Faculdade Nossa CidadeRedes de Computadores

Introdução aos Estudos de Língua InglesaTurma: 1° sem. Período: Noturno

Leda Maria de Alencar

English Handout

Carapicuíba - SP- 2014.1 -

Sumário

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Textos ........................................................................................... 3Tabelas ......................................................................................... 19Trabalho ......................................................................................... 23Bibliografia ...................................................................................... 25

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Texto 1Networking to Enhance Your Job Search

1 What is a Network? a We bet you have a network you don't even recognize.b According to Merriam-Webster, one of the definitions of network is "a

usually informally interconnected group or association of persons." These associations can be personal relationships with friends, family, and others you meet in an informal gathering. They can also be business relationships you develop with vendors, customers, supervisors, subordinates, and even competitors you encounter during the course of your career.

c In her article, Everyday People Key in Job Networking (Denver Post, March 30, 2003), Kelly Pate wrote that "Friends, friends of friends, a barber, a neighbor and former co-workers are often the best resources for job seekers, especially in a market with far more people out of work than job openings, job placement experts say." Your network is only limited by the company you keep, both on and off the job. Just don't think the only time you are networking is during a job search. 2 You are networking when you...

attend professional meetings, conferences, or conventions visit with other parents during your child's sporting or music events volunteer for "clean-up" day at the park visit with other members of your social clubs or religious groups talk with your neighbors strike up a conversation with someone else waiting at the veterinarian's

office search out friends (current as well as former) on Facebook re-connect with former colleagues on LinkedIn talk to sales persons visiting your office

3 In Terms of a Job Search, Networking is the way to Go!Networking is consistently cited as the Number 1 way to get a new job. You know how everyone says that "80% of the jobs available never get advertised? This is how you find them and get them!According to CareerXRoad's 9th Annual Sources of Hire Study (Feb 2010, PDF) "referrals make up 26.7% of all external hires (new employees hired from outside the organization). [...] The yield for referrals is one hire for every 15 referrals, making this category the most efficient source by far." (Since we know you will ask, "Hires attributed to Job Boards represent 13.2% of external hires.") Those who make the actual hiring decisions would much rather talk to someone who has been recommended by someone they already employ. This is your first reference check, which saves the hiring manager considerable effort sorting through all the resumes and phone calls an advertisement will generate. 4 The Riley Guide Founder's Networking Story"I am where I am now because of networking, especially networking online via mailing lists. When I was ready to make the transition from university librarian to private consultant, it was my network that presented the initial opportunities to get me going (an introduction to the senior management at Drake Beam Morin, a request from the Employment and Training Administration for project work, an invitation from the National Business Employment Weekly to do some writing, and even an offer of a book contract.) The network I did not realize existed provided support and assistance when I needed it, and I work to return the favor as much as I can." 5 What Networking Isn't

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Networking isn't a process of making cold-calls or sending Friend or "Join my Network" requests to people you don't know. It's connecting to people you do know through a valid connection.What we mean by a valid connection is someone who may be a member of the same professional association, a fellow alumnus of your undergraduate or graduate school (or even high school), or the friend of a friend to whom you were introduced either personally or professionally.Networking does not have to be a carefully-choreographed process of meeting and greeting people. For some people it's more manageable on an informal basis, but always remember that networking is a two-way street. It must benefit both persons to be most effective, so as you ask your network for help when you are in need, be prepared to return the favor when asked.We have several articles with Tips on Networking. Once you are comfortable with the general practice, then it is easy to take it online because the same basic principles apply.6 How Do I Network Using the Internet, and Why?The Internet can be a great way to begin those casual relationships that turn into wonderful networking opportunities. Since we aren't face-to-face with the other person, the stress of making these new connections is greatly alleviated, but don't think that it's an easy market out there. It is very important that we begin these relationships in the right way. Since we can't use our voices or body language to express ourselves, we are limited to making sure the words we use and the ways in which they are presented properly represent our intentions. To be blunt, 7 Don't make a mess of a great opportunity to connect with people in hiring places!And we're not just talking to the new Internet users. A lot of Internet oldie-moldies need a reminder that there are real people behind the electrons, and real people make real decisions based on your electronic communication blunders. 8 Advantages of Online Networking

There are thousands of discussion groups and community forums covering hundreds of subjects.

You can "break the ice" before meeting someone in person. You can listen, engage, or be engaged as you wish. No one can see you

sweat, and you don't have to feel like a wallflower since no one can see you standing off by yourself.

Many recruiters are lurking the lists to find potential candidates. 9 Disadvantages

Networking online is just as difficult as networking in person! It may actually be even more difficult because you can't establish a true connection online.

First impressions count even more. Be very careful with your first public posting.

Your online behavior matters more than you think. Don't be a jerk! I really mean it!

You may chuckle at that last one, but a friend of Riley Guide who participated in a mailing list for professional engineers told us that one participant on the list was so nasty online that no one would attend his presentations at conferences nor refer business opportunities to him. Talk about having your online persona affect your offline reputation. 10 Netiquette: The Fine Art of Correct Behavior on the InternetThe basic rule:

Do not go boldly where you have never gone before! 4

Stop and learn the rules of behaviour in effect in this particular group and

follow them! Look for a list of Frequently Asked Questions (the FAQ) so you don't ask the

same questions that everyone else has many times before. Listen patiently to the discussion groups you have joined and learn the tone,

language, and culture of the group. Never post your resume to the list nor openly tell the entire list you are job

searching and ask if anyone can help you unless the group is specifically set up for this kind of service.

11 Where to Network OnlineThis is where discussion boards, social networking sites, and mailing lists come in. Many professionals use these communication mediums for networking, discussing recent developments in their occupation or industry and asking questions of each other. Anyone involved in a job search or career exploration can benefit from following these online, public discussions, learning about current trends and developments and the interests and concerns of those involved. 12 Discussion Boards are like your office water cooler. Conversations can be highly professional or very informal. Numerous web sites and online services like the Vault.com Career Discussions (select Companies, then Discussions) offer you the opportunity to create your own virtual meeting space.Social Networking sites are a little different in that they work the "six degrees of separation" concept to the extreme, using the Internet to turn who you are, who you know, and what you know into a monster-sized spider net of connectivity. These include services like Facebook, LinkedIn and Networking for Professionals. Some may be more casual, while others are focused on professional linkages. We have more information and a list of several of these sites on our page for Networking and Support Groups. Job-Hunt.org has terrific information on using Social Media in Your Job Search.13 Mailing Lists are a long-standing communication forum heavily used in academic and research professions. While many now have web interfaces, they still operate via email, meaning you must have a personal email account to participate. To find mailing lists that might be relevant to your industry or profession, search the CataList maintained by L-Soft or Yahoo! Groups.14 What Might You Find?These many networking and discussion sites can cover a broad variety of topics and fields. Many carry occasional job postings, usually in advance of print announcements, and they are a good resource for networking contacts, industry trends, and other developments. Look for sites and services dedicated to the industry you want to target, the employer(s) that interest you, or even the community where you want to live.Public participation in discussions is necessary to get networking contacts. You will also need to provide your own credentials at some point to make connections with others. This may include your name, current employer, a vague (yet correct) job title, and email address (see why under Making Contact, below).

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15 We recommend you use a free, personal email account for your networking and community discussion groups. Many employers have policies against use of their resources (i.e., email) for personal pursuits and many more monitor employee email. You can also protect your primary email account from spam and malware. We have a list of free web-based email services for you to peruse. When you begin checking out these various discussion forums, it is best for you to monitor the discussions for a while after joining. Looking for information on the field or discipline. You should not participate in the discussions until you are quite comfortable with the group. Before you start actively participating, read over and memorize the rules of Networking Netiquette.16 Making ContactHow do you know with whom to connect online?

In mailing lists and discussion boards, look for postings by someone who seems to be knowledgeable about the topic being discussed. Note his or her email address at the top, and look for signature information citing their organizational affiliation, position in the organization, and more complete contact information.

In a social networking site, limit yourself to contact with whom you can claim a valid (if limited) connection -- you are both former employees of X, you are both graduates of X, you are both members of X association, mailing list, or discussion group. If you cannot make any of these claims but you know someone in their network who is also in your network, ask that person to introduce you.

Once you have identified some persons you want to contact, prepare your initial contact carefully. Be professional and especially polite, and double-check for grammar and spelling errors before sending your message.

Be sure to contact the person directly and not through the list. Be concise. Identify yourself, state why you are contacting this person, and

list some of your interests and where you noticed some correlation with his or her interests as noted in the postings you've read.

Do NOT send this person a copy of your resume. You are networking, trying to establish a relationship that extends far beyond just "please help me find a job." A resume will blow everything to bits at this point. Just relax and let the relationship build to a point where a resume will be requested or you feel comfortable asking for advice on preparation.

Request a follow-up to this email, via phone or email. Give your contact the choice of how to continue.

If you are trying to make a connection through a site such as Facebook or LinkedIn, we suggest you add a personal message to your request. Again, keep it concise but also cite your connection, such as "I recognize you from last year's alumni gathering at X university. May I add you to my professional network?" This type of introduction and request will garner many more positive responses than the standard "may I add you to my professional network" generated by these services.

17 Need More Info or Assistance?We also have information on Networking and Support Groups, How to Network Online (and Why), and Networking and Support Groups. The resources on our page for Job Search Advice may also have helpful ideas for you.

Text 2High Availability with FAN and RAC

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1 Clients that run in high availability configurations such as with Oracle RAC or Data Guard Physical Stand-By can take advantage of Fast Application Notification (FAN) events to allow applications to respond quickly to database node failures. FAN support in PHP may be used with or without DRCP – the two features are independent.2 Without FAN, when a database instance or machine node fails unexpectedly, PHP applications may be blocked waiting for a database response until a TCP timeout expires. Errors are therefore delayed, sometimes up to several minutes, by which time the application may have exceeded PHP’s maximum allowed execution time.3 By leveraging FAN events, PHP applications are quickly notified of failures that affect their established database connections. Connections to a failed database instance are pro-actively terminated without waiting for a potentially lengthy TCP timeout. This allows PHP scripts to recover quickly from a node or network failure. The application can reconnect and continue processing without the user being aware of a problem.4 Also, all inactive network connections cached in PHP to the connection broker in case of DRCP, and persistent connections to the server processes or dispatcher in case of dedicated or shared server connections on the failed instances, are automatically cleaned up.5 A subsequent PHP connection call will create a new connection to a surviving RAC node, activated stand-by database, or even the restarted single-instance database.Configuring FAN Events in the Database6 To get the benefit of high availability, the database service to which the applications connect must be enabled to post FAN events:SQL> execute dbms_service.modify_service(service_name => 'SALES',aq_ha_notifications => TRUE);Configuring PHP for FAN7 With the OCI8 1.3 extension, a php.ini configuration parameter oci8.events allows PHP to be notified of FAN events:oci8.events = OnFAN support is only available when PHP is linked with Oracle Database 10g Release 2 or 11g libraries and connecting to Oracle Database 10g Release 2 or 11g.Application Deployment for FAN8 The error codes returned to PHP will generally be the same as without FAN enabled, so application error handling can remain unchanged.9 Alternatively, applications can be enhanced to reconnect and retry actions, taking advantage of the higher level of service given by FAN.10 As an example, the code below does some work (perhaps a series of update statements). If there is a connection failure, it reconnects, checks the transaction state and retries the work. The OCI8 1.3 extension will detect the connection failure and be able reconnect on request, but the user script must also determine that work failed, why it failed, and be able to continue that work. The example code detects connections errors so it can identify it needs to continue or retry work. It is generally important not to redo operations that already committed updated data.11 Typical errors returned after an instance failure are ORA-12153: TNS:not connected or ORA-03113: end-of-file on communication channel. Other connection related errors are shown in the example, but errors including standard database errors may be returned, depending on timing.function isConnectionError($err){

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switch($err) {case 378: /* buffer pool param incorrect */case 602: /* core dump */case 603: /* fatal error */case 609: /* attach failed */case 1012: /* not logged in */case 1033: /* init or shutdown in progress */case 1043: /* Oracle not available */case 1089: /* immediate shutdown in progress */case 1090: /* shutdown in progress */case 1092: /* instance terminated */case 3113: /* disconnect */

GLOBALIZATION12 This Chapter discusses global application development in a PHP and Oracle Database environment. It addresses the basic tasks associated with developing and deploying global Internet applications, including developing locale awareness, constructing HTML content in the user-preferred language, and presenting data following the cultural conventions of the locale of the user.13 Building a global Internet application that supports different locales requires good development practices. A locale refers to a national language and the region in which the language is spoken. The application itself must be aware of the locale preference of the user and be able to present content following the cultural conventions expected by the user. It is important to present data with appropriate locale characteristics, such as the correct date and number formats. Oracle Database is fully internationalized to provide a global platform for developing and deploying global applications.Establishing the Environment Between Oracle and PHP14 Correctly setting up the connectivity between the PHP engine and the Oracle database is the first step in building a global application. It guarantees data integrity across all tiers. Most Internet based standards support Unicode as a character encoding. This chapter focuses on using Unicode as the character set for data exchange.15 OCI8 is an Oracle OCI application, and rules that apply to OCI also apply to PHP. Oracle locale behavior (including the client character set used in OCI applications) is defined by Oracle’s national language support NLS_LANG environment variable. This environment variable has the form:<language>_<territory>.<character set>16 For example, for a German user in Germany running an application in Unicode, NLS_LANG should be set to GERMAN_GERMANY.AL32UTF817 The language and territory settings control Oracle behaviors such as the Oracle date format, error message language, and the rules used for sort order. The character set AL32UTF8 is the Oracle name for UTF-8.18 The character set can also be passed as a parameter to the OCI8 connection functions. Doing this is recommended for performance reasons, even if NLS_LANG is also set.19 If the character set used by PHP does not match the character set used by the database, Oracle will try to convert when data is inserted and queried. This may reduce performance. Also an accurate mapping is not always be possible, resulting in data being converted to question marks.

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20 There are other environment variables that can be used to set particular aspects of globalization. For information on NLS_LANG and other Oracle language environment variables, see the Oracle documentation.

Text 3Learning PHP: The What's and the Why's

October 10, 2001 By Elizabeth Fulghum

1 Anyone who has designed web sites for any length of time knows the limitations of html and other client side languages like CSS and JavaScript. While these languages remain at the core of web development, their primary function is to control how text and graphics are presented. Because they lack the ability to manipulate information on demand, or communicate with web servers, the result is a static web page. 2 The ability to create dynamic pages opens doors. Suppose you wanted to create a survey to collect information from visitors to your web site. You could easily create a form with HTML that included all your questions, and have the results emailed to you. But to convert the raw information into a meaningful format, you'd have to manually compile it, and then organize it to gauge the results - a process which could take hours.3 Fortunately for you, using scripting, there are easier ways to collect and evaluate the results of the survey, or any form. Rather than sending the information through email, a script grabs it and stores it in a database on the server. A second script communicates with the database, gathers and groups the information, and prints it out when you visit the page. The script could also produce bar graphs, percentages and totals, or present the information any other way you could conceive; automatically, and on demand.4 So what language do you use when you want to analyze survey results? Or offer personalized information to your visitors, or display an archive of journal entries without managing copious HTML files?In recent years, more and more developers have been turning to a relative new-comer to the scripting world for the answer: PHP. What is PHP?5 PHP, which stands for PHP Hypertext Preprocessor, is a server-side embedded scripting language. In non-technical terms: a PHP processor is run on the server (Windows, or a flavor of UNIX). When a page is requested that contains PHP, the processor translates and executes all the commands in the page, and then outputs the result to the browser as regular HTML. Because this translation occurs on the server, a page written with PHP is viewable with any browser, on any operation system.6 Like most other scripting languages, PHP can be embedded directly into HTML. PHP code is separated from HTML by Start and End entities. When a document is parsed, the PHP processor only interprets the demarked areas, and outputs the results in the same position.Ironically, PHP also includes the ability to almost completely separate code from HTML. For larger, collaborative projects this method is ideal because it allows designers to work on the layout of the page without interfering with the code

aspects.

Text 4How to Use PHP Namespaces, Part 1: The BasicsBy Craig Buckler | July 13, 2009 | Programming

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1 Namespaces are one of the most significant changes in PHP (Hypertext PreProcessor) 5.3. They will be familiar to C# and Java developers, and they are likely to change the structure of PHP applications for the better.

2 Why Do We Need Namespaces?As the size of your PHP code library increases, there is increased risk of accidentally re-defining a function or class name that has been declared before. The problem is exacerbated when you attempt to add third-party components or plugins; what if two or more code sets implement a ‘Database’ or ‘User’ class?3 Until now, the only solution has been long class/function names. For example, WordPress prefixes every name with ‘WP_’. The Zend Framework uses a highly descriptive naming convention that results in long-winded class names such as Zend_Search_Lucene_Analysis_Analyzer_Common_Text_CaseInsensitive.Name collision problems can be solved with namespaces. PHP constants, classes, and functions can be grouped into namespaced libraries.4 How are Namespaces Defined?By default, all constant, class, and function names are placed in the global space — like they were before PHP supported namespaces.<script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript"> document.write('<a href="http://adclick.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BJje6N52nUfeKGojS0AG56YHYBc6GlM8DAAAAEAEgrJH9ATgAWMbW3KBcYM3w7oCsA7IBEXd3dy5zaXRlcG9pbnQuY29tugEJZ2ZwX2ltYWdlyAEJ2gEyaHR0cDovL3d3dy5zaXRlcG9pbnQuY29tL3BocC01My1uYW1lc3BhY2VzLWJhc2ljcy_AAgLgAgDqAhsvNzQ0ODc5Mi9JbkFydGljbGVfNzI4eDkwXzH4AvLRHoADAZADnASYA6gKqAMB4AQBoAYW&num=0&sig=AOD64_0idRaJJd1R4xUWpLZLWOwjG-Dyiw&client=ca-pub-9603645151104616&adurl=http://clk.atdmt.com/MRT/go/445320239/direct;wi.728;hi.90/01/" target="_blank"><img src="http://view.atdmt.com/MRT/view/445320239/direct;wi.728;hi.90/01/1875701755"/></a>');< /script>< noscript>< a href="http://adclick.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BJje6N52nUfeKGojS0AG56YHYBc6GlM8DAAAAEAEgrJH9ATgAWMbW3KBcYM3w7oCsA7IBEXd3dy5zaXRlcG9pbnQuY29tugEJZ2ZwX2ltYWdlyAEJ2gEyaHR0cDovL3d3dy5zaXRlcG9pbnQuY29tL3BocC01My1uYW1lc3BhY2VzLWJhc2ljcy_AAgLgAgDqAhsvNzQ0ODc5Mi9JbkFydGljbGVfNzI4eDkwXzH4AvLRHoADAZADnASYA6gKqAMB4AQBoAYW&num=0&sig=AOD64_0idRaJJd1R4xUWpLZLWOwjG-Dyiw&client=ca-pub-9603645151104616&adurl=http://clk.atdmt.com/MRT/go/445320239/direct;wi.728;hi.90/01/" target="_blank"><img border="0" src="http://view.atdmt.com/MRT/view/445320239/direct;wi.728;hi.90/01/"></a>< /noscript> 5 Namespaced code is defined using a single namespace keyword at the top of your PHP file. It must be the first command (with the exception of declare) and no non-PHP code, HTML, or white-space can precede the command, e.g.<?php// define this code in the 'MyProject' namespacenamespace MyProject;// ... code ...6 The code following this line will be assigned to the ‘MyProject’ namespace. It is not possible to nest namespaces or define more than one namespace for the same code block (only the last will be recognized). However, you can define different namespaced code in the same file, e.g.<?php

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namespace MyProject1;// PHP code for the MyProject1 namespacenamespace MyProject2;// PHP code for the MyProject2 namespace// Alternative syntaxnamespace MyProject3 {

// PHP code for the MyProject3 namespace}?>7 Although this is possible, I would advise against it: retain your sanity by defining a single namespace per file.8 Sub-namespacesPHP allows you to define a hierarchy of namespaces so libraries can be sub-divided. Sub-namespaces are separated using a backslash (\) character, e.g.

MyProject\SubName MyProject\Database\MySQL CompanyName\MyProject\Library\Common\Widget1

9 Calling Namespaced CodeIn a file named lib1.php, we will define a constant, a function, and a class within the App\Lib1 namespace:lib1.php<?php// application library 1namespace App\Lib1;const MYCONST = 'App\Lib1\MYCONST';function MyFunction() {

return __FUNCTION__;}class MyClass {

static function WhoAmI() {return __METHOD__;

}}?>We can now include this code in another PHP file, e.g.myapp.php<?phpheader('Content-type: text/plain');require_once('lib1.php');echo \App\Lib1\MYCONST . "\n";echo \App\Lib1\MyFunction() . "\n";echo \App\Lib1\MyClass::WhoAmI() . "\n";?>10 No namespace is defined in myapp.php so the code exists in the global space. Any direct reference to MYCONST, MyFunction or MyClass will fail because they exist in the App\Lib1 namespace. To call code in lib1.php, we can add a prefix of \App\Lib1 to define fully-qualified names. The following result is output when we load myapp.php:App\Lib1\MYCONSTApp\Lib1\MyFunctionApp\Lib1\MyClass::WhoAmI

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11 Fully-qualified names can become quite long and there are few obvious benefits over defining long class names such as App-Lib1-MyClass. Therefore, in the next article, we will discuss aliasing and take a closer look at how PHP resolves namespace names.

Text 55 Useful iPhone Apps for Business Networking

Erica SwallowJun 20, 2010

A This post originally appeared on the American Express OPEN Forum, where Mashable regularly contributes articles about leveraging social media and technology in small business.According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 70% of all jobs are found through networking. It's no surprise, then, that so many businesspeople are on the lookout for tools to improve their networking skills. With the growing collection of business apps in the App Store, the iPhone is becoming a portable toolkit for business professionals everywhere.However, with thousands of business apps out there, sorting through the options can be a bit of a task. Below is a list of five useful iPhone apps that will help you become a better business networker.

1. Meet People with Happening

The first step in networking is making connections. So, get out there and meet people! Happening ($1.99) allows you to find nearby events and RSVP from the comfort of your iPhone. You can also browse your friends' events and view your own upcoming events. The app relies on Yahoo! Upcoming, a social events calendar system, to supply nearby event data.

2. Exchange Information using LinkedIn

These days, there are so many ways to exchange contact information. Some people prefer traditional business cards, while others enjoy the geek chicness of bumping, handing out QR codes, or tweeting their business cards. In the world of fragmented information exchange, there is one business standard that we may be able to rely on: LinkedIn. The free iPhone app gives you the power to connect with over 60 million professionals worldwide. My favorite feature is the

ability to connect instantly with nearby users by enabling Bluetooth within the “In Person” feature. You can also set your status, invite contacts, accept invitations, read and respond to messages and keep up with your contacts' updates.

3. Meet in the Middle using MeetMe

There's nothing more annoying than emailing back and forth with a colleague to try to figure out where to meet up for coffee, lunch or drinks. For these situations, there's MeetMe ($0.99), an app designed to help people meet in the middle. You input two locations (or use your current location and input your colleague's address) and it locates

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suitable venues in the middle. The search can be narrowed down by type of venue, and you can store contacts and venues in your favorites for future use. From there, you can email directions to yourself and your colleague. The only thing left to do is meet up and have a good time.

4. Organize Business Cards with WorldCard Mobile

One of the difficulties with staying in touch with business acquaintances is keeping track of their business cards and transferring their information into digital form for easier use. There are a number of products out there to help keep business cards organized on your computer or online, but now these services are going mobile. WorldCard Mobile ($5.99) is just one of the options out there for mobile business card scanning and storage. After a card is

scanned in, the app identifies as much information from the card as possible and stores it in your contacts, where you can edit any scanning errors that may have occurred. If you’re a light-weight user or would like to try out the app before buying it, there is a free Lite version available that has limited exporting capabilities.Other business card scanner options include Business Card Reader ($5.99) and ScanBizCards ($5.99). The steep pricing on these apps may just be worth it if you’re on the search for a solution to losing or maiming business cards. The only catch is that all of these scanners only work with the iPhone 3GS or iPhone 4, as the iPhone 3G camera isn’t capable of handling such detailed images.

5. Manage Relationships with Contacts Journal

To make sure you stay in touch with your networks, try a tool like Contacts Journal ($1.99), a contacts relationship management system that helps you keep track of interactions with individuals. Over time, the details of a relationship can start to fade. Contacts Journal allows you to keep detailed notes on all of your interactions (meetings, phone calls, emails, etc.) with each contact and to plan for the future by using the to-do list to add upcoming events to each contact's log.

You can even call, email or SMS from within the app.

B Which Apps Do You Prefer for Business Networking?These five iPhone apps are only a glance at the offerings available to help businesspeople perfect their networking skills. Which apps do you prefer for business networking?Image courtesy of iStockphoto, Ayzek

Text 6HTML Tutorial - Table of contents

Introduction A brief introduction to the tutorial and what you can expect to learn.

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Lesson 1: Let's get started Find out what tools you need to make your own website.

Lesson 2: What is HTML? Understand what HTML is and what it means.

Lesson 3: Elements and tags? Elements and tags what the are and how to use them.

Lesson 4: Create your first website Learn to create your first HTML document - the basic template for future pages.

Lesson 5: What have you learned so far? Recap what you have learned so far and discover what you can expect in the next lessons.

Lesson 6: A few more elements Familiarise yourself with seven of the most-used elements.

Lesson 7: Attributes Learn to add extra information to your tags and formulate commands in a more explicit manner.

Lesson 8: Links Discover how to create links to your own and other pages on the Internet.

Lesson 9: Images Find out how simple and easy it is to insert images in your pages.

Lesson 10: Tables Construct HTML tables for the presentation of structured content.

Lesson 11: More about tables Create even more advanced tables.

Lesson 12: Layout (CSS) Understand how Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) can be used to add fantastic layout to your pages.

Lesson 13: Uploading pages Find out how to get your pages published on the Internet so others can enjoy them too.

Lesson 14: Web standards and validation Learn about the common standard of HTML and how to check your coding is correct.

Lesson 15: The final tips A few pieces of good advice for your website projects.

A Introduction - Free HTML TutorialPeople often think it is extremely difficult to make a website. That is not the case! Everyone can learn how to make a website. And if you read on, you will have made one in just one hour.Others believe - just as mistakenly - that expensive and advanced software is needed to make websites. It is true that there are lots of different programs that claim they can create a website for you. Some come closer than others. But if you want it done right, you must do it yourself. Fortunately, it is simple and free and you already have

all the software you need.B The aim of this tutorial is to give you an easy, yet thorough and correct introduction to how to make websites. The tutorial starts from scratch and requires absolutely no prior knowledge of programming.The tutorial cannot show you everything. So some engagement and a will to experiment are required. But don't worry - learning how to make websites is a lot of fun and gives a tremendous amount of satisfaction when you get it right.

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How you choose to use the tutorial is up to you. But we suggest you read only two or three lessons a day and take time to experiment with the new things you learn in each lesson.Okay, enough talk. Let's get started!Lesson 15: The final tipsCongratulations, you have now reached the final lesson.So now I know everything?You have learned a lot and you are now capable of making your own websites! However, what you have learned are the basics and there is still a lot more to be mastered. But you now have a good foundation from which to build on.In this last lesson, you will get some final tips:

First, it is a good idea to maintain order and structure in your HTML documents. By posting well arranged documents you will not only show others your mastery of HTML but will also make it considerably easier for yourself to keep an overview.

Stick to the standards and validate your pages. This cannot be stressed enough: Always write clean XHTML, use a DTD and validate your pages on validator.w3c.org.

Give your page contents. Remember that HTML is a tool, which enables you to present information on the Internet, so make sure that there is information to present. Pretty pages may look nice but most people use the Internet to find information.

Avoid overloading your pages with heavy images and other fancy stuff you have found on the Internet. It slows down the loading of the page and could be confusing for visitors. Pages that take more than 20 seconds to load can lose up to 50% of their visitors.

Remember to add your website to search engines/directories so people other than your closest family can find and enjoy it. On the front page of all search engines, you will find a link to add new pages (The most important is Google, but there are also others like DMOZ, Yahoo, AltaVista, AlltheWeb and Lycos).

In this tutorial, you have learned to use Notepad, which is a simple and very easy to use editor, but perhaps you will find it helpful to use a more advanced editor which gives a better overview and more possibilities. You can find a summary and reviews of different editors on Download.com.

How do I learn more?First of all, it is important that you continue to work and experiment with the things you have learned in this tutorial. Study other people's websites and if you find something you like see how it was made with "View Source" (Click "View" in the

menu in your browser and choose "Source").Search the Internet for examples and articles on HTML. There are lots of websites with great contents on HTML.Read and ask questions in the Forums. This is where you meet the real experts from whom you can learn a lot.Last, but not least, you should - whenever you feel ready - continue learning CSS in our CSS Tutorial.The only thing left is to wish you hours of fun with your new friend, HTML.See you on the Internet :-)

Text 7General Information1 What is PHP?

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PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly.

2 What does PHP stand for? PHP stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. This confuses many people because the first word of the acronym is the acronym. This type of acronym is called a recursive acronym. For more information, the curious can visit » Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing or the » Wikipedia entry on recursive acronyms.

3 What is the relation between the versions? PHP/FI 2.0 is an early and no longer supported version of PHP. PHP 3 is the successor to PHP/FI 2.0 and is a lot nicer. PHP 5 is the current generation of PHP, which uses the » Zend engine 2 which, among other things, offers many additional OOP features.

4 Can I run several versions of PHP at the same time? Yes. See the INSTALL file that is included in the PHP source distribution.

5 What are the differences between PHP 4 and PHP 5? While PHP 5 was purposely designed to be as compatible as possible with previous versions, there are some significant changes. Some of these changes include:

A new OOP model based on the Zend Engine 2.0 A new extension for improved MySQL support Built-in native support for SQLite A new error reporting constant, E_STRICT, for run-time code suggestions A host of new functions to simplify code authoring (and reduce the need to write your own functions for many common procedures)

For more detailed information, please view the section on Migrating from PHP 4 to PHP 5 and the section on Backwards Incompatible Changes.

6 I think I found a bug! Who should I tell? You should go to the PHP Bug Database and make sure the bug isn't a known bug. If you don't see it in the database, use the reporting form to report the bug. It is important to use the bug database instead of just sending an email to one of the mailing lists because the bug will have a tracking number assigned and it will then be possible for you to go back later and check on the status of the bug. The bug database can be found at » http://bugs.php.net/.

7 What is PHP Used For? If I learn PHP what are some things I can do?By Angela Bradley, About.com GuideGenerally speaking, PHP is used to add a functionality to your site that HTML alone can't achieve. But what does this really mean? Give me some examples!! A 1. PHP can preform calculations - PHP can preform all types of calculations. From figuring out what day it is, or what day of the week March 18, 2046 is, to preforming all different types of mathematical equations. B 2. PHP can collect user information - By this I mean, you can let your user directly interact with the script. This can be something really simple, like collecting the temperature from the user that they want to convert from degrees to another format, or it can be more extensive information, like adding their information to an address book, or letting them post on a forum. C 3. PHP can interact with MySQL databases - And in doing this, the possibilities are endless. You can write users information to the database and you can retrieve information from the database. This allows you to create pages on the

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fly using the contents of the database. You can even do more complex things like setting up a login system, creating a website search feature, or keep your store's product catalogue and inventory online. D 4. PHP and GD Library can create graphics - You can use PHP to create simple graphics on the fly. You can also use it to edit existing graphics. You might want to do this to resize images, rotate them, or greyscale them. Some practical applications for this are allowing users to edit their avatars or creating CAPTCHA verifications. You can also create dynamic graphics that are always changing, my favorite example being dynamic twitter signatures. This list of what PHP can do could go on for pages and pages, but if you're new to PHP, hopeful this gives you a taste of the type of things this dynamic language can bring to your website. Want to learn? Start with the beginners tutorial!

10 Cool Things To Do With PHP: Fun and useful things PHP can do on your website8 By Angela Bradley, About.com GuideSo what can I do with PHP? Here are ten of our favorite fun (and useful) things you can use PHP for on your website. Looking for more PHP ideas? Check out our step-by-step section with lots of tutorials on other things you can do with PHP.

9 Send E-mail From a FormYou can use PHP to send e-mail from a form on your website. Giving users this method of contacting you can help cut down on spam you might receive from directly placing an e-mail link on your site. It also lets you choose the fields you want a user to fill in, so you know you are getting all the information you need in the e-mail.

10 Have a Member LoginYou can use PHP to create a special area of your website for members. You can allow users to register, and then use the registration information to login to your site. All of the users information is stored in a MySQL Database, with encrypted passwords.

11 Count VisitorsHow often are people checking you out? You can use PHP to create a page hit counter. For a simple counter you don't even need to have a database, you can do it with just PHP using flat files.

12 Rotate BannersIf you host banner advertisements on your website, you can use PHP to rotate them randomly. You can also apply this same principal to add things like a rotating page header, or rotating random quotes.

13 Create a CalendarYou can use PHP to find today's date, and then build a calendar for the month. You can also generate a calendar around a specified date. A calendar can be used as a stand alone script, or incorporated into other scripts where dates are important.

14 Last Visited You can tell users the last time they visited your website. PHP can do this by storing a cookie in the user's browser. When they come back, you can read the cookie and remind them that the last time they visited was two weeks ago!

15 Redirect UsersWhether you want to redirect users from an old page on your site that no longer exists to a new page on your site, or you simply want to give them a shorter URL to remember, PHP can be used to redirect users. All of the redirection information is done server side, so it is smoother than redirecting with HTML.

16 Host a Web Forum

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PHP is one of the most popular languages to create a web forum in. You can use a forum that already exists and modify it for your needs, or you can write a new one from scratch. PHP will usually store forum information in a MySQL database. This allows large quantities of information to be stored, and accessed quickly as needed.

17 Add a PollYou can use PHP to let your visitors take part in a poll. You can also use the GD Library with PHP to display the results of your poll visually instead of just listing the results in text.

18 Template Your SiteIf you like to redesign the look of your site often, or just keep the content fresh on all the pages, then this is for you. By keeping all of the design code for your site in separate files, you can have all of your PHP files access the same design. This means that if you make a change, you only need to update one file and all of your pages will change.

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Tabelas

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CONTINUOUS / PROGRESSIVE TENSES – SPELLING RULES

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TRABALHO DE LÍNGUA INGLESA APLICADA

Curso: Redes de Computadores

Professora: Leda Maria de Alencar

Valor: 1,0 0,5 = observação da estrutura de apresentação e organização do glossário0,5 = tradução e abreviações

Data de entrega: __ /___/___A entrega do trabalho só terá data alterada, caso algo aconteça e as aulas sejam suspensas. A entrega no dia seguinte, ___/___, é possível, porém a nota cai pela metade, automaticamente. A partir do dia ___/___, o trabalho não será mais aceito.

ORIENTAÇÕES DA APRESENTAÇÃO DO TRABALHO

1. CAPAPreparar capa seguindo as normas ABNT que estão disponíveis no site da FNC.

2. TEXTOImprimir apenas as páginas do grupo (levar em consideração a numeração PDF) e destacar as palavras escolhidas para o glossário, bem como as abreviações. Tanto as palavras e abreviações usadas no glossário e exemplificadas deverão ser destacadas no texto.

3. GLOSSÁRIO3. 1 – Palavras Deverão ser escolhidas 20 palavras que sejam desconhecidas e importantes para o entendimento do excerto. Elas podem ser de qualquer classe (substantivo, verbo, adjetivo ou advérbio). Não serão aceitas palavras cognatas, porém, é possível escolher falsos cognatos.

3.2 – AbreviaçõesTodas as abreviações que aparecem no texto deverão ser incluídas no glossário. As abreviações poderão ser siglas (PC), acrônimos (laser) e abreviações (Mr.).

3.3 – Organização do glossário

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3.3.1 – Ordem alfabéticaTodas as palavras e abreviações deverão seguir a ordem alfabética.

3.3.2 – Exemplo de verbete de palavrasaddress /æ’dres/nounendereçoThis address will generally not be fixed which means that they may change your address from time to time. (p. 7)

3.3.3 – Exemplo de verbete de abreviaçõesPC /,pi: ‘si/ nounpersonal computerPeople can use their PCs to do their banking from home. (p. 10)4. BIBLIOGRAFIAA indicação bibliográfica deverá seguir as normas ABNT, disponíveis no site da FNC.

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com

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BIBLIOGRAFIA

http://www.acronyms.thefreedictionary.comhttp://www.dictionary.cambridge.org/ http://mashable.com/2010/06/20/iphone-business-apps/.http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/networking/urls/index.htmlhttp://www.html.net/tutorials/html/http://www.rileyguide.com/network.html

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