcl) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=8Dehql 7; Wh{xnsdcl{ cl 7% ietxwisl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 4=0


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4

Ieswlcxl

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@dkxncdch ch Nhswd{ cd Xeiphw{icdch ch Klijgwd. txh whdnizhi ed H{klnd [hkxecwid

klj ;% Kiknl cl He{iel G{ikl Cw% Oldtxij ch Kdwpdnal. cd @ifxhiwd cd @lz. el del

nhsipl ch 7=4=*7=44% Chnh kle{sdj l{ d{}hsl{ h{{hekidi{ cd{ dsipicdch{

ch{heplnpicd{. h{sdecl. `xecdjhesdnjhesh. lwfdeizdcl{ hj sw{ kd}sxnl{%

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ch{heplnpicl dl nlefl cl del% H{{d kdwdkshwizdl h{s ed gd{h cl }wijhiwl kd}sxnl.

txh ieknxi. }dwd dnj cd ch{kwil cl jhil fhlfwìkl. d kdwdkshwizdl cl jhil

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axjded h hjlkiledn%

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txh {h d}wh{hesdw d deni{h cl{ txh{silewil{. o txh kle{sisxwdj xjd ij}lwsdesh`lesh ch ie`lwjdl h }hwjisiwdj lwjxndw kleknx{h{ }dwd h{sh whndswil%

4

Ij}lwsd `dzhw xjd gwhph wh`hwekid { klesiefekid{ ch{sh `lwjdsl ch swdgdnal. txhij}x{hwdj nijish{ ch h{}dl. }hnl txh `li ij}hwdsipl {hnhkiledw h {ieshsizdw dwfxjhesl{ hcdcl{%


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Kd}sxnl xj

4 Kleshqsl {lkilhcxkdsipl


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;

4%4 Hetxdcwdjhesl fhlfwìkl? d @ifxhiwd cd @lz7

[isxdcd ed kl{sd dsnesikd cd Whfil Kheswl. d kicdch cd @ifxhiwd cd @lz ci{sd cd

kd}isdn edkiledn khwkd ch 41=bj. cl ]lwsl 47=bj h ch Klijgwd 3=bj% Dgwdefheclxjd whd ch ;69.3 bj7. d @ifxhiwd cd @lz wheh 41 `whfxh{id{ h 0;%433 adgisdesh{% D

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3

kljhwkidn @lz ]ndzd. l Kd{iel h d H{klnd G{ikd klj 7% h ;% kiknl Cw% Oll ch

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edkiledn h ieshwedkiledn%

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del nhsipl ch 7=4=*7=44%

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fijelch{}lwsipl%

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cisl jljhesl ai{swikl klj d }dwsiki}dl txhw ch clkhesh{. txhw ch ci{khesh{. ed

{xd }wh}dwdl h ciedjizdl%


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8

4%7%; Kdwdkshwizdl cl klw}l el clkhesh

Whndsipdjhesh dl }h{{ldn el clkhesh. eh{sd h{klnd swdgdnadpdj. hj 7=4=*44. xjd

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15/119


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16/119


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17/119

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18/119


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19/119


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20/119


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}li{ }he{l txh dxjhesdj l whecijhesl h d klekheswdl cl{ dnxel{ ed ci{ki}nied%

Kle{ichwdecl d{ }hw{}hsipd{ ch `xsxwl h d ehkh{{icdch ch xjd `lwjdl klesexd h

dsxdnizdl }hwjdehesh ed }wsikd clkhesh. d{ Shkelnlfid{ cd Ie`lwjdl h

Kljxeikdl !SIK) {xwfhj kljl xj kdjieal d d}lesdw. kle{sisxiecl xjd jdi{*pdnid

}dwd `lwehkhw elpd{ `hwwdjhesd{ h kijhesdw l{ kleahkijhesl{ txh dctxiwi h{sh del h

txh kle{ichwl ij}lwsdesh klesiexdw d d}wl`xecdw%

]he{l shw lx{dcl. sdjgj. dl ieswlcxziw l }wijhiwl Jwkaheed sxwjd ch Dnhjl i{sl {ifeiìklx dnfl elpl }dwd jij h }dwd d sxwjd% Diecd ed sxwjd ch Dnhjl. d}nitxhi

d d}whecizdfhj hj h{sdh{3 whdnicdch cl jhx shjd ch h{sfil. l txh ij}niklx

}ndeiìkdw xjd dxnd ch 9= jiexsl{ ch dsipicdch{ ch h{kwisd% @li xjd jdehiwd ch x{dw

ch jlcl lwifiedn dtxinl klj txh klesdkshi cxwdesh l h{sfil. eljhdcdjhesh d

d}whecizdfhj hj h{sdh{. xjd phz txh d gignilfwdìd {lgwh d h{kwisd kwidsipd {hwpix*

jh ch ie{}iwdl }dwd d `lwjxndl cd{ jiead{ }w}wid{ ichid{. jd{ kle`h{{l txh

shji }lw {hw xjd dxnd { ch h{kwisd% El hesdesl. ed {xd dpdnidl cd dsipicdch. l{,d{

3Nhwehe de [sdsilehe !Nhelp. 7==02 Vikbh. 7==0)%


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4;

dnxel{,d{ kle{ichwdwdj d dxnd kljl ie{swxsipd.ieshwh{{desh. }wsikd. hefwddcd.

}li{ ieknxix olfl{ cicsikl{ txh iekhesipdj kxwil{icdch cl{ dnxel{ }dwd h{sd

ci{ki}nied% @li xjd dxnd iepxnfdw txh heplnph xj jlcl ch d}whechw h ch d}nikdw

kleahkijhesl{ ch `lwjd ci`hwhesh h ciphwsicd% El {h slwed kde{dsipd h c plesdch ch

swdgdnadw h d}whechw jdi{ klj jxisl hj}heal% Alxph diecd txhj chjle{swd{{h

plesdch ch `dzhw lxswd{ dsipicdch{ {ijindwh{ dl wh`hwiw? fl{sdpd ch wh}hsiw }lwtxh el

kle{hfxi }hwklwwhw d{ h{sdh{ slcd{% Hekleswhi. d{{ij h ch `lwjd ieh{}hwdcd. xj

shjd ieshwh{{desh }dwd xj h{sxcl `xsxwl el jgisl cd cicsikd cd{ nefxd{

h{swdefhiwd{%

L del ch h{sfil. heswh sdesd{ kli{d{. }hwjish ch{klgwiw h whkleahkhw `dnad{ h

txdnicdch{ cd{ txdi{. desh{. el hqi{sid kle{kiekid% Pwid{ kli{d{ jh {xw}whhechwdj

eh{sh del. sdesl }l{isipd{ kljl ehfdsipd{% ]lw hqhj}nl. siph txh swhiedw lwdnjhesh l{

shj}l{ phwgdi{. }dwd el ieklwwhw hj hwwl dl h{sdw {lg she{l. h d{ }wh}l{ih{ }dwd

d{ x{dw klj hqdsicl% Diecd txh el {hod `dndesh edsipd ch eheaxjd cd{ nefxd{ txh

nhkilel. }wlkxwl d}hw`hildw l swdgdnal txh ch{heplnpl% [xw}whheci*jh. sdjgj. ed

`lwjd kljl nichi klj l{ ij}whpi{sl{ ed{ dxnd{ d{{i{sicd{ }hnd{ lwihesdclwd{ cd

@dkxncdch%

Ch{klgwi txh chpl kleìdw jdi{ ed{ jiead{ kd}dkicdch{. }li{ d{{ij l klj}wlplx d

wh{}l{sd dl{ ch{dìl{ klnlkdcl{ }hnd lwihesdclwd ch Iefn{. kljl }lw hqhj}nl l chklwhlfwd`dw d kdel txh hq}nlwhi ed jiead dxnd. klj d}hed{ xjd jdea ch he{dil

desh{ cl {dwdx. lx d {xfh{sl. hj kijd cd alwd. ch hq}nlwdw d nsijd dxnd d{{i{sicd

}hnd lwihesdclwd cd @dkxncdch el txdcwl ieshwdsipl% El hwd d}hed{ xjd txh{sl ch

shj}l. }dwd jij {ifeiìkdpd iw dnj cd nsijd hq}nlwdl. ieph{sifdw jdi{ }dwd }lchw

x{dw lxswd{ skeikd{% Kwhil {hw hqifhesh. l txh jh nhpd d }wlkxwdw d }wlfwh{{l h d

{x}hwdl cl{ jhx{ }w}wil{ nijish{%

Fl{sdwid. diecd. ch ch{sdkdw cxd{ d}whecizdfhe{. jdi{ gpid{ ed shlwid cl txh ed

}wsikd. txh whsiwhi cd jiead }wsikd }hcdffikd% Hj Iefn{ !wh)d}wheci txh jhnalw

}lxkl jdshwidn jd{ ch txdnicdch. txh {hod hq}nlwdcl hj }wl`xecicdch h hj slcd{ d{

{xd{ }lshekidnicdch{. cl txh xjd pdwihcdch jdilw ch jdshwidi{ klj jhelw

hq}nlwdl. }lw jxisl gld txh {hod d {xd txdnicdch% D}wheci ifxdnjhesh d el wh`lwdw

sdesl txdecl hwwl chpl klwwifiw*jh {hj `lkdw chjd{idcd dshel% Cl Dnhjl

d}wheci txh el jh chpl }whlkx}dw hj ci{`dwdw l ehwpl{i{jl h txh d

hq}wh{{ipicdch h l ciedji{jl {l `hwwdjhesd{ shi{ }dwd heplnphw l{,d{ dnxel{,d{ h

kd}sdw d {xd dshel%


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43

]dwd ìednizdw. chpl jhekiledw txh d }wsikd }hcdffikd whdnizdcd heplnphx l

kxj}wijhesl d{{cxl h }lesxdn cl{ pwil{ }lesl{ wh`hwicl{ el{ ]ndel{ Iecipicxdi{ ch

@lwjdl !]I@) !dehql4). klj d dcil ch cxd{ dxnd{ ch 9= jiexsl{ d Dnhjl. cxd{

dxnd{ d Iefn{. xjd dxnd `lwjdsipd d Iefn{ h d Dnhjl. xjd DWD ch Iefn{. xjd

{h{{l cl Knxgh ch Dnhjl. h d }dwsiki}dl !kljl ìfxwdesh) ed whkle{sisxil cd

Ij}ndesdl cd Wh}gnikd% ]dwd d{ Olwedcd{ Kxnsxwdi{. wh`hwicd{ el ]I@. kleswigx klj

d }wh}dwdl ch xjd d}wh{hesdl hj ]lvhw]lies. he{dil }dwd l {dwdx h }wh}dwdl

h ciedjizdl cl Kdesieal cl Dnhjl% H{siph diecd }wh{hesh el{ jljhesl{ ch

kleppil. kljl l {dwdx h l dnjll% Fl{sdwid ch shw ciedjizdcl oxesl cd kljxeicdch

h{klndw xjd ieshwphel cd Djei{sid Ieshwedkiledn. hesicdch klj d txdn h{sdghnhki

klesdksl hj chzhjgwl h cd txdn lgsiph wh{}l{sd }l{isipd% Ndjhesdphnjhesh. }lw

chki{l cd Ciwhl. el `li }l{{phn d {xd whdnizdl%

7%7 H{klnad cl shjd jlelfwìkl

El gd{sd{{h sxcl l txh {xwfh ch elpl el h{sfil. d wh{}le{dginicdch ch h{klnahw

dkhwsdcdjhesh xj shjd {ifeiìkdsipl el {hesicl kihesìkl h cicsikl lkx}lx l jhx

}he{djhesl h }whlkx}dl ch{ch l }wijhiwl del cl jh{swdcl% Ch heswh pwid{ ichid{.

d h{kwisd kwidsipd pieflx }hnd {xd cx}nd }hwsieekid }dwd l he{iel*d}whecizdfhj el

txh wh{}hisd h{kwisd h kwidsipicdch h }lw `dzhw }dwsh cd jiead hq}hwiekid

}h{{ldn% Hetxdesl dnxed siph l }wipinfil. d{{ij l kle{ichwl. ch `dzhw xj {hjiewil ch

h{kwisd kwidsipd ed nefxd iefnh{d. hj Klneid. cxwdesh d jiead h{sdcid edtxhnd

xeiphw{icdch dl dgwifl cl ]wlfwdjd [kwdsh{*Hwd{jx{% D h{kwisd }dwsh cl{ jhx{

fl{sl{ }h{{ldi{ h sdn `dksl el { }h{lx ed h{klnad cl shjd. jd{ sdjgj {h slwelx

xjd jdi{*pdnid. }li{ `li xjd cd{ d}whecizdfhe{ ch{sh h{sfil? jxisl jdi{ `kin

swdgdnadw klj h }lw dnfl txh el{ jlph }lw cheswl% El {hesi ciìkxncdch hj swde{jisiw

hesx{id{jl dl{,{ dnxel{,d{. }lw hqhj}nl. h ieph{sifdw h nhw {lgwh l!{) shjd!{) el

jh kde{d% D{{ij. ieikihi d }h{txi{d ch{ch khcl h whdnizhi ietxwisl{ }dwd kle{lnicdw d{

jiead{ kleknx{h{%

Chiqdecl ch ndcl d{ txh{sh{ }h{{ldi{ h }d{{decl whnhpekid cd kwidsipicdch. hnd

h{s h{swhisdjhesh nifdcd ell ch txh d hcxkdl chph `lwjdw iecipcxl{

iech}hechesh{ h ch{heplnpicl{ el{ {hx{ sdnhesl{ }w}wil{. d{{ij kljl ichid ch txh

}whki{djl{ ch dnxel{ txh hefheal{djhesh {digdj kwidw wh{}l{sd{ dl{ }wlgnhjd{

txh d{ fhwdh{ deshwilwh{ nah{ chiqdj% Eh{sh {hesicl. ehkh{{wil swdgdnadw h

ch{heplnphw d kwidsipicdch dl nlefl ch slcl l }hwkxw{l h{klndw h hj slcd{ d{ whd{%

Ch{klgwiw. d}whechw h hj}whhechw d kwidsipicdch shj*{h whphndcl kdcd phz jdi{ kljl

hnhjhesl*kadph }dwd l ch{heplnpijhesl }nhel h whdnizdl }h{{ldn cl{,d{ dnxel{,d{%


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48

]lw lxswl ndcl. iekleslwephn l pdnlw cd h{kwisd hetxdesl jhil ch kle{swxl cd

d}whecizdfhj h. }lw i{{l. dfwdclx*jh d ichid ch jh chcikdw d h{sd klj}hsekid h dl

{hx ch{heplnpijhesl el{,d{ dnxel{,d{% Dkdghi. dni{. }lw }he{dw txh. }wlpdphnjhesh.

l jhx swdgdnal iekicix el hj xjd. jd{ hj cxd{ klj}hsekid{? d h{kwisd h d

kwidsipicdch% Hjglwd el jh shead ch}dwdcl klj dnfxjd l}ieil {hjhnadesh ed

gignilfwdìd. }dwhkh*jh `dzhw {hesicl txh d kwidsipicdch {hod xjd klj}hsekid. sl

swde{phw{dn kljl d h{kwisd. txh {h }lch d}nikdw d txdntxhw shjsikd h d ephn ch

he{iel. h }dwhkh*jh klepheihesh txh }d{{h d {hw swdsdcd kljl sdn%

Chjle{swdw d whnhpekid ch{sh shjd el xj swdgdnal ci`kin. kljl {h kle{sdsd ed

`xecdjhesdl shwikd2 hqi{sh gignilfwdìd h ieph{sifdl txh l {x}lwsdj h el ch

ci`kin dkh{{l% Dnj ci{{l. el jgisl cd{ nefxd{ h{swdefhiwd{. hqi{sh d pdesdfhj ch

xjd jdilw `dkinicdch txh l{,d{ dnxel{,d{ sj hj hq}wh{{dw l{ {hx{ {hesijhesl{ ed

elpd nefxd hj whndl nefxd jdshwed !Jlwfde. 4993? 38). kdghecl*el{. hj shwjl{

ch kwidsipicdch. hq}nlwdw klj hnh{,d{ l }lchw d{{lkidsipl cd{ }dndpwd{ h d {xd

}nd{sikicdch% El hesdesl. d}nikdw d h{kwisd kwidsipd d nefxd{ h{swdefhiwd{ hj ephi{

hnhjhesdwh{ elpl h nhpdeslx dnfxe{ whkhil{% ]lw xj ndcl. }whcljied d ichid ch txh

d h{kwisd kwidsipd {hwph d }wlcxl ch fwdech{ shqsl{% Sdnphz kdid hj h{txhkijhesl

txh }dwd {h kahfdw jdwdsled {h kljhd }lw fdsieadw% ]lw lxswl ndcl. sxcl l txh ciz

wh{}hisl d swdgdnal{ h{kwisl{ el he{iel h {xd klwwhl {ifeiìkd xj plnxjh ch

swdgdnal dkwh{kicl }dwd l,d }wl`h{{lw,d%

Djgl{ l{ whkhil{ h{sdpdj klwwhsl{? `li ehkh{{wil dcd}sdw d{ dsipicdch{ ch h{kwisd

kwidsipd d ephi{ sl hnhjhesdwh{ kljl l ch ieikidl. l txh hqifix kwidsipicdch }lw

}dwsh cd }wl`h{{lwd h{sdfiwid. h d `nhqiginicdch ch d}nikdl cl shjd swdcxzix*{h ed

klwwhl ch 77 dsipicdch{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd% El ìedn. }he{l shw whdnizdcl xjd gld

}wsikd. whsiwdecl wh{xnsdcl{ inx{swdsipl{ h lgshecl `hhcgdkb}l{isipl cl{,d{ dnxel{,d{

!phw kd}sxnl ; h Dehql 77)%


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Kd}sxnl sw{

; ]wsikd{ ch h{kwisd kwidsipd ed{ dxnd{ ch nefxd h{swdefhiwd


25/119


46

;%4 D h{kwisd el he{iel ch nefxd{ h{swdefhiwd{

Cxwka [kawhighe nhwehe viw RZ eikas exw cd{ [kawhighe% !Ahwjdee{. 4919? 71)

]lchw*{h* cizhw txh d klj}hsekid h{kwisd h{s }wh{hesh hj slcl{ l{ jgisl{ cdpicd axjded% Jxisl{ d{}hsl{ cd el{{d picd h{sl ch}hechesh{ cd h{kwisd h,lx ch

clkxjhesl{ h{kwisl{% D el{{d kipinizdl hekleswd*{h d{{hesh {lgwh h{sd klj}hsekid

gd{indw. hefnlgdecl h{`hwd{ kljl d }wlì{{iledn h d }h{{ldn. d }gnikd h d }wipdcd% D

{xd ij}lwsekid h ehkh{{icdch {l. }lwsdesl. ietxh{silephi{%

D h{kwisd el {h wh{swiefh. }lw i{{l. dl jgisl hcxkdkiledn h dl h{}dl cd {dnd ch

dxnd% El hesdesl. hnd c xj kleswigxsl {xg{sdekidn h }wijlwcidn }dwd d dtxi{il ch

kleahkijhesl{ h l ch{heplnpijhesl ch klj}hsekid{ ed{ ciphw{d{ whd{ dkdcjikd{8

h. eh{sh {hesicl. d {xd xsinizdl }l{{xi pdnlw }w}wil h d {xd ieph{sifdl h

d}wl`xecdjhesl {l }hw`hisdjhesh ox{siìkphi{% ]dwd h`hisl{ cl }wh{hesh swdgdnal.

h{sh shjd {hw dglwcdcl d }dwsiw cd }hw{}hsipd cl he{iel*d}whecizdfhj ch nefxd{

h{swdefhiwd{. eljhdcdjhesh l Iefn{ h l Dnhjl%

;%4%4 L nxfdw cd h{kwisd

Ch dklwcl klj [slwka !4999? 739). d ij}lwsekid cd h{kwisd {l`whx dnshwdl dl nlefl

cl{ shj}l{ h ed{ pwid{ dglwcdfhe{ cicsikd{ hj plfd% Ch}li{ ch lkx}dw xj nxfdw

kheswdn el h{}dl ch {dnd ch dxnd h ed{ sdwh`d{ }wh{hesh{ el{ jdexdi{ cl Jslcl cd

Fwdjsikd h cd Swdcxl whkleahkicl kljl l }wijhiwl x{dcl ed{ dxnd{ ch nefxd

h{swdefhiwd h gd{hdcl el jlchnl ch he{iel cd{ nefxd{ kn{{ikd{ !Axehbh. 4996? 437*

481). d h{kwisd kahflx d {hw kle{ichwdcd d jhel{ ij}lwsdesh cd{ klj}hsekid{. }lw

hqhj}nl. el{ jslcl{ Dxcilniefxdn h Dxcilpi{xdn. l{ txdi{. sdn kljl l eljh iecikd.

}wijdpdj }lw xjd jdwkdcd pdnlwizdl cd lwdnicdch h }hnl whkxw{l dl{ jhil{

dxcilpi{xdi{%

Dsxdnjhesh. kdcd phz jdi{ dswigxcl h whkleahkicl xj jdilw }h{l klj}hsekidh{kwisd el{ jdshwidi{ cicsikl{. eljhdcdjhesh el txh wh{}hisd dl he{iel ch nefxd{

h{swdefhiwd{ ![slwka. 4999? 739)% Aloh whkleahkh*{h d ij}lwsekid cd h{kwisd }dwd d

d}whecizdfhj klesexd el shj}l }{*dxnd h kljl l}lwsxeicdch ch jdeshw xj

8 ]dwd dnj ch {hw xjd cd{ }wieki}di{ klj}hsekid{ txh xj iecipcxl chph dctxiwiw hch{heplnphw dl nlefl cl {hx }hwkxw{l h{klndw. kle{sisxiecl*{h jh{jl kljl xj cl{iecikdclwh{ ch hìkkid cd }w}wid h{klnd RZ. d h{kwisd RZ xj iehfphn `dslw ch {xkh{{l

h{klndw. }lw h{sdw dl {hwpil cd d}whecizdfhj h }lw kle{swxiw xj jhkdei{jl pdnil{l edklekwhsizdl ch `lwjd{ ciphw{d{ ch kljxeikdl ch {dghwh{ !Kdwpdnal. [inpd h ]ijhesd.7==0? 74. 79)%


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41

klesdksl ieshe{ipl klj d nefxd }dwd txdecl el {h ci{}h ch lxswl si}l ch ie}xs

!Ahwjdee{. 4919? ;1)%

;%4%7 L pdnlw cd h{kwisd

D}wh{hesdj*{h hj {hfxicd {hi{ dwfxjhesl{ ox{siìkdsipl{ cd xsinizdl cd h{kwisd elhe{iel. txh {h whphndj h{{hekidi{ }dwd d whdnicdch cl he{iel ch nefxd h{swdefhiwd.

ch dklwcl klj d gignilfwdìd hj deni{h%

Hj piwsxch cd ìednicdch kljxeikdsipd

H{sh . sdnphz. l d{}hsl txh. hjglwd {hecl }wh{xjiphnjhesh l jdi{ `whtxhesh h

`djinidw. l jdi{ wh{swisl. h{}hkidnjhesh el txh {h wh`hwh dl nhtxh ch h{klnad h

}l{{iginicdch ch pdwidl ed {xd hq}nlwdl cicsikd% Ed l}ieil ch Bd{s !4999? 7=).

ch heswh l{ sw{ }wieki}di{ cljeil{ }dwd d{ dxnd{ ch nefxd{ klfeisipl. }wdfjsikl hd`hsipl d{ ehkh{{icdch{ kljxeikdsipd{ !cljeil }wdfjsikl) txh cizhj wh{}hisl

h{kwisd {l jeijd{% ]lchwdjl{ kle{ichwdw eh{sd whd. }lw hqhj}nl. kdwsd{ `lwjdi{ h

ie`lwjdi{. lwjxnwil{ h gwhph{ deekil{ }dwd shwkhiwl{%

Hj piwsxch cd }wdqi{ cd dxnd

Diecd ed niead ch Bd{s !4999? 7=). d h{kwisd xjd dsipicdch d txh {h whklwwh klj

`whtxekid h }lch ieknxiw l{ {hfxiesh{ kdj}l{? swdgdnal{ ch kd{d. sh{sh{.

d}lesdjhesl{. wd{kxeal{. whklnad ch ichid{ h jdshwidn. hqhwkkil{ ch fwdjsikd hhqhwkkil{ ch plkdgxnwil. dl txh dkwh{khesdwid olfl{%

L dxslw {xgniead diecd d ij}lwsekid cl }lshekidn cd{ sdwh`d{ ch h{kwisd hj dxnd ch

`lwjd d dshechw { ci`hwhesh{ kd}dkicdch{ h klj}hsekid{ cd{,l{ dnxed{,l{.0

eljhdcdjhesh el txh wh{}hisd dl{ {hfxiesh{ d{}hsl{?

4% Shj}l ch hqhkxl cd{ sdwh`d{2

7% Ephn ch klj}hsekid niefx{sikd2

;% Ieshwh{{h{ h fl{sl{ }h{{ldi{23% @lwjd{ ch swdgdnal h {xd dchtxdl dl{ si}l{ ch d}whecizdfhj ch kdcd

dnxel,d%

Hj piwsxch cl{ dwfxjhesl{ cd ]{iklnlfid cd D}whecizdfhj

D dsipicdch h{kwisd dnsdjhesh hìkdz. }lwtxh dsipd {ijxnsdehdjhesh jnsi}nl{ kdedi{

{he{lwidi{% I{sl {ifeiìkd txh {h dxjhesd kle{ichwdphnjhesh d }l{{iginicdch ch

0El lwifiedn. Gieeheci``hwhezihwxef !Bd{s. 4999? 7=)%


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49

jhjlwizdw h whnhjgwdw txdecl {h h{kwhph!j) d!{) elpd!{) ie`lwjdl,h{ !Jnnhw

kisdcl hj Bd{s. 4999? 74)%

ieshwh{{desh wh}dwdw txh. diecd txh {inhekil{djhesh. d h{kwisd }h hj }wsikd. nlfl

ch{heplnph. d{ txdswl klj}hsekid{ g{ikd{? d klj}whhe{l h hq}wh{{l lwdi{ h dklj}whhe{l h hq}wh{{l h{kwisd{% Cxwdesh l }wlkh{{l cd h{kwisd xsinizd*{h d

phwgdnizdl ch }he{djhesl{ kljl ie{swxjhesl }dwd d {xd lwfdeizdl h {hnhl

cl{ {hx{ kleshcl{% Kle{htxheshjhesh. h{sd phwgdnizdl cl{ }he{djhesl{ }lch

{hw pi{sd kljl xjd plz ieshwilw ieshwilwjhesh `dndjl{ h lxpijl{ l{ el{{l{

}he{djhesl{ h ichid{% ]dwdnhndjhesh. }wh{sd*{h dshel lwslfwdìd h

klekdshedl cd{ }dndpwd{ h{kwisd{. i%h%. n*{h l txh {h h{kwhph. l txh {ifeiìkd txh {h

`dnd. lxph. n h h{kwhph !k`% Bd{s 4999% 74)%

Hj piwsxch cd h{swxsxwdl cd dsipicdch ieshnhksxdn

Ed }hw{}hsipd ch [slwka !4999? 731). txdecl h{kwhphjl{ h{sdjl{ d whdnizdw xj

ejhwl kle{ichwphn ch dsipicdch{ klfeisipd{. kljl }lw hqhj}nl? d wh`nhql {lgwh

kleshcl. hq}wh{{l h `lwjd{ niefx{sikd{2 d dshel klwwhl niefx{sikd. ieknxiecl

dsipicdch{ ieshe{ipd{ ch kleswlnl2 h d hq}hwijhesdl ch pwid{ `wjxnd{ h

kle{swxh{. xjd phz txh l }wlcxsl ìedn }d{{dw }lw xjd {wih ch hsd}d{. kljl d

klwwhl. d ci{kx{{l h,lx deni{h. d whpi{l h. jxisl }wlpdphnjhesh. xjd elpd

whcdl%

Eh{sh {hesicl. Ahwjdee{ !4919? ;;*;6) dìwjd txh d }wlkxwd ch wh{}l{sd lx {lnxl

txh el{ }dwhd d klwwhsd kle{sisxi xj }lchwl{l swhiel niefx{sikl h ieshnhksxdn. el txdn

a xjd fwdech klekheswdl h {h kwid xjd she{l ieshnhksxdn h hjlkiledn ieshe{d h

kwh{khesh%

D h{kwisd h{s sdjgj. kljl wh`hwh Bd{s !4999? 74*77). whndkiledcd klj l

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jd{ `lwjdj*{h h djdcxwhkhj dswdp{ cd h{kwisd%

Hj piwsxch cd `lwjdl cl{,d{ dnxel{,d{

Dl nlefl cl kd}sxnl [kawhighe dn{ Gincxef.6 Ahwjdee{ !4919? 79*;7) ch`hech txh d

h{kwisd shj xj pdnlw }w}wil. cdcl txh hnd `ljhesd d ieshe{iìkdl h kndwiìkdl ch

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6 H{kwisd hetxdesl `lwjdl !Ahwjdee{. 4919? 79)%


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}h{{ldn% D{{ij. d h{kwisd }lch {hw pi{sd kljl xjd dsipicdch txh kleswigxi }dwd l

}wlkh{{l ch djdcxwhkijhesl h ch hewitxhkijhesl }h{{ldn%

Kle{htxheshjhesh. dìwjd Ahwjdee{. txhj h{kwhph ch{heplnph d kd}dkicdch h

agisl ch dxsldeni{h. lx {hod. d kd}dkicdch ch lg{hwpdw h wh`nhsiw {lgwh l{ {hx{}w}wil{ }he{djhesl{ h {he{dh{% Dnj ci{sl h kleìwjdecl d `xel hcxkdsipd cd

h{kwisd. }dwsh ieshfwdesh ch }l{{xiw agisl{ ch h{kwisd l sljdw elsd ch ichid{ h

}he{djhesl{ h cdw*nah{ xjd xsinizdl%

]dwd l,d }wl`h{{lw,d. ciz*el{ Ahwjdee{. i{sl dctxiwh xj pdnlw iekleslwephn. }li{ hnh,d

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kd}dkicdch{ h dsisxch{ ch{hod txh d{ {xd{ dxnd{ jdwtxhj d ci`hwhed% Ed

}hw{}hsipd cl{,d{ dnxel{,d{. xj ch{hol hj {hesicl {hjhnadesh sdjgj {h phwiìkd?l{,d{ dnxel{,d{ h{}hwdj jdi{ cl txh xj swhiel jhkeikl ch x{l cd nefxd%

Hj piwsxch cl ch{heplnpijhesl cd d`hsipicdch

[ijxnsdehdjhesh. }lch*{h kle{ichwdw txh d h{kwisd shj xj ndcl d`hsipl% Dl ieknxiw d

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!k`% Ahwjdee{ 4919? 71)% ]lw {xd phz. {hfxecl d }hw{}hsipd cd ]{iklnlfid {lgwh l

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d`hsl{ hìkdzjhesh d}whecicl h jdi{ `dkinjhesh !wh)nhjgwdcl%1

;%4%; L swhiel cd h{kwisd

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hesdesl. sxcl l txh dkleshkh h {h `dz cxwdesh d {xd whdnizdl {ifeiìkdsipl hjtxdesicdch h ieshe{icdch% L }wlkh{{l txh el{ nhpd d dnkdedw l }wlcxsl ìedn `xnkwdn

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{ij hq}nlwdcl hj slcd d {xd }lshekidnicdch%

L }wlkh{{l ch h{kwisd. iech}hecheshjhesh cl wh{xnsdcl ìedn. d `d{h txh ieknxi l

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h{kwisd2 h{{d d }hd*kadph%9 ]lw i{{l. ed{ }dndpwd{ ch [desl{ h [hwwd !7==1? 496). l

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{h cl kdjieal txh o kleahkh%

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d}wh{hesdcl }lw Jdsl{ !7==8? 34*37). el txdn d kwidsipicdch {xwfh d }wl}{isl ch xj

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xjd h{klnad%

L }lshekidn kwidsipl cd{ sdwh`d{ ch h{kwisd. xjd{ jdi{ txh lxswd{. h{s hj ieknxwhj

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!kisdcl hj Kdwpdnal. [inpd h ]ijhesd. 7==0? 74) l }wlkh{{l ch h{kwisd }lch {hwdedni{dcl kljl kwidsipl. }li{ ieknxi wh{lnxl ch }wlgnhjd{. lwfdeizdl. ghj kljl

d{{lkidl ch ichid{ h dpdnidl% H{kwhphw ch{heplnphw d kwidsipicdch%

;%7 D kwidsipicdch

Bwhdsipiss {lnnsh che Jhe{kahe fnkbnikahw jdkahe% !Jli{h{)

;%7%4 Gwhph ieswlcxl ai{swikd

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el chiqd ch slwedw ieshwh{{desh l `dksl ch l {hx }wijhiwl h{sxcl cdsdw ch 4109. {lg

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kxnsxwd }lw ciphw{l{ jlsipl{%

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*djhwikded% Ed iec{swid. }lw hqhj}nl. kljhdwdj d x{dw*{h skeikd{ kljl l

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dj}nl h{}hkswl cd kwidsipicdch hj klwwhndl klj l cd ieshnifekid kle{sisxwdj

h{sjxnl{ }dwd l glljcd kwidsipicdch%

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l }d}hn cd kwidsipicdch el he{iel h d wh{}le{dginicdch cd h{klnd !Dzhphcl. 7==6? 7.

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7==6? 03) h d shesdsipd%

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;%7%7 Lwihesdh{ cd ieph{sifdl kihesìkd

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7==9? 472 Dzhphcl. 7==6? 79*;=). chexekidecl l kdwiz jxnsicijhe{iledn cd

kwidsipicdch%

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}wh{hed ch xj }wlkh{{l. ch xj }wlcxsl. ch xj {xohisl h ch xj kleshqsl {hj}wh

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}wlgdginicdch{. {h slwedwdj knhgwh{%

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kwidsipicdch ed{ sdwh`d{ cd el{{d ci{ki}nied clsdw l,d dnxel,d d xj {dghw*`dzhw txh

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{h swdsd. hpicheshjhesh. ch xjd txh{sl ch fheidnicdch. jd{ ch h{sijxndw

kd}dkicdch{ h klj}hsekid{. ch `lwjd d nhpdw d xjd jxcded fwdcxdn cl

klj}lwsdjhesl txlsicidel !Dzhphcl. 7==6? 912 k`% sdjgj Jli{h{)%

Ij}lwsd {xgnieadw txh d kwidsipicdch h{s. hesl. dl dnkdekh ch kdcd xj !k`% Jli{h{2

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{hesicl cheljiedl h{kwisd kwidsipd%

;%; H{kwisd kwidsipd

El `xecl kljl dgwiw xjd odehnd }dwd cheswl. }dwd {h ch{klgwiw d {i}w}wil hj jdswid ch kwidsipicdch% !Gdwwl{. 7==1? ;8)

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ndjhesd txh. hjglwd l{ kleswigxsl{ cd h{kwisd kwidsipd {hodj hqswhjdjhesh }l{isipl{

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{hecl. }lwsdesl. xj lgohsipl cl }wh{hesh swdgdnal kleswigxiw }dwd d wh`nhql {lgwh d

h{kwisd kwidsipd el he{iel*d}whecizdfhj ch nefxd{ h{swdefhiwd{%

;%;%4 Dnfxe{ cdcl{ ai{swikl{

[hfxecl Jdekhnl{ !7=4=? 446). l jlefh h }lhsd iefn{ Fhl``why ch Pie{dx` shw

whcificl dtxhnh txh jxisl{ kle{ichwdj l }wijhiwl jdexdn ch h{kwisd kwidsipd. d

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]lhswid Elpd. chjle{swdecl d {hj}wh }wh{hesh }whlkx}dl klj d skeikd cd dwsh

nishwwid%

Slcdpid. d hq}wh{{l h{kwisd kwidsipd. {hfxecl @hezd !7===). {xwfh hj Sah

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jlpijhesl cd h{kwisd kwidsipd `li jxisl jdilw el{ HXD cl txh hj txdntxhw lxswl }d{.

shecl. hj 7==6. 6=== dnxel{ hj ;7= kxw{l{ l`hwhkicl{ hj 769 xeiphw{icdch{

!Vhwchw. 7==6? 03)%

Ch dklwcl klj Jdekhnl{ !7=4=? 441). ]dxn Hefnh. hesl ciwhslw lìkidn cl Ilvd Vwishw{Vlwb{al}. jdwklx l wxjl cd h{kwisd kwidsipd. chìeiecl d{}hsl{ whndsipl{ {xd

h{swxsxwdl h lgohsipl{ txh diecd aloh {h lg{hwpdj% Chjdwkdecl*{h cd shlwid ch

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Ed whdnicdch cl he{iel g{ikl h {hkxecwil. el{ HXD. d h{kwisd kwidsipd dctxiwh

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jqijl h{sd klj}hsekid%47

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}dwhkh iecikdw d}hed{ pdesdfhe{%

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Hqi{sh diecd ieph{sifdl kiwkxe{kwisd nefxd jdshwed !}% hq%? Kdkadcd. 7==82

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h d hq}hwijhesdw l }wdzhw ieklj}dwphn ch kwidw }dwd{l dwsiìkidn ci{sekid ch xj {ij}nh{n}i{%4; Jdwfdwicd @le{hkd [desl{. kljxeikdl }h{{ldn%


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;%;%4%4 ]hw{}hsipd{ ch h{sxcl {lgwh d h{kwisd kwidsipd

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chnh{ {l wh{xnsdcl% Ch{sd `lwjd. {hfxecl @di{sdxhw !4999? 7=). hqi{shj ieikidnjhesh

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Htxingwil cicsikl

]ljjhwie !4990? 9) dìwjd txh d h{kwisd kwidsipd }lch {hwpiw ch kleswd}h{l { dxnd{ ch

h{kwisd kleswlndcd h. d{{ij. kleswigxiw }dwd xj htxingwil heswh l{ si}l{ ch dxnd h ch

h{kwisd% Ch dklwcl klj [kaxnsz !7==4? 98). whcxziw d h{kwisd d sdwh`d{ h{}hkìkd{ h{htxhekidcd{ }lch kle{sisxiw xj heswdph dl }lshekidn hq}wh{{ipl h dl }wlfwh{{l ch

d}whecizdfhj cl,d dnxel,d%

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hq}hwiekid ch h{sinl{ nishwwil{ jdi{ klj}nikdcl{ ![}ieehw. kisdcl hj ]ljjhwie.

4990? 4=)%

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h{kwisd kwidsipd h d fwdjsikd? djgd{ d{ dsipicdch{ ieshwdfhj heswh {i% Kljl wh`hwh

@wdekl !4999? 9=). Jxisd{ cd{ ciìkxncdch{ cd d}whecizdfhj cd fwdjsikd }lchj {hw

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Hq}wh{{ipicdch

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ch{ch `d{h{ ieikidesh{. }dwd. dswdp{ ch skeikd{ h jslcl{ dchtxdcl{. }wlcxziw.

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!]ljjhwie. 4990? 9)%

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Ieshwkxnsxwdnicdch

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h{kwisd `ddj {xwfiw jhcl{. l kdwshw ncikl kle`hwicl }hnl{ olfl{. d whndsipd dghwsxwd h

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}l{{iginicdch ch whphw l{ }w}wil{ shqsl{ swdetxindjhesh desh{ ch {hwhj dpdnidcl{.

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elpl ch{}hwsdcl%

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txh d hqifekid h l whkhil {l jdilwh{ ![kaxnsz. 7==4? 90)%

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kd}dkicdch{ whndsipd{ d plkdgxnwil. fwdjsikd h hq}wh{{h{ whkheshjhesh dctxiwicl{.

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dnxel{,d{ }lchj ehj {h d}hwkhghw cd jhslclnlfid si}ikdjhesh kihes`ikd txh

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l }d}hn cl axjlw h cl wi{l el h{sjxnl cd jlsipdl h ch xjd dsjl{`hwd }wl}kid

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;%;%8 Kljl }wljlphw d h{kwisd kwidsipd

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]dwd d ieknx{l cd h{kwisd kwidsipd ed dxnd. Vln`wxj !7=4=? ;0*;1) ch`hech txh {h

chph dshesdw d sw{ d{}hsl{? xjd dsjl{`hwd nipwh ch jhcl{. iekhesipl{ d}wl}widcl{

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jlcl kwidsipl%

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{hw }wh{hwpdcl. l txh sdjgj pnicl }dwd d h{kwisd kwidsipd%

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