Reported Speech

Uso

• O Reported Speech serve para deixar as frases de um narrador na terceira pessoa. Por exemplo:

• Discurso direto: Carlos disse: “Amanhã viajarei para São Paulo”.• Discurso indireto (reported speech): Carlos disse que viajaria amanhã para São Paulo.

Em inglês...

• Direct speech: Carlos said: “Tomorrow I’ll travel to São Paulo”.

• Reported speech: Carlos said that he would travel to São Paulo.

• That (o que) pode ser ocultado.

• Para relatar uma frase que foi dita por alguém no passado, usamos um verbo introdutório.

• Note que os tempos verbais mudaram para o passado.

Say x Tell

• São os verbos mais comuns que introduzem o discurso indireto (reporting verbs / verbos introdutórios).

• He told her he was feeling sick.• He said he had been under pressure.• He said he was hungry.

• Se você disser com quem está falando, use tell.Megan told Karina that she studied hard.

• Caso contrário, use say.Megan said she studied hard.

• Se você quiser mencionar com quem está falando e estiver usando o verbo say, deverá acrescentar to.

• He said to Ana...• He said to me...• He said to them...• He said to the boss...

• Ao relatar o que alguém disse, no discurso indireto, há também mudanças em outros componentes da sentença, tais como o tempo verbal, o advérbio e, às vezes, o pronome.

Veja as mudanças mais frequentes:

• She said: “I live in San Francisco”. • She said that she lived in San Francisco.

• He said: “She works with me”. • He said that she worked with him.

Simple Present – Simple Past

• She said: “I moved here in September.• She said that she had moved there in

September.

Simple Past – Past Perfect

• She said: “I’m living in the dorms”.• She said that she was living in the dorms.

• He said: “She is working with me”.• He said that she was working with him.

Present Continuous – Past Continuous

• She said: “I’ve just started school”.• She said that she had just started school.

Present Perfect – Past Perfect

• She said: “I’ve been feeling homesick”.• She said that she had been feeling homesick.

Present Perfect Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous

• She said: “I’ll stay here for about four weeks”.• She said that she would stay there for about

four weeks.

Simple Future - Conditional

Modal Verbs

• She said: “I may be able to graduate in three and a half years”.

• She said that she might be able to graduatein three and a half years.

• She said: “I have to try and do my best always.• She said that she had to try and do her best

always.

• She said: “I must call home as often as I can”.• She said that she had to call home as often as

she could.

• She said: “I can dance this song”.• She said that she could dance that song.

• She said: “I ought to take some extra-curricular courses”.

• She said that she ought to take some extra-curricular courses.

• She said: “I should purchase a second-hand computer”.

• She said that she should purchase a second-hand computer.

Importante ressaltar...• Se o verbo introdutório do que está sendo relatado estiver no

presente, no futuro simples, ou no presente perfeito não há mudanças no tempo verbal do discurso indireto.

• He says: “I love you”.• He says that he loves you.

• She will say: “I talk to her every day”.• She will say that she talks to her every day.

• He has said: “She is my friend”.• He has said that she is his friend.

Situações em que a mudança do tempo verbal é opcional

• Quando relatamos algo que acabou de ser dito.

• Mary: I’m freaking out!• Carl: What did you say?• Mary: I said that I’m freaking out!

(I said that I was freaking out!)

• Quando relatamos algo que ainda é verdadeiro.

• The manager said the paycheck is in the mail.• The manager said the paycheck was in the

mail.

• Quando relatamos uma verdade universal ou lei científica.

• Teacher told his students that the water boils at 100° Celsius.

• Teacher told his students that water boiled at 100° Celsius.

Atenção para modificações...

• Se na frase houver as palavras this / that / these / those, e tiverem sendo usados como pronomes, devem ser substituídos por it ou them:

• - Joe said: “I built that”. (Joe disse: “Eu construí aquilo”.)

• - Joe said that he had buit it.

• Outras palavras ou expressões também devem ser alteradas para que a frase fique correta:

here therethis afternoon that afternoonnext day the next daylast day the day before, the following dayago beforetoday that day

Exemplos...

• - Mary said: “I will stay here, waiting for you”.

• - Mary said that she would stay there, waiting for him.

• OBS.: Nesse exemplo, podemos trocar ou não o you por him. Caso o ouvinte da frase seja a pessoa a qual Mary esperou, continua you.

• Pronomes Pessoais, Pronomes Objetivos, Pronomes e Adjetivos Possessivos devem ser trocados de acordo com o contexto da frase:

• "I will call my father", said Angela. • Angela said she would call her father.

Reported Commands

Affirmative commands

• Father: “Do your homework.”

• Father told me to do my homework.

Negative commands

• Teacher. “Don't talk to your neighbour.”

• The teacher told me not to talk to my neighbour.

Se a ordem ou pedido for para não fazer algo, observe que anegativa é feita colocando-se not antes do infinitivo.

Should, could, must, might e would

• Não mudam de forma.

• She said: “I could go”.• She said that she could go.

• She told Mike: “You should go to the doctor”.• She told Mike that he should go to the doctor.

Reported questions

• Quando se relata uma pergunta, coloca-se a frase na forma afirmativa fazendo as devidas alterações.

• Geralmente, o verbo que introduz o reported speech é ask.

Yes / No - questions

• Peter: “Do you play football?”• Peter asked me if/weather I played football.

• Lisa asked: “Has the school bus come yet?”• Lisa asked him if/weather the school bus had

come.

WH - questions

• Peter: "When do you play football?" • Peter asked me when I played football.

• Lisa: “What do you see?”• Lisa asked me what I saw.

Reporting Verbs

• Existem outros verbos além de say e tell para introduzir o discurso indireto.

• I explained (to John) that it was OK.

• He reminded me that I had na appointment at three.

• He said: “Let’s take her to the party?”• He suggested that we shoud take her to the party.

Vamos treinar um pouco?

Que tal passarmos do discurso direto para o indireto?

• He said: “I go to the Lisa’s party tomorrow”.

• She said: “I can sing Brazil’s songs”.

• He said: “I must be honest to Carl”.

• Tina said: “I live in London”.

• He told me: “I work with Lisa”.

• She told Ana: “I love my pets”.

• He told you: “I fixed my bike”.

• She told her mom: “I don’t want to go to school”.

• She said: “I’m reading this book”.

• He told me: “I’ve made this for you”.

• I said: “I’ll travel to California”.

• Tony told her: “I’ve been playing guitar”.

• Don’t do this!

• Do exercise every day!

• Go to the gym.

• Pay attention!

• She asked: “Do you want cheese for breakfast?”

• He asked me: “Why do you talk too loud?”

• I asked you: “What do you learn?”

• She said: “I have to go out of here”.

• He said: “I must cut the grass”.

• She said: “I have to run”.

• He said: “I shoud call your mother”.

Bons estudos!