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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi

J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis

departamenti

ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

beJan Javaxia

raindoba Sua saukuneebis

evropaSi

meomris biblioTeka #18

Tbilisi

2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTvramete wigni; seria

iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli

saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.

seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli

aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia

popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es

patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa

udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi

warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel

oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da

a.S.

seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis

instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.

didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos

yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.

seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom

brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.

vaJa kiknaZe

seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe

recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani

ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe

redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe

teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili

damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis

gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo

departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier

saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis

topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.

q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20

tel.: +995 32 91-19-83

faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83

2

jvarosani raindi, maTe parizelis qronikidan, miniatura

raindobis warmoSoba

evropaSi warCinebulTa wridan warmoiSva raindTa wodeba. raindi

warmoadgenda keTilSobil meomarTa sazogadoebas, romlisTvisac

upirvelesi iyo RvTis samsaxuri da Rirsebis dacva. raindi _ es iyo

SeiaraRebuli mxedari, warCinebuli warmoSobis, an warCinebulis

samsaxurSi myofi.

sityva raindi dResac JRers Cvens sinamdvileSi da is keTilSobil

da mamac adamians aRniSnavs. dRemde evropis qveynebSi adamianebi didi

pativiT atareben raindis wodebas. didi britaneTis monarqi raindis

wodebas aniWebs sazogadoebriv asparezze gansakuTrebuli

warmatebebisaTvis da es erT-erT udides pativad iTvleba am qveyanaSi.

raindebs hqondaT TavianTi ideali – keTilSobili mebrZoli unda

daxmareboda sustsa da Raribebs, yofiliyo sityvis patroni, mamaci da

uSiSari, Tavisi senioris erTguli, daxmareboda eklesias. raindoba iyo

cxovrebis forma, romelSic erTmaneTs erwymoda sami ZiriTadi

komponenti _ religiuri, socialuri (aristokratuli) da sabrZolo.

raindoba gavrcelebuli iyo mTels evropaSi, aseve mis gareT.

avtorTa didi nawili raindobis warmoSobas XI saukuneSi

varaudobda, Tumca dReisaTvis sadavoKaraa, rom raindis ideali ufro

adre gaCnda.

radgan raindi, upirveles yovlisa, iyo mebrZoli mxedari, misi

safuZvlebi ufro adreul xanaSi unda veZeboT. mxedris aRmniSvneli

terminebi gvxvdeba antikur xanaSic, Zvel berZnul da laTinur

wyaroebSi, Tumca orive SemTxvevaSi es terminebi ar aRniSnavdnen

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raindebs, rogorc mebrZolTa fenas, aramed ufro erT-erTi samomsaxureo

socialuri fenis aRmniSvnelad gamoiyeneboda.

rac Seexeba mebrZolTa fenas da brZolisadmi gansakuTrebul

interess, es kargad Cans evropis uZvelesi mosaxleobis miTebsa da

legendebSi, romael avtorTa cnobebSi Zveli germanelebis Sesaxeb. Zveli

germanelebis warmarTul warmodgenebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava

omis RmerTs vodins. brZola maTi saqmianobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

asparezi iyo, Tumca am xalxebSi mebrZolTa socialur fenaze saubari

naadrevi iqneboda.

ramdenadac raindoba feodaluri sazogadoebis warmonaqmnia, CvenTvis

mniSvnelovania im safuZvlebis moZebna, Tu rogor yalibdeboda

mebrZolTa instituti, rogorc wodeba Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi,

sadac mTavari ideologia qristianoba iyo.

istorikosTa erTi nawilis azriT, raindTa institutis warmoSobas

safuZveli Caeyara xalxTa didi gadasaxlebis xanaSi, rodesac

qristianuli romi iZulebuli iyo barbarosebs gamklaveboda.

saerTod, barbarosebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi TanTadan yalibdeba

samxedro qristianuli msoflmxedveloba; pirveli qristianebi

Tavdapirvelad, uars ambobdnen brZolaSi monawileobaze, qristiani

avtorebi ki kicxavdnen kidec qristianebs omSi monawileobisaTvis. RvTis

samsaxurSi yofna avaldebulebs morwmune adamians, emsaxuros RmerTs,

ise rogorc jariskaci emsaxureba saxelmwifos. amdenad, qristiani xdeba

RvTis jariskaci (miles Dei), romelic, gansxvavebiT sxva

jariskacebisagan, ar ibrZvis. mogvianebiT, aseTi saxeliT _ `milites dei ~ da `milites qristi~ _ moixsniebian samxedro sasuliero ordenis

wevrebi.

dasavleTis RvTismetyvelTagan erT-erTi pirveli, vis SromebSic

Cndeba samarTliani omis – sarwmuneobisa da RmerTisaTvis brZolis

Teoria, netari avgustinea. Tavis TxzulebaSi `RvTis qalaqis Sesaxeb~

netari avgustine wuxs omis arsebobis gamo da aRniSnavs, rom mas, visac

SeuZlia miiRos omi sulieri tkivilis gareSe, dakarguli aqvs

adamianuri grZnobebi. amave dros, is xazgasmiT miuTiTebs: vinc mters

klavs, is aris kanonis msaxuri, romelic Zaladobas ZaliTve pasuxobs.

am droidan (ax. w. Vs.), netari avgustines mier Camoyalibebuli Teoriis

Sesabamisad, yalibdeba koncefcia _ omi SeiZleba iyos samarTliani da

qristianebs yovelgvari sindisis qenjnis gareSe SeuZliaT masSi

monawileoba. ase rom, Tu qristianebi Tavdapirvelad Tvlidnen, rom

unda yofiliyvnen morCilni da `aramoZaladeni~, netari avgustines mier

wamoyenebuli Teoria gaxda safuZveli im ideologiisa, romlis

mixedviTac, qristianebSi funqciebi gaiyo. erTni ibrZvian demonebisa da

borotebis winaaRmdeg locviT, maSin rodesac danarCeni ibrZvis

barbarosebis winaaRmdeg iaraRiT.

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Tu raindobas ganvixilavT, rogorc Cveulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac

samxedro samsaxurSi myofi axalgazrdebi iRebdnen iaraRis tarebis

uflebas, maSin es karlos didis epoqas an kidev ufro adrindel xanas

unda mivakuTvnoT. karlos didma Tavisi vaJi lui gamoiwvia aqvitaniidan*

da sazeimod Semoartya mas xmali. magram Tu raindobas ganvixilavT,

rogorc wodebas, romelsac pirveli adgili ekava samxedro fenaSi da

romelic mas eZleoda investituris* saSualebiT, romelsac Tan axlda

religiuri da samxedro rituali da sazeimo fici, maSin aseTi saxiT is

warmoiSva ara uadres XI saukunisa.

XI saukunis damdegs lionis* episkoposi adalberoni werda: RvTis

saxli sam nawilad iyofa. erTni loculoben, meoreni ibrZvian da

mesameni muSaoben. es sami erTad mcxovrebi fenebi ar unda iyvnen

gaTiSulni. erTi maTganis saqmianoba aris piroba danarCeni oris

moRvaweobisaTvis.

netari avgustines moZRvreba, mogvianebiT omTan damokidebulebis

Sesaxeb, gaxda safuZveli, romelmac farTo gavrceleba hpova kluniuri*

ideebis damkvidrebis Semdeg. Tumca ufro adre, jer kidev VIII saukunis

saistorio wyaroebSi aSkaraa miniSneba wminda omis Sesaxeb, es exeba

gansakuTrebiT evropelTa brZolebs arabebis winaaRmdeg. adre Sua

saukuneebSi mkvidrdeba mxedarTa mfarveli angelozebisa da wmindanTa

kulti. VIII saukunis damdegidan barbarosTa axali talRis saSiSroebam

evropaSi gamoiwvia samxedro Tematikis ufro Rrmad gaazreba.

qristianuli omi da qristiani memomari mowodebuli iyvnen rjulis

SesanarCuneblad. am periodSive Cndeba garkveuli sxvaoba _ erTi mxriv,

qristianebs Soris warmoebul omebsa da, meore mxriv, qristianebsa da

sxva rjulis meomrebs Soris warmoebul brZolebs Soris. codva,

Cadenili ZmaTa Soris omSi, gamoisyideba egreTwodebul saRvTo omSi.

swored amis Sesaxeb werda papi stefan II 753 wels, rodesac frankebs

mouwodebda arabebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad: `codvebi Tqveni

mitevebuli iqneba, Tu SeiaraRebuli brZoliT daicavT saRvTo eklesias,

amisaTvis Tqven moipovebT samudamo sicocxles~. am azrs aviTarebda

SemdgomSi papi leo IV: `yvela omSi daRupulis winaSe gaixsneba

samoTxis kari. Tqven gascemT sicocxles WeSmariti rwmenisaTvis. es icis

RmerTma da mogizRvavT sikeTiT sikeTisaTvis~.

TandaTan mkvidrdeba meomarTa mfarveli angelozebis kulti.

mTavarangeloz miqaelis mniSvneloba izrdeba. mas, SeiZleba, mTavari

zeciuri meomaric ki vuwodoT. miqael mTavarangelozi _ israelisa da

bizantiis mfarveli _ otonebis* mfarveladac iqceva. unda aRiniSnos,

rom rainduli epoqis mwvervalze Camoyalibda raindTa mfarveli didi

sameuli – deda RvTisa mariam RvTismSobeli, mTavaragelozi miqaeli da

wmida giorgi kapadokieli.

5

omisadmi damokidebulebis axleburi qristianuli motivi

warmodgenilia 796 wels karlos didis mier pap leo III-dmi gagzavnil

werilSi, sadac naTlad aris Camoyalibebuli frankTa mefis pozicia

papebis mimarT da, aseve, frankTa saxelmwifos ideologia omTan

dakavSirebiT: `Cveni amocanaa, RvTis SemweobiT davicvaT iaraRiT wminda

eklesia yvelgan warmarTTa Tavdasxmisagan da garedan urwmunoTa

aoxrebisagan, kaTolikuri rwmenis aRiarebiT ganvmtkicdeT. Cveni

movaleoba sapirispiroa, roca mose aRmarTuli xelebiT loculobda

israelTa gamarjvebisaTvis, Tqvenc iloceT da locviT SegvewieT

brZolaSi. Tqveni locviTa da uflis winamZRolobiT da qristiani

xalxis SemweobiT, qristes saxeliT, yvelgan movipovebT gamarjvebas da

Cveni RmerTis qristes saxeli gabrwyindeba mTels msoflioSi~.

azri imis Sesaxeb, rom raindi qristiani meomaria, aSkarad Cans Sua

saukuneebis erT-erT ritualSi, roca `raindebi fsalmunis kiTxvisas

qarqaSidan iRebdnen xmals da eWiraT locvis bolomde. es, TiTqos,

niSnavda saRvTo sityvisa da werilebis, e. i. rjulis dacvas. Sua

saukuneebi Rrma rwmenis periodia, rodesac adamians ar stanjavs eWvebi

da filosofiuri kiTxvebi. mas samyaro warmoudgenia farTo Teatrad,

sadac cremlebiTa da sixaruliT aRsavse dramebi TamaSdeba, am dramis

mTavari moqmedi gmirebi ki iRvwian da cxovelqmedeben miwaze, samoTxesa

da jojoxeTs Soris, RvTiuri pirovnebebi ki _ angelozebi da wmindanebi

_ exmarebian kacobriobas satanis bneli legionebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

raindis institutis mniSvnelobis zrdaSi eklesiis mniSvnelovan

rolze miuTiTebs liturgikuli teqstebi, sadac Sua saukuneebidan

arsebobs locvebi da kurTxevebi omis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT. X

saukunis wirvebis wignSi gvxvdeba specialuri locvebi da kurTxevebi

droSebisa, romelebic mihqondaT warmarTTa winaaRmdeg brZolebSi.

germaniis mefeebs warmarTTa winaaRmdeg brZolebSi gamohqonaT droSebi,

romlebzec gamosaxuli iyo wmindanebi. germanel mefeebs hainrix

frinvelmWersa* da oto I-s* brZolaSi ungrelebis winaaRmdeg

wamZRvarebuli hqondaT droSa miqael mTavarangelozis gamosaxulebiT,

amitomac, germanelTa did gamarjvebas ungrelebze 955 wels, lexis

velze, mematiane miqael mTavarangelozis saxels miawers. xSirad

brZolis dasrulebis Semdeg tardeboda samadlobeli wirva miqael

mTavarangelozis mimarT.

wminda giorgis, rogorc qristian mebrZolTa patronis kulti

ufro adre damkvidrda aRmosavleTSi, xolo dasavleTSi mebrZolTa

patronisa da meoxis saxiT igi XI saukunidan Cndeba. erT-erTi pirveli

miTiTeba amis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba normanebis* brZolis aRweraSi

saracinebis* winaaRmdeg 1063 wels.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ver vityviT, rom raindoba saeklesio fena

iyo, piriqiT, is warmoiSva rogorc saero fena Sua saukuneebis

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feodalur sistemaSi. radganac Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi yvela

qmedeba RvTis nebis SesabamisobaSi iyo moyvanili TanamedroveTa mier,

amdenad, raindi da misi morali, Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis

azrovnebis Sesabamisad, religiuria. raindi, upirveles yovlisa, iyo

mebrZoli, `milites~ _ ase moixseniebdnen maT Sua saukuneebis sasuliero

literaturaSi. raindis swrafva TviTdamkvidrebisaken, simdidrisaken,

qalisadmi trfoba, qristianul ideologias upirispirdeboda kidec.

amitomac, zogierTi avtori miiCnevs, rom raindoba iyo qristianuli

formis, magram mainc ufro metad warmarTul safuZvlebze damyarebuli

instituti.

raindis qarTuli mniSvneloba, sulxan-sabas leqsikonis mixedviT,

aris `cxenis gamwvrTneli kaci~. sityva raindi evropaSic ukavSirdeba cxenosans. cxenosan mebrZols samxreT safrangeTSi uwodebdnen

`kabalarii~, `kavalarii~ _ laTinuri sityvidan caballum (cxeni), xolo XI saukunidan ki miles iTargmna, rogorc chevalier – raindi. germanul

enaSi sityva raindi (Ritter), Tavdapirvelad niSnavda mxedars (Reiter), gansakuTrebiT iseTs, vinc ixdida samxedro movaleobas, rogorc mxedari,

magram maleve, es gageba (Ritter) idealuri mamakacis saxelad iqceva.

inglisSi daaxloebiT XI saukunidan xmarebaSi Semodis raindobis

aRmniSvneli sityva `knight~, romelic warmodgeba Zveli inglisuri

sityvidan `cnight~, rac niSnavs biWs. qarTul enaSic Wabuki ixmareboda

raindis aRmniSvnel terminad.

radgan raindi, upirvelesad, cxenosani mebrZolia, istorikosTa

nawils raindoba aRmosavluri warmoSobis institutad miaCnda, sadac

cxenis kulti adreve damkvidrda. SeiaraRebuli mxedari ufro adre aris

cnobili aziaSic. saerTodac, miaCniaT, rom adrianopolTan* brZolaSi

378 wels, sadac romis jari daamarcxa cxenosanma barbarosebma, evropaSi

safuZveli Caeyara cxenosani laSqris upiratesobas; es TariRi, xSirad,

axali etapis dasawyisad miaCniaT evropaSi.

IV saukuneSi samxedro strategiaSi xdeba gadatrialeba, rac

gamoixata mxedarTa gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis CamoyalibebaSi. mxedari

sabolood jabnis qveiTs. Tumca aseve miaCniaT, rom evropaSi mxedris,

cxenis kulti kelturi warmomavlobisaa, Semdgom ki germanelma tomebma

gaiTavises es tradicia.

raindobam aRmosavleTSi iseTi ganviTareba ver hpova, rogorc

dasavleTSi. VII-VIII saukuneebSi arabma cxenosanma mxolod droebiT

miiRo upiratesoba. xalifatis* ekonomikurma ganviTarebam IX saukunidan

samxedro sistemis gardaqmnis aucilebloba ganapiroba. gaizarda mZimed

SeiaraRebul cxenosanTa roli. mxedari aq `iqtas~ (arabulad `nadeli~)

mflobeli iyo. identuri iyo procesi iaponiaSi, sadac VIII saukuneSi,

imperator kotokus reformebis Sedegad, gaizarda feodis mflobelTa

ricxvi. feodi – `sioni~ da feodali `riosiu~ damoukidebeli iyo

7

siuzerenisagan da miwas memkvidreobiT gadascemda. paralelurad,

yalibdeboda samuraebis fena. XI saukunemde isini warmoadgendnen mZimed

SeiaraRebul mxedrebs. XI-XII saukuneebSi samuraebi raindTa ordenad

yalibdebian.

analogiuri movlenebi mimdinareobda bizantiaSi, sadac armia

kargavda Tavis saxalxo xasiaTs, ufro profesiuli xdeboda, mis birTvs

warmoadgendnen stratiotebi – miwis wvrili da saSualo mflobelebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom bizantiis X saukunis samxedro traqtatebi am

mxedrebs uwodebdnen Zvel saxels – `katafraktebi~. magram raindobis

Camoyalibeba saboloo saxiT bizantiaSi ar moxerxda, radganac vasali aq

ufro damokidebuli iyo Tavis siuzerenze, garda amisa, ganuwyvetelma

omebma, romelTac awarmoebda bizantia, igi Camoayaliba, rogorc

politikurad organizebuli saxelmwifo, romelsac ar sWirdeboda

raindi. erTi sityviT, rainds aq ar daekisra eTikuri misia, misia

mxsnelisa da gadamrCenlis, qristes meomris.

saintereso paralelia: evropeli raindi da samurai. TiTqos,

iaponiis politikur Caketilobas, unda gamoewvia Zireuli sxvaoba am

kategoriebs Soris, magram aq Cven bevr msagavsebasac vxedavT. samuraebis

eTikur kodeqsSi – `busidoSi~ mocemulia samurais ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi. rogorc evropeli raindisaTvis, mTavari saxasiaTo

Strixi aqac siuzerenis erTguleba da pirovnuli Rirsebaa. samurai unda

yofiliyo erTguli, vaJkaci, kargi meomari.

saqarTveloSi raindTa fenas aRniSnavda termini moyme da Wabuki. termini raindi pirvelad gvxvdeba `amirandarejanianSi~, sadac igi

moxseniebulia cxenis gamxednavis aRmniSvnelad. im azriT, rogorc

dRes Cven mas viyenebT, is gvxvdeba `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~. Tamaris

mematiane Tamaris qmris daviT soslanis Sesaxeb wers, rom iyo

`raindobiTa da mSvildosnobiT usworo SemmarTebeli~. s. kakabaZis

azriT, qarTuli raindobis institutis Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo

dasavleT evropis jvarosanTa mier ierusalimis qristianuli samefos

daarsebam. misive TqmiT, `moyme iyo upirveles yovlisa meomari. samxedro

vnebaTa is daudgromeli Relva, romelic saSualo saukuneebis rainds

rogorc aRmosavleTSi, ise evropaSi iwvevda `sagmiro saqmeTa~-ken,

ganuwyveteli miswrafeba sxvadasxva axal gancdaTa da

SemTxveulobisaken, raindisaTvis rogorc yvelgan, saqarTveloSic

damaxasiaTebelia. yvelaferi es Seadgenda qarTvel moymeTa Tvisebas~.

qarTuli raindobis, anu, rogorc is saqarTveloSi aRiniSneboda, moymeTa

ideebi yvelaze maRalmxatvrulad aris gadmocemuli SoTa rusTavelis

`vefxistyaosanSi~.

raindobis asparezs, ZiriTadad, mainc Sua saukuneebis safrangeTi da

germania warmoadgenda, saidanac is gavrcelda SemdegSi inglissa da

skandinaviiis xalxebSi. espaneTSi raindobas Taviseburi forma hqonda,

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radganac is, qveyanaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis gamo, mimarTuli iyo,

ZiriTadad, islamis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. italiaSi ki, sadac

mniSvnelovan rols qalaqebi TamaSobdnen, raindoba, rogorc Tavisufali

fena da sakuTari cixe-simagreebis mflobeli, naklebad Cans.

radganac raindi iyo SeiaraRebuli mxedari da mis simbolos cxeni

da maxvili warmoadgenda, saintereso iqneboda Sua saukuneebis

sazogadoebaSi rogorc cxenis kultisadmi, aseve maxvilis simbolosadmi

damokidebulebis warmodgena.

maxvili damakavSirebeli jaWvia sustTa da uZlurTa daxmarebasa da

raindobas Soris. igi Zalauflebis (xelisuflebis) simboloa,

romelsac eklesia sazeimod gadascemda mefeebs gvirgvinkurTxevis

saeklesio ceremonialis dros, iseve rogorc is mogvianebiT

gadaecemodaT raindebs raindad kurTxevis dros.

maxvilis kulti qristianobamdec gvxvdeba, gansakuTrebiT iranel

xalxebSi. amiane marceline* wers, rom alanebs ar aqvT arc taZrebi, arc

salocavebi da arc raime gadaxuruli qoxi. isini erTaderT rames scemen

Tayvans _ miwaSi Caflul maxvils, rogorc omis RmerTis simbolos.

herodote miuTiTebda aseve skviTebis Sesaxeb, rom isini maxvils,

rogorc omis RvTaebis _ aresis simbolos, msxverplad wiravdnen

cxenebs. saintereso gadmocema arsebobs aseve hunebis beladis atilas

Sesaxeb, romelmac ipova maxvili, riTac SemdgomSi moipova gamarjvebebi

evropis teritroriaze.

Sua saukuneebis saraindo romanebSi interesi maxvilisadmi, rogorc

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qristianuli simbolosadmi, gansakuTrebulia.

Sua saukuneebSi mravali legenda Seiqmna maxvilis Sesaxeb, romlebic

romelime xalxis gadmocemas eyrdnoba. erT-erTi aseTi saintereso

legenda Seiqmna jvarosanTa pirveli laSqrobis periodSi. jvarosanTa

mier antioqiis gaWianurebuli alyis dros, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

laSqrobis erT-erT monawiles hqonda gamocxadeba, rom antioqiis erT-

erT taZarSi dafluli iyo maxvili, romelic jvarcmis dros romaelma

legionerebma aZgeres macxovars. jvarosnebma amoTxares es maxvili, misi

wamZRvarebiT moipoves gamarjveba da antioqias daepatronnen.

Sua saukuneebis saraindo eposSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

gadmocemebs rogorc zemoTnaxsenebi maxvilis, aseve saidumlo serobis

barZimis Sesaxeb. es iyo barZimi, romelic macxovarma serobis dros

gamoiyena da romelic moipova ioseb arimaTielma*. is moixsenieba,

rogorc wm. graali, romlis mopoveba Sua saukuneebis raindisaTvis, erT-

erTi yvelaze mTavari amocanaa saraindo romanebSi.

gadmocemebSi, maxvili, xSirad sulieri saxiTaa warmodgenili da

sakuTari saxelic ki aqvs, magaliTad, boevulfis maxvili xrutingi,

rolandis maxvili durandali, karlos didis _ Juaezi, legendaruli

mefis arturis maxvili ekskaliburi.

9

raindis mogzauroba, Sua saukuneebis miniatura

raindis aRzrda da kurTxeva

raindad gaxdomisaTvis bavSvobidanve emzadebodnen. keTilSobili

ojaxis vaJi 7 wlis rom gaxdeboda, dedis xelidan mamakacis xelSi

gadadioda aRsazrdelad, igi mihyavdaT senioris sasaxleSi

`saswavleblad~. am bavSvebs paJebs an valetebs uwodebdnen.

bavSvebis gabareba sxva raindis saxlSi sxvadasxva mizeziT iyo

ganpirobebuli. upirvelesad, raindisaTvis didi pativi iyo, aRezarda

momavali mebrZoli, ojaxisaTvis _ miebarebina Svili aRsazrdelad

warCinebuli raindis sasaxleSi. sxva raindisaTvis aRsazrdelad

mibarebis wesi imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom mSoblebs, SesaZlebelia,

sisuste gamoeCinaT TavianTi Svilebis mimarT da ar gamoeyenebinaT

aRzrdis is mkacri meTodebi, romelic saWiro iyo raindis

mosamzadeblad.

bavSvebi 7 wlis asakidanve, xSirad 10-11 wlis asakidan, iwyebdnen

swavlas raindis sasaxleSi. isini swavlobdnen weras da kiTxvas

laTinurad, aseve Tavdapirvelad raindebSi Zalian waxalisebuli iyo

franguli enis Seswavla. swavlobdnen biblias da, xSirad, Svidi

Tavisufali xelovnebis* sagnebs. Tavisufali dro eTmoboda cekvas,

10

arfaze dakvras, maT aswavlidnen sxvadasxva saidumlo mecnierebebs.

senioris sasaxleSi axalgazrda eufleboda RvTis siyvarulsa da

pativiscemas, swrafvas saxelis moxveWisadmi da qalisadmi. swavlebaSi

mTavari iyo sabrZolo xelovnebis daufleba: swavlobdnen brZolis

wesebsa da kanonebs, cxenosnobas da jiriTs, farikaobas, maxvilisa da

Subis xmarebas, miminoTi nadirobas, Wadrakis TamaSs. mTavari iyo,

bavSvebSi – momaval raindebSi – aRezardaT Rirsebisa da pativis

grZnoba. amisTvis arsebobda sxvadasxva saxis TamaSi, romelic wvrTnida

da ayalibebda momavali raindis xasiaTs. isini aSenebdnen qalaqebs,

sadac aRniSnuli iyo aRmosavleTis qristianuli dasaxlebebi, rac

Tavidanve miuTiTebda, rom raindis moRvaweobis mTavar asparezs

warmoadgenda qristianuli sarwmuneobisa da qristianTa dacva. raindi

bavSvobidanve unda Caswvdomoda Tavisuflebis suls.

14 wlidan igi Rebulobda saWurvelmtvirTvelis (meabjris)

wodebas da xdeboda Tavisi raindis ganuyreli Tanamgzavri.

saWurvelmtvirTvelebi iyofodnen TavianTi movaleobebis mixedviT:

saWurvelmtvirTvelebs, romlebic emsaxurebodnen stumrebis miRebas

sasaxleSi, unda mierTmiaT stumrebisTvis Rvino da sadili, aseve unda

SeZlebodaT maTTan lamazad saubari. iyvnen saWurvelmtvirTvelebi,

romelTa movaleobasac, ZiriTadad, warmoadgenda zrunva raindis

sasaxleSi arsebul cxenebze, nawilis movaleobas warmoadgenda raindis

iaraRisa da saWurvlis movla. rodesac raindi sasaxlidan midioda,

saWurvelmtvirTels unda mierTmia misTvis abjari, aseve iaraRi.

sasaxleSi maT aseve iyenebdnen mstovrebad. maT evalebodaT saidumlo

werilebis an sxva informaciis gadatana sxvadasxva sasaxleebsa da cixe-

simagreebSi. maT iq yovelTvis pativiT xvdebodnen, isini xelSeuxeblebi

iyvnen arasasiamovno informaciis mitanis drosac.

daeufleboda ra raindisaTvis aucilebel xelobas da unar-Cvevebs,

rainds SeeZlo aerCia qali, romlis gulis dapyrobasac igi cdilobda.

saWurvelmtvirTvelebi exmarebodnen raindebs brZolis win

Semosvasa da SeiarRebaSi, rodesac raindi Sedioda eklesiaSi, isini

movaleni iyvnen, misTvis iaraRi da Cafxuti CamoerTmiaT. brZolis dros

saWurvelmtvirTveli raindis ukan idga, Tumca igi ar iyo mxolod

mayurebeli, mTeli gulisyuriT adevnebda Tvals raindis brZolas da

exmareboda mas. mas droze unda miewodebina raindisaTvis axali iaraRi,

Tu raindi Zlier dartymas miiRebda da cxenidan gadmovardeboda,

wamoeyenebina da miegvara axali cxeni. saWurvelmtvirTvelis movaleobani

Zalian mZime iyo da am wodebisaTvis paJebis momzadebas did dros

uTmobdnen; saWurvelmtvirTvelis wodebis tareba didi pativi iyo, 21

wlis asaks miRweuli bevri axalgazrda ver Rebulobda am wodebas.

21 wlis saWurvelmtvirTvels ukve raindad akurTxebdnen. arsebobda

raindis kurTxevis gansakuTrebuli ceremoniali. igi tardeboda

11

umetesad didi saeklesio dResaswaulebis _ Sobis, aRdgomis,

naTlisRebis, amaRlebis, an kidev mefeebis gvirgvinkurTxevis, taxtis

memkvidris dabadebis, misi naTlobis, an ufliswulebis jvrisweris

dros.

raindobis mosurne saWurvelmtvirTveli kurTxevis win unda

ganbaniliyo da, axal TeTr tansacmelSi gamowyobils, Rame taZarSi unda

gaeTia. taZarSi is mTeli Ramis manZilze muxlmodrekili loculobda

RvTismSoblisa da Tavisi mfarveli angelozis winaSe, kiTxulobda

fsalmunebs da SesTxovda ufals daxmarebas im diad gzaze, romelsac is

unda Sedgomoda. meore diliT raindobis kandidati muxlmodrekili

moismenda wirvas, amis Semdeg mas mama an naTlia taZris sakurTxevelTan

miiyvanda. maT xelSi eWiraT Taflis sanTeli. moZRvari iRebda aRsarebas

momavali raindisagan da aziarebda mas. Semdeg ismenda misgan sazeimo

fics. momavali raindi uflisa da Tavisi senioris erTgulebis fics

sajarod warmoTqvamda. amis Semdeg, moZRvari sakurTxevlidan iRebda

xmals da Semoartyamda mas welze, Semdegi sityvebiT – `saxeliTa mamisa

da ZisaTa sulisa wmidisaTa, miiRe es maxvili da gamoiyene igi Seni

Tavis da RmerTis wminda eklesiis dasacavad, daamarcxe qrsites jvris

da qristianuli sarwmuneobis mtrebi da ar gamoiyeno arasodes

usamarTlod~.

xSirad raindis kurTxevisas moZRvari kiTxulobda raindis kodeqss,

sadac mocemuli iyo raindis ufleba-movaleobani, aseve Seaxsenebda mas

Tavis movaleobas uflis winaSe da ganumartavda raindis saWurvlis da

SeiaraRebis qristianul mniSnelobas, Semdegi saxiT:

`maxvili, romelsac jvris forma aqvs, Segaxsenebs Sen, Tu rogor

daamarcxa macxovarma jvarze adamianuri codvebi da sikvdili, aseve Sen

unda daamarcxo Seni mtrebi am maxviliT, romelsac aqvs jvris forma,

es aseve mianiSnebs imaze, rom maxvili aris samarTlianobis iaraRi da,

amdenad, iReb ra mas, Sen valdebuli xar iyo yovelTvis samarTliani.

javSani Sens sxeulze aris saSualeba, dagicvas mtris dartymisagan.

rogorc cixe-simagre aris garSemortymuli Zlieri kedlebiT da Rrma

TxrilebiT, raTa daicvas igi mtris Semosevisagan, aseve javSani da

Cafxuti icavs raindis sxeuls yoveli mxridan, rac aris niSani imisa,

rom raindis guli SeuRwevelia Ralatisa da ampartavnebisaTvis.

es grZeli da swori Subi aris simbolo WeSmaritebisa. rkina masSi

niSnavs WeSmaritebis upiratesobas sicrueze, xolo mis boloSi droSa

maCvenebelia imisa, rom WeSmariteba ar unda daimalos, aramed unda iyos

aRiarebuli yvelas winaSe.

muzaradi aRniSnavs Zalas da vaJkacobas. rogorc is uZlebs

dartymebs, aseve nebisyofis Zala icavs rainds yvela codvisagan.

12

xelTaTmanebi, romelic icavs Sens xelebs, aris mimaniSnebeli imaze,

Tu rogor unda ufrTxodes raindi yovelgvar uwmindurobasTan Sexebas,

sZuldes qurdoba, ficis darRveva da yovelgvari siglaxe.~

rodesac es procesi dasruldeboda, rainds miuaxlovdeboda

seniori, romlis cixe-koSkSic is izrdeboda. seniori samjer daadebda

maxvils Tavze da mxrebze Semdegi sityvebiT: `RvTis, wminda giorgisa da

wminda miqaelis saxeliT, gakurTxeb Sen raindad~. bolos, axlad

nakurTxi raindi, taZridan gamosuli, Semoaxteboda cxens da gaaWenebda

cixe-koSkisaken, sadac mas am dRis aRsaniSnavad didi zeimi da turniri

eloda.

gansakuTebuli iyo taxtis memkvidreebis, ufliswulebis raindad

kurTxevis wesi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, mefe ufro farTo masStabis

RonisZiebas atarebda. Zalian masStaburi iyo imperator fridrix

barbarosas vaJebis, mefis hainrixisa da Mhercog fridrixis raindad

kurTxevis ceremoniali 1184 wels. rogorc Tanamedrove mematiane

gadmogvcems, am ceremonials eswreboda 70 000 raindi, rogorc imperiis

yvela mxaridan, aseve inglisidan, safrangeTidan, burgundiidan da

flandriidan. am dRis aRsaniSnavad Catarebul turnirSi monawileobda

20 000 raindi. SeiZleba, es cifrebi gadaWarbebuli iyos, magram

miuTiTebs imaze, rom raindoba internacionaluri da didi Zala iyo.

SesaZlebeli iyo, raindad kurTxeva ufro martivad

Sesrulebuliyo. es xdeboda, umeteswilad, omis pirobebSi, rodesac

seniori am ceremonials asrulebda mxolod maxvilis mxrebze dadebiTa

da Semdegi sityvebiT: `RvTis, wminda giorgisa da wminda miqaelis

saxeliT, gakurTxeb Sen raindad~.

SesaZlebeli iyo, brZolis periodSi raindobis wodeba didi

raodenobis mebrZolebisaTvis erTdroulad mieniWebinaT, maT Soris

gvxvdebian ubralo warmoSobis mebrZolebic. magaliTad, fridrix

barbarosam brZolis velze mianiWa raindis wodeba ubralo mebrZolebs

da glexebsac ki. aseTivea Sua saukuneebis matianeSi gadmocemuli erTi

cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac, safrangeTis mefem filip lamazma, rodesac

misi raindoba TiTqmis ganadgurda flandrielebTan brZolaSi, aseTi

gadawyvetileba miiRo: yvelas, visac hyavda ori vaJi, erTi unda gaexada

raindad, xolo visac sami vaJi hyavda _ ori. Tanamedroveni wuxiliT

gadmoscemen am ambavs da masSi raindobis dakninebas xedaven. aseTi saxiT

warmoqmnil raindebs wyalobis raindebs uwodebdnen. aseTi dabali

fenidan warmoiSva trubadurebis didi nawili, magram maT TavianTi

moRvaweobiT did pativs miaRwies.

imisaTvis, rom raindad kurTxevis ceremoniali ufro naTeli iyos,

gTavazobT raindad kurTxevis erT-erTi ceremonialis aRweras, romelic

iohanes bekelis qronikidan gadmoiRo prof. i. doliZem da qarTulad

Targmna:

13

raindis kurTxeva, miniatura

vilhelm holandielis raindad kurTxeva

`...mas Semdeg, rac yovelgvari mzadeba damTavrda kelnis eklesiaSi,

saxarebis wakiTxvis Semdeg, bohemiis* mefem ... meabjre

(saWurvelmtvirTveli) vilhelmi warudgina kardinal petre kapuciuss,

pap inokenti IV despans da Tqva: `Tqveno usamRvdeloesobav, mamao, Cven

wargidgenT am rCeul meabjres da morCilebiT gTxovT, miiRoT misi

saRrmTo aRTqma, raTa Cven saSualeba gvqondes, miviRoT is Cvens raindTa

sazogadoebaSi~.

kardinalma ki, romelic iqve idga mRvdlis samoselSi, mimarTa

meabjres ise, rom yurad iRebda yvela sityvas da Tqva: `TiToeuli,

visac surs raindad gaxdoma, unda iyos didsulovani, warCinebuli,

mdidari, gamoCenili da mamaci; didsulovani ubedurebis dros,

warCinebuli _ warmoSobiT, mdidari _ siqveliT, gamoCenili _ Tavisis

saqcieliT, mamaci _ vaJkacuri gambedaobiT. manamde, vidre aRTqmas

dadebde, saRi gonebiT gansaje raindis mcnebebi. es mcnebebi Semdegia:

uwinares yovlisa, yoveldRe mousmino wirvas qristes vnebaTa

xsovnisaTvis, gabedulad gaswiro sicocxle sarwmuneobisaTvis, ixsna

eklesia da misi msaxurni yvelasagan, vinc Zaladobas ayenebs mas, daicva

qvrivi da oboli gaWirvebaSi, moerido usamarTlo oms, ar Seasrulo

ukeTuri samsaxuri, gaxvide orTabrZolaSi udanaSaulos gadasarCenad,

miiRo monawileoba turnirebSi mxolod varjiSisaTvis, yvela saqmeSi

mowiwebiT daemorCilo romis imperators*, ar xelyo imperatoris

qoneba, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gaasxviso mefis an imperatoris lenebi

da, saerTod, RvTisa da adamianis winaSe moiqce umwikvlod. ukeTu Sen am

mcnebas morCilad daicav da, SeZlebisamebr, gulmodgined Seasruleb, maS

14

icode, rom Sen daimsaxureb droebiT pativiscemas amqveynad da

sicocxlis Semdeg saukuno sasufevels caTa Sina~.

amis Semdeg, kardinalma meabjris orive xeli daado saxarebas da

Tqva: `gsurs Tu ara, RvTis saxeliT, morCilebiT miiRo raindis

Rirseba da SeZlebisamebr Seasrulo sityvasityviT wakiTxuli wesebi?~

meabjrem upasuxa: `diax, msurs~.

amis Semdeg, kardinalma gadasca meabjres ficis teqsti da man

damswreTa winaSe xmamaRla waikiTxa: `me, vilhelm, holandieli grafi,

saRvTo imperiis Tavisufali feodali, vficav wmida saxarebas, romelsac

papis taxtis kardinalisa da legatis _ petres TandaswrebiT vexebi

sakuTari xeliT, Sevasrulo rainduli wesebi~. kardinalma Tqva: `dae es

Tavmdabluri fici iyos Seni codvebis Sendoba! Amin~.

rogorc ki es iTqva, bohemiis mefem magrad dahkra meabjres kiserze

da Tqva: `yovlisSemZle RmerTis sadideblad me gRebulob Sen raindTa

ricxvSi da bednierebis surviliT – Cvens sazogadoebaSi; magram

gaxsovdes, Sens magier rogor scemdnen macxovars mRvdelmTavar anas

winaSe, rogor dascinodnen mas pilates winaSe, rogor amaTraxebdnen da

eklis gvirgvins adgamdnen, rogor Semoses igi mewamuli samosiT da

masxrad igdebdnen mas mefe irodis (herodes) winaSe. me GgTxov,

gaxsovdes Sen es dacinva, itvirTo misi jvari, mogiwodeb, Suri iZio

misi sikvdilisaTvis.~

mas Semdeg, rac yvelaferi sazeimod damTavrda da wirva Sesrulda,

axali raindi sayvirebis, bukisa da naRaris kvraSi samgzis ekveTa SubiT

bohemiis mefis Zes, xolo amis Semdeg gauZlo moelvare xmlebiT

asparezobas. sami dRes izeima didi xarjebiT da amasTanave damswreT

uboZa didZali saCuqari.~

raindis aRWurviloba, coxe-koSkebi

sabrZolvelad SeiaraRebul rainds mTeli sxeuli javSniT hqonda

dafaruli. XI saukunis bolomde es iyo rkinis rgolebisagan moqsovili

jaWvis perangi, mogvianebiT mas liTonis firfitebisagan gakeTebuli

abjari cvlis. brZolis dros raindi Tavze ixuravda muzarads – rkinis

Cafxuts, konusis formis mqone foladis Tavsaburavs. muzaradi rkinis

an SuSis burTuliT bolovdeboda. muzarads Tan axlda liTonis

firfita cxviris dasacavad. rkinis sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda mZime

da grZeli xis Subi, rombisebri rkinis bunikiT. bunikTan aWedebdnen

qsovilisagan damzadebul emblemas, romelic qarSi frialebda. amrigad,

SeiaraRebuli raindi cocxal cixe-simagres emsgavseboda.

15

Sua saukuneebis raindi

raindi ganuyrelad atarebda fars. fari xisa da tyavisagan iyo

damzadebuli, dafaruli liTonis firfitebiT. fari jer mrgvali iyo,

SemdgomSi is ise dagrZelda rom mTlianad faravda mxedars. farze

gamosaxuli iyo raindis gerbi, romelic mis keTilSobilur warmoSobaze

miuTiTebda.

fari raindis ZiriTadi gamosacnobi niSani iyo. farze gamosaxuli

gerbi warmoadgenda raindis warmomavlobisa da vinaobis garkvevis

saSualebas.

gerbebis gaCenas istorikosebi jvarosanaTa omebs ukavSireben, roca

evropeli raindi Tavisi warmatebebis aRsaniSnavad mis mier dapyrobili

qalaqebis kedlebsa da cixe-koSkebze cdilobda Tavisi sagvareulo

niSnis amotvifras. aseve, isini TavianT farebze gamosaxavdnen TavianT

sagvareulo gerbebs, magram, Cveni azriT, gerbebis warmoSoba ufro

Soreuli istoriis nayofia. sagvareulo da sxva ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi

gvxvdeba jer kidev egvipteSi, aseve Zveli aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi.

saberZneTSi qalaqebs Tavisi niSnebi anu gerbebi hqondaT. korinTos

simbolo iyo mfrinavi cxeni (pegasi), aTenisa – bu, peloponesisa _ ku,

Tebesi – fari, samosis – farSevangi, rodosis – vardi. es gerbebi

romaul samyaroSic gadmodis. Ppompeusis* gerbze gamosaxulia lomi

xmliT xelSi, keisrisaze* _ SeiaraRebuli venera. aqac saintereso

faqtia, an istoriuli damTxveva. ama Tu im sagvareulos gerbi TandaTan

mkvidrdeboda da misi gadatana sxva sagvareuloze SeuZlebeli iyo. Sua

saukuneebis sazogadoebaSi iyvnen swavlulebi, romlebic specialurad

swavlobdnen gerbebs da romelTa movaleobas warmoadgenda, scodnodaT

gansxvaveba sagvareulo gerbebs Soris da Tvalyuri miedevnebinaT

dadgenili wesebisaTvis, raTa ar darRveuliyo isini, daculi yofiliyo

16

heraldikis zogadad aRiarebuli wesebi. heraldikis wesebis dacva

moeTxoveboda yvela rainds da igi gansakuTrebiT mowmdeboda turniris

dawyebis win. raindi gamocxaddeboda moedanze, Caberavda sayvirs, masTan

mividoda heroldi1, romelic Seamowmebda misi gerbis Sesabamisobas

sagvareulo gerbTan da, rodesac igi daadasturebda mis sinamdviles,

mxolod amis Semdeg miimagrebda raindi sayvirs (buks) muzaradze da

Seuerdeboda Tavis saZmos.

raindebs aseve hqondaT devizi, anu TavianTi mowodebebi. devizi _ es

iyo gmirobisa da simamacis gamomxatveli, Semoklebuli gadmocema

raindTa sagmiro Tavgadasavlisa, romelsac qmnidnen cixe-koSkidan da ama

Tu im adgilidan sxva adgilebze moxetiale raindebi, trubadurebi.

yvela devizi sxva emblemisagan gansxvavebul Sinaarss iZenda. xSirad maT

alegoriuli mniSvnelobac hqondaT. iyo sxvadasxva Sinaarsis devizi,

magaliTad: gafrTxildi _ es me var; geSinodes Savi xaris da a.S.

raindis faris formis mixedviT SesaZlebeli iyo misi erovnebis

garkveva. ingliselebs hqondaT mrgvali fari, italielebs _

elifsoiduri, frangebs _ an oTxkuTxa an gulismagvari, germanelebs _

mrgvali, zeviT amoWrili samkuTxediT, espanelebs ki radiusze

gadaWrili elifsis magvari.

cixe-koSkebi

feodalebi Sua saukuneebSi cxovrobdnen cixe-koSkebSi, romlebic

Sendeboda gansakuTrebiT SerCeul adgilebSi. igi garSemortymuli iyo

miwayriliTa da sqeli galavniT. cixe-simagres ara mxolod samxedro-

TavdacviTi funqcia hqonda, aramed is warmoadgenda raindisa da misi

ojaxis sacxovrebelsac. amdenad, simagre iyo rogorc damcavi, aseve

sacxovrebeli Tu sxva saxis damxmare nagebobebisagan Semdgari mTeli

kompleqi.

cixe-simagre warmoadgenda mrgval an oTxkuTxa ganier koSks

klaknili formebiT, zogjer koSkebTan iyo mibjenili didi lodebi.

koSkebiani cixe-simagris mflobeloba did pativad iTvleboda. cixe-

simagris koSkebs Soris erTi gamoirCeoda Tavisi simaRliT, mas oTxive

mxares hqonda sarkmeli, es iyo sasaxlis patronis sacxovrebeli da

sameTvalyureo koSki. es mTavari koSki, romelsac germanelebi burgs,

xolo frangebi donJons uwodebdnen, gansakuTrebulad iyo daculi,

masSi SeRweva SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod jaWvis asawevi kibiT, an moZravi

misayudebeli kibiT. am koSkze iyo zari, romelsac Camokravdnen mtris

gamoCenisTanave, raTa mosaxleobisaTvis emcnoT amis Sesaxeb. zarebis

1 am institutis Sesaxeb saistorio literaturaSi garkveuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT mTavar movaleobas warmoadgenda sagvreulo gerbebis Seswavla da warCinebulTa Soris arsebuli davebis ganxilva.

17

xmaze glexebi tovebdnen TavianT samuSaoebsa da samosaxloebs da cixe-

simagreSi ikribebodnen. sameTvalyureo koSkze yovelTvis imyofeboda

guSagi. is uxmobda glexebs ganTiadze samuSaod.

koSkebi erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli iyo ganieri aivnebiTa da

fligelebiT. oTaxebi koSkebSi ar iyo myudro da cudad iyo ganaTebuli,

vinaidan viwro sarkmelebi hqondaT. ar arsebobda higienis dacvis

pirobebi. oTaxebSi iyo didi buxrebi, romelTa win Tavisuflad

Tavsdeboda koSkis mflobeli Tavisi ojaxiTa da amaliTac ki. buxrebis

Tavi morTuli iyo sabrZolo iaraRebiTa da sagvareulo gerbiT. donJons

hqonda sardafi, sadac inaxavdnen Rvinos da zamTrisTvis produqtebs,

aseve sardafSi inaxeboda mepatronisa da misi meuRlis Zvirfaseulobebi.

sardafebs iyenebdnen tyveebis sapyrobiledac.

simagris teritoriaze ganlagebuli iyo sajinibo da sxva saxis

damxmare nagebobani, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo Sinauri cxovelebisaTvis,

romelTa simravlis gamo, cixe-simagris patara ezoSi yofna xSirad

autaneli xdeboda; magram XIII saukunidan ukve gafarTovda simagreebis

teritoria da masze ukve Sendeboda ramdenime koSki da koSkis

mepatronisTvis _ calke sasaxle. axali koSkebi gamoirCeodnen TavianTi

mdidruli mowyobilobiT. gansxvavebiT adrindeli koSkebisagan, romlebic

xSirad ise mokrZalebulad iyo mowyobili, rom raindis sacxovrebeli

oTaxi beris senaks mogagonebdaT, amjerad sasaxlis mepatroneebi TavianT

darbazebs amkobdnen ucxoeTidan Camotanili Zvirfasi nivTebiT da

fufunebis sagnebiT. warmatebebisa da miRwevebis gamovlenas raindebi

sasaxlis mdidrulad mowyobiTa da mdidruli nadimebis CatarebiT

cdilobdnen. sasaxlis kedlebze gamofenili iyo rogorc sasaxlis

patronis sagvareulo gerbebi, aseve nivTebi da sigelebi, romlebic

adasturebdnen maTi patronis jvarosnul laSqrobebsa Tu sxva

warmatebul brZolebSi monawileobas.

18

Sua saukuneebis raindTa cixe-koSkebi

cixe-koSkSi misi mflobelis Zalaufleba ganuzomeli iyo. sasaxlis

mflobeli TviTon gamodioda mosamarTlis rolSi da TviTonve

aRasrulebda ganaCens. samarTlis ganxorcielebisas is umetesad

eyrdnoboda Tavis neba-survils da araviTar kanons ar iTvaliswinebda,

arc saeklesiosa da arc raime saadaTo samarTals. sasjelis formebsac

TviTon seniori adgenda da xSirad sasjeli warmoudgenlad sastik

meTodebs iyenebda kidec.

cixis mepatrone raindis erT-erT mTavar gasarTobs nadiroba

warmoadgenda. mSvidobianobis periodSi raindi mTeli Tavisi amaliT

kvirebi rCeboda sanadirod tyeSi, Rameebs karavSi atarebdnen.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen sanadiro ZaRlebisa da

frinvelebis gawvrTnas. gansakuTrebiT fasobda mimino, romelsac patroni

ar iSorebda ara marto nadirobisas, aramed yvelgan Tan daatarebda _

eklesiaSic ki, wirvaze yofnisas. warCinebulTa gansakuTrebuli

damokidebulebaze miminosadmi isic miuTiTebda, rom Sua saukuneebis

samarTalSi misi mokvla gatolebuli iyo ubralo glexis mokvlasTan.

iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac tyve raindi uars ambobda gamosasyidad miminos

micemaze, Tumca ixdida Zalian did gamosasyids.

koSkSi mcxovrebi qalebi, ZiriTadad, saojaxo saqmeebiT iyvnen

dakavebuli. koSkis diasaxlisi zrunavda bavSvebis ganaTlebaze.

qaliSvilebi swavlobdnen mcenareTa samkurnalo Tvisebebs, aseve

WrilobaTa damuSavebas, isini ikribebodnen erT-erT darbazSi,

amuSavebdnen matyls, aseve sxvadasxva xelsaqmes swavlobdnen da Tanac

erTobodnen sxadasxva sagmiro saqmeTa TxrobiT.

iaraRis darbazi

19

raindebis wes-Cveulebani

turnirebi, dueli

turnirebsa da sabrZolo TamaSebs raindis cxovrebaSi

gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira. isini SeiZleba SevadaroT Zveli

saberZneTis olimpiur TamaSebs. turnirebSi gamoCndeboda raindTa

sabrZolo momzadebis done da aqve isinjeboda maTi iaraRisa da

aRWurvilobis simtkice. qristianuli eklesia winaaRmdegi iyo

turnirebis Catarebisa, radganac is miaCnda uazro drois tarebad da

garTobad, romelic tragikuli SedegebiT mTavrdeboda.

1130 wels, klermonis II saeklesio krebaze, romis papma inokenti

II akrZala turnirebi. amave krebaze dadginda, rom ikrZaleboda

qristianuli wesiT dasaflaveba maTi, vinc turnirze mokvdeboda.

miuxedavad amisa, turnirebi mainc tardeboda, is raindebisTvis iyo ara

mxolod garTobis, aramed samxedro Zlierebisa da momzadebis

demonstrireba. amdenad, ramdenadac raindoba warmoadgenda Sua

saukuneebis sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan Zalas, eklesiac da saxelmwifoc

xSirad ukan ixevda da garkveul SeRavaTebze midioda. mogvianebiT

dadginda turniris Catarebis specialuri wesebi, romlis dacva

savaldebulo iyo yvelasaTvis, Tanac turnirebi tardeboda samefo

moxeleebis _ heroldebis zedamxedvelobis qveS. turnirze mxolod

warCinebuli warmoSobis raindebi daiSvebodnen.

pirveli cnoba turnirebis Sesaxeb jer kidev IX saukuneSi gvxvdeba.

pirveli cnobili germanuli turniri, Tavisi namdvili wesebiT, Catarda

1127 wels, viurcburgSi.* inglisSi turnirebis Catarebas safuZveli

daudo riCard lomgulma. turnirSi monawileobis misaRebad garkveuli

gadasaxadi iyo dawesebuli, romelic ganisazRvreboda masSi monawilis

mdgomareobisa da Semosavlis Sesabamisad. turnirebze qalaqSi an

feodalis sasaxleSi, sadac is tardeboda, sxvadasxva mxridan bevri

xalxi ikribeboda. saturniro moednebze ewyoboda specialuri tribunebi

keTilSobili batonebisa da qalbatonebisaTvis. turnirebi xSirad

imarTeboda raime mniSvnelovani movlenis aRsaniSnavad, magaliTad, mefis,

hercogis, an kidev warCinebuli raindis qaliSvilis gaTxovebis, Svilis

raindad kurTxevis, mterTan zavis dadebis an xandaxan, ubralod,

gasarTobad. cnoba turniris Catarebis Sesaxeb, swrafad vrceldeboda

mTel mxareSi. baronebi agzavnidnen Sikrikebs sxvadasxva sapatio

stumarTan, turnirze misawvevad. raindebis yvela koSki iwyebda

gansakuTrebul mzadebas turnirisaTvis. arCevdnen saukeTeso samosels da

iaraRs, abjars, aseve cxenebs turnirisaTvis. yvela cdilobda, Tavi

moewonebina turnirze Tavisi samoselis, SeiaraRebisa da amalis

upiratesobiT. turniri iyo rogorc Tavis gamoCenis adgili, aseve

20

nadavlis mopovebis saSualeba, nawilisaTvis is iyo asparezi, sadac

SeeZlo Tavisi simamaciT da gambedaobiT moenadirebina sayvareli qalis

guli.

turniris dawyebis win qalaqi, sadac turniri tardeboda, sazeimod

moirTveboda. turnirSi monawileobis misaRebad mimaval baronebs Tan

axldaT Zalian didi amala. rogorc Sua saukuneebis qronikebSia

aRwerili, amalis win midioda ramdenime aseuli saWurvelmtvirTveli,

Semdeg mas misdevdnen paJebi, romelTac xeliT mohyavdaT miminoebi,

Semdeg _ musikosebi, maT mosdevdnen raindebi da bolos _ TviTon

seniori.

turniri iyo samxedro Sejibreba, romelic specialurad

momzadebul arenaze tardeboda. rogorc es turniris Catarebis

specialuri debulebebiT iyo gansazRvruli, turnirze brZolis dros

raindis iaraRi ar unda yofiliyo basri, raTa amiT miyenebuli dartyma

ar gamxdariyo sicocxlisTvis saSiSi. aseve specialuri cirkularebiT

regulirdeboda turnirze monawileTa daSvebis wesebi. dRemde moaRwia

ramdenime aseTma cirkularma turnirze raindTa daSvebis Sesaxeb, sadac

gansazRvruli iyo is moTxovnebi, romelic aucilebeli piroba iyo

turnirze dasaSvebad, aseve wesebi, romelTa dacva moeTxoveboda

raindebs turnirze monawileobisas.

turniri, miniatura

specialuri moxele, heroldi turniris dawyebis win amowmebda

raindebis gerbebs da aseve raindTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb informacias.

wesis damrRvevi raindi sajarod cxaddeboda wesis damrRvevad da mas

turniridan aZevebdnen. mas aseve ekrZaleboda SemdgomSi sxva turnirebSi

monawileoba. turniris dawyebis win, an turniris organizatori Tavis

mosawvev baraTebSi acxadebda turniris mTavar prizs. prizi SeiZleboda

yofiliyo fulis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, aseve gvirgvini, qamari, raime

cxoveli _ daTvi an iremi, an, sulac, ramdenime warCinebuli qalbatonis

kocna. turniris dawyebis win irCevdnen turniris dedofals, romelic

21

gamarjvebuls gadascemda prizs. turnirebze iyo sxvadasxva saxis

TamaSobebi. ZiriTadad, iyo orTabrZolebi, aseve gunduri brZolebi.

turnirebi xSirad tragikulad mTavrdeboda. 1241 wels erT-erT

turnirze asi raindi daiRupa. TviT hercogebi da grafebic xdebodnen

turniris msxverplni. 1186 wels parizSi turnirze daiRupa inglisis

mefis henri II vaJi Jofrua plantageneti, 1234 wels nimvegenSi* _

florenc IV holandiis grafi, 1238 wels _ misi Zma vilhelmi, xolo

1258 wels antverpenSi _ misi vaJi florenci da a.S. marTalia,

kaTolikurma eklesiam ver SeZlo turnirebis akrZalvis gatareba

cxovrebaSi, magram is kategoriulad uars ambobda turnirze

daRupulebis qristianuli wesiT dakrZalvaze. magaliTad, holandiis

grafi florenc IV dakrZales tyeSi saeklesio ritualis gareSe.

turnirisagan gansxvavebuli movlena iyo dueli da orTabrZolebi,

romelic tardeboda feodaluri sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

dapirispirebebis mizeziT, mas araferi hqonda saerTo raindul

SejibrebasTan. dueli ufro feodaluri Sinaomebis gagrZelebas

warmoadgenda.

orTabrZola, miniatura

Sinaomebi, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo Sua saukuneebisaTvis,

raindebis moqmedebis mniSvnelovani arena xdeba. dapirispireba, romelic

arsebobda feodalur sagvareuloTa Soris, xSirad maT Soris omSi

gadaizrdeboda xolme da es brZolebi, umeteswilad, mZime SedegebiT

mTavrdeboda. omebis Sedegad amowyda ramdenime sagvareulos pirdapiri

memkvidreoba, nadgurdeboda qalaqebi da dasaxlebebi.

mefeebi krZalavdnen feodalTa Sinaomebs. aseTi iyo dadgenileba

`saRvTo zavis~ Sesaxeb, romelic krZalavda omebs marxvis periodSi da

aseve paraskevidan kviris CaTvliT. pirobis damrRvevebi isjebodnen

eklesiidan gankveTiTa da gadasaxlebiT. Sinaomebisa da feodaluri

dapirispirebis gamovlena iyo dueli, romelic imarTeboda raindebs

Soris. dueli, romelic warmoadgenda SurisZiebis anu sisxlis aRebis

22

erT-erT formas, mogvagonebs adreSuasaukuneebis tradiciuli samarTlis

_ ordaliis gagrZelebas, rodesac samarTlis povna SesaZlebeli iyo

RvTis sasamarTloze, anu marTals da mtyuans gansjida RmerTi da is

mianiWebda gamarjvebas marTals.

qristianuli eklesia da saero xelisufleba dapirispirebis

mogvarebisa da gadawyvetis aseTi formis winaaRmdegi iyo. safrangeTis

mefem filip lamazma 1303 wels, specialuri dadgenilebiT, dueli

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad gamoacxada.

radganac duelisa da orTabrZolebis akrZalvis cxovrebaSi gatareba

SeuZlebeli xdeboda, mefeebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, daedginaT duelis

Catarebis specialuri wesebi. duelSi monawileobis ufleba mxolod

warCinebul rainds hqonda da isic mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,

mefis TanxmobiT, specialurad daniSnul dros. Tumca mowinaaRmdegeebs

eZleodaT garkveuli periodi, raTa kidev erTxel gadaexedaT TavianTi

dapirispirebis mizezebisaTvis. duelis samzadisi iyo TavisTavad Zalian

gaxmaurebuli. mowinaaRmdegeebi cdilobdnen, sazogadoeba daerwmunebinaT

TavianT udanaSaulobaSi da, aseve, daeSinebinaT erTmaneTi. dueli,

ZiriTadad, sikvdiliT mTavrdeboda, Tu damarcxebuli arenaze cocxali

darCeboda, mas sikvdiliT sjidnen.

duelis dawyebis win heroldi Seaxsenebda rogorc duelis

monawileebs, aseve damswre sazogadoebas duelis wesebs, romlis

Tanaxmadac, damswreTagan aravin unda yofiliyo SeiaraRebuli, aseve

akrZaluli iyo damswreTaTvis cxeniT Sesvla duelis Catarebis

adgilze. wesebis damrRvevebi isjebodnen kanonis Sesabamisad.

duelis dawyebis win mowinaaRmdegeebs kidev erTxel unda miemarTaT

mefisaTvis ficiT. bralmdebeli mefis win daificebda, rom mis

mowinaaRmdeges aqvs Cadenili danaSauli, ris gamo is iwvevs mas duelSi,

rom is darwmunebulia Tavis simarTleSi da RvTismSoblisa da wminda

giorgis meoxebiT, aseve darwmunebulia, rom moipovebs gamarjvebas

damnaSaveze. arenaze gasvlis win bralmdebeli gadaugdebda xelTaTmans

Tavis mowinaaRmdeges da rodesac is aiRebda mas, es ukve imis niSani iyo,

rom is iRebda gamowvevas.

duelis dawyebamde samRvdelo piri mimarTavda monawileebs, uari

eTqvaT TavianT gadawyvetilebaze da Seaxsenebda maT, rogor evno

ufali kacobriobis xsnisaTvis, aseve imis Sesaxeb, rom dueli TavisTavad

iyo momakvdinebeli codva, iseve rogorc TviTmkvleloba. moZRvris

ramdenime mcdelobis Semdeg, Tu raindebi ar miiRebdnen mis moTxovnas,

moZRvari gaecleboda sabrZolo arenas.

23

raindis yoveldRiuri cxovreba

raindTa brZolebi, maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba, sasiyvarulo da

sagmiro Tavgadasavali aisaxa Sua saukuneebis rogorc saistorio

matianeebSi, aseve sagmiro eposSi. raindebi xSirad Txzavdnen simRerebs,

romlebic warsul droebasa da gmirobebs asaxavdnen. am simRerebidan

warmoiSva iseTi mSvenieri saraindo eposebi, rogoricaa nibelungebis

simRera, istoriebi parcefalisa, loengrinisa da mrgvali magidis

raindebis Sesaxeb.

Sua saukuneebis saraindo romani metad Rrmaa, Taviseburi da

mravalferovani. valter fon fogelvides, kretien de truas, hainrix

fon feldekes, herbert fon fritclaris, hartman fon aues, gotfrid

fon strasburgis Semoqmedeba rainduli yofa-cxovrebis naTel suraTs

gvixatavs. am nawarmoebebSi asaxulia raindis daniSnuleba, misi brZola

borotebs winaaRmdeg.

valter fon fogelvaide, miniatura

raindi kargi ojaxidan unda yofiliyo, lamazi, moxdenili,

mimzidveli. mis silamazes xazs usvamda tansacmeli. unagirica da

aRWurvilobac tansacmlis sadari unda hqonoda. aRWurviloba 60-dan 80

kilograms iwonida, rac misi Zalis damadasturebeli iyo. am Zalas igi

bavSvobidanve avlenda heraklesaviT; magaliTad, mefe arturma samjer

amoiRo xmali lodis qveSidan, sxvam ki veravin SeZlo es. erT-erT

uZveles legendaSi beovulfze, romelic 1000 wels ganekuTvneba,

saSinel urCxulebTan sabrZolvelad Camosuli raindi boevulfi

gadayris iaraRsa da javSans da carieli xelebiT daaxrCobs mdinaridan

24

amosul urCxuls. kretien de truas romanis `ivein, raindi lomiT~

gmiri iveini mxolod erTi dRe rCeba Tavis axladjvardaweril

meuRlesTan. megobrebi Tvalyurs adevneben mas, rom usaqmurobasa da

colTan alersSi Zala ar dakargos.

cnobili dominikaneli beri raimond luli wignSi rainduli

ordenis Sesaxeb, specialurad ganmartavs, rom raindoba aris Rvawli da

pativi, romelic aucilebelia dedamiwaze arsebuli wesrigis dasacavad.

ase rom, raindi unda sargeblobdes yvela pativiT. misi warmodgeniT,

SeubRalavi Rirsebis mqone raindi uyvarT imisaTvis, rom is keTilia,

eSiniaT imis gamo, rom is Zlieria, adideben keTili saqmeebisaTvis,

xolo mas daxmarebisaTvis mimarTaven, radganac is aris RvTis erTguli

da misi nebis ganmaxorcielebeli.

1020 wels Sartris episkoposma fulbertma ramdenime punqtad

Camoayaliba raindis movaleoba Tavisi siuzerenis mimarT, romelSic erT-

erTi mTavar punqti iyo, rom raindma `ar dauSvas Tavisi siuzerenisadmi

fizikuri zianis cda; agreTve siuzerenis Rirsebis, interesebis da

qonebis xelyofis ganzraxva, ar SezRudos siuzerenis Tavisufleba~.

mowinaaRmdegis sisusteebis gamoyeneba brZolis dros yvelaze didi

danaSauli iyo. roca orTabrZolaSi damarcxebuli moxuci raindi

aRmoCndeboda, axalgazrda ar klavda mas.

uiaraRo raindis mkvleloba rainds samarcxvino saqcielad

eTvleboda, roca gacxarebuli raindi lanseloti brZolis dros

SemTxveviT klavs or uiaraRo mowinaaRmdeges, saSinel gancdebSia da

piligrimobis (wminda miwaze momlocvelad wasvlis) aRTqmas debs.

aseTiva SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ gamoxatuli raindis es

Tviseba:

`brZenTa vinme moswavleman sakiTxavi ese vpovne:

eseao mamacisa metis-meti sigulovne:

odes mtersa moerio, nuRar mohklav, daiyovne;

gindes sruli mamacoba, ese sityva daixsovne~.

saintersoa gadmocema kretien de truas parcefalidan, Tu rogor

uxsnis parcefals Tavisi maswavlebeli raindis movaleobas: `keTilo

megobaro, rodesac Tqven mogiwevT brZola raindTan, gaxsovdeT is, rasac

axla me Tqven getyviT: Tu Tqven gaimarjvebT da is iZulebuli gaxdeba,

gTxovoT Tqven Sewyaleba, ar moklaT, aramed iyaviT gulmowyale. amave

dros, nu iqnebiT ybedi da Zalian cnobismoyvare. is, vinc bevrs

laparakobs, scodavs, ufrTxildiT amas. Tu Tqven naxavT qals an

axalgazrda gogonas gaWirvebaSi, me gTxovT _ gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac

ki SegeZlebaT, raTa daexmaroT mas. me Tqven mogcemT rCevas, romelic

Tqven aucileblad unda daicvaT: xSirad estumreT monasters da

25

iloceT SemoqmedisaTvis, raTa is iyos gulmowyale Tqvens mimarT da

dagicvaT Tqven, rogorc qristiani.~

jer kidev ordenebis daarsebamde, raindTa fena cdilobda

gansakuTrebuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebas: daxmarebodnen erTmaneTs,

emogzauraT an ebrZolaT erTad, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg. raindebi

debdnen erTmaneTTan megobrobis fics, rasac axlda garkveuli

ceremoniali. isini TavianT sisxls Caasxamdnen TasSi, Seurevdnen

erTmaneTs da ificebdnen erTgulebaze. agreTve, an iaraRis gacvliT, an

msgavsi gerbebis SeqmniT gamoxatavdnen damegobrebis ceremonials.

raindebi debdnen sazeimo aRTqmas, rom moilocebdnen wminda

adgilebs. raindebis aRTqma iyo mravalferovani da xSirad ucnauric ki.

magaliTad, sanam ar Seasrulebda dadebul aRTqmas, ar daiZinebda

loginSi, sakvebs miiRebda mxolod marcxena xeliT, ar dalevda Rvinos,

ar gaixdida tansacmels, an ar SeWamda xorcs, ar aaxelda cal Tvals

da a. S.

raindebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom rwmena da wminda nawilebi,

romelsac xSirad atarebdnen, iseve icavda maT, rogorc fari da javSani.

raindi, miniatura

Tavisi ficis Tanaxmad, raindi mudam unda yofiliyo mzad

sarwmuneobisa da umweoTa dasacavad. pativi iyo raindisaTvis sikvdili

iseTi maRali idealebisaTvis, rogoric iyo sarwmunoebis da samSoblos

dacva, aseve sikvdili Tavisi seniorisaTvis.

26

Sua saukuneebis evropuli rainduli kodeqsis Sesabamisia

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sityvebi avTandilis anderZidan, romelic yvelaze

srulyofilad gamoxatavs raindis movaleobas:

`ra uarea mamacsa omSigan piris mxmeWelsa,

Sedrekil-SeSinebulsa da sikvdilisa meWvelsa,

kaci jabani riTa sjobs diacsa qslisa mbeWvelsa,

sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovlisa mosaxveWelsa!

ver daiWiravs sikvdilsa gza viwro, verca kldovani;

misgan gaswordes yoveli, susti da Zal-gulovani,

bolod Seyarnes miwaman erTgan moyme da mxcovani,

sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa sikvdili saxelovani~.

rasakvirvelia, raindTa moRvaweobis mTavari asparezi omi iyo, magram

raindebi mSvidobianobis periodSic poulobdnen samuSaos; ficis

erTguli raindebi mogzaurobdnen, eZebdnen Tavgadasavals da cdilobdnen

SebrZolebodnen usamarTlobas. amdenad, raindis wodebis miRebisTanave

isini iwyebdnen Tavgadasavlis Zebnas Soreul qveynebSi, raTa

gamxdariyvnen srulyofili raindebi. mwvane feri, romelsac isini

atarebdnen, iyo imedis simbolo da mimaniSnebeli maT axalgazrdobisa

da simamacisa. yvelaze sasargeblo gakveTilebi moxetiale raindebisaTvis

iyo omebi, romelSic isini ebmebodnen yovelgvari sasyidlis gareSe,

moxaliseebad da cdilobdnen daeWiraT mxari marTlisaTvis. isini aseve

swavlobdnen warCinebulTa karis ceremonialebs, wesebsa da Cveulebebs.

Tavis gamoCenis surviliT Sepyrobilni, cdilobnen daaxloebodnen

warCinebulebs, maT memkvidreebs, surdaT gaegoT maT Sesaxeb ambebi, aseve

Tqmulebebi da gadmocemebi, rogorc sagvareuloebis, aseve qveynebisa da

xalxebis Sesaxeb, raTa ukan mobrunebulebs moeyolaT.

garda imisa, rom raindebi monawileobdnen omebsa da turnirebSi,

isini xSirad erTiandebodnen, raTa SeeCerebinaT usamarTloba da

Zaladoba. isini mudam iyvnen mzad daxmarebodnen gaWirvebulebs da

mfarveloba gaewiaT sustebisaTvis. moxetiale raindebi sxvadasxva

mxareSi romelime warCinebulis sasaxleSi cxovrobdnen, magram Tu

Tavgadasvlis maZiebelT sadme SemoaRamdebodaT, isini romelime gzaze

aRmarTul jvarTan Seisvenebdnen da da iqve aTenebdnen Rames.

sabrZolvelad an romelime Soreul mogzaurobaSi mimaval raindebs

ar mihqondaT arcerTi nivTi, garda TavianTi iaraRisa. mogzaurobis

dros, isini, ZiriTadad, nanadireviT ikvebebodnen. is raindebi, romlebic

miemgzavrebodnen ucxo mxareSi, mtris Sepyrobis mizniT iyofodnen

ramdenime jgufad 3-4 kacis SemadgenlobiT. isini cvlidnen TavianT

sagvareulo gerbebs, an kidev farze gadaaxvevdnen xolme naWers, raTa ar

ecnoT. aseTi mizniT wasul raindebs garkveuli dro hqondaT

gansazRvruli, isini erTi wlisa da erTi dRis manZilze unda

27

dabrunebuliyvnen ukan da, dadebuli aRTqmisa da ficis Tanaxmad,

moexsenebinaT TavianTi saZmosaTvis TavianTi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb; xSirad

swored am mogzauri raindebis monaTxrobis safuZvelze iqmneboda Sua

saukuneebis saraindo romanebi da simRerebi.

mogzaur raindebs didi pativiT Rebulobdnen cixe-koSkebSi,

romlebic maT gzaze xvdebodaT. daRlil-daqanculi raindebisaTvis iq

yvela piroba iqmneboda, raTa daesvenaT. yvela cixe-simagre mzad iyo,

mieRo raindi, rogorc keTilsasurveli stumari. Cveulebriv, koSkebis

Tavze gamokidebuli iyo mooqrovili muzaradi, rac warmoadgenda niSans

mogzauri raindebisaTvis, rom isini pativiT iqnebodnen miRebuli.

rodesac cixe-koSkidan SeniSnavdnen, rom ucxo raindi moemarTeboda

maTken, sasaxleSi afrTxilebdnen yvelas mosalodneli sapatio stumris

Sesaxeb da iq myofni gareT gamoefinebodnen, raTa amiT gamoexataT

TavianTi sixaruli. stumris pativiscemis niSnad, sasaxlis patroni

iwvevda seniorebs axlomdebare sasaxleebidan da imarTeboda nadimi.

nadimis dros gansakuTrebuli yuradReba iyo mipyrobili stumari

raindis mimarT, romelic yveboda Tavis Tavgadasavlisa da im

gansacdelis Sesaxeb, romelic mas gadaxda mogzaurobis dros. sasaxlis

patroni Tavis stumars misive paJebis xeliT gadascemda saxsovar

saCuqars. saCuqari xSirad iyo Zvirfasi nivTi, an cxeni, an raime

sabrZolo iaraRi. msgavsi saCuqriT maspinZeli fiqrobda, rom is raindis

keTilSobili moRvaweobis monawile xdeboda. SesaZlebelia, mis naCuqar

cxenze, yofiliyo amxedrebuli raindi, rodesac igi daamarcxebda mters,

an kidev sworedac misi maxviliT ganegmira boroti, an moepovebina

gamarjveba turnirSi.

ramdenadac didi iyo Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebSi raindisadmi

pativiscema, aseve mkacri iyo sazogadoebis damokidebuleba damnaSave

raindis mimarT. igi sastikad isjeboda da misi gasamarTleba xdeboda

sajarod, TviTon raindTa samsjavros mier. rodesac raindi aRmoCndeboda

braldebuli RalatSi, veragobaSi an sxva raime danaSaulSi, romelic

eqvemdebareboda sasikvdilo ganaCens, an gaZevebas, maSinve heroldebi

iwvevdnen raindTa sabWos 20-30 kacis SemadgenlobiT da is wauyenebda

braldebas rainds. raindTa es Sekreba ganixilavda danaSauls da aseve

iwvevda mowmeebs.

aseTi sasjelis sisruleSi moyvana xdeboda sajarod, moedanze,

sadac idga eSafoti. rodesac raindebi gamoitandnen TavianT sasjels,

heroldi kiTxulobda ganaCens. ganaCenis wakiTxvis Semdeg mRvdeli

iwyebda micvalebulTa sulis mosaxseniebeli fsalmunebis kiTxvas.

sasjelis aRmsrulebelni iwyebdnen damnaSave raindisaTvis iaraRis ayras

da Tanac yoveli iaraRis da saWurvlis CamorTmevisas saxalxod

acxadebdnen: es aris maxvili, es aris muzaradi veragi da cbieri

raindisa; da bolos, raindis fars sam nawilad gaapobdnen.

28

raindis sikvdiliT dasjis ceremoniali iyo metad mZime da

xangrZlivi procesi. raindis damnaSaved cnobis Semdeg mas gadascemdnen

samefo sasamarTlos; xolo rodesac sasamarTlo mas sasikvdilo ganaCens

gamoutanda, Semdeg _ jalaTs. roca es procesi dasruldeboda, heroldi

damnaSavis Svilebsa da memkvidreebs acxdebda uRirsebad da arTmevda maT

wodebas da iaraRis tarebis uflebas. damnaSave raindis memkvidreebs

aseve ekrZalebodaT turnirebSi monawileoba. sxvadasxva

danaSaulebisaTvis arsebobda aseve sxvadasxva saxis sasjeli – Tvalebis

daTxra, dasaWuriseba, faris gakvra samarcxvino boZze, gerbze

damakninebeli daRis dasma da a. S.

raindis urTieToba qalTan

raindobis institutis gagebisaTvis iseve mniSvnelovania raidnis

qalTan damokidebulebis gacnoba, rogorc raindis eklesiasTan da

samefo karTa damokidebulebis Seswavla. Seyvarebulad yofna raindis

aucilebeli movaleobac ki iyo, risi mimaniSnebelicaa raindTa mTavari

devizic – `RmerTi, qali da mefe.~

adre SuasaukuneebSi, raindobis Camoyalibebamde, rogorc Cans, qalis

roli sazogadoebaSi naklebi iyo. miuxedavad qristianuli eklesiis

mcdelobisa, romelmac, wina sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT, qalis adgili

ufro mniSvnelovani gaxada, isini mamakacebTan mainc araTanaswor

mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. qalebi, ZiriTadad, saojaxo saqmeebiT iyvnen

dakavebuli. aseve Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo qalisaTvis, xelsaqmesTan

erTad, ganaTlebis miReba. qalebi warCinebuli ojaxidan swavlobdnen

wera-kiTxvasa da saRvTo literaturas.

qalisadmi pativiscema, rasac gansakuTrebiT gamoxatavda

keTilSobilTa sazogadoeba, evropaSi yvelaze adre Cans samxreT

safrangeTSi, provansSi. provansi iwodeboda raindobis akvnad, radganac

aq mieca mas yvelaze metad saero xasiaTi – sasiyvarulo

TavgdasavlebiT. erT-erT provansul nawarmoebSi naTqvamia: raindebs aqvT

mravalmxrivi Rirseba: erTni arian kargi mebrZolebi, sxvebi gamoirCevian

stumarTmoyvareobiTa da guluxvobiT; erTni Tayvans scemen qalebs,

sxvebi brwyinaven kostumebiTa da SeiaraRebiT; erTni arian mamacni

saraindo SejibrebebSi, sxvebi momxibvleli arian warCinebulTa karze.

provansSi qalebis mdgomareoba gansxvavebuli iyo evropis sxva

samefo-samTavroebSi arsebuli mdgomareobisagan. provansel qalebs ufro

meti uflebebi hqondaT, isini iyvnen mesakuTreebi da ganmkargvelebi

TavianTi qonebisa. maT adre daikaves mamakacebTan Tanaswori mdgomareoba.

raindebi irCevdnen TavianTi gulis qalbatons. gulis qalbatonis

arCevis dros gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani ar iyo misi garegnuli

29

mimzidveloba, raindebi ufro metad qalis warmomavlobasa da

mdgomareobas aqcevdnen yuradRebas. raindebi TavianTi gulis rCeulisagan

iRebdnen saxsovar nivTs, es SeiZleba yofiliyo misi Tavsaburavi,

sayelo, an saxelo, daakravdnen mas fars da didebisaTvis misi saxeliT

ibrZodnen. xSirad raindebis rCeulebi iyvnen gaTxovili qalbatonebi,

rac srulebiTac ar uSlida xels maT sajarod ganecxadebinaT TavianTi

trfoba aseTi qalbatonebis mimarT. raindebic, umetesad,

daqorwinebulebi iyvnen, magram isini TavianT rCeulebad sxva

qalbatonebs asaxelebdnen. qalisadmi trfoba raindebSi, umetesad,

araxorcieli siyvaruli iyo; Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi aris iseTi

siuJetebi, rodesac raindi etrfis qals, romelic mas arasodes unaxavs,

mxolod gaugonia misi silamazis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi aseTia gadmocema

raindis Jofrua rudelis Sesaxeb, romelsac Seuyvarda tripolis

dedofali, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi arasodes enaxa; miuZRvna ramdenime

brwyinvale simRera da misi erTguli iyo 15 weli, xolo Semdeg

gadawyvita wasuliyo wmida miwaze, sadac mdebareobda qalaqi tripoli.

gzaSi igi avad gaxda da misma megobrebma miiyvanes erT-erT hospitalSi.

dedofalma gaigo ra poetisa da raindis es Tavgadasavali, is TviTon

Cavida hospitalSi, raTa Sexvedroda masze Seyvarebul rainds. raindma

mis mklavebSi dalia suli. raindis dasaflavebis Semdeg dedofali

monazvnad aRikveca erT-erT monasterSi. aseTi siyvaruli sanimuSo iyo

imdroindeli sazogadoebisaTvis. Tumca vxvdebiT iseT SemTxvevebsac,

rodesac raindis `qalisadmi Tayvaniscema~ atarebda mxolod formalur

xasiaTs. magram idea, riTac raindi qalTan iyo dakavSirebuli, zneobrivi

da amaRlebuli gaxldaT, rac raindis uxeS bunebas mimzidvels xdida.

jvarosnuli laSqrobani, saraindo ordenebi

raindobis aRsasruli

jvarosnuli laSqroba, romelic mimarTuli iyo urwmunoTagan

qristes saflavis gasaTavisufleblad, ufro mniSvnelovans xdida

raindis rolsa da movaleobas. raindebi, romlebic laSqrobebis

dawyebamdec mogzaurobdnen wminda miwaze mosalocad, amjerad aseT

mowodebas papisagan iReben, Tanac Cadenili codvebis mitevebis aRTqmiT.

raindebi didi enTuziazmiT moemzadnen jvarosnuli laSqrobisaTvis,

radganac urwmunoebTan brZola maT idealebs Seesatyviseboda, Tanac

Soreuli mogzauroba Tavgadasavlis maZiebeli raindebisTvis Zalian

mimzidveli iyo.

30

radganac, maioratis wesis Tanaxmad, memkvidreobas mxolod ufrosi

vaJi iRebda, aRmosavleTSi laSqroba umiwod darCenili raindebisaTvis

socialuradac mimzidveli iyo. raindebi mzad iyvnen laSqrobisaTvis,

sadac maT, garda saxelis da didebis mopovebisa, simdidris mopovebis

SesaZleblobac eZleodaT. amdenad, rodesac urban II mowodebaze

jvarosnuli laSqrobisaken, 1095 wels, raindebma erTxmad upasuxes –

`RmerTs ase surs~, am sityvebiT isini ukve gaxdnen RvTis nebis

aRmsrulebelni, anu qristes mxedrebad Cairicxnen.

raindebi, ise rogorc es Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis

azrovnebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom isini

TavianTi TavganwirviT urwmunoTagan ierusalimis gaTavisuflebisaTvis

brZolaSi moipovebdnen rogorc amqveyniur didebas, aseve daimkvidrebdnen

sasufevels zecaSi.

jvarosnebi wminda miwaze, XIII saukunis miniatura

raindebi laSqrobaSi gaemarTnen mtkice SemarTebiT, Tumca jer kidev

mcire aziaSi aRmoCnda, rom maT didi da mZime brZolebi elodaT.

jvarosnebma pirveli laSqrobis dros, Turq-selCukebisagan

gaaTavisufles Zveli qristianuli qalaqebi: antioqia, edesa, tripoli

da bolos, 1099 wels ierusalims miadgnen. am droidan laSqroba,

ZiriTadad, raindebis xelSi gadavida, ubralo xalxi, romelic pirvel

laSqrobaSi monawileobda, ukve ar asrulebda araviTar rols, maTi didi

nawili mcire aziaSive daiRupa, xolo nawili ukan dabrunda. yvelaze

warmatebuli jvarosanTa laSqrobebidan pirveli laSqroba aRmoCnda,

rodesac jvarosnebma gaaTavisufles aRmosavluri qristianuli qalaqebi

da ierusalimi. jvarosanTa laSqrobebi TiTqmis or saukuneze met xans

gagrZelda. maT rva laSqroba moawyves aRmosavleTSi, magram mainc ver

miaRwies TavianT sanukvar mizans; dakarges ierusalimi da sxva

qalaqebic.

miuxedavad amisa, jvarosnulma laSqrobebma mainc didi gavlena

moaxdines evropis ganviTarebis gzaze. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis xanaSi

31

erTmaneTs Sexvda ori kultura _ aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, ramac

am kulturaTa urTierTgacvlis process Seuwyo xeli, ganviTarda

vaWroba. aRmosavleTSi didi xniT yofnam gaafarTova dasavleTSi koSkSi

gamoketili raindis TvalTaxedva. raindebi gaecnen aRmosavlur

ganaTlebasa da aRmosavlur samxedro xelovnebas, Sexvdnen TavianTTvis

sruliad ucnob samyaros. dasavleTis raindebs araTu naklebi warmodgena

hqondaT muslimuri samyaros Sesaxeb, aramed TviT bizantiur

kulturasac ase pirdapir aq Sexvdnen. qalaqma konstantinopolma, Tavisi

simdidriT, farTo quCebiTa da didebuli taZrebiT, rasakvirvelia, didi

STabeWdileba moaxdina dasavleTis raindebze. magram ara mxolod

konstantinopolsa da muslimur qveynebSi nanaxma simdidrem da fufunebam

iqonia gavlena raindebze, aramed aRmosavlurma kulturam da ganaTlebam,

amdenad, jvarosnuli laSqroba maTTvis aRmoCnda ganmanaTlebeli

mogzauroba, ramac bevri ram Secvala raindebis wes-CveulebebSi.

aRmosavleTis gacnobam, sxva xalxebTan da kulturasTan Sexvedram

raindi ufro tolerantuli gaxada. jvarosanTa laSqrobis periodSi win

wamoiwia pirovnuli Rirsebis sakiTxma. xSirad raindebi cdilobdnen,

sarwmunoebis sxvaobis miuxedavad, pativi ecaT pirovnuli

RirsebebisaTvis, rac dasturdeba jvarosnuli epoqis qronikebSi

mocemuli sxvadasxva cnobiT.

jvarosnulma omebma erTmaneTs gaacno da daaaxlova ori samyaro.

evropul da aziur raindobas istoriuli pirobebis saSualebiT

ufro mWidro kontaqtebis damyarebis saSualeba mieca. rodesac 1131

wels gardaicvala grafi Joselini, masTan mebrZolma emir hazi-ibn-

daniSmendma Sewyvita yvela saomari moqmedeba da frankebs SeuTvala: `me

giTanagrZnobT Tqven, rac unda ifiqroT, me ar vibrZoleb axla Tqvens

winaaRmdeg, radganac Tqveni mmarTvelis sikvdilis gamo iolad SemiZlia

Tqveni damarcxeba. amitom airCieT axali mmarTveli da Cven ganvagrZobT

oms~.

1192 wels, iafesTan brZolis dros inglisis mefes riCard

lomguls cxeni moukles. misma mwinaaRmdegem, saiT-ad-dinma,

saxelganTqmuli salah-ad-dinis Svilma, ori cxeni miarTva moqiSpes.

imave wels riCard lomgulma raindad akurTxa saiT-ad-dini. aRsaniSnavia,

muslimi raindis usama ibn-munkizis memuarebi (1095-1188 ww.). misi

cxovreba jvarosanTa omebSi miilia, magram es xels ar uSlis mas,

pativiscemiT moixsenios mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebTanac is megobrobda

kidec.

jvarosanTa laSqrobam xeli Seuwyo TviT evropeli raindebis

daaxloebas. Zalian xSirad sxvadasxva qveynis raindebs erT kastad

miaCndaT Tavi, maTTvisac meorexarisxovani iyo politikuri, eTnikuri da

vasaluri warmomavloba. XII-XIII saukuneebis evropuli romanebisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia es movlena (kretien de trua, gotfrid fon

32

strasburgi). feodalebi, romelebic, ZiriTadad, Tavisi mamulidan da

Tavisi koSkidan xedavdnen samyaros, axla ufro daaxlovdnen. am

daaxloebam Camoayaliba maTSi saerTo kanonebi da qcevis normebi.

amdenad, gaerTianda raindTa fena, sadac ufro win idga rainduli

idealebi, vidre maTi nacionaluri mikuTvnebuloba.

saraindo ordenebi

XI saukunis bolosa da XII saukunis dasawyisSi iqmneba samxedro-

beruli ordenebi, romlis wevrebic beruli cxovrebis wess samoqalaqos

uTavsebdnen. Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebiT ver xerxdeba imis garkveva,

Tu ram gamoiwvia beruli institutis transformacia samxedro

ordenebad.

es ordenebi, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen rainduli

idealebis gavrcelebaSi, warmoiqmnen jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros.

uZvelesi rainduli ordeni iyo `wm. ioanes ordeni ierusalimSi~.

es iyo erTaderTi ordeni, romelic ber-monazvnuri ordenidan aRmocenda.

XI saukunis Sua xanebSi igi daaarsa amalfielma vaWarma, benediqtianuri

ordenis wesdebis Sesabamisad. jvarosanTa mier ierusalimis aRebis

Semdeg ber-monazvnebma piligrimTa, upovarTa da avadmyofTa movlis

mizniT, Seqmnes hospitali. 1120 wels es ordeni raimond du puis

meTaurobiT gadakeTda wm. ioanes hospitalis saraindo ordenad. ordenis

mfarveli iyo ioane naTlismcemeli. ordenis wevrTa movaleobas

wamoadgenda RaribTa da avadmyofTa movla, piligrimebisa da muslimTa

mier datyvevebul qristianTa daxmareba. hospitalierTa ordeni nel-nela

ufro samxedro interesebs ayenebs win da misi wesdebac am mimarTulebiT

Seicvala. Seicvala maTi Cacmulobac. Tu adre hospitalierebi

atarebdnen Sav mosasxams zed gamosaxuli TeTri jvriT, mogvianebiT Savi

mosasxamis qveS isini atarebdnen wiTel kabas, Tanac jvaric rvakuTxa

gaxda. aseve, Zvirfasi tansacmlis tarebis adrindeli akrZalva ukve ar

iyo mniSvnelovani, maT SeeZloT Zvirfasi naWrisagan damzadebuli

tansacmlis tareba. hospitalerebi cxovrobdnen cal-calke senakebSi, ar

iyo marxvis Zalian mkacri moTxovna. ordenma maleve daagrova didi

simdidre, isini flobdnen did miwebs, tyeebs, venaxebs da sasaxleebs.

maTi rezidencia mdebareobda ierusalimSi, qristes saflavTan axlos.

ordens hqonda aRmosavleTSi, tripolis sagrafoSi margatis didi cixe-

simagre, aseve did miwebs flobda antioqiasTan. ordens Tavisi

filialebi hqonda safrangeTSi, inglisSi, germaniaSi, italiaSi, aragonsa

da kastiliaSi.

jer kidev jvarosnuli saxelmwifobis srul dakargvamde, ioanitebi

gadasaxldnen kunZul kviprosze, magram, adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan

SeuTavseblobis gamo, maleve gadavidnen kunZul rodosze, romelic im

33

periodisaTvis bizantias ekuTvnoda. papisa da safrangeTis mefis

daxmarebiT, ordenis grosmaistris Zmam fulko vilaretelma 1309 wels

daipyro kunZuli rodosi.

ioanitebis rezidencia k. rodosze

kunZuli TiTqmis 200 weli epyraT ioanitebs. pirveli didi Seteva

maT winaaRmdeg sulTanma mehmed II ganaxorciela, xolo 1522 wlis

dekemberSi, sulTanma suleiman II sabolood daipyro kunZuli rodosi,

ioanitebma 4000 raindis raodenobiT 1523 wels kunZuli datoves. isini

jer kunZul kretaze gadavidnen, Semdeg napolSi da bolos _ Civita

vekiaSi. 1530 wels imperatorma karl V rodosidan gamodevnil

ioanitebs gadasca kunZuli malta, ris Semdegac isini maltis ordenad

moixseniebodnen. maltis ordenma daasrula arseboba, rodesac egvipteSi

salaSqrod mimavalma napoleon bonapartem iq Tavisi jari Seiyvana.

ukanasknelma grosmaisterma ferdinand fon hompeSma, romelic Zalian

susti mmarTveli iyo, kavSiri daamyara ruseTis imperator pavle I-Tan

da mas gadasca ordenis grosmaisteris tituli, Tumca romis papma is ar

daamtkica. pavle I-is daRupvis Semdeg mis memkvidres aleqsandre I-s ar

ganucxadebia pretenzia maltis ordenze. SemdegSi adgilobrivi

raindebidan irCevdnen grosmaisters, magram maT male dakarges Zveli

mniSvneloba. 1834 wlidan maltis ordenis rezidencia qalaq romSi

mdebareobs.

erT-erTi didi ordeni, romelic Camoyalibda aRmosavleTSi

jvarosanTa laSqrobebis dros, 1119 wels, iyo tamplierTa ordeni. misi

saxeli modis im adgilidan, sadac cxovrobda didi magistri _ kerZod,

solomonis taZarTan ierusalimSi. ordenis Camoyalibebis mizani iyo

akridan ierusalimisken mimavali piligrimebis dacva, radgan ierusalimis

samefos samxedro Zala ar hyofnida gzebze mSvidobiani gadaadgilebis

uzrunvelsayofad. ordenis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia burgundieli

raindis hugo de penis saxelTan da mis Svid megobarTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom beris mier iaraRis aReba da brZolebSi

monawileoba miuRebeli iyo qristianobisaTvis da winaaRmdegobebs

34

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iwvevda.Mmiuxedavad dapirispirebisa, tamplierebma SeZles saeklesio

fenebSi moepovebinaT mxardaWera, ris Sedegadac 1129 wels truas

krebaze Sedgenil iqna ordenis wesdeba, romelic papma honorius II-m

daamtkica.

tamplierTa ordenis beWedi tamplierTa jvari

ordeni Sedgeboda sami jgufisgan: 1) raindebi – ordenis

sruluflebiani wevrebi, romlebic aucileblad didgvarovani

warmomavlobis unda yofiliyvnen, 2) klerikalebi, romlebic

RvTismsaxurebas asrulebdnen ordenis eklesiebSi, 3) msaxurebi,

romlebic uZRvebodnen ordenis sameurneo saqmes. ordens saTaveSi edga

magistri, romelsac raindTa wridan irCevdnen. misi rezidencia

ierusalimSi iyo.

tamplierebi atarebdnen TeTr mosasxams wiTeli jvriT. ordenSi

gawevrianebis ufleba mxolod Tavisufal moqalaqeebs hqondaT, amasTan,

isini unda yofiliyvnen kanonierad Sobilni. ordenSi iRebdnen bavSvebsac.

tamplierTa monasterSi cxovreba Cveuli samonastro saxiT

mimdinareobda. tansacmeli beruli ar iyo, misi SerCevisas Tavisufleba

eZleodaT.

ierusalimis mefe balduini gadascems

taZars hugo de pens, miniatura

35

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tamplierebis moRvaweobis sfero ar iyo mxolod wminda miwa.

pirveli evropuli saxelmwifo, sadac maT aqtiuri qmedebebi daiwyes, iyo

espaneTi. P1143 wels, barselonis grafis miwveviT, tamplierebi

rekonkistaSi* CaerTvnen.

rac Seexeba wminda miwas, ierusalimis mefis Zalauflebis Semdeg

tamplierebi aqtiur, damoukidebel sagareo omebs iwyeben, isini uteven

Crdilour provinciebs, samxreTiT damoukidebel politikas awarmoeben

egviptesa da damaskosTan, mogvianebiT mamluqebTan xelSekrulebebsac ki

deben.

wminda miwaze cixesimagreTa umravlesobas tamplieri da

hospitalieri raindi berebi icavdnen. meTormete saukuneSi am simagreTa

umravlesoba mdebareobda ara ierusalimis samefoSi, aramed CrdiloeT

siriaSi. tamplierebi ara marto mflobelobaSi iRebdnen cixeebs, aramed

aSenebdnen axlebs da Zvelebis reorganizaciasac axdendnen.

miuxedavad ber-raindTa mcirericxovnebisa, isini gamoirCeodnen

mamacobiT, organizebulobiTa da TavganwirulobiT. kargad icnobdnen

adgilobriv garemos, Sesabamisad, yvelaze gamocdili da kargi meomrebi

iyvnen wminda miwaze.

tamplierebSi Ddisciplina umaRles doneze iyo, morCilebis aRTqma

yvelafris Sesrulebis garantias iZleoda, Jak de mole swored am

faqtors miiCnevda gadamwyvetad da ambobda, rom swored amis gamo

Camoayalibdnen tamplierebi Zlier raindebad. tamplierebs

damrRvevTaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sasjelebi hqondaT, ordenidan

gagdebiT dawyebuli, gamaTraxebiT damTavrebuli.

sxva ordenebisgan gansxvavebiT, tamplierebi avadmyofebze ar

zrunavdnen. Tumca isini qvelmoqmedebaas eweodnen, Raribebs aZlevdnen im

puris meaTeds, romelic tamplierebis monastrebSi cxveboda.

ordeni Zalian bevr teritorias flobda, rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve

aRmosavleTSi, ramac ganapiroba is, rom maT didi raodenobiT Tanxa

hqondaT. Aordens SeeZlo adgilidan adgilze Tanxa Zalian martivad

gadaeadgilebina, maT bevri didebuli aZlevda fuls, romelsac surda

Tanxis gadatana dasavleTidan aRmosavleTSi an piriqiT. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom tamplierebi pirveli bankirebi iyvnen evropaSi.

tamplierebis Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros Sewirulobebi

warmoadgenda, swiravdnen mefeebi, didgvarovnebi, Raribebi, Tumca

Semosavlis naxevarze meti wevrebis Senaxvaze midioda.

1307 wels, filipe lamazis brZanebiT, daiwyo tamplierTa

dapatimrebebi da gasamarTleba, romelic dasrulda 1311 wels ordenis

grosmaisteris Jak de moles koconze dawviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom

tamplierTa ordenis ganadgurebis motivi dRemde ucnobia. arsebobs

versiebi, rom filips fuli sWirdeboda, magram amis damadasturebeli

36

aranairi cnoba ar moipoveba, Tan tamplierTa qoneba pirdapir mefes ar

gadaecemoda memkvidreobiT. am sakiTxze dava dRemde mimdinareobs.

tamplierebis ordeni Tvisobrivad axal safexurs warmoadgenda

evropis cxovrebaSi, maT aRmosavleTSi qristianobis dasacavad didi

roli Seasrules da ukanasknelebma datoves es teritoriebi. maTi

ganadgurebis Semdeg iqmneboda da dRemde iqmneba aTasi legenda, rac

gamowveulia ordenis zRapruli simdidriTa da ZlevemosilebiT.

Jak de moles koconze dawva, miniatura

sasuliro ordenTa Soris mniSvnelovani iyo III jvarosnuli

laSqrobis dros, 1190 wels daarsebuli tevtonTa ordeni. is daaarses

germanelma raindebma cixe-simagre akraSi, sadac ordenis wevrebma

daafuZnes saavadmyofo daWrilTa da avadmyofTa movlisa da mkurnalobis

mizniT. tevtonTa ordenis devizi iyo `daxmareba, dacva da gankurneba.~

1196 wels Sedga ordenis daarsebis ceremoniali, romelsac

daeswrnen hospitalierebisa da tamplierTa ordenebis magistrebi.

Tavdapirvelad tevtonTa ordeni hospitalierTa ordenis SemadgenlobaSi

iTvleboda. Tumca, germaneli imperatorebis aqtiuri CareviT, ordenma

damoukidebloba moipova. Tavdapirvelad masSi 200-mde raindi

gawevrianda da airCies magistri germaniis imperatorTan da papTan

SeTanxmebiT. pirveli magistri iyo hainrix fon valpoti. papma inokenti

III 1199 wels daamtkica ordenis wesdeba. ordenis mizani iyo

emkurnalaT qriatianebisaTvis da gaevrcelebinaT qristianoba

warmarTebSi. sxva ordenebisagan gansxvavebiT, ordenis wesdebiT, misi

wevri SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod germaneli da aucileblad maRali

socialuri fenidan. maT ecvaT TeTri mosasxami, romelzec gamosaxuli

iyo Savi laTinuri jvari.

marTalia, tevtonebi ar iyvnen arc iseTi Zlerebi da arc iseTi

mdidrebi, rogorc tamplierebi, magram maT III jvarosnuli laSqrobis

Semdeg garkveuli simdidre daagroves aRmosavleTSi. tevtonebma aaSenes

cixe- simagre monforti. ordenis wevrebi sam ZiriTad berul moTxovnas

37

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_ dauqorwineblobas, morCilebasa da siRatakes _ umatebdnen Semdeg

moTxovnasac: ibrZolebdnen warmarTebis winaaRmdeg da mouvlidnen

upovrebsa da avadmyofebs.

tevtonTa cixe simagre akrasTan

tevtonebs ar hqondaT gamorCeuli SeiaraReba, Tumca kargad

flobdnen omis warmoebis xelovnebas.

tevtonTa ordeni gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda magistris herman fon

zalcas (1209-1239 ww.) mmarTvelobis dros. ordens miwebi hqonda

saqsoniaSi, frankoniaSi, bavariaSi, hesenSi, aseve hqondaT cixe-simagreebi

venasa da praRaSi. pirvelad tevtonebi aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze

gamoCndnen XIII saukunis damdegs, rodesac ungreTis mefem miiwvia isini

paWanikebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, magram maleve, rodesac ordenma

moiTxova gansakuTrebuli pirobebi, ungreTis mefem isini Tavisi qveynidan

gamoaZeva.

mogvianebiT, tevtonebi miiwvia poloneTis mefem prusebis winaaRmdeg

sabrZolvelad. poloneTis mefem misca maT ufleba, prusebis

damarcxebis Semdeg damkvidrebuliyvnen am miwebze. prusebis dapyrobil

teritoriaze tevtonebi agebdnen cixe-simagreebs. prusiaSi tevtonTa

ordeni gadaiqca feodalur saxelmwifod.

XIV saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi ordenma daiwyo intensiuri brZola

litvis winaaRmdeg da garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia. 1403 wels papma

bonifacius IX aukrZala maT qristianuli qveynis _ litvis winaaRmdeg

brZola. am periodSi dinastiuri qorwinebis Sedegad gaerTianda

poloneTisa da litvis samefoebi, romlebic erTiani ZaliT gegmavdnen

tevtonTa gaZevebas dapyrobili teritoriebidan. 1410 wels moxda

gadamwyveti brZola griunvaldTan. tevtonebma warmatebiT daiwyes

brZola, magram brZolis bedi gadawyvita ordenis magistris ulrix fon

iungenis sikvdilma da tevtonebi damarcxdnen.

1466 wels tevtonebi iZulebuli gaxdnen, Tavi poloneTis mefis

vasalad gamoecxadebinaT. Semdgomi dartyma tevtonebs protestantulma

reformaciam miayena. ordenis wevrebma miiRes martin luTeris mowodeba,

38

fici gaetexaT da daqorwinebuliyvnen. grosmaisterma albert fon

hohencolernma gatexa fici da aRiara protestantizmi. man Tavi prusiis

mTavrad gamoacxada da realurad Seqmna Tavisi samflobelo. aman ki

tevtonTa ordeni gaqra.

garda sasuliero saraindo ordenebisa, arsebobda raindebis saero

ordenebi, sadac ZiriTadi bermonazvnuli moTxovnebi – dauqorwinebloba,

siRaribe da morCileba _ ar iyo aucilebeli piroba. aq mniSvnelovani

iyo raindis iseTi movaleobebis win wamoweva, rogoric iyo RvTisa da

samSoblos erTguleba da samsaxuri, gaWirvebulTa da daCagrulTa dacva

da samarTlianobisTvis brZola. rasakvirvelia, ise, rogorc es

damaxasiaTebeli iyo Sua saukuneebisaTvis, ordenebis wesdeba

qristianuli moralis Sesabamisi iyo. Tumca, rogorc i. haizinga wers,

qristianuli moralisa da raindobis idealis gaerTianeba garkveulad

mainc ganuxorcielebeli idea iyo, radgan rainduli idea – didebisaTvis

da pativisaTvis brZola _ ufro ampartavnobas Seesabameboda, rac

sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul ideologias.

pirveli saraindo ordenebi Seiqmna espaneTSi. upirvelesi espanuri

ordeni iyo kalatrava, romelic 1158 wels daaarsa fileros abatma

raimondma da misma berma diego velaskesma. ordenis pirveli

grosmaisteri iyo fileros abati. ordeni xelmZRvanelobda

cistercianuli ordenis wesdebiT. isini atarebdnen TeTr mosasxams

wiTeli jvriT.

meore espanuri ordenic amave dros warmoiSva kastiliaSi. es iyo

alkantaras ordeni, romelic daaarses salamankelma raindebma suero da

gomes fernando barientosebma. ordenis ZiriTadi mizani iyo saracinebis

winaaRmdeg brZola. espanurma ordenebma udidesi roli Seasrules

espanur rekonkistaSi, pireneidan arabebis gandevnisaTvis brZolaSi.

XIV da XV saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi Camoyalibda mravali

saraindo ordeni, romelTac, msgavsad klasikuri Sua saukuneebis xanis

sasuliero saraindo ordenebisa, maRali eTikuri da pilitikuri

idealebi hqondaT, magram, i. haizingas azriT, es ufro ocnebebi da

iluzia iyo.

gviani Sua saukuneebis rainduli ordenebis mizani iyo axali

sazogadoebis Seqmnis xelSewyoba, radganac am ordenebSi, umeteswilad,

nebadarTuli iyo sazogadoebis yvela fenis monawileoba, maT Soris,

vaWrebisac da ubralo adamianebisac. gviani Sua saukuneebis ordenebs

aseve hqondaT garkveuli politikuri da religiuri amocanebi. es iyo

evropis kontinentze gadmosuli Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZola.

XIV saukuneSi safrangeTis mefeebis meTaurobiT daarsda ramdenime

saraindo ordeni. aseve iqmneboda ordenebi samTavroebSi.

radganac XIV saukunidan ordenebis Seqmna TiTqmis moda gaxda, TviT

maRali aristokratiac ar rCeboda gverdze. marSalma busikom Seqmna

39

ordeni keTilSobili siyvarulisa da Seviwroebul qalTa uflebebis

dasacavad, safrangeTis mefe Janma daaarsa RvTismSoblisa da

keTilSobili ojaxis raindTa ordeni. Radgan am ukanasknel ordens

emblemad hqonda varskvlavi, mas varskvlavis ordenad icnobdnen. erT-

erTi aseTi cnobili ordeni Seiqmna burgundiaSi `oqros sawmisis~

saxelwodebiT. misi damaarsebeli iyo burgundiis hercogi filip

burgundieli. es ordeni erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli iyo im periodis

dasavleTSi, risi mizezic, upirvelesad, albaT, TviT burgundiis

ekonomikuri siZliere iyo.

XIII saukunis bolodan raindoba kargavs mniSvnelobas. isini

TavianT iaraRs ukve ar iyenebdnen keTilSobiluri miznebisaTvis,

piriqiT, sxvis dasarbevad mimarTavdnen. maTi suliskveTeba knindeba da

ilaxeba Rirsebis grZnoba, romelic xSirad uazro duelebis sababi

xdeba.

XIV saukuneSi raindobis idea TandaTanobiT kargavs Tavis

cxovelmyofel xasiaTs. raindoba samefo da samTavro karis saTamaSo

figurebs ufro warmoadgenda, vidre raime realur Zalas.

cecxlsasroli iaraRis Semotanam Zveli mniSvneloba daakargvina

raindobas. samxedro ZalaSi ukve upiratesoba eZleva artilerias.

raindoba dasrulda reformaciis xanaSi, rodesac ufro

mniSvnelovani gaxda axali socialuri fena da soflebidan da raindis

koSkebidan kulturulma cxovrebam qalaqebSi gadainacvla. Tumca

raindulma idealebma da tradiciebma Zalian didxans gaZles evropaSi.

amis magaliTebi uxvad gvxvdeba dasavleTis, rogorc saero

literaturaSi, aseve saistorio mwerlobaSi. evropis axali istoriis

gariJraJze kidev arsebobs rainduli turnirebi, raindis aRTqma da

erTgulebis fici. XVI saukuneSi jer kidev Cans raindobis Zlieri fena

tiudorebis inglisSi. inglisis mefe henri VII gatacebuli iyo

turnirebiT, aseTive gatacebas turnirebiT vxvdebiT germaniis

imperatoris maqsimilian I-is biografiaSi. magram raindoba, rogorc

Cans, ukve fiqciad iqca, rac `don kixotSi~ SesaniSnavad asaxa espanelma

klasikosma servantesma.

sadac raindobas ar daukargavs mniSvneloba, es iyo keTilSobilTa

sagvareulo istoria. sagvareulos rainduli warsuli gvaris win

wamowevas uwyobda xels. sagvareulo niSnebi da sigelebi,

rasakvirevelia, ukve brZolis velze ar mowmdeboda, rogorc es iyo

aucilebeli turnirebSi monawileobis dros, magram is sazogadoebaSi

didad fasobda.

miuxedavad amisa, ara marto Sua saukuneebis xalxebis, aramed

dRevandelobisaTvisac, sanimuSoa raindTa yofa. isini barbarosobisa da

uxeSobis periodSi iZleodnen Tavazianobis magaliTs da xels uwyobdnen

saTnoebis damkvidrebas, kanonisa da marTlmsajulebis gavrcelebas.

40

raindobam daamkvidra mravali Rirseuli wesi sazogadoebrivi

urTierTmimarTebisa, aamaRla qali, romelsac Sua saukuneebSi naklebi

uflebebi hqonda da misca mas kuTvnili adgili dauTmo sazogadoebriv

cxovrebaSi.

41

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni * adrianopoli _ axlandeli q. edirne TurqeTSi.

amiane marceline _ (marcelinusi) moRvaweobda daax. 330-400 wlebSi,

romaeli istorikosi, tomiT berZeni, werda laTinurad. monawileobda

sparseTisa da germaniis winaaRmdeg omebSi (353-363 ww.). dawera

Txzuleba `momxdar saqmeTa wignebi~, romelic moicavs romis istorias

96-378 wlebSi.

aqvitania _ istoriuli olqi samxreT-dasavleT safrangeTSi. Zvelad

romis provincia, Sua saukuneebSi _ sahercogo.

bohemia _ 1. Cexiis saxelmwifos Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba; 2. 1526-1918

ww-Si habsburgebis germanul imperiaSi Semavali Cexiis oficialuri

saxelwodeba.

viurcburgi _ q. germaniaSi, bavariis mxareSi, navsadguri md. mainze. investitura _ senioris mier vasalis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis, wodebis

miniWebis iuridiuli aqti, romelsac Tan sdevda vasalis erTgulebis

fici.

ioseb arimaTieli _ q. arimaTiis mdidari moqalaqe, qristes faruli

mimdevari, jvridan macxovris gardamoxsnis monawile.

keisari _ romis imperatoris _ cezaris titulis Zv. rusuli

saxelwodeba (berZnulis gavleniT: keisaris _ monarqi, mbrZanebeli).

kluniuri moZraoba _ kaTolikuri eklesiis gasaZliereblad

ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi X-XI saukuneebSi. am moZraobas saTaveSi

edga klunis saabato burgundiaSi (safrangeTi). mTavari moTxovnebi iyo

_ mkacri reJimi monastrebSi. maTi damoukidebloba saero

xelisuflebisagan da episkoposTagan uSualod papisadmi daqvemdebareba

da a. S. nimvegeni _ qalaqi axlandel niderlandebSi.

normanebi _ (skand. `CrdiloeTis adamiani~), am saxelwodebiT icnobdnen

das. evropaSi skandinaviis xalxebs (molaSqreebs) VIII-XI ss-Si. TviT

skandinaviaSi maT vikingebs, xolo ruseTSi _ variagebs uwodebdnen.

oto I _ (912-973 ww.), germaniis mefe da `saRvTo romis imperiis~

imperatori, hainrix I-is Ze.

otonebi _ (Zv. germanuli _ `Otto~, `mflobeli~, `memamule~) ramdenime

mefis, imperatoris, hercogis saxeli.

pompeusi _ (gneus, Zv. w. 106-48 ww.) romaeli sardali da politikuri

moRvawe.

rekonkista _ espanelTa moZraoba arabTa (mavrebis) batonobisagan

gasaTavisufleblad.

42

romis imperatori _ (saRvTo romis...) Sua saukuneebis imperia, romelic

926 wels daaarsa germaniis mefe oto I-ma. masSi Sedioda germania,

italiis nawili, Cexia, burgundia, Sveicaria da a. S.

saracinebi _ antikur avtorebTan dasavleT da samxreT arabeTis

mosaxleobis saxelwodeba. Aadre Sua saukuneebidan am saxelwodebiT

moixseniebdnen yvela arabs, mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT jvarosnuli

laSqrobebis epoqaSi, es termini gamoiyeneboda islamis mimdevari

xalxebis aRsaniSnavad.

Svidi Tavisufali xelovneba _ saswavlo disciplinebi Sua saukuneebis

skolebisa da universitetebis `artistul~ (mosamzadebel)

fakultetebze (gramatika, ritorika, dialeqtika, ariTmetika, geometria,

astronomia, musika).

xalifati _ muslimuri, feodaluri Teokratiuli saxelmwifo (arabeTis

naxevarkunZulze), romlis saTaveSi idga xalifa.

hainrix frinvelmWeri _ germaniis mefe da `saRvTo romis imperiis~

imperatori hainrix I (daaxloebiT 876-936 ww.), liudonfilgebis

gvaridan, saqsoniuri dinastiis damaarsebeli.

43

Ggamoyenebuli literatura dawyaroebi:

• g. akofaSvili raindoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1996

• Sua saukuneebis samarTali, Seadgina da komentarebi daurTo prof.

i. doliZem, Tb., 1962, t. II • Barber R. The Knight and Chivalry, Woodbridge, 2000 • Bumke J. Studium zum Ritterbegriff im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert, Heidelberg, 1977 • Chivarly in theRenaissance, edited by S. Anglo, Woodbrige, 1990 • Das Rittertum in Meittelalter. hrg. von A. Borst, Darmstadt, 1998 • Fleckenstein J. Rittertum und ritterliche Welt, Berlin, 2002 • Flori J. Chevaliers et chevalerie au Moyen Age, Pris, 1998 • Henne am Rhyn o. Geschichte des RittertumsWiesbaden, 2003 • Keen M. Chivalry, London, 1985 • Le Goff J. Le civilization de L’Occident medieval, Paris, 1997 • Пастуро М. Повседневная жизнь Франции и Англии во времена рыцарей Круглого

стола, M. • Руа. История рыцарства, M., 2007

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