REPRESENTAÇÃO DA DITADURA MILITAR NO CINEMA BRASILEIRO DE RETOMADA

8/4/2019 REPRESENTAÇÃO DA DITADURA MILITAR NO CINEMA BRASILEIRO DE RETOMADA

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2

Dli`cljk Glxal mk Yo{tl Lc~ky

XKRXKYKJ]LÅÉO ML MA]LM[XL GACA]LX JO IAJKGLHXLYACKAXO MK XK]OGLML

Hkco Foxatoj}kIkj}xo [ja~kxya}ìxao mk Hkco Foxatoj}k &[ja'HF!

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Dli`cljk Glxal mk Yo{tl Lc~ky

XKRXKYKJ]LÅÉO ML MA]LM[XL GACA]LX JO IAJKGLHXLYACKAXO MK XK]OGLML

Gojoexlnal lrxkykj}lml lo I{xyo mk

Iog{jailåéo Yoialc# mo Mkrlx}lgkj}o mk

Iaäjial ml Iog{jailåéo mo Ikj}xo

[ja~kxya}ìxao mk Hkco Foxatoj}k ’ [ja'HF#

iogo xk|{aya}o rlxialc rlxl oh}kjåéo mo

}ç}{co mk hliflxkc kg Doxjlcaygo*

Oxakj}låéo4 Rxon¤* Lmácal Hlxxoyo

Nkxjljmky

Hkco Foxatoj}kIkj}xo [ja~kxya}ìxao mk Hkco Foxatoj}k &[ja'HF!

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8

Lexlmkåo l }omoy oy nlgacalxky |{k gkygo mk cojek yéo o gk{ lcaikxik* Loy gk{y rlayk axgéo |{k yéo l gajfl ~aml* Loy lgaeoy |{kxamoy |{k ioj|{ay}ka lo cojeo moy <8ljoy goxljmo kg Gajly Ekxlay# }kxxl |{k gk xkikhk{ mk hxlåoy lhkx}oy# loy gk{yglay xkikj}ky lgaeoy |{k ioj|{ay}ka jo ky}ìeao xklcatlmo jl LCGE k lo fogkg ml

gajfl ~aml Km{lxmo J{jky# rkco ilxajfo# rliaäjial k lgox mk ykgrxk* L rxonkyyoxlIxay}ajl Cka}k |{k }kj}o{ oxakj}lx'gk o ykgky}xk rlyylmo k l rxonkyyoxl Lmácal

Nkxjljmky rkcl oxakj}låéo# iogrxkkjyéo k ld{ml lo kclhoxlx o }xlhlcfo*

Ohxaelml Lmácal k Ixay}ajl*



9

XKY[GO

L rky|{ayl noa xklcatlml iog kghlylgkj}o kg }xäy nacgky hxlyackaxoy |{k yéo hlyklmoy

kg nl}oy xklay* O rxajiarlc ohdk}a~o á amkj}anailx iogo o iajkgl ml xk}oglml xk}xl}o{

nl}oy mo xkeagk gaca}lx |{ljmo ky}k jéo }kg xkeay}xoy ml agrxkjyl ml|{kck rkxçomo*

Iog o jo~o yay}kgl rocç}aio l agrxkjyl kxl agrkmaml mk r{hcailx jo}çialy |{k noyykg

ioj}xl o xkeagk* ]omoy kyyky nl}oy yéo xkcl}lmoy jkyyl ljìcayk l}xl~áy ml cka}{xl mk ca~xoy

k mk nacgky xkcliaojlmoy iog o }kgl*

Rlcl~xly ’ ifl~ky4 ma}lm{xl gaca}lx k iajkgl ml xk}oglml*

LHY]XLI]

]fk y{x~kq uly iojm{i}km aj hlykgkj} ua}f }fxkk Hxltacalj nacgy }fl} lxk hlykm oj xklc

k~kj}y* ]fk glaj ohdki}a~k ay }o amkj}anq fou }fk go~ak rox}xlqkm }fk nli}y on }fk

xky{gr}aoj on }fk gaca}lxq xkeagk ufkj a} fly jo xkioxm on }fk rxkyy on }fl} rkxaom* Ua}f

}fk jku roca}ailc yqy}kg }fk rxkyy uly rxk~kj}km nxog r{hcayfaje y}oxaky }fl} ukxk

lelajy} }fk xkeagk* Lcc }fkyk nli}y lxk xkrox}km aj }fay ljlcqyay hq xklmaje hoo`y ljmnacgy xkcl}km }o }fk }orai*

Xkq uoxmy4 gaca}lxq mai}l}oxyfar ljm xky{gr}aoj on }fk nacg*



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AJ]XOM[ÅÉO******************************************************************************************************* 2>

< L XKCLÅÉO MO IAJKGL K ROCÇ]AIL******************************************************* 25

<*< Iajkgl k Xkrxkykj}låéo Yoialc*********************************************************************** 25

<*8 L Caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail icìyyail k ioj}kgroxèjkl******************************* 21

<*9 Iajkgl k Rocç}ail********************************************************************************************* <8

<*9*< Rocç}ail jo iajkgl hxlyackaxo******************************************************************** <=

<*= Fay}ùxal mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo*************************************************************************** <>

<*; Iajkgl ml xk}oglml**************************************************************************************** 8<

8 L MA]LM[XL GACA]LX K Y[LY ILXLI]KXÇY]AILY***************************** 8=

8*< L c{}l lxglml************************************************************************************************** 8=

8*<*< L }ox}{xl************************************************************************************************** 8>

8*<*8 L aexkdl jl ma}lm{xl gaca}lx********************************************************************** 86

8*<*9 Oy mkylrlxkiamoy************************************************************************************ 81

9 MA]LM[XL GACA]LX YOH L RKXYRKI]A^L MO IAJKGL MLXK]OGLML*********************************************************************************************************** 98

9*< Ioj}kv}o mo O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo?********************************************************* 98

9*<*< O kvçcao k l ~aocäjial******************************************************************************* 9=9*<*8 Ljìcayk mo O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo?*************************************************** 9;

9*8 Ioj}kv}o mo T{t{ Ljekc********************************************************************************** =8

9*8*< Rxayéo# }ox}{xl k mkylrlxkiagkj}o***********************************************************

9*8*8 Ljìcayk T{t{ Ljekc*********************************************************************************

9*9 Ioj}kv}o mo Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k*************************************************************************

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9*9*< C{}l lxglml# rxayéo# }ox}{xl k y{aiçmao***************************************************** ;8



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9*9*8 Ljìcayk mo Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k***************************************************************** ;9

IOJIC[YÉO********************************************************************************************************** ;6

XKNKXÄJIALY******************************************************************************************************* ><LJKVOY******************************************************************************************************************** >9



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AJ]XOM[ÅÉO

Kyyl rky|{ayl rxorûk ljlcaylx l xkrxkykj}låéo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx kg nacgky hxlyackaxoy*

Rlxl xklcatlx kyyl ljìcayk# noxlg iojyamkxlmoy oy ioj}kômoy moy nacgky O |{k á ayyo

iogrljfkaxo? ’ Hx{jo Hlxxk}o &<115!0 T{t{ Ljekc ’ Yáxeao Xktkjmk &822>! k Hl}aygo

mk Ylje{k ’ Fkc~áiao Xl}}oj &8225!*

Lo ajexkyylx jo [JA'HF# jo rxagkaxo ykgky}xk mk 8225# o gk{ iojika}o rocç}aio kxl

caga}lmo# mk gljkaxl |{k l ma}lm{xl jl gajfl rkxikråéo noa lrkjly {g go~agkj}o kg

|{k fo{~k }ox}{xl# rkyyoly noxlg gox}ly# o{}xly mkylrlxkikxlg k lce{gly kvaclmly rox

ljoy kg ma~kxyoy rlçyky* Iog l royyahacamlmk mk ky}lealx jo ikjìxao rocç}aio mk {gl

ilgrljfl kcka}oxlc# r{mk rkxikhkx o |{lj}o l mkgoixlial# oy maxka}oy ia~ay k l cahkxmlmkyéo agrox}lj}ky rlxl l yoiakmlmk* Kj}éo o |{ky}aojlgkj}o y{xea{# Iogo ifkelgoy l

kyyk rxoikyyo? O |{k noa l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx? Oy nacgky xkyrojmkg |{k iog l c{}l ìxm{l

mk g{a}oy gaca}lj}ky kyrkxljåoyoy ifkelgoy l }éo yojflml mkgoixlial*

Jo rxagkaxo ilrç}{co á }xlhlcflmo o iojika}o# l fay}ùxal k l xkrxkykj}låéo yoialc mo

iajkgl* Yéo ~ìxaoy oy l{}oxky |{k mayi{}kg o }kgl# iogo Yac~l &8226!# |{k iojika}{l o

iajkgl iogo {g ajy}x{gkj}o mo iojfkiagkj}o* Dì Ilxxaæxk &<118! mayioxxk yohxk l

fay}ùxal mo iajkgl ioj}ljmo oy rxagkaxoy rlyyoy* Lajml jo rxagkaxo ilrç}{co á mayi{}aml

l xkclåéo ml rocç}ail k iajkgl# rlxl l{}oxky iogo Ayl`yyoj k N{xflgglx &<15>!

lnaxglg |{k o iajkgl kxl {g ajy}x{gkj}o rlxl ma~{celx l e{kxxl* L rocç}ail jo iajkgl

hxlyackaxo ajnc{kjiao{ l roj}o mk |{lyk lilhlx iog o iajkgl# iog kvrcail Ylc~o &822>!#

o rxkyamkj}k Nkxjljmo Ioccox mk Gkcco nkifo{ ma~kxyly ajy}a}{aåûky |{k lroal~lg l

rxom{åéo mk nacgky k iojyk|{kj}kgkj}k o iajkgl* Jkyyk rxagkaxo ilrç}{co

ioj}kv}{lcatlg'yk ly nlyky ml fay}ùxal mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo k l caje{lekg

iajkgl}oexìnail*

O yke{jmo ilrç}{co }xl}l moy }kgly lhoxmlmoy joy nacgky* O kvçcao# l }ox}{xl k oy

mkylrlxkiagkj}oy natkxlg rlx}k mo xkeagk gaca}lx k }{mo lioj}kial lo gkygo }kgro yk

}oxjljmo rlx}k mo io}amaljo# roxág iog g{a}ly rkyyoly nkifljmo oy ocfoy rlxl l

xklcamlmk*

Dì o }kxikaxo ilrç}{co á xkykx~lmo â ljìcayk mo gl}kxalc kgrçxaio* Noa rxkrlxlmo {g

xo}kaxo iog oy }ùraioy l ykxkg ohykx~lmoy* L rlx}ax mayyo lhoxmlgoy }kgly |{k yéoxkck~lj}ky â ljìcayk iog o aj}{a}o mk nltkx {g ky}{mo |{lca}l}a~o*



5

< L XKCLÅÉO MO IAJKGL K ROCÇ]AIL

Jky}k ilrç}{co ykxì lrxkykj}lml l ilrliamlmk mo iajkgl ck~lx o rôhcaio l {gl xknckvéo#

rox kvkgrco# yohxk l xkclåéo ml rocç}ail k mo iajkgl |{k ykxì lrxkykj}lml jo ilrç}{co*Lyyag iog l ioj}kv}{lcatlåéo ml fay}ùxal mo iajkgl g{jmalc k jliaojlc# l iogrlxlåéo

ml caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail icìyyail k ioj}kgroxèjkl# lyyag iogo o nkjýgkjo mo

iajkgl ml xk}oglml*

<*< Iajkgl k Xkrxkykj}låéo Yoialc

O iajkgl# iojyamkxlmo iogo {g agrox}lj}k ajy}x{gkj}o rlxl ljìcayk ml i{c}{xl k mly

xkrxkykj}låûky yoialay# }lghág rxoroxiaojl l iaxi{clåéo mo iojfkiagkj}o# liog{jailåéo mk kvrkxaäjialy k ~lcoxky i{c}{xlay* Oy nacgky mo eäjkxo mxlgl# fay}ùxaioy#

iogámaly# mkykjfoy ljaglmoy k mk naiåéo l}ajekg rôhcaioy kyrkiçnaioy k man{jmkg l

ajnoxglåéo jl yoiakmlmk* &YAC^L# 8226!*

Yke{jmo Ylmo{c &<1>9!# oy rxagkaxoy iajkly}ly l rxodk}lx rlxl {gl rcl}áal {g nacgk

ljaglmo# noxlg oy nxljikyky L{e{y}k k Co{ay C{gaæxk &<61;!* L rxajiçrao# kcky

lixkma}l~lg |{k yk{ }xlhlcfo iog aglekjy ljaglmly ykxal maxkiaojlmo rlxl l rky|{ayl

iakj}çnail k jéo rlxl l ixalåéo mk {gl ajmôy}xal mo kj}xk}kjagkj}o*

L ~kxmlmkaxl ajo~låéo iojyay}a{ jl d{y}lroyaåéo mk m{ly ikjly kg go~agkj}o# l

yke{jml lj{cljmo l rxagkaxl# lo y{ikmä'cl* Rox kvkgrco# oy ocfoy mk {g fogkg

~le{kalg yohxk {gl g{c}améo k# mk yôha}o# rlxlg* Yk# jkyyk gogkj}o# o{}xo

rkxyojlekg nox agkmal}lgkj}k noilcatlmo# coeo yk rkxikhk |{k o rxagkaxo fogkg ky}ì

ocfljmo rlxl kck* Yk l maxkåéo mo ocflx nox hkg ky}lhkckiaml# kyyl xkclåéo nail

mkgojy}xlml*

Iog l caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail# oy knka}oy kyrkiçnaioy k oy rxoikyyoy jlxxl}a~oy yk

}oxjlxlg yajlay mk ioj~kjåéo aj}kxjliaojlc# o{ ykdl# {gl kyráiak mk iùmaeo rcljk}ìxao*

L caje{lekg kxl gljar{clml mk gljkaxl rlmxojatlml# rox kvkgrco# rlxl y{ekxax {g

yojfo# {gl ckghxljål o{ o çgrk}o mk leax0 o xoy}o k# rlx}ai{clxgkj}k# oy ocfoy mo l}ox

rxodk}l~lg k xkikhalg yajlay |{k oxeljatl~lg l jlxxl}a~l k ixal~lg ykj}agkj}oy*

Kg <192# o iajkgl eljfo{ l nlcl* Iog o y{ikyyo ml iox# lxxkeagkj}o{ raj}oxky#xkioxxk{ l gôyaioy k lx|{a}k}oy* Ilml kckgkj}o ioj}xah{a{ iog y{l ~ayéo# iog y{l



6

noxgl mk kvrxkyyéo* K noa l}xl~áy ml xkrk}aåéo mk noxgly# mo ioj}l}o io}amaljo iog

}omoy oy }aroy mk rcl}kaly |{k l caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail }ogo{ noxgl k yk kvrljma{*

Ilxxaæxk &<118! lnaxgl |{k o iajkgl á {gl caje{lekg |{k ioj}aj{l kg gomanailåéo#ykgljl l ykgljl# mal l mal*

Á {gl lx}k kg go~agkj}o# {gl lx}k lrxkyylml# {gl lx}k kg ajikyylj}kyocl~ljio k mkyoxmkg# k ayyo# ây ~ktky# ck~l oy iajkly}ly l ~kx g{mljålyrxon{jmly kg gkxly lc}kxlåûky yaj}ì}aily# kg jo~oy k|{arlgkj}oy#}xljygayyéo rox yl}áca}k# ekxlåéo kck}xýjail mk aglekjy* Kyyl xa|{ktl mkaj~kjåéo |{k o iajkgl iojfkik mkymk oy yk{y rxagùxmaoy# kyyl kvrljyéolrlxkj}kgkj}k acaga}lml moy ajy}x{gkj}oy ml caje{lekg ekxl# iognxk|{äjial# {g }aro mk aj}ovailåéo |{k# glay {gl ~kt# joy ck~l l iojn{jmax}áijail k rkjylgkj}o# }áijail k iojfkiagkj}o* &ILXXAÆXK# <118# r* 88!*

Yke{jmo Ljmxku &<161!# o iajkgl kxl ae{lc ây o{}xly lx}ky rox|{k }xljynoxgl~l o iloy

k l l{yäjial mk yaejanailmo mo g{jmo j{gl ky}x{}{xl k j{g xa}go l{}oyy{y}kj}lmoy* Dì

rlxl Lxjfkag &<161!# o ohdk}a~o ml lx}k á rkxikhkx k kvrxkyylx ly noxåly ekxlay ml

kvay}äjial# o{ ykdl# |{ljmo o lx}ay}l }kxgajl {g |{lmxo# kck jéo ixao{ {g rlmxéo mo

g{jmo nka}o rox ya gkygo# gly kg ~kt mayyo k|{acahxo{ {g ex{ro mk noxåly l}á |{k o

|{lmxo lm|{axayyk k|{acçhxao*

O{}xo nl}ox agrox}lj}k jl oxaekg mo iajkgl ky}ì jl y{l xkclåéo iog l i{c}{xl ror{clx*

Iogo mky}lil Hltaj &<161# r*<5=!# –o iajkgl agkmal}lgkj}k ykx~a{ l {gl ajmôy}xal mo

kj}xk}kjagkj}o k noa rox kcl rxogo~amo* Fl~al {gl xkclåéo iog o g{yai flcc# l jo~kcl

hlxl}l k o gkcomxlgì}aio‗*

Roxág# Hltaj &<161! mky}lil |{k l ajnajmì~kc xkrk}aåéo mk ky}aco rkxga}a{ {g yay}kgl

ilml ~kt glay y{}ac mk ioj~kjåûky iajkgl}oexìnaily* Iog ayyo {gl xkclåéo jl}{xlc

ixkyik{ kj}xk o rôhcaio |{k al lo iajkgl k oy rxom{}oxky |{k rxkiayl~lg noxjkikx lo

rôhcaio {gl ma~kxyamlmk mk }kgly k fay}ùxaly |{k kck eoy}l~l k ky}l~l lioy}{glmo l ~kx*

Lyyag rlxl ]{xjkx &<115!# l i{c}{xl }kg rlrkc n{jmlgkj}lc jo iajkgl# kck nlt rlx}k moy

yay}kgly i{c}{xlay k á {g gkao kyrkiçnaio mk rxom{tax k xkrxom{tax yaejanailåéo i{c}{xlc#

o{ ykdl# yéo aglekjy gkj}lay iojy}x{çmly k iogrlx}acflmly yoialcgkj}k# l rlx}ax ml

majègail ky}lhkckiaml kj}xk l l}a~amlmk ryç|{ail mo y{dka}o k o ohdk}o mo iojfkiagkj}o*

Yk ly rxì}aily yoialay f{gljly ky}éo rxkykj}ky mkymk oy rxajiçraoy ml ~aml kg



1

yoiakmlmk# oy lyrki}oy yoialay yk ekjkxlcatlg k rkxrk}{lg l}xl~áy ml caje{lekg oxlc k

~ay{lc*

Lce{jy }kùxaioy mk ky}{moy i{c}{xlay lxe{gkj}lxlg |{k l caje{lekg á o rxajiarlcgkiljaygo rkco |{lc l i{c}{xl rxom{t k xkrxom{t oy yaejanailmoy yoialay* ]{xjkx &<115!

lnaxgl |{k l caje{lekg iojy}xùa k jéo xo}{cl l xklcamlmk*

Fì moay yaejanailmoy mankxkj}ky mk caje{lekg# yke{jmo ]{xjkx &<115!4 o yaejanailmo

ca}kxlc/mkjo}l}a~o k o yaejanailmo iojo}l}a~o* O rxagkaxo mat |{k â gkmaml |{k yéo

kgrxkelmly ly rlcl~xly# k ly ioayly l |{k yk xknkxkg# yéo ixalmly lyyoialåûky k

yaejanailmoy yoialay }lj}oy roya}a~oy |{lj}o jkel}a~oy* Dì o yke{jmo yaejanailmo mkrkjmk

ml kvrkxaäjial i{c}{xlc mo {y{ìxao k jkyyk yaejanailmo kjioj}xlgoy l magkjyéo yoialc ml

caje{lekg*

O iajkgl á# roay# ky}{mlmo iogo {g rxom{}o i{c}{xlc k iogo rxì}ail yoialc* Roxág kyyl

ajic{yéo mo iajkgl jl i{c}{xl }xljynoxgo{ o iajkgl j{g gkao mk iog{jailåéo*

L –i{c}{xl‗ noa xkmknajaml iogo o rxoikyyo |{k iojy}xùa o gomo mk ~aml mk{gl yoiakmlmk4 yk{y yay}kgly rlxl rxom{tax yaejanailmo# ykj}amo o{iojyiaäjial# kyrkialcgkj}k l|{kcky yay}kgly k gkaoy mk xkrxkykj}låéo |{k

méo ây aglekjy y{l yaejanailåéo i{c}{xlc* &][XJKX# <115# r* =6!*

Rox}lj}o# o iajkgl iogo rlx}k ml i{c}{xl á }lghág {g ajy}x{gkj}o noxglmox ml

orajaéo rôhcail k ixalmox/xklnaxglmox mk gomkcoy k ky}kxkù}aroy yoialay* Mk~amo â y{l

ilrliamlmk mk amkj}anailx k k~amkjialx o gomo iogo l yoiakmlmk ~ä l ya rxùrxal# oy

nacgky mk mxlgl# iogámal k mkykjfoy ljaglmoy yéo {}acatlmoy iogo gkao mk ma~{celåéo

k yocamanailåéo mly xkrxkykj}lj}ky yoialay* Rox xkrxkykj}låûky yoialay kj}kjmkgoy |{k á

{g gomo mk iojfkiagkj}o k }kg iogo n{jåéo l rxkrlxlåéo mk iogrox}lgkj}oy k l

iog{jailåéo kj}xk oy ajma~çm{oy*

<*8 L caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail icìyyail k ioj}kgroxèjkl

Rlxl k~amkjialx l y{l iojmaåéo iogo lx}k# noa jkikyyìxao |{k o iajkgl lmo}lyyk {gl

caje{lekg kyrkiçnail# mankxkj}k ml caje{lekg ml ca}kxl}{xl k mo }kl}xo* L nag mk mknajax'

yk iogo {g jo~o gkao mk iog{jailåéo# o iajkgl yk ioj}xlrýy â caje{lekg ~kxhlc* L

rxajiarlc ilxli}kxçy}ail mkyyl jo~l caje{lekg á l {ja~kxylcamlmk# o{ ykdl# kcl |{khxl o

ohy}ìi{co ml ma~kxyamlmk mly cçje{ly jliaojlay# jéo rxkiayl ykx }xlm{taml# k á

iogrxkkjmaml rkco rôhcaio*



<2

Lrkylx mk jéo kvay}ax {gl caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail rxùrxal l {gl iog{jamlmk

i{c}{xlc# l ~lxakmlmk mk cçje{ly nkt iog |{k oy nacgky ~lxalyykg iojyamkxl~kcgkj}k mk

{g rlçy rlxl o{}xo# mk~amo ây mankxkjåly yoiaoi{c}{xlay mk xkrxkykj}låéo* Lyyag# o

iajkgl nlclmo xkeay}xl kyyly mankxkjåly rox gkao mly rlcl~xly mk ilml cçje{l rlx}ai{clx

moy rkxyojlekjy0 gly jl caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail rlxkik fl~kx {gl caje{lekg

{ja~kxylc*

Ioj}{mo# C{t &8228! lnaxgl |{k l agrox}èjial mk {g nacgk jéo ky}ì jkikyylxalgkj}k jl

caje{lekg# gly iogo kyyk nacgk lrxkykj}l l xklcamlmk# }oxjljmo'l ~ayç~kc kg aglekg k

rxogo~kjmo l –iogrxkkjyéo mo g{jmo lcág ml xklcamlmk k mo g{jmo mlmoy‗# &C[T#

8228# r* 6=!* Kj}xk}lj}o Ilxxaæxk &<11=! mky}lil |{k# jo iogkåo# o iajkgl –kyixk~allj}ky mk ylhkx iogo kyixk~kx ykg ylhkx |{k ky}l~l kyixk~kjmo‗# &***! –kxl o Ámkj ml

caje{lekg‗* O agrox}lj}k jo ajçiao ml fay}ùxal mo iajkgl kxl goy}xlx }{mo* Lgrcly

}oglmly ky}ì}aily# go~agkj}oy yagrcky# kgoåûky ykg lghae{amlmk# o{ ykdl# }oxjlx }{mo

~ayç~kc loy ocfoy mo rôhcaio*

Joy ljoy mk <1;2# }çjflgoy {g iajkgl ioj~kjiaojlc# }kijailgkj}kagrkiì~kc# |{k joy ioj~ajfl iflglx mk }xlmaiaojlc# gly |{k coeo rlxkik{ky}lx yk xkrk}ajmo* Oy gkygoy mkykjfay}ly mk rxom{åéo }xlhlcfl~lg iogo oy

gkygoy maxk}oxky mk no}oexlnal k iog oy gkygoy goj}lmoxky# mk gomo |{k#ck~ljmo kg iojyamkxlåéo lrkjly o ky}aco ml maxkåéo# iog nxk|{äjial kxlagroyyç~kc mankxkjialx {g nacgk mo o{}xo* Ly rkyyoly l}á yk rxkoi{rl~lgiog l royyahacamlmk mk l caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail ’ ajmay}aje{ç~kc mk {gnacgk rlxl o{}xo ’ ky}lx leojatljmo* &ILXXAÆXK# <11=# r* =8!*

Lajml joy ljoy mk <1;2 fo{~k go}ajy ioj}xl o ljojagl}o# o{ ykdl# nacgky |{k jéo yk

ilxli}kxatlxlg rox jlml# kvik}o }lc~kt rkcoy l}oxky k rkcly fay}ùxaly |{k ioj}lg* [g

moy ohdk}a~oy mkyyl go~agkj}låéo kxl iojyke{ax iog |{k oy maxk}oxky rlxlyykg mk

kyiojmkx y{ly rkxyojlcamlmky l}xìy ml }áijail mk cajfl mk goj}lekg* Lcág mayyo# oyxkhkcmky rxknkxalg {gl caje{lekg –iègkxl'iljk}l‗# l iègkxl iogo ajy}x{gkj}o ml

kyixa}l* &ILXXAÆXK# <118!*

Ioj}{mo Ilxxaæxk &<118! mky}lil |{k l }kjmäjial l}{lc nlt {g xk}oxjo lo rlyylmo# glay

rxkiaylgkj}k lo iajkgl xo}kaxay}l* Kyyk gomkco }kg o ioj}kômo iogo {g nl}ox glay

agrox}lj}k mo |{k l noxgl* –O nacgk ykxal nka}o lrkjly rlxl ac{y}xlx o xo}kaxo# k jéo o

xo}kaxo rlxl rkxga}ax |{k o nacgk eljfk ~aml‗ &ILXXAÆXK# <118# r* ==!* Dì C{t &8228!

lnaxgl |{k ly fay}ùxaly |{k o iajkgl ioj}l k l gljkaxl mk ioj}ì'cly jéo yéo ly gkygly



<<

mly ckjmly rxaga}a~ly# moy ioj}oy ror{clxky# ml }xleámal exkel# mly kroráaly fay}ùxaily

o{ moy l{}oy gkmak~lay# gkygo |{k kyyky eäjkxoy mk xkcl}o }kjflg yamo lmlr}lmoy rlxl

o iajkgl*

L ~kxmlmk á |{k o iajkgl ioj}o{ fay}ùxaly mkymk yk{ ajçiao# l rlx}ax moyagrcky xkeay}xo xkrxom{}a~o k mkyixa}a~o mk {g nl}o4 l ifkelml mk {g }xkgjl ky}låéo o{ l ylçml moy orkxìxaoy mk {gl nìhxail* Kck rýy kg aglekg {glnl}al mo }kgro jo kyrlåo ml }kcl* Ioj}lx fay}ùxaly glay iogrcailmly ’ ikx}lyfay}ùxaly k mk ikx}l gljkaxl '# ioj}{mo# kvaea{ l lx}ai{clåéo mk g{a}oynl}oxky* &C[T# 8228# r* <25!*

Roxág ayyo jéo yaejanail |{k o iajkgl k~oc{a{ yk|{kjialcgkj}k l roj}o mk xklcatlx {gl

flhacamlmk kyykjialc loy yk{y gkaoy mk mkgojy}xlåéo# l mk ioj}lx fay}ùxaly mk {gl jo~l

gljkaxl* Kj}xk}lj}o noxlg mkgljmlmoy nl}oxky }áijaioy# ky}acçy}aio# kiojýgaioy k

rocç}aioy rlxl |{k {g kgrxkkjmagkj}o i{c}{xlc mkyyl kj~kxelm{xl r{mkyyk }oxjlx

royyç~kc mkyixk~kx {gl fay}ùxal glay o{ gkjoy iogrckvl rox gkao mk {g nacgk*

Lajml yke{jmo C{t &8228!# o iajkgl xkrxkykj}o{ {gl jo~amlmk yoh o roj}o mk ~ay}l ml

}áijail k ml caje{lekg* –O iajkgl mogajlj}k }ogo{ mk}kxgajlml noxgl jlxxl}a~l

ky}x{}{xlj}k ml gljkaxl mk rkjylx o g{jmo k rxom{tax {g y{dka}o rlxl kyyk g{jmo‗#

&C[T# 8228# r* <<8!*

Kj}xk}lj}o Glx}aj &<1>9! mknajk |{k o iajkgl á –l lx}k mly aglekjy kg go~agkj}o‗* O

gl}kxalc hìyaio ml caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail á l aglekg* L gl}áxal rxagl mo nacgk# l

aglekg# á {gl xklcamlmk iogrckvl* L aglekg mo nacgk jo ajçiao á –xklcay}l‗# á mo}lml

mk g{a}ly ykgkcfljåly iog l xklcamlmk*

Kg rxagkaxo c{elx# hkg kj}kjmamo# o go~agkj}o# |{k y{yia}o{ fì ro{io}kgro o kyrlj}o lmgaxl}a~o moy rxagkaxoy kyrki}lmoxky lea}lmoy lo ~kx lynocfly mly ìx~oxky rlcra}lxkg yoh o ~kj}o o{ {g }xkg l~ljålx rlxl kcky monag mo foxatoj}k* O yog á }lghág {g iojy}a}{aj}k agrox}lj}k ml aglekgnçcgail rkcl magkjyéo |{k cfk lixkyikj}l lo xky}a}{ax l lghaäjial moy ykxky kmly ioayly |{k jùy ykj}agoy jl ~aml xklc4 joyyo ilgro l{ma}a~o kjecohl iogknka}o l }omo o gogkj}o l }o}lcamlmk mo kyrlåo |{k joy ikxil# kj|{lj}ojoyyo ocflx jéo cfk romk lhxljekx lo gkygo }kgro ykjéo ykyykj}l exl{y kgkygo lrkjly }xaj}l exl{y iog l}kjåéo* &GLX]AJ# <1>9# r* <6!*

L aglekg iogrûk }lghág {gl –xklcamlmk lx}çy}ail‗# o{ ykdl# onkxkik {gl ~ayéo

y{ekxaml# oxeljatlml k mk ky}á}ail# kjnag ml xkrxkykj}låéo ml jl}{xktl# k jéo {gl

yagrcky iùral* Mk lioxmo iog Glx}aj &<1>9!# }{mo o |{k lrlxkik jl }kcl á kvrxkyya~o k}kg {gl –{jaiamlmk xkrxkykj}l}a~l‗ mk~amo â xklcamlmk iakj}çnail* Lcág mayyo# kvay}k



<8

{gl iogrlxlåéo kj}xk l aglekg k l rlcl~xl |{k jéo mkgojy}xl o iojika}o |{k l

rlcl~xl ilxli}kxatl# á {gl joåéo ekxlc* [g kvkgrco mayyo# o iajkgl jéo goy}xl –l

ilyl‗ o{ –l ìx~oxk‗# gly –}lc ilyl rlx}ai{clx‗# –}lc ìx~oxk‗*

<*9 Iajkgl k rocç}ail

Ayl`yyoj k N{xflgglx &<15>! lnaxglg |{k oy xkeay}xoy mly raj}{xly k mkykjfoy jly

rlxkmky mly il~kxjly kxlg {gl gljkaxl ml f{gljamlmk lxgltkjlx oy go~agkj}oy k

ayyo romk ykx ~ay}o iogo o ajçiao ml iajkgl}oexlnal* Iogo mkyixa}o lj}kxaoxgkj}k oy

rxagkaxoy rlyyoy mo iajkgl# }lc iogo o iojfkikgoy fodk# noxlg ajaialmoy jo najlc mo

yái{co VAV# jl Nxljål# iog {gl ykyyéo rôhcail# oxeljatlml rkcoy axgéoy C{gaæxk# kg

<61;* Jl gk}lmk mky}k yái{co dì fl~al yamo aj~kj}lml l no}oexlnal# gly rlxl ifkelx ârxodkåéo iajkgl}oexìnail# noxlg xklcatlmoy ma~kxyoy rxoikyyoy kg xkclåéo loy

n{jmlgkj}oy ml iaäjial ùr}ail*

Kj}xk}lj}o# mkymk o ajçiao ml y{l fay}ùxal o iajkgl }k~k {gl xkclåéo rxùvagl iog l

rocç}ail* Gljanky}låéo agrox}lj}k mkyyl xkclåéo oioxxk{ m{xlj}k l A E{kxxl G{jmalc

iogo rlx}k mk {g go~agkj}o rl}xaù}aio*

Oy nacgky kxlg romkxoyoy ajy}x{gkj}oy rlxl ck~lxkg# rkco gkjoy l ikx}ly

ilglmly ml iog{jamlmk# aglekjy nox}ky k rl}xaù}aily ml e{kxxl k mk y{lyil{yly# moy go}a~oy mly ilxli}kxçy}aily k mo iogrox}lgkj}o kg lghoy oyclmoy# k |{k kyyly aglekjy mk~kg }kx }amo lce{g knka}o mk i{x}o o{ cojeorxlto yohxk l goxlc }lj}o aj}kxjlgkj}k iogo jl nxkj}k mk hl}lcfl*&AYL@YYOJ k N[XFLGGLX# <15># r* ;>!*

M{xlj}k l A E{kxxl G{jmalc o iajkgl noa {g ajy}x{gkj}o rlxl ma~{celx l e{kxxl k {g

gomo mk }kx l ror{clåéo lo yk{ clmo* Oy nacgky n{jiaojl~lg iogo rxorleljml# rox |{k

goy}xl~lg lrkjly l roj}o mk ~ay}l mo eo~kxjo ~aekj}k kg ilml rlçy* Rlxl iojyke{ax

knka}oy mxlgì}aioy k ioj~kjikx o rôhcaio mk |{k mk}kxgajlmly l}a}{mky kxlg ly glay

ioxxk}ly rlxl l ror{clåéo# oy nacgky noxlg kma}lmoy ykg |{lc|{kx ld{y}k# roay mkyyl

gljkaxl o xkeay}xo kxl }amo iogo ~kxmlmk* &AYL@YYOJ k N[XFLGGLX# <15>!*

Yke{jmo Ayl`yyoj k N{xflgglx &<15>!# iog o ohdk}a~o mk ~kjmkx l e{kxxl rlxl l

Lgáxail# o rxagkaxo rlçy l ixalx {gl {jamlmk mk Rxorleljml oxeljatlml k iooxmkjlml

noxlg oy Ky}lmoy [jamoy* O ùxeéo gljohxl~l rlxl ajyraxlx jl ajmôy}xal iajkgl}oexìnail

kj}{yalygo rkcoy ohdk}a~oy mk aj}kxkyyk mo rlçy# rojmo yk{y |{lmxoy k najljialgkj}oy â

mayroyaåéo mk ilml ky}ômao rlxl nltkx nacgky iog ioj}kômo rl}xaù}aio* Onkxkial



<9

y{eky}ûky rlxl fay}ùxaly# jôgkxo acaga}lmo mk kv}xly rlxl ly ikjly mk hl}lcfly#

ioclhoxlåéo gaca}lx# ma~{celåéo k r{hcaiamlmk exì}ay*

Jo Hxlyac# o xkiojfkiagkj}o mo iajkgl jliaojlc yk mk{ glay }lxmk# l}xl~áy mllgrcalåéo ml hlyk ajy}a}{iaojlc mo Ky}lmo# kg <192# roay m{xlj}k l A E{kxxl G{jmalc

&<1<='<1<6!# o iajkgl hxlyackaxo yonxal iog lce{gly caga}låûky k manai{cmlmky* L rlx}ax

ml Xk~oc{åéo mk <192# fo{~k {gl aj}kxnkxäjial mo Ky}lmo kg }omoy oy ilgroy#

ajic{ya~k jl i{c}{xl* &CKA]K# 822;!*

Kg <198# o eo~kxjo mk ^lxely agrclj}o{ l cka mk ohxael}oxakmlmk mk kvahaåéo mk nacgky

jliaojlay* Kyyl gkmaml nkt iog |{k o rxkyamkj}k nailyyk iojfkiamo iogo o –rla mo

iajkgl hxlyackaxo‗*

L ohxael}oxakmlmk mk kvahaåéo mo i{x}l'gk}xlekg jliaojlc noa l rxagkaxlgkmaml knk}a~l mk rxo}kåéo lo iajkgl }oglml rkco eo~kxjo hxlyackaxo kioj}xah{a{ mk noxgl yaejanail}a~l rlxl o ajixkgkj}o ml rxom{åéo moyiajkdoxjlay k moi{gkj}ìxaoy jliaojlay# go~agkj}ljmo oy ykegkj}oy glayl}a~oy ml l}a~amlmk iajkgl}oexìnail jo Hxlyac* &CKA]K# 822;# r*91!*

L låéo glay agrox}lj}k mo eo~kxjo noa l agrclj}låéo mo Ajy}a}{}o Jliaojlc mk Iajkgl

Km{il}a~o &AJIK!# rxodk}o mo gajay}xo ml km{ilåéo E{y}l~o Ilrljkgl* O jo~o ùxeéo

iogkåo{ l n{jiaojlx kg <19># iog l ioclhoxlåéo mo maxk}ox F{ghkx}o Gl{xo* Rlxl

Xo|{k}k Raj}o# rxagkaxo maxk}ox mo AJIK# o ohdk}a~o mo jo~o ùxeéo kxl rxogo~kx k

oxakj}lx l {}acatlåéo mk rxom{åûky iajkgl}oexìnaily iogo ajy}x{gkj}o l{vacalx mo

kjyajo* Gly# jl rxì}ail# l{vacao{ jl rxorleljml rocç}ail –ky}lmojo~ay}l‗# glxilml rkcl

ikj}xlcatlåéo ml rocç}ail k rkcl aj}kexlåéo jliaojlc* &CKA]K# 822;!*

Iog o eocrk kg <195<# l rxorleljml }oxjo{'yk {g ajy}x{gkj}o romkxoyo k o iajkgl

noa {g moy rxajiarlay ùxeéoy l nltkx l r{hcaiamlmk rocç}ail*

O iajkgl mkykgrkjfo{ rlrkc mky}lilmo jl rxorleljml rocç}ailky}lmojo~ay}l* Iogo jl A}ìcal nlyiay}l k jl Lckgljfl jltay}l# oy amkùcoeoymo Ky}lmo Jo~o mkgojy}xlxlg aj}kxkyyk kyrkialc rkcl yá}agl lx}k* Lyyag#aglekjy k yçghocoy man{jmamoy rkcl rxorleljml jlta'nlyiay}l noxlgajioxroxlmoy â rxorleljml onaialc0 g{a}oy mkcky kjioj}xlxlg }kxxkjo náx}acrlxl l rkjk}xlåéo jl yoiakmlmk hxlyackaxl# flha}{lml lo {yo k lo i{c}o mkaglekjy k yçghocoy |{k o il}ocaiaygo rxorleo{ mkymk l iocojatlåéo*&CKA]K# 822;# r* =2!*

<

Ly kckaåûky rxkyamkjialay oioxxalg kg <196 iog moay iljmaml}oy lo eo~kxjo# Doyá Lgáxaio mk Lcgkaml k Lxgljmomk Ylcky Oca~kaxl* Ek}ôcao# roxág mkj{jiao{ {g y{roy}o rcljo iog{jay}l rlxl yk glj}kx jo romkx*



<=

Ayl`yyoj k N{xflgglx &<15>! lnaxglg |{k l A E{kxxl G{jmalc noa hkjánail rlxl l

ajmôy}xal iajkgl}oexìnail kg lce{jy rlçyky* Ly rkyyoly }ajflg jkikyyamlmk mo iajkgl#

iog ayyo romalg mlx ~ltéo lo aj}ovailj}k rl}xao}aygo moy rxagkaxoy ljoy ml e{kxxl krxoi{xlx k~kj}{lcgkj}k kyilrlx ml gojo}ojal k ml ajikx}ktl*

Rlxl Ayl`yyoj k N{xflgglx &<15>!# {gl mly manai{cmlmky kg lhoxmlx ly xkclåûky kj}xk

iajkgl k rocç}ail xknkxk'yk lo nl}o mk |{k l ljìcayk jkikyya}l ky}lx xkcliaojlml jéo yù â

rxom{åéo# gly }lghág â xkikråéo* Oy knka}oy k n{jåûky ml rxorleljml yohxk l rcl}kal

yéo {gl |{ky}éo iogrckvl# lyyag iogo ly aj}kjåûky k l iojyiaäjial moy rxom{}oxky* O

rxohckgl á iogrckvo mk~amo â manai{cmlmk mk ykrlxlx oy knka}oy mk {g nacgk yohxk o

rôhcaio j{gl o{ kg o{}xl maxkåéo* Kvay}kg }lghág knka}oy |{k rlxkikg jéo }kx

go}a~låéo jo ioj}kômo aj}kjiaojlc mo nacgk k |{k }kg |{k ykx ck~lmoy kg ioj}l*

O gomo rkco |{lc o iajkgl mk rxorleljml romk ajnc{kjialx amkaly nail ac{y}xlmo glay

iclxlgkj}k rkcl rc{xlcamlmk moy nacgky kg xkclåéo â e{kxxl* Ro{ioy nacgky mkyixk~kg l

e{kxxl iogo lceo roya}a~o*

<*9*< Rocç}ail jo iajkgl hxlyackaxo

Hkxjlxmk} k Xlgoy &<118! lnaxglg |{k oy }kgly fay}ùxaioy yéo }éo rxkykj}ky |{lj}o

lj}aeoy jo iajkgl hxlyackaxo* Kj}xk}lj}o# jo ajaiao mo yái{co# oy iajkly}ly hxlyackaxoy jéo

iojyamkxl~lg l fay}ùxal mo Hxlyac {g }kgl aj}kxkyylj}k rlxl yk }oxjlx lyy{j}o mk nacgk*

Noa jkikyyìxao |{k ioj}kv}oy fay}ùxaioy natkyykg rlx}k mo rcljk}l iajkgl}oexìnaio# o{

ykdl# |{k lce{jy iajkly}ly }oglyykg l ajaial}a~l mk rxom{tax nacgky fay}ùxaioy rlxl ykx

l}xlkj}ky loy iajkly}ly*

Kj}xk oy ljoy <2 k 52 mo yái{co VV# o iajkgl hxlyackaxo jéo }k~k jkjf{g gogkj}o mkaj}kjyl rxom{åéo mk nacgky fay}ùxaioy ’ rox kvkgrco# fay}ùxal yohxk o mkyiohxagkj}o mo

Hxlyac# roxág o eäjkxo yk gljanky}l~l kyroxlmailgkj}k* Joy ljoy ;2# ajmkrkjmkj}k mly

maxkåûky amkocùeaily k rocç}aily# oy }kgly fay}ùxaioy ky}l~lg rxkykj}ky jly mayi{yyûky

yohxk o ky}aco jliaojlc k ror{clx |{k o iajkgl hxlyackaxo ajaiao{* Lajml joy ljoy ;2# o

nacgk fay}ùxaio kjioj}xo{ oroya}oxky# roay kvaeal xki{xyoy mk rxom{åéo ilxoy k noxl mo

oxålgkj}o mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo jl|{kck rkxçomo*



<;

Gly l rlx}ax mk <152 fo{~k {gl g{mljål# mk gomo |{k oy iajkly}ly jéo }ajflg glay

cahkxmlmk rlxl rxom{tax nacgky fay}ùxaioy* Oy gajay}xoy ml km{ilåéo ajmail~lg |{lay oy

}kgly ky}l~lg lr}oy l yk }oxjlxkg cojely gk}xlekjy* Mk ikx}l gljkaxl kxl {g nl}ojo~o# o{ ykdl# o eo~kxjo gljanky}l~l o yk{ mkykdo rlxl nacglx lyy{j}oy xkcliaojlmoy l

nae{xly rxokgajkj}ky ml fay}ùxal jliaojlc ' Hoxhl El}o# Ljflje{kxl# Rlky Ckgk#

Oyulcmo Ix{t# Ylj}oy M{goj}# Mkcgaxo Eo{~kal# M{|{k mk Ilvaly# Glxkiflc Xojmoj

mkj}xk o{}xoy o{ }kgly caelmoy loy aj}kxkyyky onaialay* Roxág oy nacgky jéo y{x}axlg o

knka}o |{k o eo~kxjo lcgkdl~l# roay kxlg ilxoy k jéo }ajflg gkxilmo lyyke{xlmo*

Gly jo rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# yke{jmo Hacflxajfo &<115!# o iajkgl naio{

ilxli}kxatlmo rkcly ro{ily rxom{åûky xklcatlmly# mk gljkaxl |{k y{xeaxlg lce{jy

go~agkj}oy iogo o Iajkgl Jo~o &go~agkj}o |{k y{xea{ jl máilml mk <1;2 k }ajfl

iogo ilxli}kxçy}aily o mkykj~oc~agkj}oy mk jlxxl}a~ly kg lghakj}ky jl}{xlay iogo

nl~kcly# yocmlmoy# ixaljåly jo g{jmo mo ixagk k o{}xoy!* K ly lea}låûky moy iajkly}ly

}ajflg iogo ohdk}a~o ma~{celx o |{k ky}l~l lioj}kikjmo iog o rlçy# rxajiarlcgkj}k o

|{k ky}l~l xkcliaojlml â ya}{låéo rocç}ail ixalml k lexl~lml rkco eocrk gaca}lx mk <1>=*

Mk lioxmo iog Rkmxkaxl &<15;!# noa jo gljml}o mo rxkyamkj}k Doéo Eo{clx} &<1><'<1>=!

|{k o eocrk gaca}lx mk{ yajlay iclxoy mk |{k axal lioj}kikx* L xknoxgl {xhljl# rox

kvkgrco# {g moy rxodk}oy rxoroy}oy rox Eo{clx}# rxk~al l mkylrxorxalåéo moy agù~kay

kvikmkj}ky mkyoi{rlmoy# o{ ykdl# ilml rxorxak}ìxao romkxal }kx {g jôgkxo mk}kxgajlmo

mk agù~kay k o kvikmkj}k ykxal mkylrxorxalmo k kj}xke{k l jo~oy mojoy# |{k o rlelxalg

iogo o najljialgkj}o mo Ky}lmo*

Ly mkiayûky jéo yù iogkålxlg l lyy{y}lx l kca}k mogajlj}k# iogo ly l{}oxamlmky

rocç}aily* Jo mal 9< mk glxåo mk <1>=# gaca}lxky kg Gajly Ekxlay yk mkycoilxlg rlxlmlx ajçiao lo eocrk* Lcág mayyo# noxlg rxog{celmly L}oy Ajy}a}{iaojlay &LA! rlxl

ckea}aglx'yk iogo o ôjaio romkx mo Ky}lmo* &RKMXKAXL# <15;!*

Yke{jmo Rkmxkaxl &<15;! o LA'< }ajfl iogo ohdk}a~o lnly}lx |{lc|{kx royyahacamlmk mk o

ro~o ajnc{ax jo mky}ajo rocç}aio mo Hxlyac* Dì o LA'8 kv}aje{a{ }omoy oy rlx}amoy rocç}aioy

k mk{ romkx lo Kvki{}a~o rlxl nkiflx o Iojexkyyo |{ljmo d{celyyk jkikyyìxao k l rlx}ax

mayyo noxlg ixalmoy moay rlx}amoy rocç}aioy# l Lxkjl &Lcaljål Xkjo~lml Jliaojlc! k o

GMH &Go~agkj}o Mkgoixì}aio Hxlyackaxo!* Kg nk~kxkaxo mk <1>># o LA'9 lgrcao{ o



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ioj}xock rocç}aio k xky}xajea{ o maxka}o lo ~o}o ror{clx# agrojmo kckaåûky ajmaxk}ly rlxl

oy eo~kxjoy ky}lm{lay k g{jaiarlay* O LA';# kg <1>6# nkifo{ o Iojexkyyo rox }kgro

ajmk}kxgajlmo# l{gkj}o{ l xkrxkyyéo k l ikjy{xl â agrxkjyl*

Mk~amo â ajmaejlåéo mo ro~o |{k jéo }ajfl {g yay}kgl rocç}aio mkgoixì}aio k iog oy

maxka}oy ia~ay caga}lmoy &Ifal~kjl}o#<11;!# iajio o{ ykay gac fogkjy k g{cfkxky

rlx}aiarlxlg ml c{}l lxglml* Jéo fo{~k {gl e{kxxl ia~ac# iogo rxk~alg iog ikx}o

o}agaygo ly ky|{kxmly# gly l xkyroy}l m{xl mo eo~kxjo gaca}lx noa mlml* O }kxxoxaygo

glxio{ l l}{låéo moy moay clmoy* Lrlxkik{ iogo {gl mknkyl jl}{xlc# {gl ~kt |{k l

ikjy{xl â agrxkjyl elxlj}al yackjialx yohxk l hx{}lcamlmk onaialc4 oy gaca}lxky ma~{celxlg

l amkal mk |{k ioghl}alg oy nljì}aioy |{k }xlçxlg o Hxlyac* Dì ly gljanky}låûky mlky|{kxml noxlg goy}xlmly iog ky}lxmlcflåo# ykjmo y{ly ~ç}agly kvahamly iogo gìx}axky

ajoikj}ky |{k oy iog{jay}ly agocl~lg# mkavljmo ùxnéoy k ~aô~ly*

Ly ky|{kxmly yk mkyely}lxlg g{a}o jkyyk rxoikyyo# iojic{a Ifal~kjl}o &<11;!* Rox kyyk

go}a~o# o RImoH# Rlx}amo Iog{jay}l mo Hxlyac# rxa~ackeao{ l e{kxxacfl jo ilgro# ykg

lhljmojlx l {xhljl* Kj}éo y{xea{ l rxajiarlc e{kxxacfl hxlyackaxl* Gaca}lj}ky mo rlx}amo#

lce{jy }xkajlmoy jl Ifajl# yk hlyklxlg jo y{c mo Rlxì mljmo oxaekg â E{kxxacfl mo

Lxle{lal* Kcky iogkålxlg l l}{lx jl xkeaéo l rlx}ax mk <1>5 k# kg <152# iogr{jflg{g ex{ro mk >1 e{kxxacfkaxoy |{k c{}lxlg ioj}xl o xkeagk gaca}lx*

L ma}lm{xl gaca}lx lilho{ kg <16;* Mk lioxmo iog Rkmxkaxl &<15;! o Iojexkyyo

Jliaojlc lrxo~o{ {gl kgkjml iojy}a}{iaojlc |{k lilhl~l iog oy ôc}agoy ~ky}çeaoy ml

ma}lm{xl* [gl mly gkmamly lrxo~lmly noa l mk |{k oy rxknka}oy mk ilra}lay# ky}èjialy

famxogajkxlay k g{jaiçraoy iojyamkxlmoy mk yke{xljål jliaojlc ~oc}lxalg l ykx kcka}oy

maxk}lgkj}k* L iojy}a}{aj}k n{jiaojo{ l}á ; mk o{}{hxo mk <166 |{ljmo noa rxog{celml

{gl jo~l Iojy}a}{aåéo*

Mkroay ml ma}lm{xl# o iajkgl hxlyackaxo# jo ajçiao moy ljoy <112# noa mlmo iogo gox}o*

Mk lioxmo iog Ylc~o &822>!# o rxkyamkj}k Nkxjljmo Ioccox mk Gkco jkyyl gkygl

máilml# |{lyk ck~o{ o iajkgl â x{çjl* Kck xkhlavo{ o Gajay}áxao ml I{c}{xl# }oxjljmo'o

{gl Ykixk}lxal# k kv}aje{a{ lce{jy ùxeéoy nogkj}lmoxky k xke{clmoxky ml l}a~amlmk

iajkgl}oexìnail jo rlçy# iogo l Kghxlnacgk# o Iojiajk k l N{jmlåéo mo Iajkgl

Hxlyackaxo* Iog l rxog{celåéo ml Cka mo L{mao~ay{lc# kg <119# k ckay mk ajikj}a~oy

ky}lm{lay k g{jaiarlay# o iajkgl iogkåo{ l yk xki{rkxlx*



<5

<*= Fay}ùxal mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo

Ly rxagkaxly kvahaåûky jo Hxlyac noxlg xklcatlmly kg d{cfo mk <615# jo Xao mk Dljkaxo*

Yke{jmo Hacflxajfo &<115! kg <616 dì yk xklcatl~lg nacglekjy jo Hxlyac# iojy}a}{çmly

mk nacgky mk {g xoco# navljmo rlaylekjy k lioj}kiagkj}oy yoialay* Jo Hxlyac# o iajkgl

romk ykx ma~amamo kj}xk o rxl}ailmo jo kavo Xao'Yéo Rl{co k o xklcatlmo kg o{}xly

iamlmky*

Rlxl Cka}k &822;!# o iajkgl ifkeo{ lo Hxlyac jo najlc mo yái{co VAV rox gkao moy

agaexlj}ky a}lcaljoy# roay lce{jy mkcky }xo{vkxlg l gì|{ajl ilrlt mk ilr}lx ly aglekjy

kg go~agkj}o* Lcág mayyo# kck mky}lil |{k o iajkgl ifkeo{ |{lyk |{k

yag{c}ljklgkj}k jo Hxlyac# jl Nxljål k joy Ky}lmoy [jamoy*

Jly máilmly mk <1<2 k <182# l rxom{åéo iajkgl}oexìnail hxlyackaxl noa xky}xa}l# ayoclml k

knk}{lml kg gkao l exljmky manai{cmlmky* Ilxli}kxato{'yk rkcl xklcatlåéo mk nacgky mk

naiåéo joy ~ìxaoy eäjkxoy k moi{gkj}ìxaoy# xk}xl}ljmo l}{lcamlmky* Noxl mo kavo Xao'Yéo

Rl{co# lrxkykj}o{ xklcatlåûky ajma~am{lay k yaejanail}a~oy y{x}oy xkeaojlay*

&HACFLXAJFO# <115!*

Roxág# jly m{ly rxagkaxly máilmly mo yái{co rlyylmo yéo k~amkj}ky ly ~ìxaly }kj}l}a~lymk ky}lhkckikx k yocamanailx {gl amkj}amlmk kj}xk o rôhcaio hxlyackaxo k oy nacgky

rxom{tamoy jo Hxlyac* Gly {gl nlyk gkxkik{ mky}l|{k jkyyl ároil# iflglml mk –Hkcl

Ároil mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo‗* &CKA]K# 822;!*

Cka}k &822;! lnaxgl |{k m{xlj}k kyyl nlyk o kjioj}xo kj}xk oy rxom{}oxky k oy kvahamoxky

jliaojlay rxogo~k{ {g iaico mk rxom{åûky*

O iajkgl hxlyackaxo lyyay}a{ lo yk{ rxagkaxo exljmk iaico mk rxom{åûky#

go}a~lmo rxajiarlcgkj}k rkcl lgrcalåéo k rkcl iojyocamlåéo mly ylcly navlymk kvahaåéo ’ lj}ky ly rkcçi{cly kxlg kvahamly kg kyrlåoy agrxo~aylmoy#iogo ylcûky o{ ilyly jo}{xjly* Oy rxorxak}ìxaoy mly jo~ly ylcly mk kvahaåéo#lo cojeo mkyyk rkxçomo# rlyylxlg l ky}ag{clx l rxom{åéo mk nacgkyhxlyackaxoy# ay}o á# l}{lxlg yag{c}ljklgkj}k iogo rxom{}oxky k kvahamoxky#roay jéo fl~al yk ajy}l{xlmo l fkekgojal foccquoomaljl |{k rxoraialxal oioj}xock ml rxom{åéo# ml may}xah{aåéo k ml kvahaåéo mly rkcçi{cly* M{xlj}kkyyk rkxçomo noxlg cljålmoy nacgky iogo Oy ilrlmùiaoy ml Iamlmk Jo~l &<126!# L ~aô~l lckexk &<121!# L e{kavl &<121! k Yojfo mk ~lcyl &<1<2!*&CKA]K# 822;# r* 8=!*



<6

Oy y{x}oy xkeaojlay |{k o l{}ox ia}l oioxxkxlg yag{c}ljklgkj}k kg Hkco Foxatoj}k

&<182'<192!# Ilgrajly &<189'<185!# Xkiank &<18='<19<!# kg Rox}o Lckexk k Rkco}ly

&<185'<181!* Ajôgkxoy iajkly}ly ioj}aj{l~lg o{ iogkål~lg l kvkxikx l}a~amlmky

iajkgl}oexìnaily jkyyk rkxçomo# ykdl xklcatljmo moi{gkj}ìxaoy# iojnoxgk o ioy}{gk k

ly royyahacamlmky ml ároil k mo coilc# ykdlg knk}{ljmo nacgky mk naiåéo# oy kj}éo

mkjogajlmoy roylmoy*

Kg <182# l fay}ùxal mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo romk ykx ilxli}kxatlml rkcl xkyay}äjial mo nacgk

jliaojlc lo iajkgl jox}k'lgkxailjo* L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o# nail iclxo iogo oy

moi{gkj}ìxaoy k oy iajkdoxjlay noxlg agrox}lj}ky rlxl o iajkgl jliaojlc* Oy iaicoy

xkeaojlay |{k lioj}kikxlg jl gkygl máilml# lcág mk yk ilxli}kxatlxkg rox {gliojikj}xlåéo mk rxom{åûky kg mk}kxgajlmly iamlmky mo rlçy# ioclhoxlxlg rlxl glj}kx

l}a~l l rxom{åéo jliaojlc k rlxl kvrljmax mk noxgl glay oxmkjlml l l}a~amlmk

iajkgl}oexìnail jo rlçy# l}á kj}éo xkykx~lml lo Kavo Xao'Yéo Rl{co* &CKA]K# 822;!*

Lajml mk lioxmo iog Cka}k &822;!# o najlc ml máilml mk <182# glxio{ o nag ml –Hkcl

Ároil mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo‗ k o iogkåo mk {gl nlyk iogrcailml* Mk gljkaxl |{k l

ajmôy}xal iajkgl}oexìnail jéo iojyke{al mk}kxgajlx {g ilgajfo# roay jéo noa royyç~kc

yk yocamanailx jo gkxilmo d{j}o ây ilglmly ror{clxky* L ror{clåéo mkavo{ mk lyyay}axloy nacgky jliaojlay mljmo rxknkxäjial ly rkcçi{cly jox}k'lgkxailjly*

Lyyag# mankxkj}kgkj}k mo |{k oioxxk{ jly máilmly mk <1<2 k <182# l rxom{åéo

iajkgl}oexìnail noxl mo Kavo Xao'Yéo Rl{co# lo aj~áy mk yk kvrljmax k mk yk iojyocamlx

rox }omo o }kxxa}ùxao hxlyackaxo# yk xk}xla{ l roj}o mk |{lyk mkylrlxkikx*

L rlx}ax mk <192# go}a~lmo# kj}xk o{}xly xltûky# rkco lm~kj}o mo yog krkcl rxk~lcäjial mo nacgk mk naiåéo# lghoy iog glaoxky manai{cmlmky

}áijaily k l{gkj}o mk i{y}oy# lo iajkgl |{lyk |{k y{hyay}k lrkjly jlyiamlmky mo Xao mk Dljkaxo k Yéo Rl{co* Lo aj~áy ml mkyikj}xlcatlåéo mlrxom{åéo oioxxk{ l ikj}xlcatlåéo ilml ~kt glaox# rkxyay}kj}k rkclymáilmly yke{aj}ky# yohxljmo# rlxl o xky}lj}k mo rlçy# {gl o{ o{}xlxklcatlåéo# joxglcgkj}k ayoclml k ykg ioj}aj{amlmk rxom{}a~l*&HACFLXAJFO# <115# r* ;>!*

Rox}lj}o noxl mo Kavo Xao'Yéo Rl{co jo mkioxxkx ml máilml mk <192# noxlg rxom{tamoy

iajky'doxjlay# oy moi{gkj}ìxaoy# ekxlcgkj}k rk|{kjl k gámal'gk}xlekg# k xlxçyyagoy

nacgky mk naiåéo mk cojel'gk}xlekg*



<1

L Ifljiflml y{xea{ jl máilml mk <1=2 k xkeay}xo{ l oioxxäjial moy eäjkxoy k }kgly

{y{lay4 iogámal# iogámal g{yailc k mxlgl* Hacflxajfo &<115! lnaxgl |{k l Ifljiflml

jéo }kg mknajaåéo iogrck}l k kvl}l# gly ykxal hlyailgkj}k –iogámal mk lrkco ror{clx‗*

Ilxli}kxato{'yk rox g{yailay |{k romalg ykx mk ilxjl~lc# g{yailay gay}ly k o{}xoy

xa}goy# jliaojlay k ky}xljekaxoy# iojn{yûky# jlgoxajfoy# ilxk}ly# rly}kcéo# g{a}ly

g{cfkxky# c{vo k oy}kj}låéo* Jkyyl gkygl máilml# y{xek o eäjkxo rocaialc |{k rxom{ta{

{g ôjaio nacgk4 Mogajù Jkexo &<1=1!*

Dì joy ljoy mk <1;2 y{xeaxlg jo rlçy m{ly may}aj}ly }kjmäjialy mk iojnae{xlåûky

ky}á}aio'amkocùeaily4 l xklcay}l k l aj}agay}l* L rxagkaxl yoh l kj}xlml mo jko'xklcaygo

a}lcaljo# mk jç}aml rxkoi{rlåéo yoialc* L yke{jml á ajnc{kjialml rkcl ohxl mk Hkxeglj#mk go}a~låéo ryaiocùeail* &HACFLXAJFO# <115!*

Mk lioxmo iog Hacflxajfo &<115!# }lj}o kg |{lj}amlmk# |{lcamlmk k ma~kxyamlmk# oy

eäjkxoy k }kgly y{rkxlg ly máilmly lj}kxaoxky* Rox kvkgrco# l iogámal# kg gkjox

jôgkxo |{k o mxlgl# lrxkykj}o{ ajôgkxoy nacgky* Dì l Ifljiflml l}ajea{ o lroek{ joy

ljoy mk <1=2* Oy nacgky Rocaialay# lo ioj}xìxao mo oioxxamo joy ljoy =2# |{k lrxkykj}o{

lrkjly {g nacgk rocaialc# }lghág glxilxlg rxkykjål jo rkxçomo*

O ljo mk <1>2 á o ljo mo Iajkgl Jo~o* L Ifljiflml jkyyl máilml lilhl rox

kyeo}lgkj}o jl}{xlc# rkcly lc}kxlåûky jl yoiakmlmk k o ixkyikj}k mkykj~oc~agkj}o k

man{yéo ml }kck~ayéo* Coeo jo ajçiao ml máilml y{xeaxlg oy rxagkaxoy nacgky mo Iajkgl

Jo~o4 Xao# =2 Exl{y &<1;;! k Xao# Tojl Jox}k &<1;5!* Hacflxajfo &<115! lnaxgl |{k l

ixç}ail k ly xklåûky ml ároil nlik lo jo~o nkjýgkjo ~lxal~lg ml ajiogrxkkjyéo k

mk}xl}låéo rxkiara}lmly lo kyn{talj}k kj}{yalygo*

Rlxl Hacflxajfo &<115!# o Iajkgl Jo~o &<1>2! noa {g go~agkj}o# jo ykj}amo lgrco mo}kxgo &lhxljekj}k# mk }kjmäjial ekjkxlcatlml!# mk nox}k agr{cyo ixalmox* Ly rxajiarlay

ilxli}kxçy}aily kxlg4 l rxkoi{rlåéo k aj}kjåéo hìyail mk mkyiohxax# ky}{mlx# iojfkikx#

aj}kxrxk}lx# noilcatlx# xk~kclx k xkixalx ky}k}ailgkj}k l xklcamlmk yoialc hxlyackaxl k

ajnc{kjialx o ioj}kv}o yoiaorocç}aio* Rox}lj}o o Iajkgl Jo~o# rkcl rxagkaxl ~kt#

rxodk}o{ o iajkgl hxlyackaxo iock}a~lgkj}k jo rcljo aj}kxjliaojlc# iocoiljmo o rlçy

mknaja}a~lgkj}k jo glrl mo iajkgl g{jmalc* Mk lioxmo iog C{t &8228!# o Iajkgl

Jo~o |{ky}aojo{ }kgl k noxgl# lo gkygo }kgro kg |{k glj}ajfl l m{rcl kvaeäjial mk

xkrxkykj}lx o Hxlyac# o{ ykdl# o iajkgl noa ioj~oilmo l xkrxkykj}lx o rlçy# o yk{ ro~o k



82

l y{l i{c}{xl* Iog o Iajkgl Jo~o# o Hxlyac kj}xo{ jl –ikjl gomkxjl‗# jo agleajìxao

iajkgl}oexìnaio nltkjmo oy nacgky rkjyljmo kg }omly ly iclyyky yoialay*

O iajkgl glxeajlc }k~k yk{y rxagùxmaoy joy ljoy mk <1>5/<1>6 k yk mky}lio{ kg <152rox ykx kvrkxagkj}lc# mo cavo# {jmkxexo{jm o{ {jmaex{ma# lrxkykj}ljmo rxoroy}ly

ma~kxyly k }o}lcgkj}k mky~aji{clmly mo eoy}o mo rôhcaio# ml orajaéo# mly ixç}aily k ml

rxkoi{rlåéo iog l hacfk}kxal* &HACFLXAJFO# <115!* Yke{jmo Hacflxajfo &<115!# noa

iojyamkxlmo {g go~agkj}o kg |{k l ca~xk kvrxkyyéo k l xklcatlåéo ajma~am{lc yk

amkj}anailxlg kg ~ìxaoy roj}oy* Mkykj~oc~kjmo'yk lrùy o LA';# ajioxroxl~l l ya}{låéo

ixalml k rl{cl}ajlgkj}k lexl~lml rkco eocrk gaca}lx mk <1>= xknck}ajmo o agrlyyk

ajy}a}{iaojlc*

O iajkgl glxeajlc }xljyioxxk{# roay# kg gkao â iojyiakj}atlåéo rocç}ail k lo

ykj}agkj}o mk agro}äjial ml d{~kj}{mk malj}k ml xklcamlmk yoialc k rocç}aio'ajy}a}{iaojlc

mo rlçy* [gl mly rxajiarlay ilxli}kxçy}aily mkyyk go~agkj}o kxl nltkx iajkgl# ykg

ck~lx kg ioj}l |{lc|{kx o{}xo nl}ox# mo |{k rxogo~k{ {gl lrlxäjial ykg i{amlmoy k

lglmoxl# l {}acatlåéo moy yojy# l goj}lekg ykg iokxäjial# o lrxo~ka}lgkj}o |{lyk

}o}lc mk }omoy oy gk}xoy mk na}l ~axekg xomlml# o{ ykdl# l caje{lekg ilù}ail*

&HACFLXAJFO# <115!*

Mk lioxmo iog Hacflxajfo &<115!# kg <162# oy eäjkxoy# }kgly# go~agkj}oy k

}kjmäjialy |{k glxilxlg ly máilmly lj}kxaoxky yéo ioayly mo rlyylmo* Iock}a~lgkj}k#

jéo oioxxk{ jkjf{g kyrlygo ixalmox k jkg fo{~k exljmky jo~amlmky* Roxág# l máilml

mk <162 lrxkykj}o{# jo mxlgl# xltoì~kc jôgkxo mk nacgky yaejanail}a~oy k lce{jy moy

gkcfoxky nacgky hxlyackaxoy* Rlxl kvkgrcanailx nacgky |{k noxlg rxom{tamoy jo rkxçomo4

Hkado jo lynlc}o ’ <1620 K{ }k lgo ’ <16<0 Elhxakcl ’ <1690 Ìe{al jl ilhkål ’ <16;*

Rox}lj}o# l ilxli}kxçy}ail ml máilml mk <162 á l ioj}aj{amlmk k l iojyocamlåéo ml

iajkgl}oexlnal hxlyackaxl# |{k k~amkjiao{ mkgojy}xlåûky mk rkxyay}äjial mk joyyoy

iajkly}ly# gkygo iog }omly ly manai{cmlmky# ajiogrxkkjyûky# may}oxåûky# oroyaåûky k

ixayky*

L máilml mk <112 yk ilxli}kxato{ ajaialcgkj}k rkcl cli{jl ml rxom{åéo oioxxaml jo

eo~kxjo Ioccox# iog l mkyl}a~låéo mk }oml ajnxlky}x{}{xl kj}éo kvay}kj}k* Kj}xk}lj}o#



8<

coeo kg yke{aml o iajkgl xkyy{xea{ iog iajio nacgky kg <11=# motk kg <11; k }xaj}l k

iajio kg <11>* &HACFLXAJFO# <115!*

O rxohckgl mo mkyaj}kxkyyk mo rôhcaio# mk lioxmo iog Hacflxajfo &<115!# rkxgljkik{rkco iojmaiaojlgkj}o rxogo~amo rkcly rxom{åûky iogkxialay jox}k'lgkxailjly# rkcly

}kckjo~kcly k rkcl ekxlc nlc}l mk aj}kxkyyk# i{xaoyamlmk# noxglåéo i{c}{xlc k lx}çy}ail ml

ror{clåéo* O yay}kgl mk kjyajo kg ekxlc# noa ogayyo k {}acato{ gk}omocoeal k ioj}kômoy

ajlmk|{lmoy |{ljmo }xl}o{ mk i{c}{xl lx}çy}ail k nacoyùnail* Oy gkaoy mk iog{jailåéo#

rox y{l ~kt# jéo kjnxkj}lxlg iogo mk~kxalg ly caga}låûky k o mkyaj}kxkyyk i{c}{xlc mo

rôhcaio*

Yke{jmo Hacflxajfo &<115! noa jkyyk ioj}kv}o |{k yk noxgo{ o iajkgl hxlyackaxo moy

ljoy 12* Mk {g clmo# l xklcatlåéo lx}çy}ail* Mk o{}xo# l mo kyrk}ìi{co ykg ~çji{co k

iogrxogayyo iog l lx}k k l xklcamlmk yoialc# ~ayljmo lrkjly o y{ikyyo mk rôhcaio k o

xky{c}lmo ml hacfk}kxal*

<*; Iajkgl mk xk}oglml

L xklåéo mo iajkgl jliaojlc# kgrxkkjmaml joy ljoy <112# iojnoxgk xknkxaml

lj}kxaoxgkj}k# naio{ iojfkiaml iogo xk}oglml* \{lyk }omoy oy nacgky }xl}lg mly|{ky}ûky jliaojlay k mly ioj}xlmaåûky mo rlçy* –O Hxlyac e{lxml~l ckghxljåly ml

ma}lm{xl# mo ckj}o k mocoxoyo rxoikyyo mk lhkx}{xl# mo yojfo mly maxk}ly k mly ajikx}ktly

mo eo~kxjo Ioccox‗* &YLC^O# 822># r*<!*

L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o# jo najlc mo yái{co VV# o iajkgl naio{ glxilmo rkcly ckay mk

ajikj}a~o nayilc# o{ ykdl# o Ky}lmo mkavo{ mk aj~ky}ax maxk}lgkj}k jl rxom{åéo mk nacgky#

ly kgrxkyly rxa~lmly iogkålxlg l najljialx ly rxom{åûky |{k rlyyo{ l }kx {gl

mkm{åéo jo Agroy}o mk Xkjml* O gomkco mk rl}xoiçjao ky}l}lc noa lc}kxlmo# mk gomo

|{k# rlyyo{ l ykx rox gkao mk xkjôjial nayilc*

Mk lioxmo iog Ylc~o &822>!# oy nacgky ml xk}oglml rxogo~kxlg {g maìcoeo iog o

iajkgl jo~o |{k oioxxk{ jo Hxlyac jl máilml mk <1>2* ]ajfl kg iog{g o nl}o mk ykx

{gl ekxlåéo mk jo~oy iajkly}ly iog {gl jo~l caje{lekg k ky}á}ail rlxl }xlm{tax

lyy{j}oy jliaojlay* Rox}lj}o oy jo~oy iajkly}ly xogrkxlg iog o iajkgl iogkxialc#

rxogo~kxlg {gl aglekg mo Hxlyac iog jo~oy iojika}oy |{k# ck~lml rlxl ly ylcly mk

iajkgly# rxor{jfl â yoiakmlmk o mkhl}k yohxk l mkyae{lcmlmk yoialc hxlyackaxl* Yk o



88

iajkgl jo~o ck~o{ ây }kcly o ykx}éo joxmky}ajo# ly nl~kcly# oy y{hôxhaoy k l ekj}k rohxk

k nlgaj}l# o iajkgl ml xk}oglml lrxkykj}l mankxkjåly mk jlxxl}a~l k }áijail# lrkylx mk

lhoxmlx }kgly ae{lay*

Rox gkao mk yk{ rxodk}o ky}á}aio k á}aio# oy nacgky kghckgì}aioy mo iajkgljo~o lrxkykj}lxlg {gl iojikråéo xk~oc{iaojìxal kg y{l caje{lekg4rxoroyaåéo mo iox}k ykio# jéo cajklxamlmk ml jlxxl}a~l# äjnlyk loy lyrki}oyrxoylaioy ml ~aml io}amaljl# j{gl xki{yl }o}lc loy rlmxûky agroy}oy rkcoyexljmky ky}ômaoy* Dì oy iajkly}ly ml xk}oglml xk}xl}lg o ykx}éo k l nl~kcl yoh{g jo~o ocflx# xk}ogljmo o rlmxéo mly jlxxl}a~ly icìyyaily moy }kgroy mk^kxl Ix{y* O xk|{aj}k rxoroy}o lo rôhcaio jo }xl}lgkj}o ml aglekg o{ jliojnkiåéo mo xo}kaxo nlt iog |{k o iajkgl ml xk}oglml yk xkiojiacalyyk iogl }xlmaåéo mo nacgk mk gkxilmo# ilxli}kxatlml rkco hog lilhlgkj}o }áijaio#|{lyk r{hcaia}ìxao# k rkcoy nacgky mk eäjkxo ml ajmôy}xal ’ |{k ioxxkyrojmkg

lo gomkco lgkxailjo mk kj}xk}kjagkj}o* &YLC^O# 822># r*8!*Yke{jmo Cka}k &822;!# ly rxagkaxly rxom{åûky ml jo~l nlyk mo iajkgl jliaojlc# noxlg

iogroy}ly maxk}l o{ ajmaxk}lgkj}k mk nacgky â Kghxlnacgk# gly ykg caelåéo iog

eäjkxoy kyrkiçnaioy* L ma~kxyamlmk á {gl mly rxajiarlay ilxli}kxçy}aily mo jo~o iajkgl*

O nacgk Ikj}xlc mo Hxlyac ' <116# maxaeamo rox Ulc}kx Goxkaxl Ylccky# á {g yçghoco moy

jo~oy }kgroy mo iajkgl*

L nlc}l mk {jamlmk }kgì}ail k ky}á}ail xk~kcl# kj}xk o{}xoy lyrki}oy# |{k l

–xk}oglml‗ xkrxkykj}l g{a}o glay o xkjlyiagkj}o mly rxom{åûky jliaojlay#ykg glaoxky iogrxogayyo mk ioj}aj{amlmk iog oy go~agkj}oyiajkgl}oexìnaioy hxlyackaxoy lj}kxaoxky# rxajiarlcgkj}k iog o iajkgl jo~oo{ iajkgl glxeajlc* Ly rxom{åûky mkyyl nlyk ml iajkgl}oexlnal jliaojlcajmailxlg l lyikjyéo ml }kjmäjial mk {g iaico |{k jo}lhacatl rkclrc{xlcamlmk }kgì}ail mly rxom{åûky# ~oc}lmly# g{a}ly ~ktky# rlxl kvrcoxlx oymankxkj}ky jaifoy mo gkxilmo kvahamox &CKA]K# 822;# r*<81'<92!*

Mk lioxmo iog Ylc~o &822>!# o iajkgl jliaojlc ioj}kgroxèjko ~kg xknck}ajmo yohxk ly

|{ky}ûky yoialay mo rlçy k# l kvkgrco mo |{k oioxxk{ jo iajkgl jo~o# mì goy}xly mk

jéo }kx mknajamo o noio rlxl o }xl}lgkj}o á}aio mkyyly |{ky}ûky* O iajkgl ml xk}oglmlmalcoel iog maxk}oxky ky}xljekaxoy iogo ]lxlj}ajo# Yioxykyk k Iorrocl k iog

caje{lekjy r{hcaia}ìxaly# mankxkj}kgkj}k mo iajkgl jo~o* Cka}k &822;! mky}lil lajml

|{k oy nacgky ml xk}oglml }kg {gl roy}{xl –roca}ailgkj}k ioxxk}l‗# o{ ykdl# lrxkykj}lg

k mkhl}kg –rxodk}oy rocç}aioy lc}kxjl}a~oy‗* Lcág mayyo# yke{kg {g jo~o gomkco*

O iajkgl ml –xk}oglml‗ yke{k o yke{aj}k rlxlmaegl4 l kiojogal mo{ja~kxyo l{mao~ay{lc rxkykj}k jly mankxkj}ky gçmaly* Á mkj}xo mk {gl jo~l

iojnae{xlåéo# kvlgajly l ya}{låéo rxkykj}k k }xlxì mk kjioj}xlx o yk{ c{elx*Jkyyk lyrki}o# glay {gl ~kt Ikj}xlc mo Hxlyac á iojyamkxlmo kvkgrclx# roay



89

xk}xl}l rxohckgly yoialay i{dl yoc{åéo yk mì jo rcljo mly xkclåûky nlgacalxkyk mk lgatlmk# ykg lhoxmlx |{ky}ûky glay lgrcly# iogo l xknoxgl lexìxal k liojikj}xlåéo mk xkjml* &CKA]K# 822;# r* <98!*

Oy jo~oy lyy{j}oy lhoxmlmoy jo iajkgl ml xk}oglml yéo mankxkj}ky ml máilml mk <1>2#|{ljmo# do~kjy iajkly}ly ky}l~lg |{lyk ykgrxk caelmoy maxk}l o{ ajmaxk}lgkj}k lo

go~agkj}o ky}{mlj}ac k loy rlx}amoy rocç}aioy mk ky|{kxml* Oy iajkly}ly }ajflg {g

ykj}agkj}o xk~oc{iaojìxao k iog ayyo ykj}alg'yk iogo {g rox}l'~ot moy aj}kxkyyky mly

iclyyky gkjoy nl~oxkiamly* &CKA]K# 822;!*

Kg xkclåéo â ~aocäjial# oy iajkly}ly mo iajkgl jo~o k mo iajkgl ml xk}oglml yk

may}ljialxlg* L ~aocäjial }k~k {g ykj}amo rlxl oy iajkgljo~ay}ly# roay kxl {gl

}kj}l}a~l mk ckea}aglx ly il{yly ror{clxky# malj}k ml orxkyyéo* O iajkgl ioj}kgroxèjko

}kg {g ocflx gkjoy xknckva~o yohxk l ~aocäjial# rxom{tajmo }ç}{coy iog lc}o }kox mk

hx{}lcamlmk* Kvkgrco mayyo yéo oy nacgky4 Iogo jlyikg oy Ljdoy &<11>! mk G{xaco

Ylccky# Ikj}xlc mo Hxlyac &<116! mk Ulc}kx Ylccky# Iamlmk mk Mk{y &8228! mk Nkxjljmo

Gkaxkccky k Lglxkco Gljel &8229!# mk Iclômao Lyyay*



8=

8 L MA]LM[XL GACA]LX K Y[LY ILXLI]KXÇY]AILY

Kyyk ilrç}{co xknck}k jéo yù o |{k noa o xkeagk gaca}lx# gly ly gljkaxly {}acatlmly rlxl

|{k o ro~o hxlyackaxo lika}lyyk l jo~l noxgl mk eo~kxjo* O eocrk |{k noa ajy}l{xlmo kg

<1>= k iog kck l }ox}{xl k o mkylrlxkiagkj}o iogo noxgl mk ilclx l ror{clåéo* Roxág

fo{~k {gl c{}l mk ky}{mlj}ky# rocç}aioy# hayroy# ylikxmo}ky k o{}xoy kg h{yil mo maxka}o

ml mkgoixlial rlxl o rlçy*

8*< L c{}l lxglml

O rxagkaxo ajmçiao mk |{k l c{}l lxglml ky}l~l rlxl ykx noxglml noa lrùy l ~aya}l mk

Ilxcoy Glxaefkccl l I{hl kg <1>5# l}á kj}éo nacalmo lo RIH* Mk lioxmo iog Eoxkjmkx&<165!# l c{}l lxglml }ajfl o{}xoy ohdk}a~oy lcág mk xky}lhkckikx l mkgoixlial jo

Hxlyac# –Â |{ky}éo ml c{}l lxglml yk lixkyikj}l~lg o{}xly# iojikxjkj}ky loy

lj}kikmkj}ky rlx}amìxaoy k mo{}xajìxaoy# l ajnc{äjialy }kùxaily mk oxaekg jliaojlc k

aj}kxjliaojlc# rxkyyûky mk rlçyky yoialcay}ly# caga}låûky xkeaojlay k}i*‗# &EOXKJMKX#

<165# r*51!*

Kj}xk}lj}o Naio &8226! mky}lil |{k l c{}l lxglml yaejanail~l {g iojnxoj}o iog o

Rlx}amo Iog{jay}l* Noxlg ixalmly ajôgkxly oxeljatlåûky mk ky|{kxml k l glaoxal yk

lnly}o{ mo RIH* Ly oxeljatlåûky mk ky|{kxml ixa}ail~lg l royaåéo mo RIH*

Rlxl g{a}ly mkyyly oxeljatlåûky# o eocrk mk <1>= }ajfl yamo# mk ikx}l noxgl#rxom{}o mkyyl roy}{xl |{k ixa}ail~lg jo Rlx}amo Iog{jay}l4 l ilgrljfl rkcly –xknoxgly mk hlyk‗# kyrkialcgkj}k l xknoxgl lexìxal# ck~lml rkcoeo~kxjo Eo{clx} k rkcl nxkj}k jliaojlcay}l k mk ky|{kxml camkxlml rkcoyiog{jay}ly# lgklålxl rkxaeoylgkj}k oy cl}an{jmaìxaoy# gly jéo rxkrlxl oro~o rlxl o iojnxoj}o0 jéo lxglxl o ro~o* Lcaìy# jkyyl ~ayéo# jkg o Rlx}amoIog{jay}l yk rxkrlxlxl rlxl kjnxkj}lx {gl k~kj}{lc xklåéo* L roy}{xl

kyykjialcgkj}k –xknoxgay}l‗ k jéo xk~oc{iaojìxal mo RIH }kxal yamoxkyrojyì~kc rkco eocrk mk <1>=* L c{}l lxglml# rox}lj}o# kxl l lnaxglåéo mko{}xo ilgajfo rocç}aio rlxl l xk~oc{åéo hxlyackaxl4 o ilgajfo ml –~alxk~oc{iaojìxal‗* &NAIO# 8226# r* 8>1!*

L c{}l lxglml kxl ~ay}l iogo xky{c}lmo ml xkrxkyyéo ây noxåly d{~kjay lo cojeo mly

gljanky}låûky mk <1>6 k iox}lmly mk gljkaxl xçyraml kg <1>1# iog o LA';* Yke{jmo

Naio &8226! l c{}l lxglml jéo noa {gl iojyk|{äjial mo kjm{xkiagkj}o mo xkeagk

gaca}lx# rkco ioj}xìxao# kcl dì ~ajfl ykjmo mayi{}aml rkcl ky|{kxml hxlyackaxl mkymk oy

ljoy mk <1>2* Ioj}{mo o LA'; }k~k {g rlrkc n{jmlgkj}lc# jl gkmaml kg |{k xkrxagal khco|{kl~l ly oxeljatlåûky m{xlj}k l máilml mk <1>2# o kjnxkj}lgkj}o iog o xkeagk



8;

gaca}lx |{k lj}ky kxl iojfkiamo iogo l –~aocäjial xk~oc{iaojìxal‗ rlyyo{ l ykx

iflglmo mk –xkyay}äjial‗*

Gly lajml l|{a o ykj}amo ml rlcl~xl –xkyay}äjial‗ kxl {g ykj}amoioghl}kj}k* Kxl {gl }ì}ail mk kjnxkj}lgkj}o rocç}aio |{k# rlxl g{a}oy#~ayl~l oh}kx gkcfoxky iojmaåûky rlxl {gl n{}{xl xk}oglml mo rxodk}o mkxk~oc{åéo yoialcay}l* Kxl {gl }ì}ail mk xki{o# k jéo o lhljmojo mo rxodk}oxk~oc{iaojìxao* &NAIO# 8226# r* 85<!*

Mk lioxmo iog Eoxkjmkx &<165! l xk~oc{åéo i{hljl kxl l y{l }koxal onaialc# dì |{k kxl

rlx}k aj}kexlj}k ml xk~oc{åéo yoialcay}l g{jmalc* [g jo~o iojika}o noa noxglmo# o{

ykdl# oy gaca}lj}ky rocç}aioy |{k ioghl}alg l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx rkxikhkxlg |{k romkxalg

ioj|{ay}lx o romkx l}xl~áy ml e{kxxl mk e{kxxacfly* Gly kyyk kxl lrkjly {g moy

ohdk}a~oy# mk gljkaxl |{k kyyky ex{roy kxlg lj}kxaoxky lo eocrk mk >=# o{ ykdl# }k~k

rxajiarao jl máilml mk <1>2 k yk iojyocaml~l jly ìxkly ilgrojkyly mk Nxljiayio D{caéo*

O rxajiarlc ohdk}a~o ml e{kxxacfl hxlyackaxl kxl l cahkxmlmk mo Hxlyac mo xkeagk gaca}lx#

lcág mayyo# |{kxalg lilhlx iog |{lc|{kx }aro mk kvrcoxlåéo*

]lj}o o Go~agkj}o Xk~oc{iaojìxao 6 mk O{}{hxo &GX'6! k Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc

&LCJ! }a~kxlg rlx}aiarlåéo n{jmlgkj}lc jl fay}ùxal mo Hxlyac k ml mkgoixlial* O

rxagkaxo iojmat iog do~kjy ky}{mlj}ky |{k }ajflg {gl caelåéo rocç}ail k h{yil~lg lcahkxmlmk* O GX'6 kxl {gl oxeljatlåéo mk ky|{kxml k }ajfl iogo o ohdk}a~o rxajiarlc#

l ajy}lclåéo mk {g Ky}lmo yoialcay}l jo Hxlyac* Ajaialcgkj}k kxl iojfkiamo iogo MA ml

E{ljlhlxl &MA'EH! o{ Mayyamäjial ml E{ljlhlxl mo RIH k l}{l~l mkymk <1>> jo gkao

{ja~kxya}ìxao* O jogk iogo á iojfkiamo l}{lcgkj}k GX'6 noa kg fogkjlekg l gox}k

mk –Ifk‗ E{k~lxl# oioxxaml kg 6 mk o{}{hxo mk <1>5*

Mk~amo lo yk|{ky}xo xklcatlmo rkco ex{ro d{j}lgkj}k iog LCJ# kg yk}kghxo mk <1>1#

o GX'6 iogkåo{ l yonxkx oy rxagkaxoy eocrky ml xkrxkyyéo# iog rxayûky moy gaca}lj}ky*

Kg <158# o ex{ro á mkyl}a~lmo jo rlçy# k |{lyk }omoy oy yk{y iogrojkj}ky yéo kvaclmoy

jl Lxeácal*

L Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ! kxl {gl oxeljatlåéo xk~oc{iaojìxal hxlyackaxl iog

}kjmäjial iog{jay}l* Ixalml kg <1>># o n{jmlmox kxl Ilxcoy Glxaefkccl k y{l ky}x{}{xl

kxl hlyailgkj}k {xhljl* O |{k yk rkxikhk á |{k l rxoroy}l agkmal}l mo ex{ro kxl ioj}xl

l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# mknkjmkjmo l c{}l lxglml iogo ajy}x{gkj}o mk låéo rocç}ail* Joy



8>

rxagkaxoy ljoy mk ~aml mo ex{ro o jogk kxl Lex{rlgkj}o Iog{jay}l mk Yéo Rl{co* L

rlx}ax mk <1>6 |{k naio{ iojfkiamo iogo LCJ* &EOXKJMKX# <165!*

Kg <1>5# l LCJ# l}á kj}éo Lex{rlgkj}o Iog{jay}l mk Yéo Rl{co# iogkåo{ l noxglx lky}x{}{xl# iog låûky l lyylc}oy kg hljioy# kvrxorxalåûky mk ilxxoy rlelmoxky k o{}xly*

Jo ajaiao l oxeljatlåéo }kg ikx}l ykgkcfljål iog o ljlx|{aygo* Jéo }ajfl maxkåûky

ikj}xlcatlmoxly k mk kyilcûky aj}kxgkmaìxaoy* L oxeljatlåéo kxl iogroy}l mk ex{roy |{k

}ajflg l cahkxmlmk mk ajaial}a~l* Oy iogljmoy yù kvay}axlg rlxl lx}ai{clx låûky mk

glaox ilrliamlmk# |{k kj~oc~alg glay mk {g ex{ro*

Yke{jmo Eoxkjmkx &<11;!# l ky}xl}áeal lmo}lml rkcl LCJ ioj}ajfl fkxljål mo RIH4 l

}koxal mly m{ly k}lrly ml xk~oc{åéo* L rxagkaxl iocoio{ l cahkx}låéo jliaojlc iogo

rxagkaxo ohdk}a~o# |{k coeo lrùy yke{axal o mo romkx yoialcay}l* Malj}k mkyyk lyrki}o# l

LCJ yk lnly}o{ mo –agkmal}aygo yoialcay}l‗ mo E{k~lxl* L yke{jml ky}ì xkcliaojlml

iog l e{kxxacfl x{xlc* Lrùy o nxlilyyo# jo Hxlyac# mo noio mk Ilrlxlù k ml mkxxo}l mk

E{k~lxl# jl Hocç~al# Glxaefkccl mkiama{ lrxkykj}lx l }lxknl mly e{kxxacfly gù~kay# o{

ykdl# yk mkycoilxalg ioj}ljmo iog roj}oy mk lroao mk ilgrojkyky k lyykj}lmoy*

L gaca}èjial hìyail ml LCJ kxl ml iclyyk ky}{mlj}ac mk Yéo Rl{co# ml |{lc ajioxroxo{52+ moy l}a~ay}ly* Lo clmo moy ky}{mlj}ky ky}l~lg rxonayyaojlay mk jç~kc {ja~kxya}ìxao k

kg gkjox rxoroxåéo kxlg mk orkxìxaoy* Dì jo Xao mk Dljkaxo# ajaialcgkj}k oy gaca}lj}ky

ml LCJ noxlg gkjoy yaejanail}a~oy* Kg Gajly# eljfo{ l lmkyéo ml Ioxxkj}k

Xk~oc{iaojìxal# kghoxl ky}l yk iojykx~lyyk l{}ýjogl* Kg o{}xoy ky}lmoy# ex{roy ml

LCJ y{xeaxlg glay }lxmk# iog{gkj}k mk xlifly mk oxeljatlåûky iojioxxkj}k*

8*<*< L }ox}{xl

Yke{jmo Ifal~kjl}o &<11;!# lrùy o eocrk# oy rxagkaxoy gkyky nailxlg glxilmoy rkcl

mk}kjåéo mk lrxovaglmlgkj}k ;2 gac rkyyoly* L –orkxlåéo rkj}k'najo‗ |{k noa

xklcatlml rkcoy gaca}lxky# mk ilyl kg ilyl# x{l kg x{l# rxoi{xl~l y{yrka}oy# ca~xoy#

moi{gkj}oy# |{lc|{kx rxo~l |{k caelyykg oy li{ylmoy lo eo~kxjo lj}kxaox o{

â lce{gl oxeljatlåéo mk ky|{kxml*

Oy aj}kxxoel}ùxaoy kxlg liogrljflmoy mk kyrljilgkj}o k nail~lg glay ~aockj}oy

iojnoxgk l xklåéo ml ~ç}agl# |{k kxl o yacäjiao* Jly rxagkaxly ykgljly lrùy o eocrk# l



85

agrxkjyl &lajml ykg ikjy{xl! jo}aial~l |{lyk ykg mky}l|{k ly ~aocäjialy* Mk lioxmo

iog Ifal~kjl}o &<11;!# lioj}kikxlg g{a}ly rxayûky# ykjmo |{k o jôgkxo mk ilmkaly yk

}oxjo{ ajy{naiakj}ky* O Glxliljé ~axo{ rxkyçmao0 jl~aoy ml Glxajfl }lghág xkikhalg

y{yrka}oy*

Kj}xk}lj}o l agr{jamlmk# dì |{k jlml lioj}kik{ loy gaca}lxky# ky}ag{co{ o {yo ml

}ox}{xl* Noxlg }lj}oy kvikyyoy |{k l rlx}ax mlç l agrxkjyl hxlyackaxl iogkåo{ l

mkj{jialx oy lh{yoy* O rxkyamkj}k Ily}kco Hxljio# |{k kxl ~ay}o iogo {g eo~kxjo

–mkgoixì}aio‗ rxogk}k{ {gl aj~ky}aelåéo# roxág l ~aocäjial ixkyial k yk }oxjl~l rlx}k

mo io}amaljo moy hxlyackaxoy*

Kg <1>6# lrùy l rxog{celåéo mo L}o Ajy}a}{iaojlc ; &LA';!# l agrxkjyl rlyyo{ rox

{gl hx{}lc ikjy{xl* Ly jo}çialy |{k kxlg iojyamkxlmly onkjya~ly lo eo~kxjo jéo

romalg ykx r{hcailmly* L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o l ~aocäjial yk }oxjo{ {g rxoikmagkj}o

mk mogajlåéo* Yke{jmo Ifal~kjl}o &<11;!# }omoy oy doxjlay# ajic{ya~k oy |{k lroalxlg

o eocrk# noxlg ikjy{xlmoy k lce{jy moy maxk}oxky rxkyoy*

L –ajy}a}{iaojlcatlåéo ml }ox}{xl‗ noa aj}kjyl kg <1>1* Jkyyk rkxçomo# iog o l{gkj}o

mk lyylc}oy l hljioy rox ex{roy mk ky|{kxml l }ox}{xl naio{ glay lrkxnkaåolml iog o {yo ryaiocùeaio ml ~aocäjial* Y{xeaxlg ly –ylcly kyrkialay‗# |{k kxlg k|{arlmly iog

ilmkaxly k ilgly kck}xanailmly# rl{y'mk'lxlxl k o{}xoy ajy}x{gkj}oy* Oy gámaioy k

ckeay}ly lrxkykj}l~lg oy }ox}{xlmoy iogo ajma~çm{oy iog rckjl ylômk k oy lyylyyajlmoy

iogo ~ç}agly mk gox}k jl}{xlc* Dì oy ilmì~kxky |{k jéo romalg ykx kyiojmamoy

lrlxkialg kg }kxxkjoy hlcmaoy o{ kxlg ykr{c}lmoy ljojaglgkj}k o{# lajml nlgacalxky

kxlg ajnoxglmoy |{k fl~alg goxxamo l}xorkclmoy*

L}á gkygo ly Noxåly Lxglmly rlyylxlg rox {gl –cagrktl‗* O Kváxia}o# ojtk maly

mkroay mo eocrk# kvr{cyo{ <88 onaialay yoh l d{y}anail}a~l mk ykxkg –ioj}xl'

xk~oc{iaojìxaoy‗* O{}xoy xkikhkxlg lm~kx}äjialy rox {gl roy}{xl xk~oc{iaojìxal lhlavo

mo kyrkxlmo* Oy gaca}lxky r{jamoy kxlg iojyamkxlmoy gox}oy# rkxmalg yk{y maxka}oy# k

y{ly kyroyly eljfl~lg rkjyéo mk –~aô~l‗* &IFAL^KJL]O# <11;!*

Oy ma~kxyoy mkylrlxkiamoy }lghág kxlg ~ay}oy iogo y{aiamly# gly jl ~kxmlmk kxlg

–lyylyyajl}oy y{aiamly‗* Fl~al ma~kxyly rxì}aily mk }ox}{xl4 o rl{'mk'lxlxl# l ilmkaxl'mo'mxleéo# l ragkj}ajfl# o lnoelgkj}o# l ekclmkaxl# oy ifo|{ky kcá}xaioy k o {yo mk ajyk}oy



86

k ljaglay* L hx{}lcamlmk mkavl~l yk|{kcly axxkrlxì~kay k rxo~oil~l ~ìxaly xklåûky iogo

o y{aiçmao*

L }ox}{xl iogo gá}omo iojyke{a{ gl}lx o fogkg jo fogkg4 mkavl~l

glxily }éo rxon{jmly |{k# mkroay# yk }oxjl~l mançiac |{kxkx ~a~kx* Rlxl lce{jymoy }ox}{xlmoy# l ajmaejamlmk mo o{}xo ’ o }ox}{xlmox ’ l}ajeal'oy mk }lc gomo|{k kxl agroyyç~kc ioj}aj{lx rkx}kjikjmo l|{kcl f{gljamlmk*&IFAL̂ KJL]O# <11;# r*<8>!*

Ifal~kjl}o &<11;!# lnaxgl |{k noa xkeay}xlml l rxayéo mk ;2 gac rkyyoly* Ykjmo 82 gac

}ox}{xlmly* Lcág moy 982 gaca}lj}ky ml ky|{kxml gox}oy# o{}xoy <== ioj}aj{lg

–mkylrlxkiamoy‗* Jo nag mo eo~kxjo Ekaykc fl~al ikxil mk <2 gac kvaclmoy*

8*<*8 L aexkdl jl ma}lm{xl gaca}lx

Ly g{mljåly |{k oioxxkxlg jl Aexkdl Il}ùcail ioajiamaxlg iog l }xljynoxglåéo

rocç}ail ~a~aml jo Hxlyac jl máilml mk <1>2* O iojnca}o kj}xk l Aexkdl Il}ùcail k o

eo~kxjo gaca}lx y{xea{ iog l l}{låéo moy il}ùcaioy d{j}o ây iog{jamlmky rkxanáxaily k

x{xlay* O Iojiçcao ^l}ailjo AA kvaeal {g iogrxogk}agkj}o iog ly iog{jamlmky

rkxanáxaily k x{xlay* Lo gkygo }kgro kg |{k l fakxlx|{al ml Aexkdl lroal~l o xkeagk

gaca}lx# fl~al o{}xoy |{k }ajflg {gl l}a}{mk ioj}xìxal*

Iog knka}o# á iojykjyo kj}xk oy fay}oxalmoxky |{k l fakxlx|{al ml Aexkdlmkykgrkjfo{ {g rlrkc n{jmlgkj}lc jl ixalåéo mo icagl amkocùeaionl~oxì~kc â aj}kx~kjåéo gaca}lx# kjeldljmo'yk jl ilgrljfl lj}aiog{jay}ly{y}kj}lml rkcly kca}ky iojykx~lmoxly4 ioj}xl l Xknoxgl Lexìxal# ioj}xl oygo~agkj}oy exk~ay}ly# ioj}xl ly xka~ajmailåûky moy ylxekj}oy# ilhoy kyocmlmoy mly Noxåly Lxglmly# ioj}xl l lcaljål moy ixay}éoy k glxvay}ly |{kiogkål~l l oioxxkx kg kj}amlmky yajmailay k ky}{mlj}ay* Gly kyyl jéo kxl{gl roy}{xl gojocç}ail mk }oml l Aexkdl* Kghoxl gajoxa}ìxaoy# dì kvay}alghayroy# ylikxmo}ky# xkcaeaoyoy k ckaeoy |{k lyy{galg {gl l}a}{mk ioj}xìxal#mk lroao ây c{}ly rkcly Xknoxgly mk Hlyk* Hayroy iogo M* Fácmkx Ièglxl dìiogkål~lg l ykx iojfkiamoy iog ly rxkyyûky rox g{mljåly m{xlj}k oIojiçcao ^l}ailjo AA* &HXLYAC4 J[JIL GLAY# <16;# r* <=5!*

O ljo mk <1>6 romk ykx iojyamkxlmo {gl nlyk mk liaxxlgkj}o kj}xk l Aexkdl k oy

gaca}lxky rox ma~kxyoy go}a~oy* Jkyyk gkygo ljo# o jôgkxo mk gljanky}låûky k

rxo}ky}oy ror{clxky ioj}xl l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx l{gkj}o{ k l ror{clåéo |{k yk

go~agkj}l~l kxl xkrxagaml rkcl rocaial* O L}o Ajy}a}{iaojlc j´ 2; &LA';!# noa mkixk}lmo#

mljmo loy gaca}lxky romkxky rlxl nkiflx o Iojexkyyo k Lyykghckaly Ckeaycl}a~ly# ilyylx

ilxeoy rocç}aioy k xk~oelx l Iojy}a}{aåéo kj}xk o{}xoy* Noa }lghág o rkxçomo kg |{k yk

ajaialxlg ly Iog{jamlmky Kickyalay mk Hlyk &IKHy!*



81

L Aexkdl Il}ùcail# mk~amo loy lioj}kiagkj}oy# iogkåo{ l mkj{jialx oy gaca}lxky |{k

xkyrojmalg iog xkrxkyyéo# rxajiarlcgkj}k oy |{k }ajflg xkclåéo iog l IJHH* Roxág

jéo kxlg yogkj}k oy iog{jay}ly k l ky|{kxml kj~oc~aml jl e{kxxacfl x{xlc o{ {xhljl

|{k noxlg ~ç}agly mk xkrxkyyéo* Oy rly}oxlay# rlmxky k xkcaeaoyoy |{k lealg jl iamlmk

o{ jo ilgro# ykdl rox gkao mo rxoexlgl mk Go~agkj}o mk Km{ilåéo mk Hlyk &GKH!#

jl noxglåéo k oxakj}låéo mly Iog{jamlmky Kickyalay mk Hlyk &IKHy! o{ jl oxeljatlåéo

moy yajmail}oy x{xlay# }omoy yonxkxlg rkxyke{aåûky# noxlg rxkyoy# }ox}{xlmoy rkcoy

gaca}lxky* Noa jkyyl ya}{låéo |{k gl}kxalay mamì}aioy {}acatlmoy rkcoy il}ùcaioy noxlg

aj}kxma}lmoy*

L ixç}ail |{k oy il}ùcaioy nltalg lo eo~kxjo gaca}lx kxl l nlc}l mk cahkxmlmk ia~ac k l{}acatlåéo mk }ox}{xly ioj}xl oy rxayaojkaxoy rocç}aioy* L glaox rlx}k moy ilxikxìxaoy jéo

yohxk~a~al ây cojely ykyyûky mk }ox}{xly* L aexkdl rlyyo{ l ixa}ailx nxk|{kj}kgkj}k l

rxì}ail mk }ox}{xl kvkxiaml rkco xkeagk gaca}lx* Oy il}ùcaioy hxlyackaxoy yoh l oxakj}låéo

mo Rlrl Doéo VVAAA }ajflg {gl royaåéo ioj}xl o xkeagk gaca}lx*

8*<*9 Oy mkylrlxkiamoy

Kg rlçyky ojmk l noxgl mk eo~kxjo kxl o xkeagk gaca}lx# o{ ykdl# l Mo{}xajl mkYke{xljål Jliaojlc Gaca}lx# o yk|{ky}xo k o mkylrlxkiagkj}o mk rxayaojkaxoy rocç}aioy yk

mayykgajlxlg xlramlgkj}k# rxajiarlcgkj}k jl Lgáxail Cl}ajl* O }kxgo mkylrlxkiamo

ioxxkyrojmk lo glaox exl{ mk xkrxkyyéo rocç}ail*

Kyyk }kxgo á {ylmo rlxl mknajax l iojmaåéo ml|{kcly rkyyoly |{k# lrkylx mk}kxkg yamo yk|{ky}xlmly# }ox}{xlmly k lyylyyajlmly rkcoy ùxeéoy mk xkrxkyyéo#ly l{}oxamlmky eo~kxjlgkj}lay dlglay lyy{gaxlg y{ly rxayûky k gox}ky* Yéol}á fodk iojyamkxlmly rkyyoly noxleamly rkcoy ùxeéoy onaialay* Jky}k ilyo# lynlgçcaly h{yilg kyiclxkikx ly iaxi{jy}èjialy ml gox}k k l coilcatlåéo moy

ioxroy* &IOGAYYÉO MK NLGACALXKY MK GOX]OY KMKYLRLXKIAMOY ROCÇ]AIOY# <11;# r*86!*

O rkxyke{amo rocç}aio rlxl glj}kx'yk çj}kexo or}l~l rox ~a~kx icljmky}ajlgkj}k# ykg

ioj}l}o iog l nlgçcal# cojek mo ex{ro iog{ja}ìxao k nltal kyroxlmailgkj}k lce{gly

caelåûky iog y{l ioxroxlåéo rocç}ail* Lo ykxkg rxkyoy jkyyly iojmaåûky rkcoy ùxeéoy mk

yke{xljål# oy }xah{jlay# l nlgçcal k oy lgaeoy jéo }ogl~lg iojfkiagkj}o* Rox}lj}o oy

ùxeéoy mk xkrxkyyéo rlyyl~lg l }kx }o}lc romkx yohxk o rxkyo# rlxl }ox}{xì'co k rlxl

lyylyyajì'co*



92

Iog l ikjy{xl â agrxkjyl# l glaox rlx}k ml ror{clåéo jéo }ajfl likyyo ây ajnoxglåûky*

Kj|{lj}o ayyo# joy hly}amoxky mo eo~kxjo# o mky}l|{k mo Ykx~aåo Jliaojlc mk

Ajnoxglåûky8 &YJA! l{gkj}l~l* Oy gá}omoy rlxl ioghl}k â –iflglml y{h~kxyéo‗

{}acatlmoy rkco eo~kxjo gaca}lx# rox gkao mk }ox}{xly k lyylyyajl}oy noxlg }éo knaiakj}ky#

|{k ykx~a{ mk gomkco rlxl l agrclj}låéo# kg kyilcl jliaojlc mk oxeljaygo onaialc# yoh

l yaecl MOA'IOMA9*

Mk lioxmo iog l Iogayyéo mk Nlgacalxky mk Gox}oy k Mkylrlxkiamoy Rocç}aioy &<11;! l

ma}lm{xl malj}k mk }lj}oy lioj}kiagkj}oy naio{ mkyely}lml roca}ailgkj}k k lgkmxoj}lml

iog l ya}{låéo mkyoxmkjlml mk y{l rocç}ail kiojýgail* Malj}k mayyo l ma}lm{xl cljåo{

{gl nlcyl –lhkx}{xl mkgoixì}ail‗ yoh oy rxajiçraoy mo Ekjkxlc Ekaykc# o kj}éoRxkyamkj}k ml Xkrôhcail* L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o o xkeagk gaca}lx ajykxa{ {gl nlcyl

ykjylåéo mk |{k j{jil fl~al lyylyyajlmo oy yk{y oroya}oxky* ]lghág mkykj~oc~k{ o

ykj}agkj}o mk |{k xkrxkyyéo rocç}ail jéo kvay}al glay# rox|{k noa }a}{clml mk y{h~kxyéo*

O jôgkxo mk mkylrlxkiamoy jkyyk rkxçomo mk <15= ixkyik{ xlramlgkj}k*

Kg <152 mì'yk o ajaiao ml c{}l rkco kyiclxkiagkj}o mly gox}ky k mkylrlxkiagkj}oy

rocç}aioy k l c{}l naio{ glay aj}kjyl iog o l{gkj}o mo jôgkxo mk mkylrlxkiamoy* L

rxajiarao# kg mankxkj}ky ky}lmoy# ex{ro mk nlgacalxky iogkålxlg l yk oxeljatlx rlxl

mkj{jialx ly gox}ky k mkylrlxkiagkj}oy mk yk{y çj}agoy# gly }lghág ly }ox}{xly k ly

ráyyagly iojmaåûky |{k oy rxkyoy rocç}aioy rlyyl~lg jl ároil*

O rxagkaxo rxkyo mlmo iogo gox}o onaialc noa mkiclxlmo kg mk d{cfo mk <15;# Doyá

Nkxxkaxl mk Lcgkaml* Roxág# l ajnoxglåéo yù ifkeo{ â ror{clåéo iog o ilyo mk

Uclmagax Fkxtoe# mlmo onaialcgkj}k iogo gox}o# kg o{}{hxo mo gkygo ljo* Jkyyk

gkygo rkxçomo noxlg ajaialmly ly rxagkaxly lx}ai{clåûky rlxl iojy}x{ax {g go~agkj}okg nl~ox ml Ljay}al*

O }kxgo gox}o onaialc yaejanail |{k l gox}k mly rkyyoly rxkyly noaxkiojfkiaml r{hcailgkj}k rkcoy ùxeéoy xkrxkyya~oy* Jo kj}lj}o# g{a}ly~ktky# á jkikyyìxao lajml coilcatlx oy xky}oy gox}lay |{k noxlg kj}kxxlmoyiog jogky nlcyoy ’ j{g nclexlj}k l}o mk oi{c}låéo mk ilmì~kxky# dì |{k ly

8Ixalmo kg <9 mk d{jfo mk <1>=# iog ohdk}a~o mk rxom{tax k orkxlx ajnoxglåûky iojnoxgk oy aj}kxkyyky ml ma}lm{xl k mk yk{y

lcalmoy*

9Mky}lilgkj}o mk Orkxlåûky k Ajnoxglåûky ’ Ikj}xo mk Orkxlåûky mk Mknkyl Aj}kxjl* Kyyky ùxeéoy ~ayl~lg rxkjmkx# }ox}{xlx kgl}lx oroya}oxky rocç}aioy*



9<

l{}oxamlmky onaialay ylhalg l ~kxmlmk amkj}amlmk moy gox}oy* Jl glaoxal mly~ktky# l ~kxyéo rocaialc ml gox}k á }o}lcgkj}k nlcyl* &IOGAYYÉO MKNLGACALXKY MK GOX]OY K MKYLRLXKIAMOY ROCÇ]AIOY# <11;#r*86!*

O xkeagk gaca}lx rxkyyaojlmo rkco ro~o noa ohxaelmo l iojikmkx l Ljay}al# rxog{celml

kg 86 mk leoy}o mk <151* L Cka ml Ljay}al glxio{ oy nlgacalxky# roay iog l ajy}l{xlåéo

ml cka# ~oc}lxlg rlxl o ioj~ç~ao yoialc oy kvaclmoy k icljmky}ajoy k yoc}lxlg oy rxkyoy

rocç}aioy* Kj}xk}lj}o oy gaca}lj}ky iojyamkxlmoy mkylrlxkiamoy jéo xk}oxjlxlg rlxl ilyl

mkavljmo l nlgçcal glay rxkoi{rlml# roay l glaoxal ky}l~l gox}l k o eo~kxjo jéo

lyy{gal oy lyylyyajl}oy*

Kghoxl g{a}oy }kjflg yamo yoc}oy o{ ~oc}lmo lo Hxlyac# lce{jy rxkyoy rocç}aioykj~oc~amoy joy iflglmoy ixagky mk ylje{k jéo noxlg hkjknaialmoy rkcl Ljay}al* Kcky

rkxgljkikxlg rxkyoy l}á |{k l xknoxg{clåéo ml Cka mk Yke{xljål Jliaojlc &CYJ!

l}kj{lyyk ly rkjly*



98

9 MA]LM[XL GACA]LX YOH L RKXYRKI]A L̂ MO IAJKGL ML XK]OGLML

Jo rkxçomo kg |{k l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx yk }oxjo{ {g yay}kgl mk eo~kxjo# o iajkgl rlyyo{

rox lce{gly manai{cmlmky* Kj}xk}lj}o l y{l raox nlyk ky}ì jl máilml mk <112# jo eo~kxjoIoccox# |{ljmo kck mkiama{ nkiflx ajy}a}{aåûky |{k lroal~lg o iajkgl* O rkxçomo

roy}kxaox â ixayk mk <112 á iojfkiamo iogo l xk}oglml mo iajkgl hxlyackaxo*

M{xlj}k o xkeagk gaca}lx y{xek o go~agkj}o mo iajkgl jo~o |{k kvkxik {gl ajnc{äjial

yohxk o iajkgl ml xk}oglml* Oy lyy{j}oy yéo xknkxkj}ky lo ykx}éo joxmky}ajo# ly nl~kcly#

loy y{hôxhaoy# loy glxeajlcatlmoy# loy mkykgrxkelmoy k rocç}ail ky}ky yéo oy lc~oy

rxknkxamoy moy rxonayyaojlay mk iajkgl*

L ma}lm{xl gaca}lx á o }kgl rxajiarlc lhoxmlmo joy nacgky ykckiaojlmoy rlxl xkrxkykj}lx

o iajkgl ml xk}oglml* O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo? ' Hx{jo Hlxxk}o &<115!# T{t{ Ljekc

’ Yáxeao Xktkjmk &822>! k Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k ' Fác~kiao Xl}}oj &8225!# roay }xl}lg mk

{g lyy{j}o |{k fì ro{ioy xkeay}xoy* Rlxl ifkelxgoy â mkgoixlial l}{lc g{a}ly rkyyoly

c{}lxlg# noxlg }ox}{xlmly# mkylrlxkikxlg k noxlg gox}ly* Kj}éo iogo noa }xl}lmo kyyk

rkxçomo fay}ùxaio jo iajkgl ml xk}oglml?

Rlxl ljlcaylx o ioj}kômo á jkikyyìxao amkj}anailx o |{k noa l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx yke{jmo ly

jlxxlåûky moy nacgky* ^lgoy ljlcaylx |{lay lyrki}oy fay}ùxaioy# rocç}aioy k yoialay mo

rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xl yéo xkrxkykj}lmoy joy nacgky* O yke{jmo lyrki}o á ljlcaylx yk oy

nacgky lmo}lg {g royaiaojlgkj}o rocç}aio kvrcçia}o o{ agrcçia}o jl jlxxl}a~l* Lcág

mayyo# xkyylc}lx o kj~oc~agkj}o maxk}o k ajmaxk}o moy rkxyojlekjy iog l c{}l lxglml#

xkyay}äjial o{ lmkyéo l ma}lm{xl k mky}lilx yk l ma}lm{xl lrlxkik iogo rxagkaxo rcljo o{

yk á lrkjly {g ioj}kv}o ekxlc*

9*< Ioj}kv}o mo O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo?

Jo najlc ml máilml mk <1>2# noxlg aj}kjyly ly xkrxkyyûky loy |{k aj}kexl~lg ex{roy ml

c{}l lxglml# ml agrxkjyl# kj}xk o{}xoy k |{lyk }omoy kxlg xkrxkkjmamoy iog l }ox}{xl k

o kvçcao* O jogk mo nacgk |{k }lghág á fogýjago mo ca~xo mk Nkxjljmo Elhkaxl

mky}lil o{}xo roj}o ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* Kj|{lj}o lce{jy c{}l~lg iogo o ilyo mk

gaca}lj}ky |{k lroal~lg o Glxaefkccl# o{}xoy yk|{ky}xl~lg kg h{yil ml cahkxmlmk mk

rxkyoy rocç}aioy*



99

O ex{ro Go~agkj}o Xk~oc{iaojìxao 6 mk o{}{hxo &GX'6! á o rxajiarlc rkxyojlekg ml

rxom{åéo* L rlx}ax mo eocrk gaca}lx# kg <1>=# o ex{ro y{xea{ jo Xao mk Dljkaxo#

E{ljlhlxl* Jo ajaiao kxl noxglmo rox l}a~ay}ly {ja~kxya}ìxao mo RIH k l rlx}ax mkyyk

gogkj}o naio{ iojfkiamo iog o MA'EH# Mayyamkj}ky ml E{ljlhlxl* Ly ma~kxeäjialy

kj}xk o MA'EH k o RIH ma~amaxlg l orajaéo moy xk~oc{iaojìxaoy* Lce{jy mknkjmalg

kckaåûky ckeaycl}a~ly# ioj}xlxaljmo l rxoroy}l mo rlx}amo# |{k xky{c}o{ jl ykrlxlåéo moy

ex{roy*

Ioj}{mo# ly ma~kxeäjialy ioj}aj{lxlg k glay iogrojkj}ky mo ex{ro }oglxalg o{}xo

x{go* Lrùy l ykrlxlåéo k rkxml mk lce{jy gkghxoy# iogkåo{ l yk gljanky}lx o rkxnac

mo go~agkj}o* Kg <1>6# o MA'EH yk mky}lio{ kg gohacatlåûky ky}{mlj}ay k jo ljoyke{aj}k oxeljato{ l rxagkaxl iojnkxäjial rlxl xk{jax gaca}lj}ky# iog ilxì}kx iog{jay}l*

Mkymk kj}éo o ex{ro yk kj~oc~k{ iog låûky lxglmly* Á l rlx}ax mkyyk ioj}kv}o |{k

iogkål l fay}ùxal mo nacgk* Lce{jy iamlméoy ajiojnoxglmoy iog l ya}{låéo mo Hxlyac#

lrùy xky}xaåéo moy maxka}oy ia~ay# xkyoc~kg aj}kexlx o ex{ro GX'6* Mky}liljmo |{k jéo

royy{çlg |{lc|{kx xkclåéo iog l rocç}ail o{ o{}xo ex{ro* Iog o aj}{a}o mk }axlx oy

rxkyoy rocç}aioy ykg }kx iojnxoj}o maxk}o iog oy gaca}lxky# o ex{ro }k~k l amkal mk

yk|{ky}xlx o kghlavlmox jox}k'lgkxailjo# jo Hxlyac# Iflxcky Kchxai`*

Rlxl ayyo# noa jkikyyìxao }xkajlx aj}kjylgkj}k oy iogrojkj}ky mo ex{ro# dì |{k kxlg

iamlméoy iog{jy* Rlyylxlg rox }xkajlgkj}o# iog kyrkialcay}ly jo lyy{j}o rlxl |{k

jaje{ág noyyk rkeo mkyrxk~kjamo o{ goxxkyyk m{xlj}k l orkxlåéo* Kj}xk}lj}o rlxl

iojyke{ax lxgly k rlxl yk glj}kx# lyylc}l~lg hljioy*

Oy gkghxoy noxlg yk aj}kexlx lo ex{ro# oga}alg yk{y ~kxmlmkaxoy jogky# matalg |{k

jéo yk iojfkialg# ~a~alg jl icljmky}ajamlmk k lhljmojlxlg rox iogrck}o lioj~a~äjial iog lgaeoy k nlgacalxky*

Lrùy o }xkajlgkj}o k o i{y}klgkj}o najljikaxo kxl o gogkj}o mk iocoilx kg låéo o

yk|{ky}xo mo kghlavlmox jox}k'lgkxailjo* Roxág# rlxl iojn{jmax oy gaca}lxky# l MA'EH

lmo}o{ o jogk Go~agkj}o Xk~oc{iaojìxao 6 mk O{}{hxo &GX'6!# dì |{k o ex{ro iog o

gkygo jogk fl~al yamo ~kjiamo rkcl ma}lm{xl* O kghlavlmox noa yk|{ky}xlmo k m{xlj}k

l jkeoialåéo o GX'6 kvaeal l cahkxmlmk mk <; rxkyoy rocç}aioy* O rxkyamkj}k gaca}lx kxl

Gámaik# dì |{k Ioy}l k Yac~l fl~al nlckiamo mk~amo l {g mkxxlgk* O ~aik'rxkyamkj}k



9=

Rkmxo Lckavo# jéo romk lyy{gax o ilxeo mk rxkyamkj}k# roay jéo }ajfl lroalmo

}o}lcgkj}k o LA'; k rox ayyo l D{j}l Gaca}lx# iogljmlml rkco ekjkxlc Cqxl ]l~lxky

xkyoc~k{ jogklx o{}xl rkyyol* O eo~kxjo Gámaia noa o l{ek ml låéo mk xkrxkyyéo k

}ox}{xl* Jo aj}kxaox mk mkckelialy k rxkyçmaoy iog o l~lc mo Ky}lmo kxlg xklcatlmly

}ox}{xly k lyylyyajl}oy*

L xkrxkyyéo loy ùxeéoy mk agrxkjyl naio{ aj}kjyl# o |{k agroyyahaca}l~l l ma~{celåéo

mly l}xoiamlmky |{k yk kyrlcfl~lg rkco rlçy* Lce{jy doxjlcay}ly noxlg rxkyoy yoh

y{yrka}ly mk ykxkg iog{jay}ly rox ma~{celx lce{g lioj}kiagkj}o o{ l}á gkygo amkaly

ioj}xìxaly lo yay}kgl* Kj}xk}lj}o o eo~kxjo mk Gámaia {}acatl~l oy gkaoy mk

iog{jailåéo rlxl rlyylx {gl aglekg roya}a~l yohxk o Eo~kxjo Gaca}lx* Fl~al {glilgrljfl r{hcaia}ìxal onaialc |{k kyrlcfl~l lmkya~oy k ilx}ltky mknkjmkjmo o xkeagk

gaca}lx* [gl nxlyk hly}lj}k {}acatlml rkco Ky}lmo (Hxlyac# Lgk o{ mkavk'o( kxl iogo

rlcl~xly mk oxmkg k ioorkxlåéo*

O ioghl}k â ma}lm{xl jéo kxl xklcatlmo lrkjly rox do~kjy ky}{mlj}ky# nxlmky

mogajailjoy kj}xk o{}xoy# gly }lghág rox nlgçcaly |{k h{yil~lg {gl |{lcamlmk mk

~aml* O eo~kxjo Gámaia romk ykx ~ay}o rox moay lyrki}oy4 o kv}kxgçjao ml e{kxxacfl#

mk~amo lo lyylyyajl}o moy cçmkxky moy ex{roy mk e{kxxacfl k o ixkyiagkj}o kiojýgaio*

Kg xkclåéo lo ixkyiagkj}o kiojýgaio jo eo~kxjo Gámaia fo{~k {g y{roy}o gaclexk*

Yoh o iogljmo mo gajay}xo Mkcnag Jk}}o# l kiojogal ixkyial k yk gomkxjatl~l j{g

xa}go likckxlmo* Ohxly ml ajaial}a~l rôhcail noxlg xklcatlmly# iogo l roj}k Xao'Ja}kxùa#

l xomo~al ]xljylgltýjail k l [yajl Famxkcá}xail mk A}lar{# mk gomo |{k rlyyl~lg l

agrxkyyéo mk {g rlçy kg rxoikyyo mk gomkxjatlåéo* Kghoxl rlyylyyk {gl aglekg mk

{g rlçy kg mkykj~oc~agkj}o# o Hxlyac# rlxl glj}kx kyyl lrlxäjial oh}ajfl kgrxáy}agoy|{k ifkelxlg l <2 hacfûky mk mùclxky* Glay }lxmk kyyky rxoexlgly nlmlxalg lo nxlilyyo*

9*<*< O kvçcao k l ~aocäjial

Lrùy o yk|{ky}xo –hkg'y{ikmamo‗ mo kghlavlmox jox}k'lgkxailjo Iflxcky Kchxai`# dì

|{k l kvaeäjial mo GX'6 noa l}kjmaml# o{ ykdl# oy <; rxkyoy rocç}aioy jl cay}l noxlg

yoc}oy# o ex{ro noa rkxyke{amo rkcoy gaca}lxky k }omoy oy aj}kexlj}ky noxlg rxkyoy*



9;

O kvçcao# lyyag iogo l }ox}{xl# romk ykx ~ay}l iogo {g ily}aeo rlxl oy oroya}oxky mo

xkeagk gaca}lx* Kj}xk}lj}o lce{jy gaca}lj}ky xklcatl~lg låûky iogo yk|óky}xo kg }xoil

mk lce{jy lcalmoy |{k ky}l~lg rxkyoy# kcky gljml~lg oy gaca}lj}ky ml c{}l lxglml rlxl

o kvçcao* Lrùy lce{g }kgro ~a~kjmo kg kyiojmkxadoy# oy gaca}lxky mkyiohxkg k

rxkjmkg }omoy oy aj}kexlj}ky |{k rlx}aiarlxlg mo yk|{ky}xo* \{lyk }omoy noxlg

}ox}{xlmoy lj}ky mk yke{axkg rlxl o kvçcao* Rox}lj}o jéo noxlg gox}oy# gly }lghág jéo

}kxalg glay l ioj~a~äjial mk lgaeoy k nlgacalxky*

Ioj}{mo kg lce{jy mkroagkj}oy moy xkrxkykj}lj}ky mo xkeagk gaca}lx# oy iogrojkj}ky

ml c{}l lxglml kxlg }amoy iogo rkyyoly kv}xkglgkj}k ~aockj}ly# iflglmly ajic{ya~k mk

}kxxoxay}ly* Kg O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo? á xk}xl}lmo mk o{}xl gljkaxl* Rox kvkgrco# likjl kg |{k xo{hlg o hljio# {g moy gaca}lj}ky kvrcail o rox|{ä mo lyylc}o# ykg

iogk}kx |{lc|{kx l}o mk ~aocäjial* Rox}lj}o# rlx}k mo ex{ro GX'6 jéo iojmatal iog oy

}kxxoxay}ly |{k oy gaca}lxky matalg ykx ~aockj}oy k rkxaeoyoy*

Kyyl gljkaxl mk may}aje{ax oy ajagaeoy iogo rkyyoly rkxaeoyly# }ajfl {g rxorùya}o* L

rlx}k ml ror{clåéo |{k lixkma}l~l jo jo~o yay}kgl rocç}aio ajy}l{xlmo jo Hxlyac }ajfl

gkmo moy aj}kexlj}ky mo ex{ro mk ky|{kxml* Lyyag# l ror{clåéo ld{ml~l oy gaca}lxky l

amkj}anailx oy e{kxxacfkaxoy*

9*<*8 Ljìcayk mo O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo?

Kg d{cfo mk <1>1# lrùy l kvahaåéo ml ifkelml mo rxagkaxo fogkg l c{l# Nkxjljmo

&Rkmxo Ilxmoyo!# Iáylx &Ykc}oj Gkco!# Lx}f{x &Km{lxmo Goyio~ay! k o n{}{xo

yk|{ky}xlmo# kghlavlmox moy Ky}lmoy [jamoy jo Hxlyac# Iflxcky Kchxai` &Lclj Lx`aj!#

lyyay}alg lo lioj}kiagkj}o kg c{elxky mankxkj}ky k j{jil agleajlxalg |{k axalg yk

kjioj}xlx* Jo gkygo mal kg |{k o fogkg noa l c{l# Nkxjljmo k Iáylx ajnoxglxlg l

Lx}f{x |{k axalg lmkxax l c{}l lxglml# roxág kck rxknkxa{ yke{ax l y{l ~aml iogo yk

jlml ky}a~kyyk lioj}kikjmo* Nkxjljmo á fodk o rocç}aio l}{lj}k Nkxjljmo Elhkaxl* Jo

mal yke{aj}k Nkxjljmo k Iáylx noxlg xkyel}lmoy rox gkghxoy mo Go~agkj}o

Xk~oc{iaojìxao 6 mk o{}{hxo &GX'6! rlxl yk d{j}lx l o{}xly rkyyoly |{k }lghág

lmkxaxlg â c{}l lxglml*

Lrùy {gl hxk~k ioj~kxyl kj}xk oy rxkykj}ky# jo }o}lc mk iajio rkyyoly# jo lrlx}lgkj}o

iog o Glxiéo &C{ay Nkxjljmo E{aglxéky! rkxe{j}ljmo yk }ajfl lce{g iojfkiamo# dì



9>

|{k }ajflg rlx}aiarlmo mk go~agkj}oy ky}{mlj}ay k o{}xly gljanky}låûky# }omoy

jkelxlg* Kj}xk}lj}o# Iáylx k Nkxjljmo yk iojfkialg k ylhalg o jogk ~kxmlmkaxo {g

mo o{}xo# o |{k kxl rxoahamo mkj}xo mo GX'6* L gljohxl kxl rlxl k~a}lx |{k glay

iogrljfkaxoy noyykg rxkyoy* ]omoy noxlg xkhl}atlmoy# Nkxjljmo iogo Rl{co# Iáylx kxl

Oy~lcmo# Iclxl &Iclômal Lhxk{! naio{ iojfkiaml iogo Xkják# Ljmxál &Nkxjljml ]oxxky!

kxl l Glxal k Dôcao &Ilao D{j|{kaxl! k Glxiéo jéo }a~kxlg o ~kxmlmkaxo jogk xk~kclmo*

Rlxl nltkx rlx}k mo GX'6# Glxiéo xk~kco{ |{k rxagkaxo kcky rxkiayl~lg ykx lrxo~lmoy

rlxl kj}xlx jo ex{ro* Rox}lj}o lrxkykj}o{ Ljmxkl/Glxal rlxl oy jo~oy gkghxoy |{k

ky}l~lg mk ioy}ly rlxl kcl# roay lajml jéo romalg iojfkik'cì* Lrùy }oml l ioj~kxyl#

}omoy noxlg }xkajlmoy iog lxgly k ajikj}a~lmoy l j{jil }kx gkmo mk {ylx l lxgl* Iogo aj}{a}o mk h{yilx {gl ky}xl}áeal k rlxl iflglx l l}kjåéo ml ror{clåéo hxlyackaxl k

iojyk|{kj}kgkj}k mk o{}xoy rlçyky# }ajflg kg gkj}k o yk|{ky}xo mk {gl rkyyol

agrox}lj}k* Roxág kcky rxkiayl~lg mk majfkaxo rlxl iogrxlx lxgly# glj}agkj}oy# rlelx

o coilc kg |{k ky}l~lg goxljmo# kj}xk o{}xoy*

O ex{ro xklcato{ l rxagkaxl exljmk kvrxorxalåéo mk hljio jo Hxlyac* Jo gogkj}o mo

lyylc}o Glxiéo kvrcaio{ o rox|{k mo l}o4 ~ìxaoy iogrljfkaxoy ky}l~lg rxkyoy k ykjmo

}ox}{xlmoy k l ror{clåéo jéo ylhal rox|{k l agrxkjyl ky}l~l ikjy{xlml* Rox kyyk go}a~oky}l~lg xo{hljmo o hljio rlxl c{}lx rkco ro~o rlxl l mkgoixlial ~oc}lx lo Hxlyac*

Jkyyk lyylc}o# Iáylx noa nkxamo k iogo jéo romalg nailx jo coilc noxlg kghoxl#

mkavljmo Iáylx nkxamo jl rox}l mo hljio* Lrùy l rxayéo# Iáylx/Oy~lcmo noa rxkyo k

}ox}{xlmo k lilho{ xk~kcljmo o jogk nlcyo mk }omoy oy aj}kexlj}ky mo ex{ro k o

kjmkxkåo mo coilc ojmk ky}l~lg*

Ljmxkl/Glxal goy}xo{ rxkoi{rlåéo iog l rxayéo mk Iáylx/Oy~lcmo# rox iojyamkxlx o

ex{ro nxlio kcl dì ky}l~l rxoi{xljmo o{}xo coilc rlxl |{k o ex{ro ylçyyk mo lrlx}lgkj}o*

O{}xo nl}o |{k nkt oy gaca}lj}ky g{mlxkg noa l xk~kclåéo mk Rl{co/Nkxjljmo lo matkx

|{k Iáylx/Oy~lcmo kxlg lgaeoy* L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o Ljmxkl/Glxal mkyl}a~o{ {g

ilgro mk kvkxiçiao rlxl }xkajlx glay gaca}lj}ky k yk g{mlxlg rlxl {gl ilyl glay

lnly}lml k |{k jéo rxo~oilyyk jkjf{gl y{yrka}l jl ~atajfljål*

Iog o majfkaxo kg géoy# kxl o gogkj}o mk iocoilx l ky}xl}áeal kg låéo* Lce{jy

y{ekxaxlg yk|{ky}xlx {g gaca}lx# roxág jéo noa lika}l mk~amo l ro{il agrox}èjial mo

gaca}lx jly géoy mo ex{ro* Rl{co/Nkxjljmo kj}éo y{ekxa{ o jogk mo kghlavlmox jox}k'



95

lgkxailjo jo Hxlyac# Iflxcky Kchxai` k }omoy iojioxmlxlg iog l amkal* Rlxl o yk|{ky}xo

ykx {g y{ikyyo rxkiayl~lg mk ajnoxglåûky* O rxagkaxo rlyyo noa kj~alx Iclxl/Xkják l

ilyl mo kghlavlmox rlxl ohykx~lx }oml l go~agkj}låéo* Kcl yk lrxkykj}o{ rlxl o ifknk

mk yke{xljål &Gac}oj Eojålc~ky! iog o |{lc iojyke{a{ ajnoxglåûky iogo o foxìxao

|{k o kghlavlmox ylal mk ilyl# yk }ajfl yke{xljål 8=f# iogo kxl o ilxxo# yk }ajfl l

hljmkaxl amkj}anailjmo o{ jéo l cag{yajk*

O ex{ro jéo }xlhlcfo{ jo yk|{ky}xo yotajfo# fo{~k l låéo iojd{j}l mk ]ockmo &Jkcyoj

Mlj}l! k Dojly &Gl}fk{y Gl! aj}kexlj}ky ml Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ!* Jo mal

2= mk yk}kghxo mk <1>1# iog }omly ly ajnoxglåûky# o ex{ro yke{a{ rlxl l låéo*

Kj|{lj}o kyrkxl~lg o kghlavlmox# l Mojl Glxelxaml &Nkxjljml Goj}kjkexo! ml dljkclmo yk{ lrlx}lgkj}o# ohykx~o{ lceo mk kxxlmo jo ex{ro |{k ky}l~l jl ky|{ajl# roay

ky}l~lg lnca}oy k rlxlmoy rox g{a}o }kgro* Mojl Glxelxaml caeo{ rlxl l rocçial |{k

rkma{ o jôgkxo ml rclil mo ilxxo*

Goj}lxlg {gl lxglmacfl# k o ilxxo mo kghlavlmox á ikxilmo* O ex{ro }xoio{ mk ilxxo

k mkavo{ {gl ilx}l iog{jailjmo |{lc kxl l kvaeäjial4 l cahkxmlmk mk <; rxkyoy rocç}aioy

k l r{hcailåéo ml ilx}l kg ~kçi{coy mk iog{jailåéo* Lcág mayyo# o rxlto rlxl l

xkyroy}l kxl mk =6f# ilyo oy rxkyoy jéo noyykg cahkx}lmoy# Iflxcky Kchxai` ykxal gox}o*

Jo gkygo mal# l jo}çial noa ma~{celml joy rxajiarlay gkaoy mk iog{jailåéo* Lyyay}axlg

l}kj}lgkj}k l jo}çial kg |{k o xkrùx}kx ck{ l ilx}l iog ly kvaeäjialy mo GX'6* Lrùy l

jo}çial# Fkjxa|{k &Glxio Xaiil! {g moy gaca}lxky jl aj~ky}aelåéo mo yk|{ky}o# yla{ mk

ilyl rlxl lr{xlx |{lay oy royyç~kay aj}kexlj}ky# k xk~kco{ |{k o ex{ro }ajfl yk lroyylmo

mo jogk# roay o GX'6 noa kv}aj}o* Dì jl ilyl ojmk o ex{ro goxl~l# Dojly nkt {g

aj}kxxoel}ùxao iog o kghlavlmox rlxl ylhkx |{lay kxlg oy fogkjy ml IAL jo Hxlyac k

|{k kjyajl~lg ly }ox}{xly loy gaca}lxky hxlyackaxoy# gly jéo fo{~k xkyroy}l# dì |{k

Iflxcky jéo ylhal mly ajnoxglåûky* O kghlavlmox xk~kco{ |{k jéo lroal~l jkjf{g

yay}kgl |{k jéo noyyk l mkgoixlial*

L cay}l moy <; rxkyoy rocç}aioy |{k ykxalg }xoilmoy rox Iflxcky Kchxai` iogkåo{ l ykx

nka}l k o rxagkaxo jogk noa o mk Iáylx/Oy~lcmo* L rkmamo mo ex{ro# o kghlavlmox

kyixk~k{ {gl ilx}l rlxl ykx kj}xke{k d{j}o iog l cay}l mly rkyyoly |{k mk~kxalg ykx

cahkx}lmly*



96

Jl ilx}l# o yk|{ky}xlmo xk~kcl |{k jéo ~ä o xoy}o mk jkjf{g moy yk|{ky}xlmoxky k

ykgrxk ky}éo iog lxgly jly géoy* Gly mkyixk~k{ ilml {g mk lioxmo iog ioj~kxyly o{

l}á gkygo lgklåly* Dôcao kck lrxkykj}o{ iogo o glay jo~o ml }{xgl# roxág o glay

nljì}aio k xk~kco{ |{k o –gkjajo‗ o lyy{y}l~l* Dojly# kck mayyk# ilxxkel~l ùmao k

xkyykj}agkj}o k }lc~kt }kjfl yamo o fogkg |{k nkt o aj}kxxoel}ùxao* Xkják/Iclxl# o

kghlavlmox l mkyixk~k{ iog moå{xl k ikx}l rxkoi{rlåéo kg xkclåéo â goål* Iflxcky#

lnaxgo{ |{k noa kcl |{kg cl~o{ l y{ly xo{rly k i{amo{ mo i{xl}a~o* ]ockmo noa

ilxli}kxatlmo iogo o ifknk ml elje{k mk ixaljåly* Dì Rl{co/Nkxjljmo o aj}xael~l# roay

kxl o ôjaio l jéo {ylx ilr{t# rxknkxal iocoilx oy ùi{coy jo kghlavlmox# mayyk }lghág

|{k eoy}l~l mk ioj~kxylx k kxl hly}lj}k i{c}o*

L cay}l iog o jogk moy <; rxkyoy rocç}aioy k l ilx}l l Kc~axl Kchxai` &Ilxocajk @l~l!#

g{cfkx mo kghlavlmox noa mkavlml jl ilavl mk kygocl ml Aexkdl Joyyl Ykjfoxl ml Clrl*

Coeo lrùy Rl{co/Nkxjljmo cael rlxl l xkmlåéo mo doxjlc mo Hxlyac k l~ayl o coilc ojmk

ly ilx}ly ky}éo* Jo doxjlc ml joa}k# l cay}l iog oy jogky á caml* Iog l cahkx}låéo moy

rxkyoy# o kghlavlmox }lghág ykxal cahkx}lmo*

Roxág# o ikxio iogkåo{ l yk nkiflx* Dôcao# lo ykx aji{ghamo mk iogrxlx l lcagkj}låéo

ml|{kck mal# mkavo{ rlxl }xìy ray}ly n{jmlgkj}lay* Kck noa lo ky}lhkckiagkj}o k rkma{oa}o nxljeoy lyylmoy mk {gl ~kt k lo ykx |{ky}aojlmo rkco mojo yk }kxal majfkaxo

y{naiakj}k rlxl rlelx# Dôcao goy}xl {g –hoco‗ mk majfkaxo# o |{k mkavo{ o ykjfox

aj}xaelmo* Lyyag |{k Dôcao yla{# o ykjfox caeo{ rlxl l rocçial k nlco{ mk y{l y{yrka}l*

Jo mal 2> mk yk}kghxo mk <1>1# oy gaca}lxky noxlg aj~ky}aelx ly mkjôjialy nka}ly rkco

mojo mo ky}lhkckiagkj}o k mkyiohxaxlg |{k o kjmkxkåo mo y{yrka}o kxl X{l Hlxéo mk

Rk}xùrocay# <2;* Rxagkaxoy oy gaca}lxky }oilxlg l ilgrljfal ml ilyl k |{ljmo noxlg

l}kjmkx jéo kxl jaje{ág* Kcky najeaxlg ykx ml }kcknojal# caelxlg rlxl ilyl k

Iclxl/Xkják l}kjmk{ matkjmo |{k l rkyyol |{k rxoi{xl~l jéo goxl~l lca k Dojly

rkxikhk{ |{k o kyiojmkxado }ajfl yamo mkyiohkx}o* Mkroay oy moay noxlg l ilyl k

}oilxlg l ilgrljfal jo~lgkj}k# gly mkyyl ~kt mayykxlg |{k {g lgaeo }ajfl mlmo o

kjmkxkåo# gly Rl{co/Nkxjljmo mayyk |{k jéo }ajfl jaje{ág iog o jogk |{k kcky

rxoi{xl~lg* Dojly rkma{ rlxl |{k Rl{co/Nkxjljmo yke{ayyk oy moay k mkyiohxa{ |{k kcky

dì ylhalg ojmk ky}l~l o kghlavlmox k oy gaca}lxky ky}l~lg rxùvagoy â xkyamäjial*



91

O gkmo k l lncaåéo }oglxlg ioj}l mk }omoy* Oy gaca}lxky ky}l~lg mkgoxljmo l l}kjmkx

lo rkmamo mk cahkxmlmk moy <; rxkyoy k o ex{ro rxkiayl~l ylhkx |{kg axal kvki{}lx o

kghlavlmox* Dojly kj}éo xk~kco{ |{k l ôc}agl rkyyol |{k ky}a~kyyk iog Iflxcky ây 88f

gl}lxal l ~ç}agl k jkyyk ilyo ykxal Rl{co/Nkxjljmo* Ljmxkl/Glxal naio{ ajiojnoxglml

iog l l}a}{mk mo iogrljfkaxo Dojly k kj|{lj}o ioj~kxyl~l iog Rl{co/Nkxjljmo fl~al

{g icagl mk rlavéo# roay dì }ajfl lioj}kiamo |{ljmo o xkrùx}kx ck{ l ilx}l iog ly

kvaeäjialy mo ex{ro k Ljmxkl/Glxal noa kcoealx k xkikhk{ {g hkado mo iockel* Jkyyk

gogkj}o Ljmxkl/Glxal xk~kco{ |{k }ajfl gkmo ml gox}k k |{k ylhal o ~kxmlmkaxo

jogk mk Rl{co/Nkxjljmo# roay dì }ajfl o ~ay}o nlclx kg lyykghckaly moy ky}{mlj}ky# lo

ykx |{ky}aojlmo rox Rl{co/Nkxjljmo yohxk o ~kxmlmkaxo jogk kcl nlco{ Glxçcal k yk

kj}xkelxlg â rlavéo*

Lajml jo mal > mk yk}kghxo mk <1>1# Rl{co/Nkxjljmo }xoio{ mk rclj}éo iog Glxiéo k

|{ljmo ky}l~l rkx}o mo rxlto }kxgajlx# Rl{co/Nkxjljmo iocoio{ l lxgl jl ilhkål mo

kghlavlmox iog l najlcamlmk mk gl}ì'co# gly Glxal l~ayl l kck |{k o eo~kxjo lika}o{ l

}xoil* ]omoy nky}kdlxlg# gly lj}ky |{kxalg }kx ikx}ktl mk |{k }omoy ifkelxalg lo

mky}ajo |{ljmo noa goy}xlml {gl no}o kg |{k Iáylx/Oy~lcmo lrlxkial*

Jo mal 5 mk yk}kghxo mk <1>1# ly nky}a~amlmky oioxxalg mk~amo lo nkxalmo mo Mal mlAjmkrkjmäjial mo Hxlyac# gly }lghág }ajfl o icìyyaio# Nclgkjeo k ^lyio jo Glxliljé*

L ky}xl}áeal mo ex{ro kxl d{y}lgkj}k kyyl4 mkavlx o kghlavlmox kg gkao â g{c}améo k

ilml {g yke{ax l ~aml* Kcky ifkelxlg lo }áxgajo mo doeo# jl rox}l mo Glxliljé ilml

{g noa ylajmo mk~lelx k ykg x{go# o ôc}ago l ylax noa o kghlavlmox |{k rkeo{ {g }ìva

k noa rlxl ilyl ojmk kxl kyrkxlmo rox xkrùx}kxky*

Ioj}{mo# ykxal ajikyylj}k l h{yil rkco ex{ro* Lrùy {g gäy ykg }kx |{lc|{kx ray}l moy

}kxxoxay}ly &kxlg iflglmoy lyyag rox gaca}lxky!# o rxorxak}ìxao ml ilyl ojmk ky}l~lg oy

yk|{ky}xlmoxky }kcknojo{ rlxl l rocçial k mayyk liflx ky}xljfo {g goj}k mk doxjlay mk o

yk}ox iclyyanailmoy }kx xkiox}ky# Fkjxa|{k rkeo{ o gkygo kvkgrclx ml|{kck mal iocoio{

o doxjlc xkiox}lmo kg iagl k ~a{ }omoy oy kjmkxkåoy xk}lcflmoy rox Ljmxkl/Glxal*

Kj|{lj}o kyrkxl~l l xkyroy}l mo eo~kxjo# Glxal rxoi{xl~l {g coilc rlxl |{ljmo ylçyyk

ml ilyl }a~kyyk {g coilc rlxl nailx yke{xl*

Iog yl{mlmky mk Ljmxkl/Glxal# Rl{co/Nkxjljmo noa l ilyl mkcl k ~a{ rljnck}oy

kyrlcflmoy rox }omoy oy ilj}oy iog no}oy mk }omoy oy |{k rlx}aiarlxlg mo yk|{ky}xo k o



=2

~kxmlmkaxo jogk mk Glxal |{k kxl Ljmxkl* Jo gkygo mal oy moay noxlg rxkyoy k

}ox}{xlmoy# Rl{co lajml }kj}o{ n{eax# gly ck~o{ {g }axo jl rkxjl* Oa}o gkyky mkroay o

kghlavlmox lckgéo noa yk|{ky}xlmo k mkj}xk ly kvaeäjialy ky}l~lg rkmajmo l cahkxmlmk

mk glay iogrljfkaxoy |{k axalg yke{ax rlxl l Lxeácal* Rl{co/Nkxjljmo# Dôcao#

Iclxl/Xkják# Glxiéo k Glxal yk kjioj}xlxlg jo mal# roay ky}l~lg ajmo rlxl o gkygo

mky}ajo* Jo najlc Glxal lrlxkik mkhaca}lml mk~amo â }ox}{xl* ]ockmo k Dojly ky}l~lg

gox}oy*

O nacgk# maxaeamo rox Hx{jo Hlxxk}o kg <115# á {gl mly gkcfoxky rxom{åûky dì ~ay}l jo

iajkgl hxlyackaxo* O }kgl ma}lm{xl gaca}lx á lhoxmlmo mk o{}xl noxgl# aj}kcaekj}k# côiaml

k ~kxçmail* Lrùy l rxog{celåéo mo LA';# oy iamlméoy nailxlg ykg maxka}oy ia~ay# glyma~kxyoy ky}{mlj}ky ajmaejlmoy xkyoc~kxlg lhxlålx l c{}l lxglml k á d{y}lgkj}k jkyyl

royaåéo |{k o nacgk iogkål l ioj}lx l fay}ùxal*

L rxagkaxl ykjylåéo á |{k o ex{ro noxglmo# lce{jy gkghxoy ykg jkjf{gl

kvrkxaäjial# gly iog ~oj}lmk mk mkxx{hlx o romkx# jéo |{ay nltkx oroyaåéo rox

oroyaåéo* O ohdk}a~o kxl }lghág c{}lx rox {g amklc kg |{k lixkma}l~lg ykx rkxnka}o*

Lce{jy }ajflg kyyl rkxikråéo# roxág o{}xoy noxlg rox|{k ky}l~lg rkxmamoy# jo

ykj}amo mk nlc}l mk lgox mk rla k gék iogo o ilyo mk Iclxl/Xkják* Rlxl |{k kyyk amklc{c}xlrlyyk ly hlxxkaxly mo Hxlyac {g moy iogrojkj}ky rxorýy o rcljo mo yk|{ky}xo mo

kghlavlmox jox}k'lgkxailjo jo rlçy# Iflxcky Kchxai`* Kyyl ykxal l ôjail gljkaxl mk

iflglx l l}kjåéo mo g{jmo rlxl o |{k ky}l~l lioj}kikjmo jo Hxlyac*

Kj}xk}lj}o# rlxl iocoilx o rcljo kg rxì}ail# rxkiayl~lg mk glj}agkj}oy# lxgly k {g

hog ky}xl}keay}l rlxl |{k jlml oioxxkyyk mk kxxlmo* Jkyyk gogkj}o o ikjìxao yk }oxjl

{gl ilxli}kxçy}ail agrxkyiajmç~kc* L gljkaxl iogo á iojm{taml }omo o rxoikyyo# rox

kvkgrco# o }xkajlgkj}o mk lxgly# l ilyl |{k á o il}a~kaxo# o rcljo kg rxì}ail xk}xl}l l

ilrliamlmk mk oxeljatlåéo mo ex{ro* O{}xo lyrki}o á l flhacamlmk rlxl ohykx~lx o roj}o

roya}a~o k jkel}a~o mk ilml iogrojkj}k mo ex{ro* Kghoxl }kjflg xklcatlmo {g rcljo

mk yk|{ky}xo# |{k á iojyamkxlmo {g l}o mk ~aocäjial# l hx{}lcamlmk jéo á kvroy}l mk

gljkaxl kvrcaia}l# rox kvkgrco# Ljmxkl/Glxal &Nkxjljml ]oxxky! lo ykx rxkyl jéo fì l

ikjl goy}xljmo knk}a~lgkj}k o l}o# gly |{ljmo kcl lrlxkik rlxl kghlxilx jo l~aéo k

yke{ax rlxl o kvçcao# á rkxikr}ç~kc |{k kcl noa }ox}{xlml* Oy kmkgly kyrlcflmoy rkco

ioxro k l ilmkaxl mk xomly kj}xkelg l hx{}lcamlmk ml }ox}{xl*



=<

L no}oexlnal á o{}xo lyrki}o hkg kclhoxlmo jo nacgk* L }omo o gogkj}o# rlxkial |{k

ky}ì~lgoy ~aealjmo# y{ljmo l ilml rkxçomo mk }kjyéo# lrxkkjya~oy rox jo~ly jo}çialy*

Kg lce{jy gogkj}oy l c{t á hlavl# |{lyk o kyi{xo# iogo yk oy rkxyojlekjy ky}a~kyykgjo rkxçomo jkexo k rkxaeoyo ml ~aml* L l}{låéo moy l}oxky ifkel l ykx ykg rlcl~xly* O

kckjio mayrkjyl iogkj}ìxaoy# rox kvkgrco# Rkmxo Ilxmoyo |{k aj}kxrxk}l Nkxjljmo

Elhkaxl á kvikckj}k jl mxlgl}atlåéo mk }omo o rxoikyyo mo nacgk*

O nacgk aj}kexl rlx}ky ml fay}ùxal iog aglekjy xklay* O cojel iogkål iog no}oy mly

rkyyoly ml ároil jl rxlal# kg hlxky# kg gljanky}låûky |{k yk gay}{xlxlg iog l naiåéo*

Ly aglekjy kg rxk}o k hxljio# iog o ikjìxao# nltkg o kyrki}lmox gkxe{cflx jl

fay}ùxal* O{}xo roj}o á |{ljmo Iáylx/Oy~lcmo kghlxil rlxl o Gávaio k jo nacgk á

lrxkykj}lml {gl goj}lekg# á {gl kyráiak mk xk}oglml mo rlyylmo*

O g{jmo aj}kaxo jo}aiao{ o yk|{ky}xo mo kghlavlmox# lcág mo rôhcaio nailx ylhkjmo mly

l}xoiamlmky iogk}amly rkcoy gaca}lxky k l cahkxmlmk moy rxkyoy rocç}aioy kvaeamoy rlxl

|{k o kghlavlmox noyyk yoc}o* Lrkylx mk }{mo# lajml fo{~k }kgro rlxl o lgox#

mkgojy}xljmo l ilrliamlmk mo ykx f{gljo yk lrlavojlx* O }ox}{xlmox }lghág xk~kcl'yk

{g y{dka}o f{gljo# iog ykj}agkj}oy mk gkmo# ljeôy}al# yl{mlmk# xla~l kj}xk o{}xoy*

O ikjìxao yk rlyyl o }kgro }omo mkj}xo ml ilyl# ykg g{a}ly mankxkjåly* Roxág o

nae{xajo á {gl rlx}k mo nacgk l ykx mky}lilml* L xa|{ktl mk mk}lcfky á agrox}lj}k#

|{ljmo Mojl Glxelxaml cael rlxl l rocçial k mì o jôgkxo ml rclil# ky}l á amäj}ail l

{}acatlml jl ároil*

Kghoxl o ohdk}a~o noyyk lciljålmo# l fay}ùxal jéo }kxgajl kg nkcatky rlxl ykgrxk# iogo

kg fay}ùxaly mk y{rkx'fkxùay* L cahkxmlmk mo kghlavlmox jox}k'lgkxailjo yaejanail~l

{gl ilål ykg mkyiljyo loy –}kxxoxay}ly‗ iogo mknajalg oy gaca}lxky* Jo gogkj}o mk

mkyi{amo mk Rl{co &Rkmxo Ilxmoyo! lo ~aya}lx Glxal &Nkxjljml ]oxxky!# rox|{k ky}l~l

iog yl{mlmk# yéo rxkyoy k }ox}{xlmoy*

Lrùy }omo o xa}{lc ml ma}lm{xl# o{ ykdl# l rxayéo k l }ox}{xl# o ex{ro noa kvaclmo jl

Lxeácal* O kvçcao iocoil oy oroya}oxky ml ma}lm{xl iogo rkyyoly ykg n{}{xo# mk gomo

|{k jéo }ajflg iojmaåûky mk yk glj}kx* L oroyaåéo romk ykx xklcatlml iog {g yagrcky

rcljo mk ky}xl}áeal# iogo o nacgk mkgojy}xo{# jkg ykgrxk l lxgl# l hx{}lcamlmk k l



=8

~aocäjial lilhlg iog {g xkeagk o{ iog l oroyaåéo# gly l aj}kcaeäjial# o romkx mk

rkjylx k l ky}xl}áeal romkg lilhlx iog {g yay}kgl* Fì nlcfly jo xo}kaxo* Rox kvkgrco#

l fay}ùxal romkxal mk}lcflx iogo kcky }a~kxlg likyyo lo GX'6* Rl{co/Nkxjljmo k

Iáylx/Oy~lcmo mkiamaxlg ykx rlx}k mo ex{ro# gly jéo goy}xo{ kg jkjf{g gogkj}o

{g ioj}l}o maxk}o iog gaca}lj}ky mo GX'6

9*8 Ioj}kv}o mo T{t{ Ljekc

O nacgk T{t{ Ljekc lrxkykj}l l c{}l mk {gl gék rlxl liflx o nacfo lrùy ykx rxkyo rox

gaca}lxky ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* T{cka`l Ljekc Dojky# iojfkiaml iogo T{t{ Ljekc# noa {gl

nlgoyl ky}acay}l hxlyackaxl |{k# joy ljoy mk <152# }k~k o yk{ nacfo Y}{lx} Kmelx Ljekc

Dojky rxkyo k gox}o rkcl ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* Y}{lx} noa mlmo iogo mkylrlxkiamo rocç}aio#

kj}xk}lj}o# ljoy mkroay mo nag ml ma}lm{xl# Y}{lx} noa mlmo iogo gox}o* Kyyk noa o ljo

mk g{a}l xkyay}äjial# noxglml rox aj}kcki}{lay# ky}{mlj}ky# orkxìxaoy# lx}ay}ly k o{}xoy*

Lajml jkyyl máilml ma~kxyoy rxkyoy rocç}aioy noxlg kvaclmoy# gox}oy k lce{jy mlmoy

iogo mkylrlxkiamoy*

Lajml jl máilml mk <152# o Hxlyac# |{k ky}l~l yoh o xkeagk ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# ~a~k{ o

rkxçomo glay aj}kjyo k rkjoyo ml ároil* O ekjkxlc'rxkyamkj}k Gámaia &<1>1 l <15=!

ajy}lco{ l ikjy{xl# iog nox}ky xkrxkyyûky k }ox}{xly# kg jogk ml –Yke{xljål Jliaojlc‗

k mo –ioghl}k â y{h~kxyéo iog{jay}l‗*

Ioj}{mo kyyl máilml naio{ iojfkiaml iogo o gaclexk kiojýgaio* Kyyk iojika}o mk~k'

yk lo xìramo ixkyiagkj}o ml kiojogal hxlyackaxl jkyyl ároil* Ly kgrxkyly

g{c}ajliaojlay iojyamkxl~lg o Hxlyac iogo {g rlçy yke{xo k xkj}ì~kc# roay

lrxkykj}l~lg oy çjmaiky lj{lay mo Rxom{}o Aj}kxjo Hx{}o &RAH! iog {g ixkyiagkj}o mk

<<#9+* O eo~kxjo mk Gámaia rxoi{xl~l ajmailx |{k o Hxlyac ykxal {gl exljmk ro}äjiall}á o ljo 8222* Iog ayyo ixkyialg ly iamlmky# o gkxilmo aj}kxjo# l iojy}x{åéo ia~ac k

mk ky}xlmly k famxkcá}xaily# o{ ykdl# o iojy{go l{gkj}o{ kj}xk l iclyyk gámal*

O gaclexk kiojýgaio noa lcgkdlmo rox ma~kxyoy rxkyamkj}ky |{k rlyylxlg rkco xkeagk*

Roxág yù yk iojyocamo{ iog Gámaia mk~amo l kvrcoxlåéo ml iclyyk }xlhlcflmoxl# roay

jéo }ajfl ajnxlky}x{}xl k ylcìxaoy maejoy# lcág ml xkrxkyyéo rocç}ail k ml kvrljyéo

ilra}lcay}l* Lcág mayyo# Gámaia rkxga}a{ o aj~ky}agkj}o mk ilra}lay ky}xljekaxoy jo



=9

Hxlyac# rox gkao mk aykjåûky nayilay# ajikj}a~oy# rocç}aily mk ixáma}oy iojyamkxì~kay k l

rxkykjål mo ilra}lc ky}l}lc kg yk}oxky ml yamkx{xeal# rk}xùcko# rk}xo|{çgail k gajkxlåéo*

O yk}ox |{k glay yk mky}lio{ iog o gaclexk noa l ajmôy}xal l{}ogohacçy}ail# l rlx}axmayyo o rk}xùcko yk }oxjo{ kckgkj}o n{jmlgkj}lc rlxl o rlçy* O kck~lmo iojy{go mk

hkjy m{xì~kay noa agr{cyaojlmo l}xl~áy mo yay}kgl mk ixáma}o lo iojy{gamox* L ]^ }k~k

{gl agrox}lj}k n{jåéo jkyyl kvrljyéo# iogo {g ajy}x{gkj}o rlxl xklcatlx

rxorleljmly k iog ayyo oy lyylclxalmoy lc}kxlxlg o rlmxéo mk iojy{go*

Rlxl y{y}kj}lx {gl rocç}ail mk ixkyiagkj}o kiojýgaio k iojyk|{kj}kgkj}k o iojika}o

mk rlçy mo n{}{xo# Gámaia rkma{ kgrxáy}agoy k oy hljioy aj}kxjliaojlay cahkxl~lg l

|{lj}al rlxl |{k o eo~kxjo r{mkyyk glj}kx l aglekg mk n{}{xay}l* O ôjaio }ç}{co |{k o

Hxlyac eljfo{ jkyyl nlyk noa l mk glaox jlåéo mk~kmoxl moy hljioy aj}kxjliaojlay k o

N{jmo Gojk}ìxao Aj}kxjliaojlc*

Oy rxohckgly kiojýgaioy y{xeaxlg jo eo~kxjo mo ekjkxlc'rxkyamkj}k Ekaykc &<155!*

Lrùy o exljmk y{ikyyo mo gaclexk kiojýgaio# o Hxlyac rlyyo{ rox manai{cmlmky# kj}xk

kcly ky}l~l l ixayk mo rk}xùcko# mk gomo |{k oy rlçyky ìxlhky k xkyrojyì~kay rkcl glaox

rlx}k ml rxom{åéo g{jmalc mk rk}xùcko y{yrkjmkxlg ly kvrox}låûky* O xky{c}lmo noa l

hlavl jo yk}ox l{}ogohacçy}aio* O{}xoy nl}oxky |{k i{cgajlxlg jo nag mo gaclexk noxlg

l |{kml ml }lvl mk c{ixoy# mánaia} jly hlcljåly iogkxialay# ixayk mo yay}kgl gojk}ìxao

aj}kxjliaojlc*

Rlxl lcagkj}lx l ioj}aj{låéo mo ixkyiagkj}o kiojýgaio o eo~kxjo xkioxxk{ l glay

kgrxáy}ago l hljioy ky}xljekaxoy* Iog ayyo# l ajnclåéo l{gkj}o{ k o gaclexk

kiojýgaio ifkeo{ lo nag* L ajyl}aynlåéo }lghág ixkyik{ k ayyo romal ykx rkxikhamo

iog o l{gkj}o mk ~o}oy jo Go~agkj}o Mkgoixì}aio Hxlyackaxo'GMH &rlx}amo rocç}aiohxlyackaxo |{k lhxaeo{ oy oroya}oxky lo xkeagk gaca}lx!*

Kghoxl o GMH }kjfl }amo g{a}oy ~o}oy# l ma}lm{xl jéo noa kcagajlml mk agkmal}o# gly

o rxoikyyo noa ckj}o* Iog l gox}k mo doxjlcay}l ^clmagax Fkxtoe &<15;!# Ekaykc

kvojkxo{ o iogljmlj}k mo AA Kváxia}o# xkyrojyì~kc rkcoy lioj}kiagkj}oy* Rlxl oy

rocç}aioy |{k lajml ajyay}alg jo xkeagk gaca}lx# l l}a}{mk mo ekjkxlc'rxkyamkj}k mkavl~l

iclxo |{k kck jéo rkxga}axal l}oy ~aockj}oy ml cajfl m{xl* Ioj}{mo# l ma}lm{xl lajml

kvay}al k {g kvkgrco mayyo noa o glyylixk ml Clrl &<15>!# kg |{k {g lekj}k mo



==

Kváxia}o aj~lma{ {gl ilyl kg Yéo Rl{co# ojmk kxlg xklcatlmly ly xk{jaûky ykixk}ly moy

maxaekj}ky mo RImoH* L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o# Ekaykc kvojkxo{ lce{jy gaca}lxky lajml

caelmoy â ma}lm{xl iogo o ekjkxlc Yçc~ao Nxo}l# k o xkeagk iogkåo{ l kjnxl|{kikx

ckj}lgkj}k*

L agrxkjyl }lghág yonxk{ xkrxkyyûky* Fl~al {gl cay}l kg |{k rlcl~xly k lyy{j}oy kxlg

rxoahamoy k mkrkjmkjmo mk ikx}oy }kgly ly jo}çialy xkikhalg ly ~kxyûky onaialay rxoj}ly*

L exljmk agrxkjyl# o{ ykdl# oy gkaoy mk iog{jailåéo mk jogk iojfkiamo }lghág

gljanky}l~lg l y{l ajyl}aynlåéo lo yonxkx ikjy{xly# rox kvkgrco# rxkkjifalg oy

kyrlåoy iog rokgly k xkika}ly*

L ikjy{xl }lghág noa aj}kjyl kg xkclåéo â agrxkjyl lc}kxjl}a~l* Kxlg rkxyke{amoy k

yonxalg iog l glxilåéo nox}k# rox kyyk go}a~o oy doxjlay O Rly|{ag k Orajaéo }a~kxlg

ma~kxyoy kvkgrclxky xk}axlmoy mly hljily k noxlg iojy}lj}ky ly rxayûky mk kma}oxky#

doxjlcay}ly k ioclhoxlmoxky* ]omo k |{lc|{kx yajlc mk oroyaåéo kxl ikjy{xlmo# ajic{ya~k

gôyaioy# rkåly mk }kl}xo# nacgky k ca~xoy# yk oy gaca}lxky kj}kjmkyykg mk ky|{kxml kxlg

rxoahamoy mk iaxi{clx rkco rlçy*

9*8*< Rxayéo# }ox}{xl k mkylrlxkiagkj}o

O mkylrlxkiagkj}o k l xkclåéo gék ’ nacfo ’ ma}lm{xl yéo ajnoxglåûky lrxkykj}lmly jo

nacgk* Fl~al {g iojykjyo mk |{k {g gaca}lj}k ml ky|{kxml lo ykx rxkyo kxl }ox}{xlmo k

lce{jy ifkel~lg l goxxkx# gly l xkyroy}l mo eo~kxjo kxl ykgrxk l mk |{k rxkyoy jéo

yonxalg }ox}{xly*

Jo iogkåo ml ma}lm{xl# jéo kxl iog{g oy iamlméoy kj~oc~amoy iog go~agkj}oy mk

ky|{kxml# ykxkg mlmoy iogo mkylrlxkiamoy* Kg T{t{ Ljekc# o mkylrlxkiagkj}o á mk

noxgl xkrkj}ajl* T{t{# l~aylml mk |{k yk{ nacfo }ajfl yamo rxkyo# rxoi{xl rox }omoy oy

ùxeéoy mly Noxåly Lxglmly k jéo }kg ~ky}çeaoy mo |{k lioj}kik{*

Kyyl kxl l gljkaxl iogo oy gaca}lxky matalg |{k o Y}{lx} ky}l~l gox}o* Á rkxikr}ç~kc

|{k o do~kg fl~al yamo lyylyyajlmo rkcoy gaca}lxky# ykg |{lc|{kx }aro mk jo}çial# kxl

{gl mkyiojnaljål |{k coeo yk }xljynoxgl~l kg ikx}ktl* Oy rxkyoy# joxglcgkj}k#

}ajflg iogo glj}kx ioj}l}oy iog l nlgçcal k |{ljmo kyyk ioj}l}o jéo lioj}kial á

rox|{k lceo x{ag fl~al lioj}kiamo*



=;

L }ox}{xl k o kvçcao romkg ykx iojyamkxlmoy iogo {gl noxgl mk ily}aeo rkcl y{h~kxyéo

iogk}aml rox gaca}lj}ky ml oroyaåéo* Roxág# o mkylrlxkiagkj}o á {gl gljkaxl mk matkx

rlxl l yoiakmlmk |{k ilco{ l hoil mo }kxxoxay}l*

G{a}oy moy rxkyoy rocç}aioy lmo}lxlg o yacäjiao# kyyl kxl l xklåéo mkcky k ayyo

ioj}xlxal~l l kvrki}l}a~l moy }ox}{xlmoxky# roay jéo ylhalg iogo iojyke{ax

ajnoxglåûky yohxk oy cçmkxky moy ex{roy mk ky|{kxml*

O{}xo roj}o l mky}lilx á l xkclåéo mk gék k nacfo* T{t{ Ljekc# }o}lcgkj}k lcfkal l

ya}{låéo rocç}ail mo rlçy# }ajfl {g nacfo# Y}{lx} Kmelx Ljekc# |{k c{}l~l rkcl

mkgoixlial* Gkygo jéo iojioxmljmo iog ly l}a}{mky mo nacfo k }kj}ljmo mk }omly ly

gljkaxly matkx |{k o ilgajfo |{k o nacfo xkyoc~k{ lhxlålx ’ l icljmky}ajamlmk# jéo kxl

o glay yke{xo# jéo mkavo{ mk c{}lx rox kck*

L ya}{låéo mk T{t{ Ljekc jéo á mankxkj}k mk ma~kxyly o{}xly géky |{k ~a~kxlg l gkygl

iaxi{jy}èjial* \{ljmo kxlg mlmoy iogo mkylrlxkiamoy# ly nlgçcaly jéo kxlg l~aylmly k

ly géky iojyk|{kj}kgkj}k nail~lg mkykyrkxlmly* G{a}oy nlgacalxky }lghág jéo yk

gljanky}l~lg iog gkmo ml xkrxkyyéo* [gl gék jéo }kx o maxka}o mk rxoi{xlx o rxùrxaonacfo rox gkmo# kxl iog{g# o{}xoy nlgacalxky romkxalg ykx rxkyoy k }lghág

lyylyyajlmoy*

L xkclåéo gék k nacfo á hlyklml jo lgox ajiojmaiaojlc# jl iojnaljål# jl lgatlmk# jo

ilxajfo k yéo kyyky nl}oxky |{k iojy}xokg {gl xkclåéo ky}ì~kc* ]omoy kyyky ykj}agkj}oy

yéo mkgojy}xlmoy jo nacgk* K# rxajiarlcgkj}k# l gljkaxl iogo T{t{ Ljekc rkxmk{

Y}{lx}0 kcl c{}o{ kg h{yil mk yk{ rlxlmkaxo# mk yk{ ioxro k ~a~k{ l}á l gox}k h{yiljmo

d{y}aål*

O lgox ml gék rox {g nacfo ky}ì liagl mo |{k oy gaca}lxky romalg kj}kjmkx# o |{k kcky

lrkjly |{kxalg kxl kcagajlx oy y{h~kxya~oy mo Hxlyac# rox kcky iojyamkxlmoy# rox ayyo

T{t{ Ljekc noa iojyamkxlml {gl rkmxl jo ylrl}o moy gaca}lxky# ykjmo lyylyyajlml rkcoy

gkygoy fogkjy |{k gl}lxlg o yk{ nacfo*



=>

9*8*8 Ljìcayk T{t{ Ljekc

O nacgk# |{k yk rlyyl jl máilml mk <152# jlxxl l fay}ùxal mk T{cka`l Ljekc Dojky#

iojfkiaml rox T{t{ Ljekc kg h{yil mo nacfo mkylrlxkiamo jo rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xlgaca}lx# Y}{lx} Kmelx Ljekc Dojky* O iogkåo mo nacgk á {gl cajml aglekg mo glx# ~ay}l

mk {g fkcaiùr}kxo# gly l agrxkyyéo á mk |{k o ~kçi{co ky}ì l rxoi{xl mk lceo o{

lce{ág* Xkrkj}ajlgkj}k o kyi{xo# k l }kjyéo mk T{t{ Ljekc &Rl}xçial Raclx! }oglg

ioj}l ml ikjl# iog {gl gôyail lo n{jmo# k rxom{tajmo l ykjylåéo mk |{k lceo exl~k

~la lioj}kikx*

T{t{ Ljekc noa ilylml iog o jox}k'lgkxailjo Joxglj Ljekc Dojky k }k~k }xäy nacfoy#

Y}{lx} Kmelx Ljekc Dojky# Facmkelxm Ljekc k Ljl Ixay}ajl Ljekc* Lajml |{ljmo oy

nacfoy kxlg rk|{kjoy# T{t{ Ljekc yk ykrlxo{ k iogkåo{ l y{y}kj}lx l nlgçcal iog y{l

flhacamlmk iog l ioy}{xl# }xljynoxgljmo'yk j{gl mly ky}acay}ly glay nlgoyly mo rlçy*

Kj}xk}lj}o# o cojel á jlxxlmo mk }xìy rxl nxkj}k xk~kcljmo l fay}ùxal loy ro{ioy* L }omo o

gogkj}o o rxkykj}k k o rlyylmo nltkg rlx}k ml ckghxljål ml T{t{ iog o nacfo Y}{lx}

&Mljakc mk Oca~kaxl!* Kg <15<# o rkylmkco mk T{t{ iogkåo{# roay noa kvl}lgkj}k jkyyk

ljo |{k Y}{lx} noa rxkyo# }ox}{xlmo k gox}o* Lajml yoh o knka}o mo y{ikyyo ml iockåéo#xklcatlml kg Jo~l Qox`# kcl ~a~al {g g{jmo l rlx}k# jl |{lc yk kj|{lmxl~l jo jôgkxo

mk rkyyoly |{k jéo ylhalg o |{k xklcgkj}k lioj}kial jo Hxlyac* Roxág y{l rxkoi{rlåéo

iog o nacfo kxl aj}kjyl# roay jéo }ajfl jo}aialy fì ykay gkyky*

Iog l amkal mk |{k o Hxlyac kxl o rlçy mo n{}{xo# mk~amo lo gaclexk kiojýgaio# T{t{

lrùy o mkynack kg Jo~l Qox`# xkyoc~k{ kvrljmax oy jkeùiaoy k rkma{ {g kgrxáy}ago*

Lo gkygo }kgro kg |{k kcl jkeoial~l o ixáma}o# Y}{lx} rlx}aiarl~l mk {g lyylc}o l

hljio# yoh o iogljmo mk Clglxil* Gkygo ykg }kx jo}aialy k ioj}l}oy# T{t{ ~a~al l

~aml# ioj}aj{l~l }xlhlcfljmo k nltkjmo glay y{ikyyo* Jo gkygo mal kg |{k iojyke{a{

o kgrxáy}ago yo{hk ml rxayéo mo nacfo jo kváxia}o*

T{t{ noa â rxoi{xl mk Y}{lx}# gly oy gaca}lxky mayykxlg |{k kck jéo ky}l~l jo coilc*

Jkyyk gogkj}o kcl yk ckghxl mk nlyky ml ajnèjial k lmockyiäjial mo nacfo* L rxagkaxl

|{ljmo ifkeo{ glif{ilmo lo mknkjmkx T{t{ mk lgaeoy |{k l manlglxlg rox|{k kxl

{gl g{cfkx mky|{a}lml k l yke{jml |{ljmo Y}{lx} eljfo{ {gl rxo~l mk xkgo* Lrxoi{xl rkco nacfo noa ajiljyì~kc* ^aya}o{ o kváxia}o iog l ld{ml mk {g ekjkxlc k l



=5

ky}acay}l iojy}l}o{ |{k o nacfo jéo ky}l~l jo |{lx}kc* Noa â hlyk láxkl k o nacfo }lghág

jéo ky}l~l jl hlyk*

Ioj}{mo# Nxlel &Lckvljmxk Hoxeky!# lm~oelmo mk T{t{ Ljekc# rkma{ {gl l{ma}oxal kg}omoy oy ùxeéoy &kváxia}o# glxajfl k lkxojlô}ail! k }omoy mkxlg l gkygl xkyroy}l* Ly

ckghxljåly mk T{t{ rkxga}kg rkxikhkx |{k kcl }ajfl {gl rxkoi{rlåéo iog o nacfo k l

joxl Yýjal &Ckljmxl Cklc!# k l kyrkxljål mk |{k kcky mkyay}axalg ml c{}l# roay rlxl T{t{

kxl {gl hl}lcfl rkxmaml* L ky}acay}l rkxikhk{ |{k lceo mk exl~k }ajfl lioj}kiamo lo nacfo

|{ljmo noa rxoi{xlx o kv'glxamo k ajnoxglml mk |{k Y}{lx} jéo fl~al rxoi{xlmo o rla*

M{xlj}k l ioj~kxyl iog o kv'glxamo# T{t{ yk ckghxl mo joa~lmo mo nacfo iog Yýjal k

mo mal kg |{k Y}{lx} lrlxkik{ ajkyrkxlmlgkj}k matkjmo |{k l kyroyl fl~al yamo rxkyl*L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o o mkykyrkxo }ogl ioj}l mk T{t{ |{k h{yil ajnoxglåûky rlxl

kjioj}xlx o nacfo*

Lrùy l ~alekg lo aj}kxaox mk Gajly Ekxlay# rlxl ioj~kxylx iog o kv'glxamo# T{t{

xkikhk {gl ilx}l mk Lchkx}o Maly &Ilao D{j|{kaxl!# iockel mk gaca}èjial mk Y}{lx}*

Lchkx}o xk~kco{ â ky}acay}l |{k Y}{lx} ky}l~l gox}o* Jl ilx}l kck ioj}l mk}lcfky mk iogo

noa xklcatlml l rxayéo# o |{k Y}{lx} {yl~l ’ ilcål lt{c# ilgayl hxljil k ilylio glxxog#

xk~kcljmo o rxagkaxo mal |{k kck noa rxkyo k }ox}{xlmo# <=/2;/5<# k |{k noa kck |{k

kj}xkeo{ o iogrljfkaxo* L ilml }xkifo ml ilx}l camo# T{t{ ykj}al ly moxky ml }ox}{xl |{k

o nacfo yonxk{* Oy gaca}lxky iocoilxlg Y}{lx} jo rl{ mk lxlxl# ylc joy ocfoy k ifo|{ky#

ykgrxk rkxe{j}ljmo rkco cçmkx ml ^lje{lxml Ror{clx Xk~oc{iaojìxal# Clglxil*

Iog l aj}kjåéo mk r{hcailx l ilx}l# T{t{ rxoi{xo{ {g ifknk mk xkmlåéo mk doxjlc# gly

noa ajnoxglml mk |{k o jogk mo nacfo ky}l~l rxoahamo mk ykx r{hcailmo jl agrxkjyl*

T{t{ gljmo{ l ilx}l mk Lchkx}o l ilml lx}ay}l o{ iamlméo ajnc{kj}k mo Hxlyac# ajic{ya~ko rxkyamkj}k Gámaia* Kj|{lj}o T{t{ h{yil~l d{y}aål k o maxka}o mk ~kclx o ioxro mo

nacfo# l lgael Côial &Ljekcl ^akaxl! lhxlåo{ oy jkeùiaoy ml ky}acay}l*

Ioj~amlml l lyyay}ax l {g yfou mk {gl lx}ay}l |{k ilj}l~l lckgéo# T{t{ }k~k l amkal ml

rxùvagl iockåéo* ]omly ly gomkcoy ky}l~lg ~ky}amly mk hxljio# iog mkykjfoy

hoxmlmoy jo ~ky}amo# rox kvkgrco# o rlyylxajfo rxkyo jl elaocl# o yoc jlyikjmo

|{lmxlmo# kj}xk o{}xoy* O gogkj}o mk kgoåéo noa |{ljmo T{t{ kj}xl }oml mk rxk}o iog

l no}o mo Y}{lx} â ~ay}l mk }omoy* Jo xk}oxjo lo Hxlyac# kcl il{yo{ aj|{ak}låéo kg



=6

l{}oxamlmky hxlyackaxly iog l ma~{celåéo mk lioj}kiagkj}oy jo rlçy k }lghág rkcl

mkiclxlåéo nka}l jo l~aéo matkjmo |{k o Xao mk Dljkaxo jéo kxl l glxl~acfl |{k }omoy

kyrkxl~lg# roay kyiojmalg l }ox}{xl k gox}ky joy roxûky mly rxayûky*

T{t{# lrùy kyyk krayùmao# naio{ moay ljoy ykg nltkx iockåûky# gly kg <15; kcl noa

rxoi{xlml rox {g }kjkj}k matkjmo |{k ylhal mk ajnoxglåûky yaeacoyly yohxk l gox}k mk

Y}{lx}* O }kjkj}k mk iog{jailåûky Glxio L{xácao Ilx~lcfo yù ma~{celxal o }ky}kg{jfo

mkck ilyo l ky}xl}áeal ml T{t{ noyyk knaiakj}k* L gék mk Y}{lx} iog o aj}{a}o mk }kx o

mkroagkj}o mk Glxio rxoi{xo{ l{}oxamlmky ml Ljay}al# |{k yke{jmo o }kjkj}k jéo

ykx~alg mk jlml# rlxl kck o ajagaeo }ajfl |{k ykx rkeo mk y{xrxkyl* Kg <15># o

ykixk}ìxao mk Ky}lmo moy Ky}lmoy [jamoy# Fkjxq @ayyajekx# xkikhk{ mk T{t{ {gmoi{gkj}o |{k ioj}ág ly hlxhlxamlmky |{k o nacfo fl~al yonxamo k o ioxro ioj}aj{l~l

mkylrlxkiamo*

L l}a}{mk mk T{t{ il{yo{ mkyiojnox}o joy gaca}lxky# |{k rlyylxlg l ~aealx lajml glay oy

rlyyoy mkcl* Mkroay ml gox}k mk Côial# roay lifl~lg |{k T{t{ ky}l~l jo ilxxo iog l

lgael# l ky}acay}l kyixk~k{ {gl mkiclxlåéo mk |{k yk lrlxkikyyk gox}l rox lyylc}o#

liamkj}k mk ilxxo o{ mk o{}xl jl}{xktl á rox|{k noa lyylyyajlml rkcoy gkygoy lyylyyajoy

mk Y}{lx}* T{t{ mkavo{ l mkiclxlåéo jl ilyl mk Ifaio H{lx|{k mk Focljml k noa rlxl

I{x~kco* Jo ilgajfo {g go}o|{kaxo doeo{ {g kj~kcork ojmk ioj}ajfl }omoy oy mlmoy

mo }kjkj}k |{k l rxoi{xo{# o{ ykdl# l ky}xl}áeal mk rxoi{xlx o ykixk}ìxao jox}k'lgkxailjo

}ajfl y{x}amo knka}o*

Jo mkroagkj}o# Glxio L{xácao mkiclxl |{k rlx}aiaro{ mo rxoikyyo mk }ox}{xl k gox}k mk

Y}{lx}* Xk~kcl |{k o ioxro mo nacfo ml ky}acay}l noa doelmo lo glx k |{k l}ky}l~l ~kxçmaio

o mkroagkj}o mo rxkyo rocç}aio Lchkx}o Maly* Glxio L{xácao mk}lcfo{ {gl mly noxglymk }ox}{xl glay nox}ky# Y}{lx} naio{ rxkyo lo ilxxo rxùvago lo iljo mk n{glål# noa

lxxly}lmo k ajlco{ n{glål l}á goxxkx*

Lo ckx }omo o mkroagkj}o# T{t{ naio{ lajml ajmaejlml iog l hx{}lcamlmk |{k o nacfo

yonxk{* Kg y{l ôc}agl –ioj~kxyl‗ iog Y}{lx}# kck rkma{ rlxl l gék jéo nailx }xay}k# roay

noa {gl kyiocfl mkck# {g yojfo k |{k l xklcamlmk iaygo{ kg ykx glaox |{k oy yojfoy

mkck* T{t{ kvrcail |{k }lc~kt jéo }kjfl onkxkiamo lroao y{naiakj}k lo nacfo# kck rox y{l

~kt mayyk |{k l gék noa ykgrxk rxkykj}k* Mkiamaml l kj}xkelx o mkroagkj}o mo }kjkj}k l



=1

Xlq H{j`kx# jox}k'lgkxailjo |{k xkrxkykj}l~l l ljay}al# ~oc}o{ rlxl o Xao mk Dljkaxo#

kj}xk}lj}o# jéo }k~k orox}{jamlmk mk kj}xkelx# roay noa lyylyyajlml rkcoy gkygoy

lyylyyajoy mo nacfo*

O maxk}ox á Yáxeao Xktkjmk |{k rxorýy {gl fay}ùxal mankxkj}k mk o{}xly |{k }kg xkclåéo

iog l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* ]omo o ioj}kômo ml }xlgl jéo á lrkjly hlyklmo kg glay {g

do~kg |{k lhxlåo{ l c{}l lxglml# |{k noa rxkyo# }ox}{xlmo# gly á xk}xl}lml l xkclåéo mk

{gl gék kg h{yil mo nacfo mkylrlxkiamo* L fay}ùxal lrxkykj}l l xklcamlmk mk ~ìxaly

géky |{k rxoi{xlxlg o nacfo jl ároil ml ma}lm{xl k jéo liflxlg o ioxro o{ }a~kxlg

|{lc|{kx jo}çial*

Kg xkclåéo lo nae{xajo mk @a`l Corky# o nacgk goy}xl iogo ly rkyyoly yk ~ky}alg mk

lioxmo iog o rkxçomo* Goy}xo{ iog ~kxliamlmk iogo ly rkyyoly kxlg kckelj}ky k yk

rxkoi{rl~lg iog l lrlxäjial# rox kvkgrco# ly g{cfkxky ykgrxk ky}l~lg gl|{almly#

iog ylc}oy# ilhkcoy hkg iox}lmoy k rkj}klmoy# iog xo{rly iocoxamly# ùi{coy exljmky# k

likyyùxaoy* Rox kvkgrco# T{t{ Ljekc kg |{lyk }omly ly ikjly ky}ì iog ioclxky# hxajioy

k ljáay |{k iflglg l l}kjåéo* O nae{xajo noa {g exljmk mky}l|{k mo nacgk*

Dì o }ç}{co T{t{ Ljekc xkgk}k l amkal mk {gl fay}ùxal haoexìnail* Lrùy ~kx o nacgk lrkxikråéo mk haoexlnal g{ml iogrck}lgkj}k# roay jéo ky}ì ioj}kv}{lcatl lrkjly l ~aml

ml T{t{ Ljekc# kghoxl ioj}k {gl rlx}k mkcl* Rox}lj}o á lrxkykj}lml l xkclåéo mk gék k

nacfo# |{k lrùy l rxayéo k gox}k mk Y}{lx}# c{}o{ rox d{y}aål l}á ykx lyylyyajlml*

Lce{jy roj}oy romkxalg ykx glay kvrcoxlmoy# rox kvkgrco# iogo l nlgçcal xklea{ â

gox}k mk Y}{lx}* T{t{ Ljekc# lo ylhkx ml gox}k mo nacfo l}xl~áy ml ilx}l mk Lchkx}o# }kg

l ykjylåéo mk |{k yogkj}k kcl ykj}a{ l mox ml rkxml# ly axgéy k o rla mk Y}{lx} jéo

}kxalg ykj}amo lhyoc{}lgkj}k jlml# ioj}aj{ljmo l ~aml# o |{k }lc~kt jéo }kjfl

lioj}kiamo* Kyyl rlx}k ml iojy}x{åéo ml fay}ùxal mk goy}xlx glay o lroao mly nacfly iog

T{t{ Ljekc romkxal ykx glay lhkx}o lo rôhcaio# jo nacgk }kg ikx}oy gogkj}oy |{k T{t{

Ljekc mkgojy}xl }kx lrkjly o Y}{lx} iogo nacfo*

O{}xl |{ky}éo ro{io k~amkj}k á l xkclåéo mk T{t{ Ljekc iog oy lx}ay}ly hxlyackaxoy* Kg

mk}kxgajlmoy gogkj}oy kcl lrlxkik iog Kc`k Glxl~acfl &C{ljl Rao~ljja!# xkikhkjmo

na}l iog gôyail exl~lml rox Ifaio H{lx|{k mk Focljml# lyyag iogo l mkiclxlåéo |{kmkavo{ rlxl kck* Kg jkjf{g gogkj}o mo nacgk T{t{ Ljekc á }éo rxùvagl mkyyky



;2

lx}ay}ly# o{ ykdl# |{k rox kcl ykx nlgoyl k ky}lx jl gçmal kcky yk iojyamkxl~lg lgaeoy# á

{gl ykjylåéo mk lgatlmk xkrkj}ajl*

Jo nacgk# y{xekg ray}ly k xklåûky mk |{k kxl {g doeo kj}xk T{t{ Ljekc k oy gaca}lxky* Lilml rlyyo |{k kcl ml~l oy gaca}lxky ylhalg kvl}lgkj}k ojmk kcl ky}l~l# roay jéo kxlg

l}lilmoy ajkyrkxlmlgkj}k* Rox kvkgrco# T{t{ Ljekc xk}oxjl moy Ky}lmoy [jamoy iog o

y{ikyyo ml iockåéo |{k nkt kg rxo}ky}o iog o jogk mk Y}{lx}# kcl rlxl rox moay ljoy# k

l agrxkyyéo á mk |{k kcl mkyay}a{# roxág y{xea{ {gl jo~l ray}l rlxl rxo~lx |{k o nacfo

mkcl }ajfl yamo lyylyyajlmo* O{}xo roj}o noa |{ljmo l y{l lgael Côial noa lyylyyajlml*

Kyyly ya}{låûky go~agkj}lg o nacgk k méo ~kcoiamlmk â }xlgl*

Jo ekxlc# o nacgk á hog# {gl fay}ùxal mankxkj}k# roay á l ~ayéo mk ~ìxaly géky |{k

rkxmkxlg oy nacfoy rlxl l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* Gkygo iog lce{jy roj}oy |{k r{mkyykg ykx

glay kvrcoxlmoy rlxl ajnoxglx glay o }kckyrki}lmox# l rxoroy}l ml fay}ùxal jéo mkavo{

mk ykx ioj}kv}{lcatlml* O Hxlyac ylhk |{kg noa T{t{ Ljekc k |{lc noa l y{l glaox c{}l4 o

mk romkx ~kclx o ioxro mk Y}{lx} Kmelx Ljekc Dojky*

9*9 Ioj}kv}o mo Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k

Hlyklmo kg nl}oy xklay# o nacgk ioj}l l fay}ùxal l}xl~áy mo xkcl}o mo nxka Hk}}o kyixa}o jo

ca~xo fogýjago mo nacgk* O nacgk xkcl}l l c{}l mk nxkay mogajailjoy rkcoy orxagamoy*

Jo ljo mk <1>6 nxkay ]a}o# Nkxjljmo# Hk}}o k Oyulcmo aj}kexlg o ex{ro Låéo

Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ!*

L LCJ }kj}l~l c{}lx iog ly rlcl~xly# gly l rlx}ax mk <1>6 aj}kjyanaio{ l c{}l iog

lxgly* Rlxl iojyke{ax y{ly lxgly# lce{jy gkghxoy xklcatl~lg xo{hoy l hljioy* Roxág#

l rlx}aiarlåéo moy nxkay mogajailjoy hlykl~l'yk kg gljmlx gkjylekjy# kyiojmkx k}xljyrox}lx iogrljfkaxoy k kj}xlx kg ioj}l}o iog o{}xoy iogrojkj}ky mo ex{ro* Rox

ykxkg gkghxoy mk {gl lexkgalåéo xkcaeaoyl# oy nxkay jéo kxlg iojyamkxlmoy y{yrka}oy*

Kj}xk}lj}o l ya}{låéo g{mo{ |{ljmo oy ioj}l}oy# ly gkjylekjy k xk{jaûky iogkålxlg l

yk aj}kjyanailx* Rox kvkgrco# o Iojexkyyo ml [jaéo Jliaojlc moy Ky}{mlj}ky noa

mkyiohkx}o k lc{joy mk ma~kxyoy c{elxky mo Hxlyac noxlg rxkyoy* Lcág mayyo# o

xkrxkykj}lj}k mo xkeagk gaca}lx noa â gayyl k {g moy nxkay |{ky}aojo{ l rxkykjål mkck jl

gayyl* O{}xo kvkgrco á o kvçcao mo nxka Oyulcmo* Lo yk iocoilx kg xayio# l aexkdl



;<

xkyoc~k |{k kck }kg |{k ax rlxl Nxljål# rlxl kyilrlx ml rxayéo* Rox}lj}o l aexkdl kxl ~ay}l

iogo ajagael ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx k |{k lhxael~l –hlmkxjkaxoy‗ |{k {yl~lg o jogk mk

Mk{y rlxl agrclj}lx l mkyoxmkg jo rlçy*

Kg <1>6# l ya}{låéo rocç}ail jo Hxlyac rlyyl~l rox manai{cmlmky* Rox gkao ml kyiocfl mk

gaca}lxky k mo Iojexkyyo# o jo~o (rxkyamkj}k( jogklmo rox ~o}oy ajmaxk}oy# noa Lx}f{x

ml Ioy}l k Yac~l* O rxkyamkj}k kxl iojyamkxlmo {g kvrxkyya~o cçmkx moy yk}oxky glay

xkrxkyya~oy* Mk~amo l y{l jogklåéo# ly noxåly mkgoixì}aily noxlg rkxmkjmo romkx k o

xkeagk gaca}lx yk iojyocaml~l* L ykjylåéo mk cahkxmlmk ky}l~l ilml ~kt glay may}lj}k#

kxl iog{g lce{g aj}kexlj}k mo eo~kxjo yk ajy}lclx kg xkmlåûky doxjlcçy}aily rlxl

nayilcatlx ly jo}çialy |{k ykxalg ma~{celmly# y{yrka}oy ykjmo yke{amoy rox gaca}lxky kj}xko{}xly lhoxmlekjy* Oy maxka}oy ia~ay noxlg ilml ~kt glay mkyxkyrka}lmoy# o iamlméo jéo

romal ajnc{ax jl rocç}ail# o ioj}xock rocç}aio l{gkj}o{ k iog ayyo o ~o}o ror{clx noa

xky}xajeamo k l ikjy{xl â agrxkjyl naio{ glaox*

O eo~kxjo }ajfl ohdk}a~oy l ykxkg lciljålmoy4 ioj}kx o rxoikyyo ajncliaojìxao k xk}oglx

ixkyiagkj}o kiojýgaio jliaojlc* Ly gkmamly rlxl |{k ayyo lioj}kikyyk xky{c}lxlg kg

xkm{åéo mo iojy{go# l}xl~áy mk iojekclgkj}o ylclxalc k l lhkx}{xl ml kiojogal lo

ilra}lc ky}xljekaxo* Yag{c}ljklgkj}k# oy gaca}lxky lhxaxlg iojikyyéo mk ixáma}oy rlxl liclyyk gámal# l nag mk ixalx {gl k{nùxail royyahacamlmk mk iojy{go*

M{xlj}k o eo~kxjo mk Ioy}l k Yac~l fo{~k {gl go~agkj}låéo kg |{k lroalmoxky ml

mkgoixlial# iogo Ilxcoy Clikxml# yk {jayykg l o{}xoy rocç}aioy rlxl noxglx l Nxkj}k

Lgrcl# kvaeajmo l xkajy}lclåéo moy eo~kxjoy ia~ay* Kj}xk}lj}o# kyyl Nxkj}k naio{

kjnxl|{kiaml mk~amo â kv}ajåéo moy maxka}oy rocç}aioy k o nkiflgkj}o moy rlx}amoy*

Iog o kjm{xkiagkj}o mo xkeagk# ly rkyyoly noxlg yk go~agkj}ljmo k noxgljmoex{roy rocç}aioy |{k lmo}lxlg l c{}l lxglml rlxl ioghl}kx oy gaca}lxky* Kyyky ex{roy

}a~kxlg ajyraxlåéo jl ]koxal mo Noio E{kxxacfkaxo# |{k mk{ ~a}ùxal l Xk~oc{åéo I{hljl#

jl |{lc oy aj}kexlj}ky rkelxlg kg lxgly rlxl mkxx{hlx o xkeagk* O{}xoy go~agkj}oy

lxglmoy y{xeaxlg iogo Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ!# o Go~agkj}o

Xk~oc{iaojìxao 6 mk o{}{hxo &GX'6! k l Låéo Ror{clx Glxvay}l Ckjajay}l &LGRC!*

Kg ioj}xlrlx}aml o eo~kxjo ixao{ låûky rlxl mkyky}lhacatlx l l}{låéo moy ex{roy mk

ky|{kxml jo rlçy* Noxlg ixalmoy# rox gkao mly Noxåly Lxglmly# ykx~aåoy mk ajnoxglåéo



;8

xkyrojyì~kay rkco ioj}xock mly l}a~amlmky* Kvay}alg }xäy ùxeéoy |{k aj~ky}ael~lg ly

go~agkj}låûky rocç}aily ml|{kcky |{k d{cel~lg }kxxoxay}ly o{ lgklålmoxky mk oxmkg

jliaojlc4 o Ikj}xo mk Ajnoxglåûky mo Kváxia}o &IAKV!# o Ikj}xo mk Ajnoxglåûky ml

Lkxojì{}ail &IAYL! k o Ikj}xo mk Ajnoxglåûky ml Glxajfl &IKJAGLX!*

Rlxl iogrck}lx o rxoikyyo mk ~aeçcal rkxgljkj}k ioj}xl oy oroya}oxky ml ma}lm{xl# fo{~k

o{}xoy ex{roy l nag mk glj}kx l oxmkg jo rlçy* O Ikj}xo mk Ilål loy Iog{jay}ly

&III!0 o ex{ro il}ùcaio ]xlmaåéo# Nlgçcal k Rxorxakmlmk &]NR! k o Go~agkj}o Lj}a'

Iog{jay}l &GLI!*

Oy l}oy ajy}a}{iaojlay noxlg {gl gljohxl rlxl |{k o ro~o mknaja}a~lgkj}k jéo

aj}kxnkxayyk joy lyy{j}oy mo eo~kxjo# iogo rox kvkgrco# o L}o Ajy}a}{iaojlc j´ 9 ' LA'9

|{k xky}xajea{ o maxka}o lo ~o}o ror{clx* Gly jo najlc mk <1>6# Ioy}l k Yac~l ajy}a}{a{ o

L}o Ajy}a}{iaojlc j´ ; ' LA';# |{k ml~l nag l }omoy oy maxka}oy ia~ay# rkxga}al o

nkiflgkj}o mo Iojexkyyo Jliaojlc# mly Lyykghckaly Ckeaycl}a~ly# Ièglxly G{jaiarlay#

lcág ml ikjy{xl â agrxkjyl* Kyyl l}a}{mk rkxga}a{ ljoy mk }ox}{xly# rxayûky# gox}ky k

mkylrlxkiagkj}oy*

9*9*< ]ox}{xl# rxayéo# y{aiçmao k c{}l lxglml

O rkxyke{amo rocç}aio lo yk }oxjlx rxkyo rocç}aio iojfkial l ~aocäjial ml ma}lm{xl k l

}ox}{xl* [}acatlml iogo {g moy glaoxky ajy}x{gkj}oy mk xkrxkyyéo loy oroya}oxky# oy

xkrxkykj}lj}ky mo xkeagk gaca}lx kjvkxel~lg jl }ox}{xl {gl noxgl mk ily}aeo* Oy

gá}omoy mk }ox}{xl kxlg4 rl{ mk lxlxl ’ o rxkyo nail~l rkjm{xlmo kg {g rkmlåo mk

glmkaxl# ifo|{ky# lnoelgkj}oy k lxxly}l~lg o ioxro ml ~ç}agl jo rì}ao ml rxayéo*

L }ox}{xl á goy}xlml kg ma~kxyoy gogkj}oy mo nacgk Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k* L }ox}{xl á

{}acatlml rlxl iojyke{ax jogky mk o{}xoy iogrojkj}ky k rxajiarlcgkj}k jogk moy

cçmkxky ml ky|{kxml# gly }lghág rlxl xkrxkkjmkx oy ky|{kxmay}ly* Kj}xk}lj}o# l glaox

rlx}k moy rkxyojlekjy {yl~l o yacäjiao iogo xkyroy}l* Mk~amo l kyyk iogrox}lgkj}o

kxlg }ox}{xlmoy rox foxly yke{amly k |{ljmo xk}oxjl~lg l ikcl# kg mk}kxgajlmoy

gogkj}oy jéo }ajflg iojmaåûky mk glj}kx'yk kg rá*

Ly moxky ml }ox}{xl jéo kxlg lrkjly nçyaily# gly ryaiocùeaily* Rlxl kvkgrcanailx# nxka

]a}o# rox jéo y{rox}lx ly ckghxljåly mly hlxhlxamlmky yonxamly m{xlj}k l }ox}{xl# }kj}o{



;9

y{aiçmao jl rxayéo kg <152# jéo iojyke{ajmo xklcatlx o yk{ mkykdo# dì jo kvçcao#

kjnoxio{'yk ljoy mkroay*

Kg }omoy oy gogkj}oy# l xkclåéo ml aexkdl iog l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# ilxli}kxatlml jonacgk# kxl mk xkyrka}o* L aexkdl jéo aj}kxnkxal kg iogo o xkeagk gaca}lx iojm{tal l

rocç}ail jo rlçy* Kj}xk}lj}o fl~al {gl rxkoi{rlåéo moy xkcaeaoyoy kg mlx lyyay}äjial ây

rkyyoly |{k d{celyykg jkikyya}lmly k orxagamly* Roxág oy gaca}lxky may}aje{alg ky}l

rxo}kåéo moy xkcaeaoyoy loy jkikyya}lmoy iogo lhxaeo rlxl oy iog{jay}ly*

Lce{jy nxkay mogajailjoy kxlg aj}kexlj}ky ml LCJ* Rlxl ykx gkghxo mo ex{ro lmo}l~l'

yk {g jogk nlcyo# rlxl |{k oy gaca}lxky jéo mkyiohxayykg* O{}xo nl}ox kxl jéo }kx

ioj}l}oy iog nlgacalxky o{ lgaeoy* Lj}ky mk kj}xlx kg låéo# o ex{ro kxl }xkajlmo rox

ajma~çm{oy iogo yk ky}a~kyykg kg {g hl}lcféo gaca}lx*

Jo nacgk Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k# oy nxkay kxlg lgaeoy k yk iojfkialg rkco jogk mk

jlyiagkj}o* Lrkylx ml c{}l kvaeax o {yo mk lxgly# oy rkxyojlekjy mo nacgk jéo natkxlg

i{xyo rlxl gljar{clx lxgly* L rlx}aiarlåéo l}a~l moy nxkay kxl o ioj}l}o iog o{}xoy

aj}kexlj}ky# }ajflg l cahkxmlmk |{k o{}xoy jéo romalg {y{nx{ax*

O yay}kgl rocç}aio# o{ ykdl# l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# aj}kxnkxa{ jo io}amaljo moy hxlyackaxoy |{kyk rxor{ykxlg l c{}lx rkcl mkgoixlial* Ly ikjly mk }ox}{xl goy}xlg l rxkoi{rlåéo mk

lrxkykj}lx joy gçjagoy mk}lcfky o |{k oy –}kxxoxay}ly‗# lyyag mkjogajlmoy rox

gaca}lxky# yonxkxlg*

9*9*8 Ljìcayk mo Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k

Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k yk rlyyl jo najlc ml máilml mk <1>2# glay rxkiaylgkj}k kg <1>6*

Lrùy l rxog{celåéo mo L}o Ajiojy}a}{iaojlc j´ ; &LA';!# ~ìxaoy ex{roy mk ky|{kxml

ajiojnoxglmoy iog l ya}{låéo iogkålg l ~a~kx jl icljmky}ajamlmk k o ohdk}a~o kxl

mkxx{hlx o yay}kgl ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o# oy nxkay mogajailjoy yk

aj}kexlg l Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ!*

O nacgk iogkål iog {gl ikjl nox}k k jkg {g ro{io ùh~al# o y{aiçmao mo Nxka ]a}o

&<15=!# loy <6 ljoy# jl Nxljål* Roxág# rlxl kvrcailx iogo o mogajailjo iogk}k{ o l}o#

l fay}ùxal á jlxxlml mk }xìy rlxl nxkj}k* Kg <1>6# oy nxkay ]a}o &Ilao Hcl}!# Nkxjljmo

&Cáo \{aj}éo! k o A~o &Omacoj Ky}k~ky! iojfkikg {g moy glaoxky cçmkxky ml oroyaåéo kml Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ! Ilxcoy Glxaefkccl &Glx`{ Xahly!# glay iojfkiamo



;=

kj}xk oy gaca}lj}ky iogo rxon´ Gkjktky* Glxaefkccl {yl~l o jogk nlcyo rlxl jéo ykx

amkj}anailmo rkcoy gaca}lxky mo xkeagk* Oy nxkay Hk}}o &Mljakc mk Oca~kaxl! k Oyulcmo

&Ljekco Lj}ýjao! dì ky}l~lg l kyrkxl moy mkglay*

L rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o oy nxkay ajexkyylg jl c{}l rkcl mkgoixlial* Ykg nltkx rlx}k

knk}a~lgkj}k ml LCJ# oy mogajailjoy –kj}xlg‗ jl c{}l lxglml iog o aj}{a}o mk ld{mlx

oy jkikyya}lmoy* Iog o kjm{xkiagkj}o mo xkeagk# Glxaefkccl xk}xl}l |{k jéo fì iogo

c{}lx iog ly rlcl~xly k xk~kcl |{k o gogkj}o kxl o mk {ylx l lxgl rlxl eljflx l

hl}lcfl* Roxág l ld{ml mk nxlmky jéo ykxal rlxl lyylc}oy o{ l {}acatlåéo mk lxgly# gly l

mk glj}kx ioj}l}oy# kyiojmkx iogrljfkaxoy k mk kclhoxlx ky}xl}áealy rlxl n{ely mk

o{}xoy gaca}lj}ky*

Oy nxkay iogkålxlg l rlx}aiarlx mk xk{jaûky ky}{mlj}ay# l nltkx ioj}l}oy k kclhoxlx

ky}xl}áealy mk n{ely k kyiojmkxadoy* L rxagkaxl mkcly noa o Iojexkyyo ml [jaéo Jliaojlc

moy Ky}{mlj}ky# kg Ahaôjl# kg {g yç}ao coilcatlmo jo aj}kxaox mk Yéo Rl{co* Coilc kyyk

|{k o nxka ]a}o iojyke{a{# gly mk~amo lo exljmk jôgkxo mk ky}{mlj}ky |{k

rlx}aiarlxalg mo Iojexkyyo# kcky lilhlxlg iog o réo k cka}k ml xkeaéo* Oy goxlmoxky

mkyiojnalxlg ml go~agkj}låéo k caelxlg rlxl l rocçial |{k amkj}anaio{ l låéo iogo

}kxxoxay}l* Kyyk gogkj}o noa l rxagkaxl rxayéo mo Nxka ]a}o k coeo mkroay yoc}o ykg

yonxkx jkjf{g }aro mk }ox}{xl*

Oy nxkay ioj}aj{l~lg l y{l ~aml# xktl~lg# ky}{ml~lg k ykgrxk |{k kxlg ioj}l}lmoy

xklcatl~lg l y{l gayyéo* L}á kj}éo kyyk ex{ro romal ykx iojyamkxlmo l gajoxal mkj}xo

ml aexkdl# o{ ykdl# kxlg ro{ioy oy |{k yk iocoil~lg ioj}xl o xkeagk gaca}lx* Kj}xk}lj}o#

l aexkdl }ajfl {g mayi{xyo noxglmo* Rox kvkgrco# nxka Maoeo kg yk{ mayi{xyo m{xlj}k

{gl gayyl# mkiclxl |{k l aexkdl jéo romk lhlavlx l ilhkål rlxl l ma}lm{xl# roay kyykyay}kgl rxor{jfl l gì may}xah{aåéo ml xa|{ktl k l kvrcoxlåéo moy rohxky* L aexkdl }ajfl

|{k liflx {gl gljkaxl mk c{}lx ioj}xl o yay}kgl ykg ~aocäjial* Jkyyk gogkj}o {g moy

xkrxkykj}lj}ky mo xkeagk ky}l~l exl~ljmo o mayi{xyo k {gl mly rkyyoly |{k lyyay}alg l

gayyl ioj}o{ rlxl o nxka A~o k kck ajmaejlmo kvrûk rlxl }omoy |{k o xkrxkykj}lj}k ml

ma}lm{xl ky}l~l exl~ljmo o mayi{xyo ml aexkdl*

Lo rkxikhkx |{k oy nxkay ky}l~lg rlx}aiarljmo ml c{}l lxglml# o nxka Maoeo mkgojy}xl

rxkoi{rlåéo iog o |{k romal lioj}kikx loy nxkay* Jkyyk gogkj}o kcky mknkjmkg l c{}l#



;;

roay c{}l~lg rkcoy rohxky dì |{k á {gl kvaeäjial mo }xlhlcfo lroy}ùcaio* Kghoxl

}a~kyykg l ioj~aiåéo mk |{k c{}l~lg rkcoy rohxky# oy gaca}lxky }ajflg l ikx}ktl mk |{k

kcky kxlg iog{jay}ly k c{}l~lg ioj}xl l Yke{xljål Jliaojlc* Jo rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xl

gaca}lx kxl iog{g o lh{yo mk romkx# kj}xk kcky ky}l~l o exlgrklgkj}o mk }kcknojky |{k

kcky iojyamkxl~lg y{yrka}oy* Kg gogkj}oy mk ioj}l}oy# {g mkyyky }kcknojkgly noa

exlgrklmo# |{ljmo oy nxkay Nkxjljmo k A~o ioghajl~lg mk kjioj}xlx o Glxaefkccl# jo

Xao mk Dljkaxo* Lo o{~ax {g hlx{cfo ky}xljfo# nxka A~o jéo rkxikhk |{k l caelåéo noa

exlgrklml k l rlx}ax mkyyk gogkj}o iogkål o rkylmkco moy mogajailjoy*

Oy rxagkaxoy l ykxkg rxkyoy k }ox}{xlmoy noxlg oy nxkay A~o k Nkxjljmo# |{k lrùy foxly

mk }ox}{xl# yoh o iogljmo mk {g moy glaoxky }ox}{xlmoy ml ároil# Yáxeao RlxljfoyNck{xq &Iìyyao Elh{y Gkjmky!# kj}xkelxlg iogo yk iog{jail~lg iog Glxaefkccl*

L}xl~áy mk {gl ykjfl# –o Kxjky}o ~la â exìnail fodk‗# o glaox cçmkx ml c{}l lxglml noa

kvki{}lmo# kg <1>1# jl Lclgkml Ilyl Hxljio# rxùvago lo j´ 622# ojmk oy nxkay k

Glxaefkccl yk kjioj}xl~lg nxk|{kj}kgkj}k rlxl nltkx ky}xl}áealy mk n{ely k

kyiojmkxadoy*

Lrùy kyyk l}o# Nck{xq noa l}xìy moy o{}xoy mogajailjoy |{k iojyamkxl~l {gl lgklål lo

yay}kgl* Nxka ]a}o noa rxkyo mkj}xo mo ioj~kj}o# oi{rlmo rox gaca}lxky ml ma}lm{xl* Dì

nxka Hk}}o |{k ky}l~l jo y{c mo rlçy iojyke{a{ n{eax k nailx rox ro{io }kgro kyiojmamo#

roay l no}o mkck ky}l~l ky}lgrlml kg ma~kxyoy doxjlay iogo o cçmkx ml LCJ jo y{c k

iogo }kxxoxay}l* Iog }omoy oy nxkay rxkyoy jo Gajay}áxao ml Glxajfl# lce{jy rxkyoy

lajml yonxalg }ox}{xl k ayyo mkavl~l nxka ]a}o lhlclmo ryaiocoeailgkj}k* Coeo mkroay

noxlg }xljynkxamoy rlxl o Rxkyçmao ]axlmkj}ky* Dì jo Rxkyçmao nxka ]a}o á }ox}{xlmo

m{xlj}k }xäy maly k iogk}k{ l rxagkaxl }kj}l}a~l mk y{aiamo rox jéo y{rox}lx ly moxky

kgoiaojlay k nçyaily*

Kg <152# o kghlavlmox y{çåo# Eao~ljja H{ifkx noa yk|{ky}xlmo k ykxal yoc}o lrùy l

cahkxmlmk mk 52 rxkyoy rocç}aioy |{k kghlxilxalg rlxl o Ifack* O jogk mk nxka ]a}o

ky}l~l kj}xk oy 52 |{k ykxalg kvaclmoy* G{a}o lhlclmo kgoiaojlcgkj}k lrùy l }ox}{xl#

nxka ]a}o jéo iogkgoxo{ l y{l cahkxmlmk# jéo noa rlxl o Ifack k yag rlxl Xogl# ojmk

noa }xl}lmo iogo nxlmk }kxxoxay}l* Iog ayyo mkiama{ ax rlxl Nxljål# coilc ojmk kjioj}xo{

o nxka Oyulcmo |{k jo iogkåo ml máilml mk <1>6 noa gljmlmo rlxl l Nxljål iog l

najlcamlmk mk ky}{mlx k n{eax ml xkrxkyyéo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx*



;>

Kj}xk}lj}o oy mogajailjoy Hk}}o# A~o k Nkxjljmo ioj}aj{lxlg jo Hxlyac k noxlg

iojmkjlmoy l |{l}xo ljoy mk rxayéo* Kghoxl nxka ]a}o }kjfl nailmo lhlclmo

ryaiocoeailgkj}k lrùy l }ox}{xl# lce{jy kyrkxl~lg |{k kck yk xki{rkxlyyk# gly noa d{y}lgkj}k o ioj}xìxao |{k lioj}kik{* Nxka ]a}o }ajfl lc{iajlåûky nxk|{kj}ky |{k o nltal

ckghxlx l }ox}{xl yonxaml* \{lc|{kx hlx{cfo# o{ l}o ykgkcflj}k o mkavl~l }xljy}oxjlmo*

Rlxl kvkgrcanailx# |{ljmo ]a}o nltal ly oxlåûky iog oy o{}xoy nxlmky# jl Nxljål# }k~k o

gogkj}o mk xkikhkx l fùy}al# kck kyi{}o{ {g hlx{cfo mk rox}l hl}kjmo k l ckghxljål mk

Nck{xq o gljmljmo hkadlx l géo mo rlrl o nkt ioxxkx rlxl cojek mo ioj~kj}o k noa ojmk

kck mkyiohxa{ o c{elx |{k n{}{xlgkj}k yk gl}lxal*

L axgé mk Nxka ]a}o# Jacmky# noa ~aya}ì'co jl Nxljål k rkxikhk{ |{k kck jéo ky}l~l hkg#

gly jéo romkxal nailx jo rlçy# mk~amo ly iojmaåûky najljikaxly* Nxka ]a}o xk~kco{ â axgé

|{k ky}l~l iog yl{mlmk mo Hxlyac# moy lgaeoy k ml nlgçcal* Nxka ]a}o y{aiamo{ k

iojyamkxo{ kyyk gogkj}o iogo kv}kxgçjao mk {g rlyylmo yoghxao*

L rxom{åéo Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k xk~kcl |{k oy nxkay rlx}aiarlg mo ex{ro mk ky|{kxml* Kg

~ìxaoy gogkj}oy romkgoy mky}lilx roj}oy |{k }xljynoxglg o ca~xo mo nxka Hk}}o#

fogýjago mo nacgk# kg {gl mocoxoyl k hx{}lc fay}ùxal ml c{}l rkcl mkgoixlial* Okj~oc~agkj}o mk nxlmky mogajailjoy ioj}xl l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx j{jil noa xkcl}lmo iog

}lj}o xklcaygo loy nl}oy*

O }ç}{co Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k jéo xkcl}l |{lc l ~kxmlmkaxl agrxkyyéo mo nacgk* Kj}xk}lj}o#

lo ~kx o nacgk# coeo á amkj}anailmo o rox|{ä mo jogk Hl}aygo# dì |{k yk }xl}l mk nxlmky#

{g moy l}oy ml xkcaeaéo il}ùcail# rlxl mk lce{gl noxgl Mk{y ky}ì rxkykj}k jl ~aml ml

rkyyol á o hl}aygo* Dì o ylje{k noa mkxxlglmo rkcoy mogajailjoy }ox}{xlmoy# o{ ykdl# l

}ox}{xl á iojyamkxlml iogo o rxagkaxo l}o lrùy ykx rxkyo# {gl ajaialåéo*

L maxkåéo mk Fkc~áiao Xl}}og }kg lc}o jç~kc mk xklcaygo* Ly ikjly mk }ox}{xl yéo

aj}kjyly k mxlgì}aily l roj}o mk ifoilx o rôhcaio iog }lj}l hx{}lcamlmk* [g kvkgrco á

|{ljmo nxka A~o á iocoilmo kg {g rl{ mk lxlxl# {gl mly noxgly mk }ox}{xl# k á

kyrljilmo* Ly ikjly mk ifo|{k kcá}xaio }lghág agrxkyyaojlg rkcl ~kxliamlmk iog |{k

yéo iojm{tamly jo nacgk*



;5

O{}xo roj}o á l kyiocfl mo kckjio* L aj}kjåéo mk Fkc~áiao Xl}}og kxl |{k oy aj}áxrxk}ky

ky}a~kyykg jl gkygl nlavl k}ìxal moy nxlmky* Rlxl ~a~kx nxka ]a}o# noa ioj~amlmo o l}ox

Ilao Hcl}# |{k }k~k {gl hkcl l}{låéo* Á {g moy nxlmky mk –mky}l|{k‗# dì |{k iogk}k{

y{aiçmao mk~amo â ckghxljål ml }ox}{xl k oy y{x}oy mk co{i{xl* \{kg lyyay}k lo nacgk }kg

l ykjylåéo mk |{k o l}ox rlyyo{ rox }omly ly rkx~kxyamlmky ml ároil* Ilao Hcl}

ajioxroxl nakcgkj}k o rxorùya}o mk c{}l mo nxka ]a}o*

L no}oexlnal mk Cl{xo Kyioxkc# |{k iogkål iog ioxky ~a~ly k nail yoghxal kg

mk}kxgajlmoy gogkj}oy mo nacgk# á o{}xo mky}l|{k* Jo iogkåo mo nacgk# |{ljmo nxka

]a}o iogk}k y{aiçmao# l no}oexlnal á ykg ioxky# ifkel l ykx |{lyk kg rxk}o k hxljio k

coeo lrùy ly ioxky xk}oglg* Romkgoy rkxikhkx |{ljmo o nacgk ky}ì kg rkxçomoy mk}kjyéo d{y}lgkj}k rox il{yl mkyyl xkclåéo iog l no}oexlnal# o |{k yk ld{y}o{

rkxnka}lgkj}k l fay}ùxal*

O nacgk noa exl~lmo kg Gajly Ekxlay o |{k rxom{ta{ glay ~kxliamlmk l fay}ùxal* Rox

kvkgrco# o MORY noa xkixalmo kg ky}ômao jl iamlmk mk Ylhlxì* O{}xl ilxli}kxçy}ail mo

nacgk noa l xkixalåéo ml Lclgkml Ilyl Hxljil# ojmk o Glxaefkccl noa kvki{}lmo* O

ikjìxao á agrxkyyaojlj}k k fì g{a}l ykgkcfljål iog l máilml mk <1>24 oy ilxxoy#

rxajiarlcgkj}k o n{yil# {}acatlmoy kg ma~kxyly låûky ml c{}l lxglml* O nae{xajo mk

Glxdoxak Ekcckx k Doljl Rox}o á ae{lc lo {ylmo jl ároil# ly lxglåûky moy ùi{coy mk

exl{ |{lyk ykgrxk xkmojmly k rxk}ly*



;6

IOJIC[YÉO

L rocç}ail kg mk}kxgajlmoy gogkj}oy á {g }kgl rocägaio k ma~kxekj}k }kjmo ma~kxyoy

|{ky}aojlgkj}oy# |{k romkg ixa}ailx o{ mlx {g rlxkikx nl~oxì~kc lo yay}kglky}lhkckiamo* Iojy}l}ka |{k oy }xäy nacgky O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo? ' Hx{jo Hlxxk}o

&<115!0 T{t{ Ljekc ’ Yáxeao Xktkjmk &822>! k Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k ’ Fác~kiao Xl}}oj

&8225! yk mkmailg lo gkygo }kgl k kg mk}kxgajlmoy gogkj}oy ky}éo aj}kxcaelmoy* L

kyiocfl moy nacgky# roay yéo }omoy hlyklmoy kg nl}oy xklay# á d{y}lgkj}k rlxl }kx l

magkjyéo mo |{k xklcgkj}k lioj}kik{ jo rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# jéo hly}l~l

lrkjly y{royaåûky# gly yag l ~kxmlmk moy nl}oy*

L ykegkj}låéo moy }xäy nacgky á iclxl jo ykj}amo mk }xljynoxglåûky moy eäjkxoy# roay fì

lce{jy ljoy o eäjkxo glay iojika}{lmo jo Hxlyac kxl l Ifljiflml# |{k }ajfl iogo

ilxli}kxçy}aily oy g{yailay |{k romalg ykx mk |{lc|{kx xa}go* Xknoxåljmo |{k l}á kyyk

gogkj}o jéo fl~al jkjf{gl rxkoi{rlåéo kg jlxxlx l ya}{låéo rocç}ail k yoialc mo

Hxlyac* Ykjmo lyyag l iojnaxglåéo mo E{amo Hacflxajfo lo xkcl}lx |{k o iajkgl g{mo{

l rlx}ax mo go~agkj}o mo iajkgl jo~o# roay iogkålxlg l yk ajiogomlx iog l ya}{låéo

mo Hxlyac# }lj}o rocç}ail |{lj}o yoialc*

Kg mk}kxgajlmoy gogkj}oy moy nacgky O |{k á ayyo iogrljfkaxo? k Hl}aygo mk

Ylje{k á rkxikr}ç~kc l xkclåéo moy moay ex{roy Låéo Cahkx}lmoxl Jliaojlc &LCJ! k

Go~agkj}o Xk~oc{iaojìxao 6 mk O{}{hxo* Rox kvkgrco# jo rxagkaxo nacgk# ]ockmo k

Dojly yéo aj}kexlj}ky ml LCJ k yk lcalg lo GX'6 rlxl ld{mlx jo yk|{ky}xo mo

kghlavlmox jox}k'lgkxailjo Iflxcky Kchxai`* Kj|{lj}o ayyo jo yke{jmo nacgk o nxka

Hk}}o á aji{ghamo mk nltkx ]ockmo rlyylx l nxoj}kaxl mo Hxlyac/Rlxle{la* L xkclåéo moy

ex{roy rlxkial ykgrxk ykx rxùvagl# {jy ld{mljmo loy o{}xoy* Rox}lj}o# jéo fl~al

xa~lcamlmk# gly i{grcaiamlmk rlxl }axlx oy iogrljfkaxoy ml rxayéo# ml }ox}{xl k ml

gox}k*

O roj}o |{k ifkel l ykx {gl y{xrxkyl á |{ljmo nxlmky mogajailjoy rlx}aiarlg ml c{}l

lxglml* Fì {gl amkal mk |{k lrkjly ky}{mlj}ky k gkghxoy |{k }ajflg lce{gl

rlx}aiarlåéo rocç}ail rlx}aiarl~lg ml c{}l lxglml# g{a}o rkco ioj}xìxao oy nxlmky

mogajailjoy natkxlg rlx}k ml fay}ùxal xk~kcljmo {gl nlik}l jo~l mo xkeagk gaca}lx* O

glay agrox}lj}k moy nl}oy á |{k lce{jy ex{roy ml Ajy}a}{aåéo il}ùcail kxl ioj}xl l

ma}lm{xl# roay jéo hkjknaial~l l }omoy k yag l lce{jy iamlméoy*



;1

Roxág fì {g roj}o kg |{k romkxal ykx glay kvrcoxlmo# jo nacgk Hl}aygo mk Ylje{k* L

royaåéo ml aexkdl kg xkclåéo â ma}lm{xl gaca}lx jéo noa xkcl}lml iog rxon{jmamlmk* O

|{k nail y{hkj}kjmamo á |{k oy nxlmky romkxalg ykx iojyamkxlmo iogo xkhkcmky kj}xk oy

xkcaeaoyoy* Kj}xk}lj}o l rxajiarlc rxkoi{rlåéo moy nxlmky kxl rxo}kekx oy jkikyya}lmoy# o

|{k kxl ~ay}o rkco xkeagk iogo lnxoj}l moy nxlmky# o{ ykdl# oroyaåéo â ma}lm{xl*

Rox}lj}o l xkclåéo ml aexkdl iog o xkeagk gaca}lx rxkiaylxal ykx glay kgrxkkjmaml jl

rxom{åéo*

Lrkylx mk o iajkgl ioj}kgroxèjko iojy}l}lx l l}{lc ya}{låéo rocç}ail mo rlçy#

iojy}l}lgoy o ioj}xìxao iog oy nacgky* Roay kck xk}xl}l {g rlyylmo jéo g{a}o cojek# o

|{k lioj}kik{# iogo l ror{clåéo xklea{# iogo kxlg xklcatlmly ly –kckaåûky‗# rlxlckghxlx iogo ifkelgoy l}á l mkgoixlial iogo {gl noxgl mk eo~kxjo* Kj}xk}lj}o oy

nacgky |{kxkg xk}xl}lx iogo mkyixa}o lj}kxaoxgkj}k# |{k oy aj}kexlj}ky mo ex{ro mk

e{kxxacfl jéo kxlg glxeajlay# gly yag rkyyoly iog amklay kg h{yil mk {g hkg'ky}lx k

|{k lixkma}l~lg |{k o yoialcaygo ykxal l gkcfox noxgl mk eo~kxjo*

Ly ma~kxeäjialy ky}éo xkcliaojlmly iog ly rkyyoly |{k ~a~kjialxlg l ma}lm{xl# kg moay

nacgky noxlg l e{kxxacfl kg k~amäjial# gogkj}o mk lncaåéo# roay clxel~lg l nlgçcal kg

h{yil mk {gl amklcatlåéo k jo o{}xo á l mox mk {gl gék ykg jo}çialy mo nacfo |{k á

mlmo iogo mkylrlxkiamo |{ljmo jl ~kxmlmk ky}ì gox}o# ykg |{k |{lc|{kx nlgacalx

yo{hkyyk o{ }a~kyyk o maxka}o mk c{}lx rox ajnoxglåûky# roay g{a}oy }ajflg gkmo mk ykx

o rxùvago kvki{}lmo*

Lo lyyay}ax oy nacgky# l rxagkaxl ykjylåéo |{k ~kg kg gkj}k á l xknckvéo* Mk~amo l c{}l#

}ox}{xly# kvçcao k gox}ky mk gacflxky mk hxlyackaxoy ky}lgoy ~a~kjmo l mkgoixlial* Gly

lo gkygo }kgro ky}lgoy ~a~kjmo gogkj}oy mk ioxx{råéo# gkjylcéo# majfkaxo jl gkal#

i{kil kj}xk o{}xoy k jéo xklcatlgoy |{lc|{kx }aro mk gljanky}låéo o{ iohxljål* Mk

|{l}xo kg |{l}xo ljoy }kgoy {gl ôjail lxgl jl géo# o ~o}o# g{a}ly ~ktky

mkyrkxmaålmo# roay yk kckekgoy o Nkxjljmo Ioccox mk Gkcco |{k xkj{jiao{ lo ilxeo mk

rxkyamkj}k lj}ky mo agrklifgkj} ykx lrxo~lmo k kck ~oc}o{ iogo Ykjlmox kg 8225* L

ykjylåéo á |{k l cka}{xl rocç}ail ml yoiakmlmk hxlyackaxl á ajiokxkj}k iog ly l}a}{mky jo

rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx* Ykxì |{k nailxalg ilclmoy malj}k mk }lj}o xo{ho moy

rocç}aioy |{k kckekgoy?



>2

L iogrlxlåéo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx iog l ioxx{råéo |{k lioj}kik l}{lcgkj}k jo Hxlyac á

agkmal}l* L rkxe{j}l nail jl ilhkål# ilmä l ror{clåéo do~kg mo rlçy? Rox |{k jéo

c{}lgoy rlxl lilhlx iog l ioxx{råéo? L xkyroy}l á mançiac mk yk }kx# roay lrkylx mk

~a~kxgoy kg }lc ya}{låéo# ioj}aj{l mkyyl gljkaxl# rox|{k }kgoy l cahkxmlmk moy maxka}oy

ia~ay* Kj}xk}lj}o# ayyo jéo yaejanail |{k ky}lxgoy j{gl ya}{låéo iojnox}ì~kc á lhmailx mk

joyyoy maxka}oy* O maxka}o mk c{}lx rox {g rlçy glay d{y}o á mk }omoy*

Ky}l ljìcayk noa nx{}o mk {g |{ky}aojlgkj}o rocç}aio# kg ylhkx o |{k xklcgkj}k noa l

ma}lm{xl gaca}lx# yk xklcgkj}k }omly ly cka}{xly |{k nlcl~lg yohxk l ma}lm{xl }ajfl {g

ykj}ajmo* Rkjyljmo mkyyl gljkaxl oy nacgky xk}xl}lg l fay}ùxal hlyklml kg nl}oy xklay

mk lioxmo iog rkyyoly |{k ~a~kjialxlg ayyo k |{aykxlg goy}xlx rlxl l l}{lc yoiakmlmk*L ma}lm{xl gaca}lx jéo noa lrkjly {g rkxçomo mk }kjyéo# mk –}kxxoxay}ly‗# gly noa l c{}l

mk lce{jy# l}á rox|{k }ajfl iamlméoy ~a~kjmo kg {g rlçy ajkvay}kj}k# iogo o ilyo ml

T{t{ Ljekc# |{k nkt l mankxkjål jl fay}ùxal mo Hxlyac# noxlg kcky ’ ajic{ajmo oy cçmkxky#

|{k m{xlj}k 8< ljoy c{}lxlg rkcoy joyyoy maxka}oy k rox il{yl mkcky |{k }kgoy oy

maxka}oy ia~ay k o rxajiarlc mkcky o mo ~o}o*



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XKNKXÄJIALY

LMOXO IAJKGL* Mayrojç~kc kg4 3f}}r4//uuu*lmoxoiajkgl*iog: Likyyo kg425/2=/82<<*

LJMXKU# D* M{mckq* Ly rxajiarlay }koxaly mo iajkgl4 {gl aj}xom{åéo* ]xlm{åéo mk]kxkyl O}}oja* Xao mk Dljkaxo4 Doxek Tlflx Kma}ox# <161*

HL]AYGO MK YLJE[K ’ Fkc~áiao Xl}}oj &8225!*

HKXJLXMK]# Dklj'Icl{mk0 XLGOY# Lciamky Nxkaxk* Iajkgl k Fay}ùxal mo Hxlyac* 8km* Yéo Rl{co4 Ioj}kv}o# <118* &Iockåéo Xkrkjyljmo l Fay}ùxal!*

HACFLXAJFO# E{amo* Ikg ljoy mk iajkgl hxlyackaxo* [hkxlhl4 Ajya}{}o ]xalje{cajomk I{c}{xl# <115*

HXLYAC4 j{jil glay* Rk}xùrocay4 Kma}oxl ^otky# <16;*

ILXXAÆXK# Dklj'Icl{mk* L caje{lekg ykixk}l mo iajkgl* ]xlm{åéo mk NkxjljmoLchleca k Hkjdlgaj Lchleca* Xao mk Dljkaxo4 Jo~l Nxoj}kaxl# <118*

IFAL^KJL]]O# Dôcao Doyá* O eocrk mk >= k l ma}lm{xl gaca}lx * ; km* Yéo Rl{co4Gomkxjl# <11;* &Iockåéo Rocägail!*

N[XFLGGLX# Ckan0 AYL@YYOJ# Noc`k* Iajkgl k Rocç}ail* ]xlm{åéo mk Dôcao IktlxGoj}kjkexo* 8 km* Xao mk Dljkaxo4 Rlt k ]kxxl# <15>* &Iockåéo Iajkgl!*

EOXKJMKX# Dlioh* Ioghl}k jly }xk~ly4 l ky|{kxml hxlyackaxl4 mly ac{yûky rkxmaml âc{}l lxglml* ~*9* Yéo Rl{co4 Ì}ail# <165* &Yáxak Hxlyac Ioj}kgroxèjko!*

CKA]K &822;!# Yamjkq Nkxxkaxl* Iajkgl hxlyackaxo4 mly oxaekjy â xk}oglml* Yéo Rl{co4Kma}oxl N{jmlåéo Rkxyk{ Lhxlgo# 822;* &Iockåéo Fay}ùxal mo Ro~o Hxlyackaxo!*

C[T# Xoeáxao* Nacgk k Y{hdk}a~amlmk* Xao mk Dljkaxo4 Ioj}xl Ilrl# 8228* &Iockåéo J'Aglekg!*

GLX]AJ# Gliakc* L caje{lekg iajkgl}oexìnail* ]xlm{åéo mk Ncì~ao Raj}o ^akaxl k

]kxkyajfl Lc~ky Rkxkaxl* Hkco Foxatoj}k4 A}l}alal# <1>9* &Iockåéo Xk~ay}l mk Iajkgl!*

O \[K Á AYYO IOGRLJFKAXO? ’ Hx{jo Hlxxk}o &<115!*

RKMXKAXL# Nkxjljmo* Hxlyac Rocç}ail &<1>='<15;!* Yéo Rl{co4 Mankc# <15;*

ROCÇ]AIOY# Iogayyéo mk Nlgacalxky mk Gox}oy k Mkylrlxkiamoy# k}*lc* Moyyaä moygox}oy k mkylrlxkiamoy rocç}aioy l rlx}ax mk <1>=* Rkxjlgh{io4 Iogrljfal Kma}oxl mkRkxjlgh{io# <11;*

YLMO[C# Ekoxeky* Fay}ùxal mo Iajkgl G{jmalc* ]xlm{åéo mk Yýjal Ylccky Eogky*~*8* Yéo Rl{co4 Glx}ajy# <1>9*



>8

YLC^O# Nkxjljmo* Xk~ay}l Kyroiog* Iajkgl hxlyackaxo ml Xk}oglml4 ml rohxktl â~aocäjial jl }kcl# Hkco Foxatoj}k# ~* <# r* <'6# glao* 822>* Mayrojç~kc kg43f}}r4//uuu*nlnaif*{nge*hx/zkyroiog/xk~ay}l/j{gkxo</Lx}aeoNkxjljmoYLC^O*f}gc*:Likyyo kg4 2>/2=/82<2*

YAC^L# Xohqyoj Lc~ky* Iajkgl k Xkrxkykj}låéo Yoialc4 {gl xkclåéo mk iojnca}oy#Jl}lc# ~*<# r* <'5# yk}kghxo* 8226* Mayrojç~kc kg43f}}r4//uuu*aj}kxiog*oxe*hx/rlrkxy/jliaojlay/8226/xky{goy/X9'266>'<*rmn :Likyyokg4 8;/21/82<2*

][XJKX# Exlkgk* Iajkgl iogo rxì}ail yoialc* ]xlm{åéo mk Gl{xo Yac~l* Yéo Rl{co4Y{gg{y# <115*



>9

LJKVOY

Naifl ]áijail

]ç}{co oxaeajlc4 O \{k Á Ayyo# Iogrljfkaxo?Eäjkxo4 MxlglM{xlåéo4<f=; gajLjo mk cljålgkj}o4 <115May}xah{amoxl4 Gaxlglv Nacgy / Xaonacgky

Maxkåéo4 Hx{jo Hlxxk}o Xo}kaxo4 Ckorocmo Ykxxlj# hlyklmo kg ca~xo mk Nkxjljmo ElhkaxlRxom{åéo4 C{iq Hlxxk}o k C{at Ilxcoy Hlxxk}oGôyail4 Y}kulx} IorkcljmNo}oexlnal4 Nácav Goj}aNae{xajo4 Kgacal M{jiljKmaåéo4 Aylhkcck Xl}fkxqKnka}oy kyrkialay4 M^I Lx}k . ]áijail / Nlxdlccl

Ajmailåûky k Rxägaoy

Ajmailåéo lo Oyilx iogo Gkcfox Nacgk Ky}xljekaxo



>=

Kckjio

Iflxcky Kchxai` &Lclj Lx`aj!Glxal/Ljmxál &Nkxjljml ]oxxky!

Nkxjljmo/Rl{co &Rkmxo Ilxmoyo!Glxiéo &C{at Nkxjljmo E{aglxéky!Iclxl/Xkják &Iclômal Lhxk{!Fkjxa|{k &Glxio Xaiil!Dôcao &Ilao D{j|{kaxl!Iáylx/Oy~lcmo &Ykc}oj Gkcco!Lx}{x &Km{lxmo Goyio~ay!Mojl Glxelxaml &Nkxjljml Goj}kjkexo!Gac}oj Eojålc~ky

O}foj Hly}oy]ockmo &Jkcyoj Mlj}l!Dojly &Gl}fk{y Jl}ifkxelkck!Kc~axl Kchxai` &Ilxocajl ^lt!

I{xaoyamlmky

O maxk}ox Hx{jo Hlxxk}o k o xo}kaxay}l Ckorocmo Ykxxlj or}lxlg rox iojmkjylx joyrkxyojlekjy rxajiarlay mk O \{k Á Ayyo# Iogrljfkaxo? oy ~ìxaoy kckgkj}oy mle{kxxacfl {xhljl mo Hxlyac jl ároil ml ma}lm{xl* Mky}k gomo# oy rkxyojlekjy

aj}kxrxk}lmoy rox Rkmxo Ilxmoyo# C{at Nkxjljmo E{aglxéky# Nkxjljml ]oxxky# Icì{malLhxk{ k Jácyoj Mlj}ly yéo lo gkygo }kgro }omoy oy gaca}lj}ky ml ároil k jkjf{g kgkyrkialc0

O ôjaio e{kxxacfkaxo |{k kvay}a{ mk ~kxmlmk noa o aj}kxrxk}lmo rox Gl}fk{yJl}ifkxelkck* Kck yk iflgl~l ^axeçcao Eogky ml Yac~l k goxxk{ yoh }ox}{xl0

Lo ykx cljålmo jo Hxlyac# O \{k Á Ayyo# Iogrljfkaxo? ekxo{ g{a}l rocägail rox }kx~lcoxatlmo glay l låéo kg mk}xagkj}o ml rocç}ail mo rkxçomo ml ma}lm{xl gaca}lx k}lghág rox il{yl mk lce{gly cahkxmlmky fay}ùxaily }oglmly jo nacgk0

L aj}kjåéo mk nacglx O \{k Á Ayyo# Iogrljfkaxo? y{xea{ lajml kg <162# coeo lrùy oca~xo mk Nkxjljmo Elhkaxl }kx yamo r{hcailmo* Jl ároil oy maxka}oy rlxl l lmlr}låéoiajkgl}oexìnail noxlg iogrxlmoy rkcl rxom{}oxl C{iq Hlxxk}o# |{k yù rýmk nltkx monacgk {gl xklcamlmk <5 ljoy mkroay0

Jo nacgk# o kghlavlmox á cahkx}lmo m{xlj}k {g Nclgkjeo v ^lyio# kj|{lj}o |{k jl~kxmlmk kck noa yoc}o m{xlj}k {g Nclgkjeo v Hlje{0

O \{k Á Ayyo# Iogrljfkaxo? }k~k {g oxålgkj}o mk [Y- =#; gacfûky*



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Naifl ]áijail

]ç}{co oxaeajlc4 T{t{ LjekcEäjkxo4MxlglM{xlåéo4<f;2 gajLjo mk cljålgkj}o4 822>

Ya}k onaialc4 f}}r4//uuu*t{t{ljekconacgk*iog*hx/ May}xah{amoxl4 Ulxjkx HxoyMaxkåéo4 Yáxeao Xktkjmk Xo}kaxo4 Glxioy Hkxjy}kaj k Yáxeao XktkjmkRxom{åéo4 Dol|{ag ^lt mk Ilx~lcfoGôyail4 Ixay}ù~éo Hly}oyNo}oexlnal4 Rkmxo Nlx`lyMaxkåéo mk lx}k4 Glxioy Ncl`ygljNae{xajo4 @a`l Corky

Kmaåéo4 Glxikco Goxlky



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Eljfo{ o Exljmk Rxägao Iajkgl Hxlyac mk Gkcfox Nae{xajo# lcág mk }kx yamo ajmailmojly il}keoxaly mk Gkcfox L}xat &Rl}xçial Racclx!# Gkcfox L}ox Iolmd{~lj}k &Mljakc mk

Oca~kaxl!# Gkcfox Gl|{alekg# Gkcfox Maxkåéo mk Lx}k k Gkcfox Yog*

Xkikhk{ m{ly ajmailåûky lo Rxägao ml Lilmkgal Hxlyackaxl mk Iajkgl}oexlnal# jlyil}keoxaly mk Gkcfox Maxkåéo mk Lx}k k Gkcfox Yog*

Kckjio

T{t{ Ljekc &Rl}xçial Raclx!Y}{lx} Kmelx Ljekc Dojky &Mljakc Oca~kaxl!Kc`k Glxl~acfl &C{ljl Rao~lja!Yýjal &Ckljmxl Cklc!Nxlel &Lckvljmxk Hoxeky!Lchkx}o &Ilao D{j|{kaxl!Côial &Ljekcl ^akaxl!Go}l &Ncì~ao Hl{xl|{a!Clglxil &Rl{co Hk}}a!Ylrl}kaxo &Jkcyoj Mlj}ly!Rocaialc &Lj}ýjao Ra}ljel!Hxaelmkaxo &O}foj Hly}oy!Facmkelxm Ljekc &Xkealjk Lc~ky!Ljl Ljekc &Nkxjljml Nxka}ly!

I{xaoyamlmky

]k~k {g rôhcaio mk 55=*9<6 kyrki}lmoxky*



>5

Naifl ]áijail

]ç}{co oxaeajlc4 Hl}aygo mk Ylje{kEäjkxo4 MxlglM{xlåéo4 <f;2gajLjo mk cljålgkj}o4 8225

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>6

Kmaåéo4 Glax ]l~lxky


EXLJMK RXÄGAO MO IAJKGL HXLYACKAXOAjmailåûkyGkcfox Xo}kaxo Lmlr}lmoGkcfox Gl|{alekg

NKY]A^LC MK HXLYÇCALEljfo{Gkcfox Maxk}ox ' Fkc~áiao Xl}}ojGkcfox No}oexlnal

NKY]A^LC MK I[ALHÌEljfo{Gkcfox No}oexlnalGkcfox ]xacfl Yojoxl

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Nxka ]a}o &Ilao Hcl}!Nxka Hk}}o &Mljakc mk Oca~kaxl!Mkckelmo Nck{xq &Iìyyao Elh{y Gkjmky!

Nxka Oyulcmo &Ljekco Lj}ýjao!Jacmky &Glxiácao Ilx}lvo!Nxka Nkxjljmo &Cáo \{aj}éo!Ilxcoy Glxaefkccl &Glx`{ Xahly!Nxka A~o &Omacoj Ky}k~ky!Rocaialc Xl{c Ilxkil &G{xaco Exoyya!

REPRESENTAÇÃO DA DITADURA MILITAR NO CINEMA BRASILEIRO DE RETOMADA

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Transcript of REPRESENTAÇÃO DA DITADURA MILITAR NO CINEMA BRASILEIRO DE RETOMADA