ROCK, POESIA E JUVENTUDE Análise da relação entre o discurso de Renato Russo e a juventude...

8/7/2019 ROCK, POESIA E JUVENTUDE Análise da relação entre o discurso de Renato Russo e a juventude brasileira a partir d…

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80

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lf}hcjo fb gocwkjfyhîço wvh oyknkchlkjhjf#

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cço ë ftfgvzhjo cfcdvb phpfl co wfczkjo jf pyobo}fy kczflfgzvhlkqhyço h xvfb h hwwkbklh,

vbh }fq xvf o gocwvbo jo xvf ë gocwkjfyhjo kjfhl wf jè poy bhcfkyh kbpowzh#

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xvf pyophnh gvlzvyh phyh hw bhwwhw jf vbh bhcfkyh vb zhczo xvhczo klvw÷ykh wfcjo xvf

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88

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powwhb }ky h kbpfjky vb wogk÷lono jf hpyfgkhy vbh oiyh jf ghyèzfy popvlhy gobo, o mklbf

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hvwácgkh jo pfcwhbfczo gyâzkgo, xvf ldf pfybkzkykh h goczfwzhîço jf hwpfgzow kcfyfczfw à }kjh

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jkcdfkyo f xvf jf}f wfy gocwvbkjo gobo wf gocwobf xvhlxvfy ovzyh gokwh‒ $GOFLDO, 8;4>,

p# 88+#

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hyzâwzkghw, zhkw gobo, bñwkgh, pkczvyhw f oiyhw lkzfyèykhw# Jfczyf ow jk}fywow pyojvzow

omfyfgkjow pflh Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl fwzè h hyzf# Poyëb, cço ë pyvjfczf fczfcjfy xvf o oiafzo

hyzâwzkgo pyopowzo, cfgfwwhykhbfczf, zfcjf h hnyfnhy }hloyfw gocgfkzvhkw xvf fc}ol}fb wvh

gocgfpîço# Wfnvcjo Hjoyco $9009+, h Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl glhwwkmkgh h hyzf gobo phyzf jo mhzoy

bfyghjol÷nkgo# O pyojvzo jfwfc}ol}kjo phyh, jf gfyzh moybh, lkifyzhy, hghih poy ftfygfy mvcîço goczyèykh jkhczf jo wfv gocwvbkjoy#

]kwhcjo oizfy lvgyow gob h yfpyojvîço hyzâwzkgh jf moybh jfwfcmyfhjh# ]hloy jh hyzf, o wfvwfy, ë phyh ow gocwvbkjoyfw vb mfzkgdf, h wvh }hloyhîço wogkhl, xvf flfw zobhb pflh fwghlhoiafzk}h jhw oiyhw, zoych"wf o wfv ñckgo }hloy jf vwo, h ñckgh xvhlkjhjf jf xvf vwvmyvfb#Hwwkb o ghyèzfy jf bfyghjoykh jh hyzf wf jkwwol}f co py÷pyko hzo jf wf yfhlkqhy kczfnyhlbfczf# $HJOYCO, 9009 p#=8+

Boykc $8;;>+ gobfczh, jf bhcfkyh bhkw iyhcjh, h pyojvîço hyzâwzkgh oykvcjh jh Kcjñwzykh

Gvlzvyhl# O hvzoy hgyfjkzh xvf ftkwzf, fb bfko à hyikzyhykfjhjf jo ghpkzhl, h powwkiklkjhjf jfwvynky xvhlkjhjf hyzâwzkgh# “Fcmkb, h Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl cço pyojvq hpfchw glkgdáw ov bocwzyow#



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H kcjñwzykh jf Fwzhjo f o ghpkzhlkwbo pyk}hjo cço fwzfyflkqhb zojh h gykhîço‒ $BOYKC, 8;;>,

p# :;+#

Gofldo $8;4>+ oiwfy}h xvf o fczyfzfckbfczo, ch wvh gocjkîço jf pyojvzo jh KcjñwzykhGvlzvyhl, gocwfnvf vwvyphy h pyfmfyácgkh jow kcjk}âjvow, h poczo jf wviwzkzvky, pyhzkghbfczf jf

moybh jfmkckzk}h, o hpyfîo poy jfzfybkchjh bhckmfwzhîço hyzâwzkgh#

Hkcjh Bklhcfwk, jfwgyf}fcjo hw moybhw gvlzvyhkw jf vbh pfxvfch gkjhjf jf Wço Phvlohczfw f jfpokw jh kczyojvîço jh Z] $cvb pyogfwwo poy flf gdhbhjo jf ‘hvzojfwzyvkîçogvlzvyhl‛ jh gkjhjf+, oiwfy}h xvf h Z] jkbkcvkv f xvhwf flkbkcov o kczfyfwwf jh popvlhîçologhl pflo gkcfbh1 hw pfwwohw pyfmfykhb mkghy fb wvhw ghwhw, fczyfnvfw, fczyf ovzyhw gokwhw,hw wvhw co}flhw# $BKLHCFWK hpvj GOFLDO, 8;4>, p# ;=+

H phyzky jo pyfwwvpowzo jf xvf h Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl yfpyojvq, fb nyhcjf fwghlh, h hyzf, xvf,poy wvh }fq, wfnvf o gvywo chzvyhl jf hjfxvhîço how phjyöfw bfyghjol÷nkgow jh kcjñwzykh ch

xvhl fwzè kcwfykjh, Hjoyco $9009+ gobpyffcjf h pyophnhîço jh hyzf woi vbh ÷zkgh povgo

pyobkwwoyh1

Aè doaf hw oiyhw jf hyzf gobo phlh}yhw jf oyjfb f polâzkgh wço opoyzvchbfczf hjhpzhjhwpflh Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl, lf}hjhw h pyfîow yfjvqkjow h vb pñilkgo yflvzhczf, f o wfv vwo wfzoych hgfwwâ}fl h zojow gobo vwo jow phyxvfw# Bhw h jkwwolvîço jo wfv hvzfczkgo ghyèzfy jfbfyghjoykh cço wknckmkgh xvf flhw wfahb gvwzojkhjhw f whl}hw ch }kjh jf vbh wogkfjhjf

lk}yf, bhw wkb xvf jfwhphyfgf hzë h ñlzkbh nhyhczkh goczyh h wvh jfnyhjhîço fb ifcwgvlzvyhkw# $HJOYCO, 9009, p# =7"=:+

Ë kcfnè}fl xvf o poczo jf }kwzh hpoghlâpzkgo jkhczf jf vbh yfhlkjhjf fb xvf ow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço wço pyhzkghbfczf bfghckwbow xvf cço hpyfwfczhb h bfcoy zfcjácgkh jf wf

goczfy, cço hpyfwfczh kcjâgkow jf xvf pojf }ky h nfyhy hlnvb yfmlfto jfbhwkhjhbfczf

ftpyfwwk}o# Kwzo ë, h hyzf wfyè gocwvbkjh jf }èykhw moybhw f phyh xvfb gocwfnvky lhcîhy bço

jf yfgvywow wvmkgkfczfw phyh gocwvbk"lh#

9#9#8 H bñwkgh gobo pyojvzo gvlzvyhl H bñwkgh ë vbh jhw bhkw popvlhyfw bhckmfwzhîöfw hyzâwzkghw pyojvqkjhw pflo dobfb# Wço

}èykhw hw moybhw jf gobpyffcjfy hw zëgckghw fbpyfnhjhw ch gocwzyvîço jh bñwkgh f, zhbiëb,

jf glhwwkmkghy wvh xvhlkjhjf# Dè xvfb hgyfjkzf xvf o mhzoy mvcjhbfczhl phyh h bñwkgh wfy

jfcobkchjh jf ioh xvhlkjhjf ë o hlghcgf popvlhy xvf flh hzkcnf5 ovzyow fczfcjfb xvf ow

hwpfgzow kcfyfczfw ho fcxvhjyhbfczo zëgckgo jh gobpowkîço wço ow yfwpocwè}fkw phyh xvf h

bñwkgh wfah zkjh gobo jf pykbfkyh ghzfnoykh#



87

H kcjñwzykh zhbiëb ë o bfko pflo xvhl o pyojvzo bvwkghl ë jfwfc}ol}kjo f gdfnh ho pñilkgo

gocwvbkjoy# Cço zhyjov bvkzo phyh xvf h Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl pfygfifwwf xvf cço dh}kh

kcg÷nckzhw phyh h bñwkgh zfy átkzo gobo pyojvzo gvlzvyhl# Hcjfywoc $900=+ poczvh xvf vbh

gocwkjfyè}fl phyzf jo átkzo jo gobëygko jh bñwkgh jè"wf pflh gocjkîço jf olkbpkhco xvf ow

hyzkwzhw zfcjfb h hwwvbky ho locno jf wvhw ghyyfkyhw f gocwfnvfb, jf gfyzh moybh, vwvyphy h

yfhl kbpoyzécgkh jh bñwkgh#

H kcjñwzykh jfw}fcjhyh o g÷jkno gobfygkhl# Flh dh}kh jfwgoifyzo h m÷ybvlh wfgyfzh phyhpyojvqky dkzw1 }fcjfy dobfcw ao}fcw f }hyockw bvldfyfw# O xvf mvcgkoch gob Fl}kw Pyfwlf{hnoyh pojkh wfy yfplkghjo fb fwghlh kcjvwzykhl# Zvjo zkcdh h }fy gob hphyácgkh fpfywochlkjhjfw pyojvqkjhw# H bñwkgh fb wk, xvf fyh zfygfkykqhjh phyh vb pfxvfco ftëygkzojf pyomkwwkochkw $69 pfwwohw gocwzhb ch lkwzh jf gyëjkzow jf Co Wzykcnw Hzzhgdfj +, povgokbpoyzh}h# $HCJFYWOC, 900=, p# 9;+

9#9#9 O bfyghjo moconyèmkgo O bfyghjo moconyèmkgo ë o gobplfto jf fbpyfwhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw fb nyh}hîço f jkwzykivkîço

jf èvjko# Co kcâgko, h pykcgkphl plhzhmoybh jh bâjkh wocoyh fyh o Locn Plh{fy# Gob h

f}olvîço zfgcol÷nkgh, co}ow pyojvzow wvynkyhb, wfcjo xvf ow bhkw goc}fcgkochkw wço GJ,

mkzhw ghwwfzf f ow moybhzow jf wob jknkzhl, gobo o BP7#

Hcjfywoc $900=+ fczfcjf xvf o gocwvbo co bfyghjo moconyèmkgo hzkcnkv wfv hponfv co

pfyâojo gobpyffcjkjo fczyf hw jëghjhw jf 8;;0 f 9000# Chxvflh ëpogh, hw bhaoykzèykhw

moconyèmkghw gocxvkwzhyhb lvgyow wfb pyfgfjfczfw#

Hw nyh}hjoyhw zkcdhb iohw yhqöfw phyh wfczkyfb gocmkhczfw# Ow mçw goyykhb gobo bhchjhwphyh hw loahw jf jkwgow# Fczyf 8;;0 f 9000, hw }fcjhw jf èlivcw joiyhyhb, h zhth jfgyfwgkbfczo bhkw hgflfyhjh jh dkwz÷ykh jo wfzoy# Xvhwf bfzhjf jow 800 bhkoyfw ghbpföfwjf }fcjhw jh dkwz÷ykh dh}kh wkjo }fcjkjh cfwwf pfyâojo# $HCJFYWOC, 900=, p# 9;+

O hczhnockwzh jo bfyghjo moconyèmkgo ë o gobëygko klfnhl, gocdfgkjo gobo “pkyhzhykh‒#Jk}fywhw wço hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf gocwvbky bñwkgh wfb cfgfwwhykhbfczf phnhy poy flh# Hlëb

jf yfpyojvîöfw cço hvzoykqhjhw jf bâjkhw gobo GJ f J]J, o gocwvbkjoy pojf lhcîhy bço

jf vb bfghckwbo bhkw fmkgkfczf f fmkghq phyh hjkgkochy fb wvh golfîço ow jkwgow f wkcnlfw

jfwfahjow1 h kczfycfz# Hcjfywoc $900=+ gobfczh woiyf h yflhîço fczyf ~fi f pfwwohw xvf

gocwobfb bñwkgh1

Cço oiwzhczf hw }èykhw hîöfw havkqhjhw pflh kcjñwzykh moconyèmkgh, o zyèmfno chw yfjfw jfzyogh jf hyxvk}ow pffy"zo"pffy $“P9P‒+ wf bhczëb fb gyfwgkbfczo, chw xvhkw doaf gfygh jf80 bkldöfw jf vwvèykow gobphyzkldhb hyxvk}ow jf bñwkgh zojow ow jkhw# $HCJFYWOC,900=, p#78+



8:

Fb goczyh phyzkjh, h kczfycfz cço hwwobiyh h ghyyfkyh jo hyzkwzh, jfwjf xvf flf whkih vwvmyvky

jow ifcfmâgkow xvf flh pojf pyopoygkochy# Wço }èykow ow wkzfw f hw yfjfw wogkhkw xvf pojfb wfy

nyhcjfw hlkhjow phyh xvf h bñwkgh wf pyophnvf jf moybh }kyhl# Ë powwâ}fl xvf vbh ghcîço wfah

hpyfwfczhjh fb pykbfkyh bço, fb wfy}kîow gobo nyhzvkzow gobo o B{Wphgf, f, hwwkb, hiyfb

bço jf phnhy ahiè#

9#9#7 O bfyghjo moconyèmkgo co Iyhwkl

Hw nyhcjfw nyh}hjoyhw mhqfb phyzf jo bfyghjo moconyèmkgo iyhwklfkyo jfwjf xvf o fwzklo yoge

hcj yoll gdfnov ho phâw, jvyhczf bfhjow jh jëghjh jf 8;60# Ho locno jf wvhw bhkw jf gkcgo

jëghjhw jf dkwz÷ykh, o bfyghjo moconyèmkgo chgkochl goczh gob o wvpoyzf jow }fâgvlow jf

gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Jk}vlnhîço cow doyèykow coiyfw jh pyonyhbhîço jo yèjko, zykldhw

wocoyhw pyojvqkjhw phyh o gkcfbh, ftkikîço ch zflf}kwço $pyojvîço jf }kjfoglkpfw,

phyzkgkphîço fb pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko, fzg#+, kczfycfz $wkzfw f pfymkw omkgkhkw fb yfjfw wogkhkw+

wço hlnvcw jow bfghckwbow vwhjow pflh Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl gobo bolhw pyopvlwoyhw phyh xvf

hw fcnyfchnfcw jfwzf bfyghjo mvcgkocfb#

Jvyhczf o pfyâojo jo nolpf bklkzhy co Iyhwkl, h kcjñwzykh moconyèmkgh iyhwklfkyh mok }knkhjh jf

pfyzo poy ÷ynçow jf gfcwvyh# Bfjkjhw hjozhjhw pflo no}fyco, gobo o HK6, ftfygfyhb phpëkw

mvcjhbfczhkw ch ghyyfkyh jf hyzkwzhw f co gobëygko jf jkwgow# Dkwz÷ykhw woiyf ftâlko jf hyzkwzhw

gocwkjfyhjow wvi}fywk}ow f xvf mhqkhb bñwkghw jf gvcdo bhkw kcogfczf wço hlnvcw jow

hwpfgzow xvf klvwzyhb h kcjñwzykh moconyèmkgh jo Phâw chxvflh ëpogh#

Jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;40, kcñbfyow hyzkwzhw zk}fyhb èlivcw ov mhkthw }fzhjhw phyh ftfgvîço

pñilkgh f yhjkojkmvwço# Vb jow ghwow bhkw glèwwkgow jh moyîh jh gfcwvyh fc}ol}f olhcîhbfczo jf Hw H}fczvyhw jh Ilkzq , pykbfkyo jkwgo jh ihcjh Ilkzq, fb 8;49# Yojyknvfw

$900;+ hynvbfczh xvf o nyvpo, lkjfyhjo pflo ghczoy F}hcjyo Bfwxvkzh, dh}kh gocwfnvkjo vbh

lkbkchy xvf pfybkzkh o lhcîhbfczo kczfnyhl jh oiyh# Bhkw jf wfzfczh bkl ftfbplhyfw jf LP‛w aè

fwzh}hb pyfcwhjow f pyoczow phyh wfyfb jkwzykivâjow# Bhw h gfcwvyh yf}onov h lkbkchy f h

ñckgh hlzfychzk}h xvf h Ilkzq fcgoczyov phyh oifjfgfy àw yfnyhw kbpowzhw mok ykwghy hw mhkthw,

xvf moyhb pyokikjhw poy Wolhcnf Bhykh Dfychcjfq, hzë fczço, jkyfzoyh jo Wfy}kîo jf Gfcwvyh

jo Jfphyzhbfczo jh Polâgkh Mfjfyhl#



86

Vbh jhw bñwkghw xvf wf zoychyhb wvgfwwo jo ghcgkocfkyo chgkochl gdfnov ho zopo jhw

phyhjhw jf wvgfwwo xvfiyhcjo }èykow jonbhw f phyhjknbhw jh kcjñwzykh moconyèmkgh iyhwklfkyh#

H ghcîço zfb bhkw jf co}f bkcvzow jf jvyhîço f 86; }fywow, wfcjo xvf cfcdvb gocavczo

jflfw moybh vb yfmyço# H oiyh wf gdhbh Mhyofwzf Ghioglo f mok nyh}hjh pflh ihcjh Lfnkço

Vyihch fb wfv zfygfkyo zyhihldo, Xvf Phâw Ë Fwwf?, lhcîhjo fb 8;4># Bhygflo $900;+ hmkybh

xvf o moyzf hpflo jow mçw jh ihcjh ho lknhyfb kcwkwzfczfbfczf phyh hw yèjkow pfjkcjo h bñwkgh

mfq gob xvf à nyh}hjoyh FBK mowwf bvlzhjh poy pyobo}fy vb moconyhbh xvf zf}f

yhjkojkmvwço kbpfjkjh pflh gfcwvyh# F gobo h jvyhîço jh ghcîço vlzyhphwwh ow goc}fcgkochkw

zyáw bkcvzow, hw yèjkow wf }kyhb ch gocjkîço jf goyzhy zyáw bñwkghw jh pyonyhbhîço f kcwfyky o

wkcnlf jh ihcjh lkjfyhjh poy Yfchzo Yvwwo $BHYGFLO, 900;, p# 77;+#

O bfyghjo moconyèmkgo iyhwklfkyo, hwwkb gobo co yfwzhczf jo bvcjo, phwwov poy }èykhw

bvjhcîhw fb yhqço jo h}hcîo jh zfgcolonkh# Jfwjf h jëghjh jf 8;;0, hw }fcjhw jf jkwgow w÷

mhqfb ghky f ow hyzkwzhw moyhb wf gocgfczyhcjo fb mhqfy zvycáw# Hzvhlbfczf, phyh hzkcnky h

bhygh jf jkwgo jf ovyo, ihwzh }fcjfy 60 bkl g÷pkhw# Fb vb phwwhjo cço zço jkwzhczf, fwzf

wzhzvw w÷ fyh hzkcnkjo hp÷w h gobfygkhlkqhîço jf 900 bkl ftfbplhyfw#

9#7 Ow olkbpkhcow

Ow kcjk}âjvow xvf hzkcnfb o phzhbhy jfcobkchjo olkbpkhco wço hxvflfw xvf, poy wvhw

yfwpfgzk}hw yhqöfw gocxvkwzhb o zâzvlo jf âjolow f zfcjfb h ftfygfy kcmlvfcgkh jkyfzh co

gobpoyzhbfczo jow kcjk}âjvow#

Boykc $8;;>+ hmkybh xvf ow olkbpkhcow fwzço pyfwfczfw fb zojow ow wfzoyfw jh gvlzvyh jf

bhwwh# Flfw wço bfczoyfw jh kczfyhîço fczyf kbhnkcèyko, kcmoybhîço, gocwfldow f coybhw# Vbpyojvzo jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh, gobo ë h bñwkgh pop yoge, zfcjf h wfy gocwvbkjo jf bhcfkyh

fwzëzkgh f wfvw pfywochnfcw pykcgkphkw hghihb wf zoychcjo dfy÷kw $BOYKC, 8;;>, p#804+#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy $8;;>+, h kcmoybhîço zfb o pojfy jf bhtkbkqhy ow hgoczfgkbfczow kcfyfczfw

how mfkzow jf vb olkbpo f hvzobhzkghbfczf o zyhcwmoybh fb vb pyojvzo jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh#

Phyzkcjo jfwzf pyfwwvpowzo, gocgyfzkqh h kjëkh jo wvynkbfczo jo âjolo# H kjolhzykh mhq o mç

fctfynhy fb wfv hl}o jf hjbkyhîço ftfbplow h wfyfb wfnvkjow# “O olkbpkwbo wf oyknkch co

kbhnkcèyko f cow mfkzow dfy÷kgow, whnyhjow ov hkcjh fy÷zkgow‒# $BOYKC, 8;;>, p#80=+#



8=

Yoafe $9008+ hynvbfczh xvf h yflhîço fczyf mç f âjolo ë jf gocwvbo, wfcjo xvf o gvlzo àw

gflfiykjhjfw pojf hzkcnky câ}fkw ftzyfbow f nfyhy yfmlftow povgo whvjè}fkw cow nfwzow,

hzkzvjfw f kjfolonkhw jo mç#

Fwwhw mhczhwkhw f oiwfwwöfw pojfb wf }kyhy phyh jfczyo, jf bojo xvf xvhcjo vbhgflfiykjhjf boyyf o mç jfgkjf xvf cço }hlf bhkw h pfch }k}fy# Fb wfnvkjhw hw boyzfw jfYojolmo ]hlfczkco, Fl}kw Pyfwlf{, Evyz Goihkc f Aodc Lfccoc, hlnvcw wvkgâjkow moyhbyflhzhjow $YOAFE, 9008, p#69+

Wfnvcjo Boykc $900=+, ow âjolow wço jfvwfw xvf wfy}fb jf fwpfldo phyh h wogkfjhjf# Flfw wço

zkjow gobo wfyfw mflkqfw f noqhb jf gobplfzh whzkwmhîço, bhw xvhcjo h bhwwh fctfynh vb

jfwfxvklâiyko cfwwh mflkgkjhjf zfoykghbfczf pfymfkzh, h kbhnfb jf “jfvwfw"bojflow‒ womyf

hihlow# H kcmflkgkjhjf jow olkbpkhcow nfyh fwzyhcdhbfczo ho pñilkgo, pyo}oghcjo vb

jkwzhcgkhbfczo ov, hzë bfwbo, o zozhl hmhwzhbfczo fczyf pñilkgo f jfvwfw# H mflkgkjhjf jow

olkbpkhcow phwwh, pokw, h wfy }kwzh gobo mflkgkjhjf “pyoilfbèzkgh‒, ghphq jf pfyzvyihy wfvw

hjfpzow#

H mvcîço kczfnyhjoyh fvmoykqhczf jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh fyh fwwfcgkhlbfczf hwwfnvyhjhpflh bkzolonkh jo olkbpo hwwogkhjh h mflkgkjhjf# H gykwf jo olkbpo f jh mflkgkjhjfpfyzvyih fwzh mvcîço kczfnyhjoyh, h xvhl wf zyhcwpoyzh phyh vb plhco co}o1 h vzopkhgocgyfzh jf bhwwh wviwzkzvk h vzopkh olâbpkgh $BOYKC 900=, p# 880+

Ghif ho kcjk}âjvo gob o wzhzvw jf olkbpkhco h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf jfwfbpfcdhy vb phpfl jf

yhzkmkghy coybhw xvf powwhb }ky h gocwzkzvky o gobpoyzhbfczo f hw hzkzvjfw jf wfv pñilkgo#

9#7#8# Hw gflfiykjhjfw gobo jfvwfw f wfbk"jfvwfw

H gflfiykjhjf gvbpyf o phpfl jf jkzhy yfnyhw f gowzvbfw, xvf wfy}fb jf fcnyfchnfcw, phyh h

gocwzyvîço jo gobpoyzhbfczo jf jfzfybkchjo ckgdo, xvf opzh fb zá"lh gobo phjyço h wfy wfnvkjo#

Yoafe $9008+ jfmkcf o wzhzvw jf gflfiykjhjf poy bfko jf zyáw ftplkghîöfw# O hvzoy hmkybh xvf h

gocjkîço jf gflfiykjhjf pojf wfy gocmfykjh, pokw zfb yflhîço gob dfyfjkzhykfjhjf, ov wfah, o

kcjk}âjvo chwgf fb vb bfko gëlfiyf# H gflfiykjhjf pojf wfy hjxvkykjh, xvf ë xvhcjo hw

gocxvkwzhw f yfhlkqhîöfw jow kcjk}âjvow wço ow bfghckwbow yfwpocwè}fkw pflo pyfwzânko jflf#

Goczvjo, xvhcjo kczfybfjkèykow gvlzvyhkw kczfymfyfb ch fwmfyh pñilkgh f jfgkjfb poy gykhy vb

âjolo, zfbow h gflfiykjhjf hzykivâjh $YOAFE, 9008, p# 90+#



8>

Wfnvcjo Boykc $9008+, ow jfvwfw ftkwzfb ch bfjkjh fb xvf ow kcjk}âjvow gyáfb cflfw f ldfw

gocgfjf pojfy# Wf moy lf}hjh fb goczh h powwkiklkjhjf jf vb nyvpo wogkhl cço hgyfjkzhy

cfwwfw jfvwfw, flfw cço ftkwzkykhb# Fwwfw jfvwfw cço wço wfyfw jkwzhczfw# Zyhzh"wf jf wfyfw xvf

kczfyhnfb f xvf ftfygfb gobvckghîço phyh gob wfvw hjfpzow# Jf mhzo, h wogkfjhjf gocgyfzkqh

f pyopoygkoch h fwwfw jfvwfw o pojfy jf fwpfldhy ow }hloyfw jf vbh wogkfjhjf ch xvhl fwzço

kcwfykjow# “Zfbow yflhîöfw bvkzo gvykowhw gob ow jfvwfw poyxvf ow phyhwkzhbow, kwzo ë,

ftknkbow jflfw xvhczkjhjfw fcoybfw jf wfy}kîow, f flfw py÷pykow cow phyhwkzhb poyxvf ftknfb

gvlzow, whgykmâgkow, pyfgfw, fzg#1 Jfvwfw f bkzow }k}ow‒ $BOYKC, 9008, p#>7+

Boykc $9008+ yhzkmkgh xvf ow jfvwfw powwvfb bhkw pojfyfw xvf }ço hlëb jh pozácgkh jow

kcjk}âjvow, jhw chîöfw f jo Fwzhjo# Aè h gvlzvyh cço ë gocwkwzfczf xvhcjo gobphyhjh howjfvwfw gykhjow f, àw }fqfw, zoych"wf fmábfyh# H bâjkh kczfymfyf ch gyfcîh f ch jf}oîço h fwwfw

jfvwfw gykhjow# Lono, h hjoyhîço phwwh jf vb ftzyfbo ho ovzyo, wfcjo xvf vb jkh flfw wço

hbhjow, f lono fb wfnvkjh, wvynf o wfczkbfczo jf yfpvlwh h fwwfw âjolow xvf zyhcwmoybhbow

fb jk}kcjhjfw# Ch dè yfwpowzh fthzh, cfb gocgfkzo moybhjo woiyf gobo fwwfw jfvwfw wf

zoychyhb jfvwfw# Flfw nhcdhyhb gyëjkzo jf moybh }kyhl f hzkcnfb nyhcjfw pyopoyîöfw#

Jvyhczf gfyzo zfbpo, kjëkhw xvf powwvfb vbh moyîh jf ‘goczhbkchîço ‛fcgoczyhb"wfiloxvfhjhw, gocmkchjhw, jfpokw xvhcjo hw gocjkîöfw jo fgowwkwzfbh $wogkfjhjf+ wfbojkmkghb, iyvwghbfczf fwwhw kjëkhw wf jkmvcjfb f pojfb, fczço, bojkmkghy gfyzowhwpfgzow jh yfhlkjhjf ‗ Jfvwfw f bkzow }k}ow# $BOYKC, 9008, p >:+

H bojh f o gobpoyzhbfczo wço flfbfczow xvf powwvfb yflhîöfw bvkzo py÷tkbhw gob h

bñwkgh# Hyzkwzhw gobo Yoj Wzf~hyz, Bhjocch, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc f Zdf Ifhzlfw wf zoychyhb

gflfiykjhjfw ho lhcîhyfb bço jh gobikchîço zhlfczo f ftgfczykgkjhjf cow bojow jf hnky f

}fwzky# Bhw cfb wfbpyf o ftfbplo jo hwzyo ë o kjfhl# Ow pykbfkyow hcow jh av}fczvjf

yfpyfwfczhb o bobfczo fb xvf o kcjk}âjvo gocwzy÷k h wvh kjfczkjhjf# Hpfwhy jf mhbklkhyfw fpyomfwwoyfw pyfnhyfb }hloyfw zyhjkgkochkw, h gvlzvyh jo ao}fb, àw }fqfw, zfcjf h lf}è"lo jf

fcgoczyo how gëlfiyfw hyzkwzhw xvf flf gocwvbf poy bfko jh gobvckghîço jf bhwwh# Wfnvcjo

Efllcfy $9008+, )hw kbhnfcw jfyk}hjhw jhw mknvyhw jh bñwkgh pop fwzço ch goczyhbço jo

gocwfy}hjoykwbo)# $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#77;+#



84

9#7#9# H bñwkgh gobo pyojvzoyh jf gflfiykjhjfw

O vck}fywo bvwkghl wfbpyf wfy}kv jf gfcèyko phyh o wvynkbfczo jf gflfiykjhjfw# Ë kcfnè}fl

xvf ow iohzow f ow yvboyfw yfpyfwfczhb hzyhzk}ow xvf fwzhiflfgfb h gocftço fczyf h

wogkfjhjf f ow hwzyow jh bñwkgh# Zfbhw yflhgkochjow à boyzf wço ghzhlkwhjoyfw fmkgkfczfw phyh

mobfczhy h gocjkîço jf gflfiykjhjf jf vb hwzyo bvwkghl# Govzo $9004+ hmkybh xvf o ghczoy

Akb Boyykwwoc, ft"lâjfy jh ihcjh Zdf Jooyw, ë vbh jhw pfywochlkjhjfw xvf powwvfb bhkw

kcjâgkow jf pyfwfcîh mâwkgh, bfwbo hp÷w mhlfgfy f, poy jk}fywhw }fqfw, mok “}kwzo‒ ghbkcdhcjo

chw hjahgácgkhw jow loghkw ocjf boyov#

Fb ovzyhw oghwköfw, o boyzo mok }kwzo fb hlnvcw lvnhyfw ihyyh pfwhjh fb Low Hcnflfw,vwhcjo ghlîh jf govyo pyfzh xvf zhczhw }fqfw mok wvh bhygh yfnkwzyhjh cow wdo~w jo Jooyw#Phyh hlnvcw, fwzfw “lvnhyfw ihyyh pfwhjh‒ how xvhkw ow iohzow wf yfmfykhb fyhb hpfchwiohzfw nh{, ocjf ow myfxüfczhjoyfw vwh}hb jf mhzo }fwzkbfczhw jf govyo $GOVZO, 9004, p#60+

Ovzyo mhzoy yfwpocwè}fl pflh gocwzyvîço jf vb wzhzvw jf gflfiykjhjf co bfko bvwkghl ë o

fc}ol}kbfczo gob pyèzkghw jfcobkchjhw woiyfchzvyhkw# Ch dkwz÷ykh jh }fyzfczf bvwkghl

jfcobkchjh yoge wço kcñbfyow ow fpkw÷jkow xvf poczvhb fc}ol}kbfczo jf hyzkwzhw gob bhnkh

cfnyh, ogvlzkwbo, iyvthykh f whzhckwbo5 o oiafzk}o jfwzhw kcgvywöfw ft÷zkghw ë h ivwgh poy vbh

ghyyfkyh yfplfzh jf mhbh, wvgfwwo f jkcdfkyo# Govzo $9004+ ftplkgh o fc}ol}kbfczo jo

ilvfwbhc Yoifyz Aodcwoc, hwzyo jh jëghjh jf 8;70, xvf zf}f vbh ghyyfkyh bfzf÷ykgh f kczfcwh,

gob moyîhw ftzyhzfyyfchw#

Vb wvpowzo phgzo gob o jfbúcko, vbh mhbh wkbvlzécfh, dèikzow fwzyhcdow f yfmfyácgkhwfwphldhjhw pflhw lfzyhw jf wvhw bñwkghw# Phyh gobplfzhy o bkzo w÷ mhlzh}h mhlhy woiyf hwzhbiëb fwzyhcdhw gkygvcwzécgkhw xvf fc}ol}fyhb wvh boyzf# F, glhyo, kwwo zhbiëb }fkogoczykivky phyh xvf h dkwz÷ykh jf Yoifyz Aodcwoc nhcdhwwf hzfcîço f h pyopoyîço cfgfwwèykh$GOVZO, 9004, p# 86+

Gocmoybf poczvhjo hczfykoybfczf, h bojh f o gobpoyzhbfczo wço flfbfczow xvf powwvfb

yflhîöfw bvkzo py÷tkbhw gob h bñwkgh# Hyzkwzhw gobo Yoj Wzf~hyz , Bhjocch, Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc f Zdf Ifhzlfw zoychyhb"wf gflfiykjhjfw ho lhcîhy bço jh gobikchîço zhlfczo f

ftgfczykgkjhjf cow bojow jf hnky f }fwzky# Bhw cfb wfbpyf o ftfbplo jo hwzyo ë o kjfhl#

Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+, “hw kbhnfcw jfyk}hjhw jhw mknvyhw jh bñwkgh pop fwzço ch goczyhbço

jo gocwfy}hjoykwbo‒ $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#77;+# Ow pykbfkyow hcow jh av}fczvjf yfpyfwfczhb

o bobfczo fb xvf o kcjk}âjvo gocwzy÷k h wvh kjfczkjhjf# Hpfwhy jf mhbklkhyfw f pyomfwwoyfw

pyfnhyfb }hloyfw zyhjkgkochkw, h gvlzvyh jo ao}fb, àw }fqfw, zfcjf h lf}è"lo ho fcgoczyo how

gëlfiyfw hyzkwzhw xvf flf gocwvbf poy bfko jh gobvckghîço jf bhwwh#



8;

Zfbhw xvf nfyhb goczyo}ëywkh f zfcjfb h polfbkqhy wço hpyopykhjow phyh hzyhky hzfcîço jf

bhcfkyh wvmkgkfczf, h poczo jf mhqfy gob o hyzkwzh hlghcgf vbh gocjkîço jf gflfiykjhjf#

Gocwfxvfczfbfczf hvbfczh o cñbfyo jf mçw, cço hjbkyhjoyfw f wkbphzkqhczfw# Lono, wvynf

vb olkbpkhco xvf phwwh h ftfygfy kcmlvácgkh ch }kjh jhxvflfw xvf o gocwobf#

9#7#7# Hw ghcîöfw f wvhw lfzyhw O kcjk}âjvo gocwvbkjoy jf bñwkgh pojf wfy ghzfnoykqhjo fb zyáw bojhlkjhjfw# Vbh jflhw,

gocwkjfyhjh h bhkw gobplfzh, goczfbplh o bfwbo hpyfîo pflow gobpocfczfw1 lfzyh f bflojkh#

Hw ovzyhw ghzfnoykhw jk}kjfb o nowzo jo ov}kczf fb hpyfgkhîço kcjk}kjvhl jf ghjh bolëgvlhjh ghcîço# Kwzo ë, ftkwzf xvfb wfah mhwgkchjo pflow hyyhcaow f ftkwzf hxvflf xvf jfwfc}ol}f

bhkoy hzyhîço pflhw lfzyhw#

O hpyfîo pflhw lfzyhw jhw bñwkghw wvynf, nfyhlbfczf, jf vb pyogfwwo jf kjfczkmkghîço# Ë

gobvb o ov}kczf pfygfify, ho locno jow jkwgow, h wvh py÷pykh dkwz÷ykh wfcjo chyyhjh f hwwkb

phwwh h fctfynhy fb wfvw âjolow o phpfl jf gyockwzh jf wfv gozkjkhco# Phvl Wzhclf{ $900=+,

lâjfy jh ihcjh jf dhyj yoge EKWW, hmkybh xvf “hw gokwhw gob hw xvhkw zojow c÷w lkjhbow ch}kjh wço ifb phyfgkjhw5 o xvf bvjh wço ow cobfw, bhw h dkwz÷ykh ë h bfwbh‒ $WZHCLF[,

900=, oc"lkcf+ 8#

Wkl}fkyh $9004+ hynvbfczh xvf ow câ}fkw jf kjfczkmkghîço fczyf lfzyh f ov}kczf jf bñwkgh

vlzyhphwwhb hw ihyyfkyhw jo gobvb f hzkcnf o phzhbhy jo olkbpkhckwbo, gocjkîço fwzh xvf mhq

jo gykhjoy jh lfzyh vb wfy xvf gocwzy÷k f yfnf yfnyhw f phjyöfw jf gobpoyzhbfczo jf wfv

pñilkgo# O phpfl jf pofzh mkcnkjoy ë ftfygkjo poy jfzfybkchjow hyzkwzhw jf vbh bhcfkyhghzfn÷ykgh5 h poczo jf mhqfy gob hyzkwzh f mçw fczyflhgfb wvhw }kjhw bfwbo wfb

cfgfwwhykhbfczf powwvâyfb xvhlxvfy pyotkbkjhjf mâwkgh#

O ghyèzfy jo pofzh mkcnkjoy fcgfch vbh hvzoikonyhmkh fb xvf mkow wf gocmvcjfb gob ow jh}kjh fbpâykgh f ow jh mkgîço, fcnfcjyhjow jf zhl bhcfkyh xvf o zfgkjo wf vckmoybkqh yf"hpyfwfczhcjo vb wvafkzo"pfywochnfb xvf cço bhkw wf gocmvcjf gob o dobfb gobvb fphwwh h wfy }kwzo ch bèwghyh jo dfy÷k, jo bkzo ov jo bfwwkhw# $WKL]FKYH, 9004, p#4;+

8 dzzp1//~dkplhwd#cfz/



90

Vbh jhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jo yoge iyhwklfkyo mfkzo ch jëghjh jf 8;40 jkq yfwpfkzo à kjfczkmkghîço

jow flfbfczow jo gozkjkhco fcgoczyhjo chw lfzyhw# Cço ë pyvjfczf, xvkîè goyyfzo, hmkybhy xvf h

phyzf lkzfyèykh jhw ghcîöfw hwwvbkv ghyèzfy bhkw bhjvyo fb yflhîço àw nfyhîöfw hczfykoyfw,

bhw ë ftplâgkzh h yflhîço jf pyotkbkjhjf fczyf pñilkgo f ihcjhw jh nfyhîço jow hcow 8;40#

Cfwzf goczftzo, wvynkyhb cobfw xvf, phyh bvkzow, wço gocwkjfyhjow “pofzhw‒# H ihcjh Zkzçw,

poy ftfbplo, nhcdov jfwzhxvf fb yhqço jo zhlfczo jf Hychljo Hczvcfw# H Nhcn ;0 - hw

Hiwvyjfzfw fwgyf}fv pènkchw kbphnè}fkw ch bñwkgh chgkochl poy bfko jh pofwkh jf wfv ft"

lâjfy, Añlko Ihyyowo# Dfyifyz ]khcch, Loiço f Phvlo Ykghyjo gocxvkwzhyhb lvnhy fczyf ow

bfldoyfw gobpowkzoyfw jo yoge mfkzo co Iyhwkl# Bhw ftkwzfb jokw pfywochnfcw xvf

gocwfnvkyhb bhkoy yfgocdfgkbfczo gob ow zyhihldow jfwfc}ol}kjow fb wvhw ghyyfkyhw1Ghqvqh f Yfchzo Yvwwo#

Wkl}fkyh $9004+ poczvh, jf bhcfkyh ghzfn÷ykgh, xvf ow hczknow lâjfyfw jhw ihcjhw Ihyço

]fybfldo f Lfnkço Vyihch wfbpyf bowzyhyhb jf bhcfkyh ftplâgkzh xvf gocdfgkhb o py÷pyko

zhlfczo# O hvzoy hmkybh xvf Yvwwo f Ghqvqh gocdfgkhb ifb hw mfyyhbfczhw f hyzkbhcdhw phyh

mhqfy gob xvf o pñilkgo fctfynhwwf h py÷pykh }kjh chw ghcîöfw pyopowzhw#

Zhczo Ghqvqh gobo Yfchzo Yvwwo wf bowzyhb gocwgkfczfw jo mfkzko poëzkgo xvf gobpoyzh ogocmfwwkochl f o jogvbfczhl# F ho locno jh fwgykzh }ço wf yf}flhcjo gob bhkw moyîh,mhqfcjo }ky à zoch ow phyhjotow jh fwgykzh f jo wvafkzo1 goczvyihîöfw pyfwfczfw ch wvpfymâgkfjh lfzyh xvf jfw}flh vb bobfczo dkwz÷ykgo jf bfwbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf $jfw+ coyzfkh owvafkzo# $WKL]FKYH, 9004, p#807+

Hw lfzyhw jf ghcîöfw xvhcjo fwgykzhw poy hvzoyfw xvf ivwghb gobpoy h phyzky jf gocftöfw

gob o vck}fywo ftzfykoy f ftpfykácgkhw hldfkhw zfcjfb h nfyhy vbh kjfczkmkghîço bhkw

hiyhcnfczf f h bñwkgh hghih poy kcgoypoyhy h }k}ácgkh jo yfgfpzoy ov}kczf#



98

7# YOGE1 BÑWKGH F HZKZVJF

7#8 Oyknfcw jo yoge c. yoll

O hj}fczo jo bo}kbfczo bvwkghl, f zhbiëb gvlzvyhl, jfcobkchjo yoge hcj yoll ogoyyfv cow

Fwzhjow Vckjow, jvyhczf o pfyâojo gobpyffcjkjo fczyf o mkb jh jëghjh jf 8;:0 f gobfîo jow

hcow 60# H gocwzyvîço jfmkckzk}h jh bñwkgh yoge pojf wfy ftplkghjh pflh mvwço pyobo}kjh

fczyf nácfyow bvwkghkw hmyo"hbfykghcow f h bñwkgh zyhjkgkochl iyhcgh# Mykfjlhcjfy $8;;=,

p#9;+ hynvbfczh xvf hw yhâqfw bhkw pykbèykhw jo fwzklo wço gocwzyvâjhw woi hlnvcw jow

mvcjhbfczow jh gvlzvyh hmyo# “Ow ykzbow wkcgyockqhjow, h }oq yovgh f wfczkbfczhl f hw

}oghlkqhîöfw jf gdhbhjo"f"yfwpowzh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jow zyhihldhjoyfw cfnyow fyhb phyzf jhdfyhcîh jh bñwkgh hmykghch f zoychyhb"wf ow zkaolow gob ow xvhkw o yoge hcj yoll mok

gocwzyvâjo‒ $MYKFJLHCJFY, 8;;=, p#9;+# O hvzoy $8;;=+ jfwzhgh xvf, ch bfzhjf jh jëghjh

jf 8;60, h wobh jow fwzklow govczy{, ilvfw f nowpfl yfwvlzov co wvynkbfczo jo yogehikll{ xvf,

poy wvh }fq, wfy}kv jf bfghckwbo phyh xvf bñwkgow iyhcgow yobpfwwfb gob o

zyhjkgkochlkwbo jh bñwkgh govczy{ f hwwvbkwwfb vbh powkîço co yoge hcj yoll #

Ë powwâ}fl fczfcjfy o wvynkbfczo jo yoge hcj yoll poy bfko jf vb }këw gocwzyvâjo fb ébikzo}olzhjo phyh hwpfgzo gobfygkhl# Bvnchkck $900>+ phyzf jo pyfwwvpowzo jf xvf h ftkwzácgkh jo

Yoge phwwov h wfy gocwkjfyhjh h phyzky jo bobfczo fb xvf vbh ghcîço jo fwzklo gocxvkwzov

o pykbfkyo lvnhy chw phyhjhw jf wvgfwwo#

Ë }fyjhjf xvf h gdhbhjh Fyh jo Yoge gobfîov pyfgkwhbfczf fb ; jf avldo jf 8;66,xvhcjo h nyh}hîço jf Yoge Hyovcj Zdf Gloge, gob Ikll Dhlf{, gobfîov wfv yfkchjo jfokzo wfbhchw co pykbfkyo lvnhy jh phyhjh jf wvgfwwo jh yf}kwzh Ikliohyj, h bhkw kbpoyzhczfpvilkghîço jfjkghjh à kcjñwzykh jo fczyfzfckbfczo# Mok hâ xvf h bhkoykh jh popvlhîço jowFVH f, poy zhiflh, o bvcjo mkghyhb whifcjo jh ftkwzácgkh jo yoge# $BVNCHKCK, 900>,

p#8=+

]èykow hyzkwzhw, doaf gvlzvhjow, gocwzyvâyhb ghyyfkyh cow pykb÷yjkow jo yoge hcj yoll # Cobfw

gobo Gdvge Ifyy{, Lkzzlf Ykgdhyj f Afyy{ Lff Lf~kw moyhb yfwpocwè}fkw pflh gocwolkjhîço jo

nácfyo# Bhw mok Fl}kw Pyfwlf{, vb ao}fb jf pflf iyhcgh f jf oyknfb dvbkljf, xvfb

jfmkckzk}hbfczf pyopoygkocov h nvkchjh gvlzvyhl, gobfygkhl f gobpoyzhbfczhl jo yoge # O hco

fyh 8;6= f Pyfwlf{ aè dh}kh kcwfykjo gkcgo ghcîöfw co pykbfkyo lvnhy jhw phyhjhw jf wvgfwwo f

fyh joco jf wfzf bñwkghw fczyf hw xvhyfczh bhkw zoghjhw chw yèjkow#



99

Hkcjh co mkb jh jëghjh jf 8;60, o yoge hcj yoll , jf gfyzh moybh, gyvqh o ogfhco Hzléczkgo f

gdfnh ho Yfkco Vckjo# Cow hcow =0, hgoczfgf o mfcúbfco gocdfgkjo gobo “Kc}hwço

Iykzéckgh‒# Cobfw gobo Zdf ^do, Yollkcn Wzocfw f, pykcgkphlbfczf, Zdf Ifhzlfw,

kcgoypoyhb wvhw ftpfykácgkhw jf }kjh ho fwzklo f jfwfc}ol}fb co}hw wocoykjhjfw# Bvnchkck

$900>+ hmkybh xvf h phyzky jfwzf pfyâojo, o nácfyo mok ghzfnoykqhjo jf jvhw bhcfkyhw1 yoge f

yoge hcj yoll 5 wfcjo xvf fwzf fyh bhkw jhcîhczf f hxvflf ghlghjo ch kczflfgzvhlkjhjf f

pyfzfcwço# Jvyhczf o mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;=0, o fwzklo phwwh h womyfy câzkjh kcmlvácgkh jf

fczoypfgfczfw f wvynfb moyzfw yflhîöfw fczyf o hzo jf pyozfwzhy f hw ghcîöfw gobpowzhw# Co

hco jf 8;=;, hgoczfgf co Fwzhjo jf Co}h Koyxvf, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, o mfwzk}hl ^oojwzoge #

O f}fczo yfvckv, jvyhczf zyáw jkhw, jo báw jf hnowzo jhxvflf hco, bhkw jf 600 bkl pfwwohw f ë

gocwkjfyhjo o pykbfkyo mfwzk}hl jf nyhcjf poyzf# Cobfw gobo Ahckw Aoplkc, Whczhch, NyhzfmvlJfhj f Akbk Dfcjykt moyhb hlnvbhw jhw kcñbfyhw hzyhîöfw fwghlhjhw phyh yfhlkqhy hw

hpyfwfczhîöfw xvf bhyghyhb zojh vbh ëpogh# Wkbvlzhcfhbfczf, hyzkwzhw xvf cço mknvyhyhb

fczyf ow xvf wvikyhb chxvflf phlgo ghbkcdh}hb phyh h gocwhnyhîço f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf,

ftfygfyhb kcmlvácgkh phyh hw py÷tkbhw nfyhîöfw#

Bvnchkck $900>+ lhcîh bço jh hynvbfczhîço jf pyomkwwkochkw jh gyâzkgh bvwkghl phyh ftplkghy

o bkwzo jf gocmvwço f gykhzk}kjhjf xvf gocjvqkv o yoge hcj yoll pyojvqkjo ch jëghjh jf 8;>0#

Fcmkb, ow hcow >0, wfnvcjo h aoychlkwzh Hch Bhykh Ihdkhch, fb 8;>6, moyhb vbh ëpogh“mñzkl‒ ocjf “zvjo wf fwxvfgf f wf pfyjoh ‗ ov, jkq ovzyo gyâzkgo, hkcjh fb 8;>7, “owplègkjow, glhwwkgowow f jfpykbkjow hcow 8;>0‒“# Gfyzhbfczf, mok vbh jëghjh gocmvwh,poyëb, bvkzo pyojvzk}h UWkgR# $BVNCHKCK, 900>, p#>:+

Wvynfb }hwzhw gobikchîöfw jf flfbfczow bvwkghkw f vbh kbfcwh poyîço jf wvinácfyow,

gobo pvce , yoge pyonyfwwk}o f dhyj yoge , phwwh h kczfnyhy o bfcv jf fwzklow f zfcjácgkhw jo

yoge hcj yoll # Cobfw gobo Lfj Qfppflkc, Pkce Mlo{j, EKWW f Wft Pkwzolw gocxvkwzhb mhbh,

wvgfwwo f pyfwzânko jfczyo jh gobvckjhjf jf mçw f gyâzkgow jo Yoge#

H jëghjh jf 8;40 hpyfwfczh zyáw mhzoyfw jfzfybkchczfw phyh ow yvbow jh dkwz÷ykh jh bñwkgh fb

nfyhl f, zhbiëb, phyh h bhcfkyh jf gocwvbk"lh# Wvynf h BZ], hw yèjkow MB‛w f o Gobphgz

Jkwg# Wfnvcjo Mykfjlhcjfy $8;;=+, jvyhczf ow hcow 40, “h bñwkgh popvlhy hvbfczov o jfihzf

jf zfbhw gobo polâzkgh, fgocobkh f avwzkîh wogkhl‒ $MYKFJLHCJFY, 8;;=, p#7>7+# Hpfwhy

jow hyzkwzhw wvynkjow ch Wvcwfz Iovlf}hyj, fb Low Hcnflfw, ow zfbhw jf nvkzhyyh pfyjfyhb vb

povgo jh dfnfbockh f phwwhyhb jk}kjky o mogo jhw hzfcîöfw gob fwzklow gobo Cf~ ^h}f f

P÷w Pvce# Bvnchkck $900>+, hmkybh xvf o yoge mfkzo jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;40 hpyfwfczh vb



97

bkwzo jh f}olvîço jf fwzklow wvynkjow hczfykoybfczf, hlëb jf co}hw zfcjácgkhw# Hyfchw f

fwzèjkow jo bvcjo kczfkyo phwwhb h wfy, jfmkckzk}hbfczf, phlgo jf zvycáw bfnhlúbhchw#

H bñwkgh yoge hcj yoll mfkzh h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;;0, kcf}kzh}flbfczf, gobo chw nfyhîöfw

hczfykoyfw, hgobphcdov o h}hcîo zfgcol÷nkgo# Ow zyhjkgkochkw jkwgow jf }kckl f mkzhw ghwwfzfw

pfyjfyhb fwphîo f wfnvkyhb o gvywo jf wf zyhcwmoybhy fb kzfb jf golfîço# O GJ

jfmkckzk}hbfczf phwwh h wfy o wvpoyzf jf hyxvk}o jf èvjko bhkw hjozhjo poy hyzkwzhw f

nyh}hjoyhw# Wvynf h yfjf bvcjkhl jf gobpvzhjoyfw $kczfycfz+ f, zhbiëb, o moybhzo BP7, xvf

yf}olvgkocov o bfyghjo moconyèmkgo# Bvnchkck $900>+ poczvh h gofyácgkh jo yoge jh jëghjh

jf ;0 phyh gob hw nfyhîöfw hczfykoyfw f h wvh hjhpzhîço gob h zfgcolonkh#

Co}ow hbplkmkghjoyfw ov fmfkzow, co}hw zëgckghw jf nyh}hîço, co}hw kcmlvácgkhw ftzfychw ovwkbplfwbfczf o pkxvf jh co}h nfyhîço, zvjo kwwo jè ho yoge jow hcow 8;;0 vb afkzçoghyhgzfyâwzkgo, hpfwhy jf f}kjfczfw yhâqfw hczfykoyfw ‗ f hmkchl wfbpyf hw dov}f5 o Nvcw c‛Yowfw aè mok zkjo gobo tëyot jo Hfyowbkzd, xvf mok yfgfikjo gobo g÷pkh jow Wzocfw, jowxvhkw wf jkwwf tëyot jfwioghjo jf Bvj{ ^hzfyw# $BVNCHKCK, 900>, p#>0+

Hpfwhy jf zhbhcdh kco}hîço, o yoge , jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;;0, jk}kjf h pyfmfyácgkh jow

gocwvbkjoyfw f hpyfgkhjoyfw jf bñwkgh gob nácfyow bhkw py÷tkbow ho hpflo popvlhy jhw

yèjkow f ghchkw jf zflf}kwço#

O ghlfcjèyko jh dkwz÷ykh gdfnh ho wëgvlo TTK f o nácfyo yoge hcj yoll bhczëb"wf fczyf ow

bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jo vck}fywo jh bñwkgh# Hpfwhy jf wfbpyf wf yfgkglhy, o fwzklo cço phyfgf

yf}flhy zfcjácgkh jf jfkthy jf ftkwzky# Bvnchkck $900>+, hpfwhy jf povgo wvypyfwo, cço zfgf

oiwfy}hîöfw hpoghlâpzkghw hgfygh jow yvbow wfnvkjow pflo yoge h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 9000#

“Pfykojkghbfczf, h dvbhckjhjf phwwh poy vb pfyâojo jf phwzkgdf, ocjf zvjo bvcjo yfgkglh f

gopkh zojo bvcjo ‗ f pfygfif"wf xvf hzë phyh plhnkhy ë pyfgkwo zfy zhlfczo‒ $BVNCHKCK,

900>, p#>6+#

Kcñbfyhw bvjhcîhw, yf}olvîöfw f f}olvîöfw hgoczfgfyhb ho locno jh zyhafz÷ykh jo yoge jfwjf

wfv wvynkbfczo# O xvf cço bvjov, f zço povgo dè kcjâgkow jf xvf }è wfnvky ovzyhw zfcjácgkhw,

ë h bhcfkyh yf}olvgkocèykh, goczfwzhjh f nfckowh gob h xvhl o yoge hcj yoll fwgyf}f h py÷pykh

dkwz÷ykh#



9:

7#9 H hzkzvjf gobo lfbh av}fckl

Bo}kbfczow jf goczfwzhîço mhqfb phyzf jo hyghiovîo pflo xvhl h av}fczvjf moybhzh wvhw

kjfolonkhw f powkgkochbfczow jkhczf jow yvbow zykldhjow pflh wogkfjhjf#

Pyfwzânko cow bfkow fb xvf goc}k}f gobo fwgolh, mhbâlkh f }kjh hmfzk}h, wço hlnvcw jow

mhzoyfw xvf lf}hb o ao}fb h yf}flhy wvh hzkzvjf, phyzkgkphcjo, jf bo}kbfczow gvlzvyhkw

kcfyfczfw ho wfv zfbpo# Bhywdhll $8;;8+ oiwfy}h xvf h pyèzkgh jf pfyzfcgfy h vb nyvpo wogkhl,

xvf phyzkldh jow bfwbow oiafzk}ow " h gdhbhjh " zykio vyihch ë vb kczfyfwwf yflhzk}hbfczf

fmábfyo xvf powwvk zfcjácgkh h cço bhkw mhqfy phyzf jo gozkjkhco ch bfjkjh fb xvf h

av}fczvjf wfnvf wfv gvywo chzvyhl yvbo à kjhjf hjvlzh f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, à }fldkgf# Cfbbfwbo kjfolonkhw bhkw oyzojothw fwghphb jf pfyjfy fwphîo ch }kjh jo dobfb#

O zfbpo cço pèyh pyh ckcnvëb f kwwo }hlf phyzkgvlhybfczf phyh ow bo}kbfczow av}fckw#Hpfwhy jow wolfcfw - hmokzow avyhbfczow jf pfybhcfgfy wekcdfhj h }kjh zojh, co mvcjozojow whifb xvf gdfnh h doyh jf pfcjvyhy hw iozhw f wvwpfcjfy ow wvwpfcw÷ykow# Ë hwwkbgob zojo bo}kbfczo# Wf hbhcdç vb }o}oqkcdo pvce hphyfgfy co aoychl, cço zfyè bhkoy gyfjkiklkjhjf jo xvf o bocwzyo jf Logd Cfww# Zvjo hghih }kyhcjo lfcjh# $BHYWDHLL,8;;8, p#7;+

Ho locno jhw ñlzkbhw wfkw jëghjhw, h hzkzvjf av}fckl mkgov ftpyfwwh cow jfwmfgdow jfhgoczfgkbfczow wogkhl f polkzkghbfczf fcnhahjow# Co gobfîo jh jëghjh jf 8;;0, poy

ftfbplo, h av}fczvjf iyhwklfkyh wkbiolkghbfczf wf yfvckv co fwzhjo jf Wço Phvlo phyh

bhckmfwzhy pvilkghbfczf h kcwhzkwmhîço phyh gob h gocjvzh jo fczço pyfwkjfczf Mfychcjo

Golloy jf Bflo# Hxvflfw ao}fcw vckyhb"wf phyh mhqfy gob xvf gdfnhwwf ho Phlègko jo

Plhchlzo o pyozfwzo jo po}o iyhwklfkyo# Ghybo $9007+ poczvh xvf, chxvflf bobfczo, cço

dh}kh kbpfcgâlkow nfyhjow poy jkmfyfcîhw wogkhkw xvf kbpfjkwwfb h mvwço jhw }oqfw jow

ao}fcw, glhbhcjo pflo mkb jow fwgécjhlow#

Bhkw jf jfq bkl fwzvjhczfw ghbkcdh}hb fb phwwfhzh jf pyozfwzo pflhw pykcgkphkw h}fckjhwjf Wço Phvlo, h bhkoykh jflfw oykvcjow jf golënkow jh yfjf pyk}hjh# H popvlhîço yfhnkhfczvwkhwbhjh aonhcjo jow pyëjkow phpfl pkghjo fb wkchl jf hpoko# Hw phwwfhzhw yfvckhb jh“phzykgkcdh‒ ho kyhjo vck}fywkzèyko# $GHYBO, 9007, p#8=:+

Povgo bhkw jf }kczf hcow hczfw, bfko bkldço jf pfwwohw, h bhkoykh jflhw ao}fcw, wf havczov"wf

phyh pyfwfcgkhy ̂ oojwzoge # Jvyhczf h hpyfwfczhîço jo ghczoy Govczy{ Aof BgJochlj vb

fpkw÷jko klvwzyh o pojfy jh hzkzvjf av}fckl f gobo flh wf boiklkqh fb pyol jf vb jfzfybkchjo

mhzo# O hyzkwzh hpyfwfczh}h wkchkw jf kcwfnvyhcîh jkhczf jh plhzëkh cvbfyowh# Bfwbo woi

fwzhjo hlzfyhjo jf gocwgkácgkh, fb yhqço jo vwo jf fczoypfgfczfw, BgJochlj cço fwxvfgfv



96

xvf vb jow bozk}ow jhxvflf f}fczo fyh pyozfwzhy goczyh h powkîço jo no}fyco fwzhjvckjfcwf

jf goczkcvhy h kc}fwzky ch nvfyyh goczyh o ]kfzcç# Jf bhcfkyh hyyfjkh, o ghczoy lhcîov bço jf

vb gowzvbf hjozhjo pflhw zoygkjhw oynhckqhjhw jow zkbfw jf moozihll f wfcwkiklkqov ow

pyfwfczfw h jhyfb vb yfghjo gvyzo, poyëb hlnoq à wkzvhîço# BgJochlj $900;+ fwglhyfgf h

}kwço jo hyzkwzh woiyf o hgoczfgkjo1

Nykzfk, “Bf jáfb vb M(‒ f bkcdh yfhîço mok “hk bfv Jfvw‒, poyxvf zojo bvcjo ghlov hiogh, oldov phyh bkb f nykzov “M(‒# Hâ jfpokw jf zfy bf wfczkjo h }oczhjf f vb povgoovwhjo, gobfgfk h mkghy cfy}owo poyxvf fwzh}h zojo bvcjo bf oldhcjo, bhw zk}f xvfgoczkcvhy# Cço wfk poy xvf, bhw phyh bkb hxvflh hlzvyh, fyh bhkw mègkl bhcjhy “mvge‒ joxvf “mkwd‒# Fczço pfjk o “V‒, f flfw goczkcvhyhb# Xvhcjo hghifk jf wolfzyhy f pfjk xvf flfwpyocvcgkhwwfb h phlh}yh fwzhiflfgfv"wf vb ykzbo $BGJOCHLJ, hpvj MOYCHZHLF,900;, p#=9+

H av}fczvjf ë vbh mhwf fb xvf o dobfb ivwgh hbhjvyfgfy ow ghbkcdow xvf }hk zykldhy ho

locno jh }kjh# Ghybo $9007+ poczvh bhcfkyh cço kczfnyhl gob xvf o ao}fb gocwzy÷k ow wfvw

kjfhkw f wf hwwvbf gobo gocwvbkjoy f pyojvzoy jf gvlzvyh# “Ow bfkow jf gobvckghîço jf

bhwwh záb"wf fcghyyfnhjo jf jkzhy bojhw f gobpoyzhbfczo }kwhcjo xvhwf wfbpyf h kczfyfwwfw

fgocúbkgow# Kwwo cço xvfy jkqfy xvf ow ao}fcw hgfkzhb phwwk}hbfczf o xvf ldfw ë kbpowzo‒

$GHYBO, 9007, p#80+#

7#7 O yoge co Iyhwkl1 bñwkgh f av}fczvjf

H gfch bvwkghl iyhwklfkyh gocdfgf o y oge hcj yoll pyhzkghbfczf jfwjf h wvh popvlhykqhîço,

jvyhczf o mkb jh jëghjh jf 8;60, hzyh}ëw jo wvgfwwo jf Fl}kw Pyfwlf{# Poy zojhw hw nfyhîöfw, o

fwzklo pyo}ogov yf}olvîöfw co gobpoyzhbfczo jh av}fczvjf# Dov}f ëpogh fb xvf dobfcw

phwwhyhb h vwhy ghiflow gobpykjow5 dov}f, hkcjh, h ëpogh jhw ghlîhw yhwnhjhw f gozvycow

bklkzhyfw5 hw bkckwwhkhw5 hw zhzvhnfcw f fczoypfgfczfw#

Hpfwhy jh zyâhjf moybhjh poy Yoifyzo Ghylow, Fyhwbo Ghylow f ^hcjfylëh lkjfyhy o pykbfkyo

bo}kbfczo yoxvfkyo co Iyhwkl, gdhbhjo ao}fb nvhyjh, jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;=0, cço ë

goyyfzo hmkybhy xvf o fwzklo y oge hcj yoll gdfnov ho phâw chxvflh ëpogh# Vb povgo hczfw,

bhkw pyfgkwhbfczf fb 8;6>, o ghczoy Ghvi{ Pfktozo nyh}ov h ghcîço Yoge hcj yoll fb

Gophghihch, xvf ë gocwkjfyhjh o pykbfkyo zfbh yoge nyh}hjo poy vb iyhwklfkyo f ghczhcjo

fb poyzvnváw# Jokw hcow hczfw, h ghczoyh Coyh Cf{ yfnkwzyov gob wvh }oq vbh }fywço jh

bñwkgh Yoge hyovcj zdf gloge , jf Ikll Dhllf{ - Dkw Gobfczw, phyh h zykldh wocoyh jo mklbf

Wfbfczfw jh ]kolácgkh# Hpfwhy jhw kcgkwk}hw hzvhîöfw jf Ghvi{ f Coyh Cf{, mok hzyh}ëw jh



9>

vbh pyopowzh kco}hjoyh f yhâqfw co jfiogdf# Ch bfwbh ëpogh, Ghfzhco ]flowo f Nklifyzo Nkl

gobfîhb h nhcdhy jfwzhxvf cow mfwzk}hkw jf bñwkgh# Kcñbfyow hyzkwzhw fczyhb phyh o flfcgo

jo wfnbfczo zyopkghlkwzh, xvf zf}f vb pyonyhbh ch ftzkczh Z] Zvpk gdhbhjo “Jk}kco,

bhyh}kldowo‒#

Jhpkf}f $8;;6+ zyhîh fczyf h Ao}fb Nvhyjh f h Zyopkgèlkh vb plhco ghyzfwkhco xvf zfb gobo

fkto hw zyhcwmoybhîöfw pyobo}kjhw ch bvwkghlkjhjf jo xvhyzfzo kcnláw Zdf Ifhzlfw# “Wf h

Ao}fb Nvhyjh fyh o yfmlfto jow Ifhzlfw ch mhwf ká"ká"ká, h Zyopkgèlkh fyh o yfmlfto jow Ifhzlfw

ch mhwf Yf}ol}fy poy jkhczf‒ $JHPKF]F, 8;;6, p# 8:+# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy $8;;6+, o gocgfkzo

xvf o yoge nhcdov fb yhqço jh gyfwgfczf popvlhykjhjf jh Zyopkgèlkh cço fyh powkzk}o# Jkhczf

jow oldhyfw jh wogkfjhjf, f jo vck}fywo jh BPI, o fwzklo bvwkghl phwwov h wfy gocwkjfyhjowvi}fywk}o f ow hyzkwzhw ov mçw xvf cço mlfyzh}hb gob xvfwzöfw jf fcnhahbfczo polâzkgo ov

gyâzkgh wogkhl fyhb glhwwkmkghjow gobo hlkfchjo# $JHPKF]F, 8;;6, p# 86+#

Pkggolk $9004+ hmkybh xvf h Zyopkgèlkh hghiov jf moybh pyfbhzvyh f kczfcwh# H yfpyfwwço

goczyh h lkifyjhjf jf ftpyfwwço mok o bhkoy hlnoq jo wfnbfczo bvwkghl# H gfcwvyh kbpowzh

pflo yfnkbf jf no}fyco }knfczf co phâw fyh yknoyowh h poczo jf gocjfchy ho ftâlko hlnvcw

hyzkwzhw#

O bo}kbfczo zyopkghlkwzh zf}f gvyzh jvyhîço1 povgo bhkw jf vb hco, poy ghvwh jh yfpyfwwçomfkzh pflo no}fyco bklkzhy# Ghfzhco f Nkl hghihyhb wfcjo pyfwow fb 9> jf jfqfbiyo jf8;=4, jfpokw jh pyobvlnhîço jo HK"6, yfjknkjo pflo fczço pyfwkjfczf Hyzvy jh Gowzh fWkl}h# $PKGOLLK, 9004, p#96+

O zëybkco jh Zyopkgèlkh cço wknckmkgov o mkb jo yoge co Iyhwkl# Co}hw zfcjácgkhw wvynkhb co

gobfîo jh jëghjh jf 8;>0# Hw wocoykjhjfw fyhb moyzfbfczf kcmlvfcgkhjhw pflo xvf fyh

wvgfwwo moyh jo phâw# Wvynkyhb ihcjhw jf yoge pyonyfwwk}o gobo ]âbhch, O Zfyîo f Wob

Kbhnkcèyko5 dhyj yoge , gobo Ghwh jhw Bèxvkchw f Zvzzk"Myvzzk# Hphyfgfv fb gfch o

bo}kbfczo gocdfgkjo gobo Yoge Yvyhl , xvf zfb gobo bhkoy ftpofczf o zyko Wè, Yojykt f

Nvhyhikyh f dh}kh o cozè}fl wvgfwwo jf zyáw wâbiolow jh bñwkgh mfkzh co yoge chgkochl jow

hcow jh jëghjh jf 8;>01 h ihcjh Wfgow f Boldhjow, o ghczoy Yhvl Wfkthw f o bo}kbfczo

oykvcjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw gdhbhjo Glvif jh Fwxvkch#

Ow nyvpow xvf gobpvcdhb hxvflh gfch wvynkjh ch jëghjh jf 8;>0 powwvâhb ghyyfkyhw

yflhzk}hbfczf gvyzhw f jf povgow zyhihldow lhcîhjow co bfyghjo moconyèmkgo# Hw povghw

}fcjhw jf jkwgo moyhb vb jow mhzoyfw jfzfybkchczfw phyh fwzh gocjkîço# Wfnvcjo Jhpkf}f



94

$8;;6+, ow hpyfgkhjoyfw jf yoge co Iyhwkl fczyhyhb fb vbh ivwgh jfwfcmyfhjh poy hyzkwzhw

ghcjkjhzow ho fwzyflhzo#

Co mkchl jow hcow >0, o IYoge fyh hnvhyjhjo gobo wf hnvhyjh vb bfwwkhw# Ihwzh}h vbnyvpo hgkbh jh bëjkh, bfldoyqkcdo, púy h ghifîh phyh moyh xvf lono ow yoxvfkyowiyhwklfkyow gobfîh}hb h pfyfnykchîço, lf}hcjo"ldf ovyo, kcgfcwo f bkyyh# $JHPKF]F,8;;6, p# 98+

H jëghjh jf 8;40 gdfnh wfb hihcjochy h fwpfyhcîh jh ftzkcîço jo Yfnkbf Bklkzhy#

Hzfczhjow zfyyoykwzhw f yfpyfwwöfw poy phyzf jo no}fyco goczyh hxvflfw xvf, jf gfyzh moybh,

bhckmfwzh}hb"wf goczyh flf fyhb mhzow gobvcw chxvflf gobfîo jow hcow jh jëghjh jf 8;40#

H wkzvhîço phyh ow hyzkwzhw f h popvlhîço zoych"wf mlftâ}fl, bhw cço zozhlbfczf lkifyzèykh#

O hco fyh 8;49 f hw ihcjhw Ilkzq f Ihyço ]fybfldo lhcîhyhb hxvflfw xvf wço gocwkjfyhjow ow

pykbfkyow jkwgow jf yoge nyh}hjow poy ihcjhw wvynkjhw chxvflh nfyhîço# O bobfczo fyh

mh}oyè}fl, fb yhqço jo wvynkbfczo jhw yèjkow MB‛w f jhw jhcgfzfykhw hiyky fwphîo phyh wdo~w#

H pykbfkyh phyzf jh jëghjh lf}ov ho gocdfgkbfczo jo nyhcjf pñilkgo h hyzf jf cobfw gobo

Nhcn ;0 - Hw Hiwvyjfzfw, Ow Phyhlhbhw jo Wvgfwwo, Ekj Hifldh - ow Hi÷ioyhw Wfl}hnfcw,

Bhnhqkcf, Lvlv Whczow, fczyf ovzyow#

Fb ahcfkyo jf 8;46, hgoczfgf, ch gkjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo, h pykbfkyh fjkîço jo f}fczo Yoge

kc Yko, yfwpocwè}fl pflh jfmkckzk}h popvlhykqhîço jh co}h nfyhîço jo yoge chgkochl#

Gocwfxvfczfbfczf, hp÷w o f}fczo o yoge hcj yoll nhcdh pyopoyîöfw hkcjh bhkoyfw co

zfyykz÷yko jh bñwkgh iyhwklfkyh# Jhpkf}f $8;;6+ hmkybh xvf, jf }èykhw phyzfw jo phâw, wvynfb

hyzkwzhw xvf ivwghb wfv fwphîo jfczyo jo gfcèyko yoxvfkyo iyhwklfkyo $JHPKF]F, 8;;6, p# 7:+#

Jh Ihdkh wvynkv o nyvpo Ghbkwh jf ]ácvw, gob lfzyhw jfiogdhjhw f wocoykjhjfw

kcmlvfcgkhjhw pflo ilvfw yoge jow hcow =0# Jo Yko Nyhcjf Wvl fbfynf ow nyvpow ZCZ,Cfcdvb jf C÷w f Fcnfcdfkyow jo Dh~hkk# O Yko jf Ahcfkyo ftpoyzov Ikxvkck Gh}hjço, Vcw f

Ovzyow f Wfbpyf Lk}yf# Poy mkb, hw ihcjhw Lfnkço Vyihch, Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl f Plfif Yvjf

gologhyhb o Plhchlzo Gfczyhl fb f}kjácgkh co gfcèyko# Bhw Pkgollk $9004+ hmkybh xvf mok h

ihcjh phvlkwzh YPB xvfb }k}fcgkov h bhkoy hjoyhîço poy phyzf jow mçw f, hpfwhy jo moyzf

hpflo popvlhy, cço jfktov jf pyojvqky bñwkghw fcnhcahjhw#

H wknlh YPB $Yf}olvîöfw poy Bkcvzo+ fyh bvkzo hpyopykhjh à ihcjh f, bhkw pyfgkwhbfczf,

h Phvlo Ykghyjo, o wft w{biol xvf jfyyfzkh goyhîöfw mfbkckcow gob wfv oldhy :7 ‗ zâzvlo jfvbh jhw bñwkghw jo nyvpo# Hw mçw bhczkcdhb hboy plhzúckgo poy flf, hnlobfyh}hb"wf phyh}fy o âjolo co phlgo fb wdo~w wvpfypyojvqkjow gob Cf{ Bhzonyowwo ch jkyfîço f ghcdöfwjf yhko lhwfy, gdfnh}hb à ifkyh jh dkwzfykh gob jkyfkzo h bvkzow nykzow f lènykbhw# Phvlo



9;

Ykghyjo fyh bhkw xvf vb bkwzo jf ghczoy/ihktkwzh, fyh vb wfbkjfvw# Hpyo}fkzov o wvgfwwophyh mhqfy bñwkgh bhkw polkzkqhjh, bfcow bflowh, gobo Yf}olvîöfw Poy Bkcvzo f YèjkoPkyhzh# $PKGOLLK, 9004, p#80=+

O mkb jh gdhbhjh “jëghjh pfyjkjh‒ gokcgkjkv gob h popvlhykqhîço jf ovzyow wfnbfczow jhbñwkgh iyhwklfkyh# Jk}fywow nyvpow xvf mkqfyhb bvkzo wvgfwwo cow hcow 8;40 cço gocwfnvkyhb

woiyf}k}fy how hcow 8;;0# Poy kcñbfyhw yhqöfw, gobo jk}fynácgkhw kczfychw, boyzf jf

kczfnyhczfw ov jkwpfcwh jf nyh}hjoyhw, ihcjhw hghihyhb f vb pfygfczvhl yflhzk}hbfczf ihkto

gocwfnvkv wfnvky ghyyfkyh#

Ch wfnvcjh bfzhjf jo pykbfkyo hco jh jëghjh jf 8;;0, o yoge chgkochl pfyjfv Ghqvqh, vb

jf wfvw bhkoyfw âgocfw# O ft"lâjfy jh ihcjh Ihyço ]fybfldo mhlfgfv fb jfgoyyácgkhw jhHKJW# Phyhlflhbfczf à boyzf jo hwzyo, h kcjñwzykh jh bñwkgh }k}fcgkh}h bobfczow jf gykwf f

hw }fcjhw jf jkwgow cço fyhb whzkwmhz÷ykhw# Pkgollk $9004+ jkq xvf chxvflh ëpogh, “Hw bhkoyfw

ihcjhw fwzh}hb fb gykwf# Phyhlhbhw jo Wvgfwwo f Zkzçw gobfîhyhb h jëghjh gob }fcjhnfcw

ifb jfgfpgkochczfw‒ $PKGOLLK, 9004, p#89=+#

H gfch bkcfkyh nhcdh moyîh cow hcow xvf gocwzkzvfb h jëghjh jf 8;;0 gob h gocwolkjhîço jh

ihcjh Wfpvlzvyh f gob o wvynkbfczo jhw ihcjhw Wehce f Phzo Mv# Jk}fywhw hlzfychzk}hw jf wf

mhqfy yoge yf}flhb"wf co pfyâojo, bhw wfb pfyjfy o }këw yf}olvgkocèyko# Pkgollk $9004+ hmkybh

xvf wf zyhzh jf “vb yoge wfb dkpogykwkh f wfb gfcwvyh mfkzo gob bvkzhw phlh}yhw jf oyjfb‒

$PKGOLLK, 9004, p#86:+# Cobfw gobo Plhcfz Dfbp, Yhkbvcjow f Gdkgo Wgkfcgf nhcdhb

ftzyfbh cozoykfjhjf phyh gob pñilkgo f gyâzkgh#

H BZ] iyhwklfkyh hnyfnov pojfy h phyzky jf bfhjow jh jëghjh phwwhjh f hwwvbkv h gocjkîço

jf yfwpocwè}fl pflh popvlhykqhîço jf jk}fywow hyzkwzhw# Ow hcow xvf gobpöfb h wfnvcjh

phyzf jow hcow ;0 moyhb zfbpow jf zyáw boyzfw xvf hihlhyhb o yoge chgkochl# Fb 8;;6, fb

vb hgkjfczf hëyfo, mhzhl, boyyfb zojow ow kczfnyhczfw jo mfcúbfco Bhbochw Hwwhwwkchw# Co

hco wfnvkczf, h HKJW gfkmh h }kjh jf Yfchzo Yvwwo f, jokw hcow jfpokw, pyoilfbhw ghyjâhgow

bhzhb Zkb Bhkh#

Hwwkb gobo wvh }fywço kczfychgkochl, o bo}kbfczo yoxvfkyo iyhwklfkyo zfcjf h goczkcvhy# H

gfch wvynkjh ch jëghjh jf 9000 fb jkhczf ë bhyghjh pflo yfchwgkbfczo jf ghyyfkyhw, gob

jfwzhxvf phyh ow iyhwklkfcwfw jo Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl# Wvynfb co}hw mvwöfw f fwzklow# H kczfycfz,

jfmkckzk}hbfczf, hwwvbf h gocjkîço jf bhkoy }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço# Pkgollk $9004+ lhcîh



70

bço jf jvhw lkcdhw jf pfcwhbfczo f gocwzy÷k vbh opkckço }kwkocèykh woiyf o mvzvyo jo yoge

chgkochl# “Phyh hlnvcw gyâzkgow, o yoge hcjh ghjh }fq bhkw boyco, yfxvfczhjo# Phyh ovzyow,

bhkw ozkbkwzhw, ë vb nyhcjf bobfczo phyh jfwgoiyky co}ow zhlfczow‒ $PKGOLLK, 9004,

p#90;+#

7#:# Iyhwâlkh f o yoge ch jëghjh jf 8;40

Jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;40, h gvlzvyh iyhwklfkyh mok zobhjh jf hwwhlzo poy vb mfcúbfco gvlzvyhl

ch bñwkgh ao}fb, zhbiëb gocdfgkjh gobo Pop"Yoge# H gfch jo Yoge iyhwklfkyo cow hcow 40

ghbkcdov lhjo h lhjo gob hw zfcjácgkhw xvf jobkch}hb o bfyghjo kczfychgkochl# Ë cfwzf

pfyâojo jo Yoge chgkochl xvf hgoczfgfv vbh fmfy}fwgácgkh f hlnvcw cobfw gobfîhb h jhy owpykbfkyow phwwow phyh hzkcnkyfb o phzhbhy jf âjolow jf zojh vbh nfyhîço, gocmoybf hmkybhjo

ch gkzhîço jf Cflwoc Bozzh#

Ghqvqh, gob Yfchzo Yvwwo, jfbolkv ow zfboyfw xvf wf zkcdh woiyf h co}h nfyhîço jo Iyhwkl#H BPI, h nfyhîço bhkw }fldh, jkqkh xvf h nhyozhjh jow hcow 8;40 mok gykhjh woi h jkzhjvyh,cço pújf ov}ky chjh, cço }kv jfzfybkchjow mklbfw, cço lfv hlnvcw lk}yow f bhzëykhw cowaoychkw# Mok gykhjh ch hlkfchîço# Fcnhco zozhl( Poyxvf fwwh zvybh }fko gob bvkzo bhkw mñykhf kcmoybhjâwwkbh# Zhczo xvf Ghqvqh f Yfchzo Yvwwo moyhb ow pykbfkyow h zoghy fb jokwzfbhw"zhiv phyh h fwxvfyjh f phyh h jkyfkzh iyhwklfkyhw1 wfto f jyonhw# Ow jokw moyhb ow

pykbfkyow h mhlhy hifyzhbfczf xvf fyhb nh{w, hwwvbkyhb fwwh gocjkîço f bñwkghw,gobfczh}hb fb fczyf}kwzhw woiyf jyonhw# ]k}hb Yfchzo Yvwwo f Ghqvqh, ow lkifyzèykow#$BOZZH, hpvj PKGOLLK, 9004, p >;+

Hw hjahgácgkhw jo Plhchlzo Gfczyhl, ch ghpkzhl jh chîço, wfy}kyhb jf poczo jf fcgoczyo f jf

phyzkjh phyh xvf hlnvcw jow nyhcjfw cobfw jh kcjñwzykh jf bñwkgh pop yoge mfkzh co Iyhwkl# H

dkwz÷ykh jh gfch yoxvfkyh jh gkjhjf gobfîh co mkb jh jëghjh jf 8;>0, xvhcjo wvynfb hw jvhw

pykbfkyhw ihcjhw ch gkjhjf1 Hioyzo Flëzykgo f Ilkzt =:# Fyhb hcow no}fychjow pflo Yfnkbf

Bklkzhy, xvf pyfjobkcov co Iyhwkl poy xvhwf 90 hcow, f h ñckgh hlzfychzk}h phyh jk}fywço fyh

boczhy vb nyvpo bvwkghl# H wocoykjhjf jhw ghcîöfw fyh kcmlvfcgkhjh pflh }fyzfczf bvwkghl jh

fwzëzkgh Pvce , wvynkjh ch Kcnlhzfyyh, bhw wfb pfyjfy flfbfczow ghyhgzfyâwzkgow jh gvlzvyh

bvwkghl iyhwklfkyh# Hw lfzyhw hioyjh}hb xvfwzöfw kcfyfczfw à }kjh }k}kjh ho locno jhw xvhjyhw

xvf hkcjh doaf moybhb h gkjhjf# Zfbhw gobo gozkjkhco, zfboyfw, yflhgkochbfczow f jyhbhw

wfy}kyhb jf phco jf mvcjo phyh xvf }èykhw ghcîöfw mowwfb gobpowzhw# Hwwhj $9000+ ghpzvyh o

zyfgdo jf vbh fczyf}kwzh jo bñwkgo Yfchzo Yvwwo, ft"lâjfy jow nyvpow Hioyzo Flëzykgo f

Lfnkço Vyihch, ch xvhl o hyzkwzh zyhzh jh cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf mhqfy bñwkgh fb Iyhwâlkh#

H nfczf mhqkh yoge poy cfgfwwkjhjf lè# Hlëb jf wfy vbh cfgfwwkjhjf jf }ogá ky goczyh ozëjko jh gkjhjf, ë vbh cfgfwwkjhjf mâwkgh bfwbo, jf }ogá wf ftpyfwwhy# Ho phwwo xvf, wf fv



78

fwzk}fwwf hxvk co Yko, kh à pyhkh, kh gobfy whcjvâgdf chzvyhl, f cço zfykh zhczh cfgfwwkjhjfhwwkb# Hgdo xvf Iyhwâlkh ë kbpoyzhczf poy ghvwh jkwwo, }ogá zfb fwwh bozk}hîço $YVWWO,hpvj HWWHJ, 9000, p#:8+

Jvyhczf o gobfîo jh jëghjh jf 8;40, chxvflf nyvpo jf hbknow ‗ kczfychbfczf gocdfgkjo woih hlgvcdh jf “Zvybh jh Golkch‒ ‗ wvynkyhb hw ihcjhw Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl, Lfnkço Vyihch, Ow

Phyhlhbhw jo Wvgfwwo $fb wvh mhwf fbiykocèykh+ f Plfif Yvjf# Hxvflfw ao}fcw, fb wvh

bhkoykh, fyhb mkldow jf bklkzhyfw, pyomfwwoyfw, ihcgèykow f mvcgkocèykow pñilkgow# Bhw hpfwhy

jf powwvâyfb gocjkîöfw mkchcgfkyhw zfgckghbfczf fwzhiklkqhjhw, cço zkcdhb chjh h cço wfy h wk

bfwbow# O xvhyzfzo Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl $9007+ nyh}ov vbh bñwkgh gobpowzh poy Yfchzo Yvwwo,

cow zfbpow fb xvf flf mhqkh phyzf jo Hioyzo Flëzykgo, xvf klvwzyh jf bhcfkyh ghzfn÷ykgh gobo

fyh o gozkjkhco jo ao}fb iyhwklkfcwf#

Boyhbow ch gkjhjf, zhbiëb o pyfwkjfczfF zojow }ço mkcnkcjo }k}fy jfgfczfbfczfW÷ xvf fv cço pyfzfcjo wfy zço jfghjfczf cçoZëjko gob vb Z ifb nyhcjf pyh }ogáHcjhy h pë ch gdv}h, àw }fqfw fv bf hbhyyoCço zfcdo nhwolkch, zhbiëb cço zfcdo ghyyoZhbiëb cço zfcdo chjh jf kczfyfwwhczf pyh mhqfy Zëjko gob vb Z ifb nyhcjf pyh }ogáWf fv cço mhîo chjh, cço mkgo whzkwmfkzoFv jvybo o jkh kczfkyo f hâ cço ë jkyfkzo

Poyxvf xvhcjo fwgvyfgf, w÷ fwzov h mkb jf hpyoczhy Zëjko gob vb Z ifb nyhcjf pyh }ogáPoyxvf boyo fb IyhwâlkhBoyo fb IyhwâlkhBoyo fb Iyhwâlkh $YVWWO, Yfchzo# Zëjko1 gob vb Z ifb nyhcjf pyh }ogá# Kczëypyfzf1Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl# KC1 BZ] fwpfgkhl " Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl " Hioyzo Flëzykgo# Wço Phvlo1 Woc{IBN, 9006# 8 gj, 8± mhkth+

H hbkqhjf fczyf hw pfwwohw xvf moybh}hb hxvflf ckgdo ë vb jow mhzoyfw jfzfybkchczfw phyh

xvf h gfch bvwkghl jh ëpogh zobhwwf moybhw gocgyfzhw# Poyëb, o zfbpo phwwov f hw ihcjhw

gobfîhyhb h hgyfjkzhy xvf h gkjhjf aè cço bhkw wvpoyzhykh o bo}kbfczo# Jfwjf 8;49, Ow

Phyhlhbhw jo Wvgfwwo bknyhyhb phyh o Yko jf Ahcfkyo f ch ghpkzhl jhxvflf fwzhjo wvynkv h

moybhîço jfmkckzk}h jh ihcjh# Lono fb wfnvkjh, mok h }fq jh Lfnkço Vyihch wfnvky o bfwbo

}këw# Wkbvlzhcfhbfczf, h Plfif Yvjf wf bvjh phyh Wço Phvlo f, fb 8;4=, o Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl

zoych"wf o ñlzkbo jow xvhzyo nyhcjfw nyvpow h ky phyh h ghpkzhl phvlkwzh# Pkgollk $9004+ lhcîh

bço jf zyáw jkwgow pyojvqkjow jvyhczf ow pykb÷yjkow jo átojo jo yoge iyhwklkfcwf phyh o fkto

xvf gooyjfch h gvlzvyh f h fgocobkh jo phâw f hmkybh h gocjkîço jf wvgfwwo jow nyvpow

jhxvflh gfch# “Avczhcjo hw }fcjhw jo pykbfkyo jkwgo jo Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl, o pykbfkyo jh Plfif

Yvjf f o wfnvcjo jh Lfnkço Vyihch, hw ihcjhw jf Iyhwâlkh vlzyhphwwhyhb 8 bkldço jf jkwgow

}fcjkjow‒ $PKGOLLK, 9004, p#80:+#



79

Zhczhw ovzyhw ihcjhw wvynkyhb co Plhchlzo Gfczyhl jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 8;40 f ho locno jhw

nfyhîöfw wviwfxüfczfw#

7#:#8# Yfchzo Yvwwo f h Lfnkço Vyihch

Woi fgow jo bo}kbfczo pvce , h dkwz÷ykh jo yoge iyhwklkfcwf mok gocwzyvâjh# Jfwjf o gobfîo

jh gfch, h mknvyh jf Yfchzo Bhcmyfjkck Añckoy nhcdh cozoykfjhjf fb yhqço jf wvh gocjkîço jf

lâjfy jow gkglow wogkhkw xvf kczfnyh}h#

O phpfl jf bfczoy kczflfgzvhl hwwvbkjo poy Yfchzo yfmlfzkv"wf, kcglvwk}f, ch gocwzyvîço jhghyyfkyh jf bñwkgow jh bfwbh nfyhîço, gocmoybf mkgh ftplâgkzo chw jfglhyhîöfw jf Jkcdo

Ovyo Pyfzo, }oghlkwzh jh ihcjh Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl1 “Fv cço nowzo jo afkzo xvf fv ghczh}h cow hcow

40, fv zfczh}h kbkzhy o Yfchzo# Hw pfwwohw cço pfygfikhb, bhw fv fyh wvi"Yfchzo# Fv ghczh}h

hgkbh jo bfv zob, doaf bf phyfgf fwnhckîhjo f vb povgo jfwhmkchjo# Doaf ghczo bhkw nyh}f

f cço jfwhmkco bhkw‒ 9# H pfywochlkjhjf nfckowh f hyzkgvlhjh ghyhgzfykqh o hyzkwzh xvf, lono

gfjo fwzh}h gfyzo jf wfv jfwfao poy zykldhy ghyyfkyh bvwkghl# Bhygflo $900;+ poczvh o

gobpoyzhbfczo yfnkjo poy hzkzvjfw kcfwpfyhjhw jf Yfchzo# “Xvhcjo pfyjf o kczfyfwwf pflhjkwgvwwço, wkbplfwbfczf jfwkwzf jf goczkcvhy h goc}fywhcjo1 lf}hczh"wf f }hk fbioyh, jfkth o

opocfczf mhlhcjo woqkcdo‒ $BHYGFLO, 900;, p#88=+#

Ow pykbfkyo phwwow jh kcgvywço jf Yfchzo Yvwwo ch bñwkgh moyhb jhjow poy bfko jh ihcjh

Hioyzo Flëzykgo, xvf zf}f fb wvh moybhîço ow kybçow $xvf hcow bhkw zhyjf moybhyhb o

Ghpkzhl Kckgkhl+ Má f Mlè}ko Lfbow# O hco fyh 8;>; f o nyvpo wfnvkh hw zfcjácgkhw jo

bo}kbfczo Pvce , wvynkjo ch Kcnlhzfyyh jokw hcow hczfw# Fb yhqço jf jk}fynácgkhw kczfychw fkcgobphzkiklkjhjf bvwkghl, h ihcjh fcgfyyov wvhw hzk}kjhjfw, omkgkhlbfczf, fb 8;49# Yvwwo

phwwh, fczço, h wf hpyfwfczhy woi h hlgvcdh jf “O Zyo}hjoy Wolkzèyko‒, ghyyfkyh fwzh xvf cço mok

hjkhczf# Hkcjh chxvflf hco, wvynf h Lfnkço Vyihch# Jfwjf o kcâgko jo pyoafzo, Yfchzo cço

hpyfwfczh}h zfcjácgkhw jf xvf kykh jfkthy jf hgyfjkzhy co py÷pyko wvgfwwo# Bhygflo $900;+

oiwfy}h o powkgkochbfczo }kwkocèyko jo hyzkwzh poy bfko jf vb jkèlono jvyhczf o bobfczo

xvf bhygov h whâjh jf vb jow bñwkgow xvf gobpvcdhb h ihcjh# “Hcozh hâ, Phyhcè# H nfczf

}hk wfnvky gob h ihcjh# Xvhcjo }ogá gocwfnvky gobpyhy vb ghyyo }fldo gob o jkcdfkyo xvf

9 Fczyf}kwzh jf Jkcdo Ovyo Pyfzo gocgfjkjh h Iyèvlko Loyfczq, phyh h yf}kwzh Iklliohyj Iyhwkl, fjkîço ;, jf avcdojf 9080#



77

nhcdh gob fwwf ahqq yoge, h nfczf aè }hk zfy }fcjkjo vb bkldço jf g÷pkhw#‒ $YVWWO, hpvj

BHYGFLO, 900;, p#9:7+# Hw pyf}kwöfw jflf fwzh}hb goyyfzhw# Povgo jfpokw, h ihcjh hgfyzov

wvh moybhîço f mok ho fcgoczyo jf wfv lvnhy fczyf ow cobfw bhkw popvlhyfw f yfwpfkzhjow jh

bñwkgh chgkochl#

Vb zyhîo cozè}fl phyh xvf h Lfnkço Vyihch hjxvkykwwf h gocjkîço jf wvgfwwo fwzè co fwzklo

pfgvlkhy jf gocwzyvky hw lfzyhw jhw ghcîöfw# Yfchzo, pykcgkphl lfzykwzh jo nyvpo, zkcdh poy dèikzo

fwgyf}fy h phyzky jhw dkwz÷ykhw xvf }k}fcgkh}h ov jf ftpfykácgkh jf }kjh hldfkh# Wfnvkcjo fwwh

l÷nkgh, ë gobvb ho ov}kczf zfy h wfcwhîço jf xvf gocdfgf h wkzvhîço chyyhjh hzyh}ëw jo

zyhihldo jo hyzkwzh# Bhygflo $900;+ lhcîh bço jf vb jow nyhcjfw glèwwkgow jo hgfy}o jh

ihcjh phyh ftplkghy vbh jhw zëgckghw jf gobpowkîço jf Yvwwo#

Phyh fwgyf}fy “Fjvhyjo f Búckgh‒, Yfchzo zkcdh wf kcwpkyhjo ch py÷pykh ftpfykácgkh hogdfnhy h Iyhwâlkh f ch goc}k}ácgkh gob vb ghwhl jf hbknow, Mfychcjo f Lfockgf “Lëo‒Gokbiyh# Flf, fwzvjhczf jf hczyopolonkh jh VcI, zkcdh hzyhâjo h hzfcîço jf Yfchzo gobvbh kbfcwh golfîço jf jkwgow gobpyhjh fb Phykw ‗ Zyhmmkg, Fykg Glhpzoc, zvjo# Flh, gobjokw mkldow, hjoyh}h goc}fywhy gob Yfchzo woiyf hwzyolonkh, K Gdkcn, jfwzkco, zfbhw jfhvwfczfw ch zyâhjf jkwgow"mklbfw"lk}yow xvf bocopolkqh}h ow jkèlonow jh zvybh pvce#Xvhcjo h hbknh zf}f zvifygvlowf f mkgov bfwfw jf boldo, xvhwf zojow ow hbknow wvbkyhb#Yfchzo hphyfgfv# Lf}ov gdogolhzf, fbpyfwzov lk}yow# $BHYGFLO, 900;, p#986+

O jfwzkco kbplhgè}fl jfgyfzov omkgkhlbfczf o mkb jh Lfnkço Vyihch, fb ovzviyo jf8;;=#

Chxvflf bfwbo báw, h HKJW gfkmov h }kjh jf Yfchzo Bhcmyfjkck Añckoy, bhkw gocdfgkjo

gobo Yfchzo Yvwwo# Flf goczh}h 7= hcow jf }kjh xvhcjo mhlfgfv# O hco jf 9080 wfykh o jf

cñbfyo 60 jh }kjh jflf#



7:

:# F JKWWF YFCHZO YVWWO

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fwzhîöfw, lhcîhjo pflh ihcjh jf pop yoge iyhwklkfcwf Lfnkço Vyihch# Wfyço hchlkwhjhw hw

lfzyhw jow wkcnlfw jo yfmfykjo èlivb, xvf gdfnov ho bfyghjo fb 8;4;#

O oiafzk}o jh pfwxvkwh ë gobpyffcjfy gobo o bñwkgo Yfchzo Yvwwo, lâjfy jh Lfnkço Vyihch,

gocwzyvkv vb powkgkochbfczo kjfol÷nkgo hgfygh jh wvpowzh hlkfchîço hzykivâjh ho ao}fb

jhxvflh ëpogh# Hchlkwhy"wf"ço hw fwzyhzënkhw vzklkqhjhw phyh xvf o jkwgvywo jf Yfchzo hzkcnkwwf

pyopoyîöfw bkjkèzkghw# Pyfzfcjf"wf kc}fwzknhy hw bhcfkyhw gobo o hyzkwzh hwwkbklov f zyhjvqkv

hw hwpkyhîöfw polâzkghw f ow jfwfaow wogkhkw jh av}fczvjf#

Hw lfzyhw jf Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw h wfyfb hchlkwhjhw cfwzh pfwxvkwh wço1 Dè zfbpow $}fy hcfto

8+, Phkw f mkldow $hcfto 9+, Xvhcjo o wol ihzfy ch ahcflh jo zfv xvhyzo $hcfto 7+, Boczf

ghwzflo $hcfto :+, Bhvyâgko $hcfto 6+ f Bfckcow f bfckchw $hcfto =+# Zhkw ghcîöfw moyhb

fwgoldkjhw poy zfyfb wkjo wkcnlfw jo èlivb Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, xvf, wfnvcjo jhjow

fwzhzâwzkgow7, ë hpoczhjo gobo o zyhihldo bhkw }fcjkjo jo nyvpo#

Fb mvcîço jf ivwghyfb"wf hw yfmfyácgkhw jo jkwgvywo jkhl÷nkgo pyfwfczf chw gobpowkîöfw jf

Yfchzo Yvwwo, jfgkjkv"wf poy hchlkwhy hwpfgzow bfl÷jkgow jhw ghcîöfw wobfczf xvhcjo zhl

kckgkhzk}h yf}flhy"wf pfyzkcfczf#

:#8#8 Gykzëykow jf hcèlkwf Phyh o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jfwzf zyhihldo, moyhb wflfgkochjow ow wfnvkczfw gykzëykow jf hcèlkwf,

xvf jflkbkzhb hw kckgkhzk}hw jf hcèlkwf jhw lfzyhw jo èlivb Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw1

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7 Jhjow jo wkzf jh Hwwogkhîço Iyhwklfkyh jow Pyojvzoyfw jf Jkwgo $HIPJ+ yf}flhb xvf moyhb gobfygkhlkqhjhwbhkw jf 960 bkl vckjhjfw jo jkwgo Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw#



76

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g+ Yflhîço jo jkwgvywo jf Yfchzo Yvwwo gob h boyzf f o woiyfchzvyhl 1 cfwzf poczo, pyopöf"wf

kc}fwzknhîço woiyf h bhcfkyh gobo o gobpowkzoy zyhcwmfyf phyh o pñilkgo vbh }kwço phyzkgvlhy

hgfygh jf zfbhw gobo wvkgâjko, fczkjhjfw fwpkykzvhkw f xvfwzöfw jf gvcdo mklow÷mkgo5

j+ Yflhîço fczyf o jkwgvywo jf Yfchzo Yvwwo f zfbèzkghw gobo gocmlkzow wogkhkw, kjfolonkh f

pyfmfyácgkhw wftvhkw1 h kjëkh ë pfwxvkwh o jkèlono pyopowzo pflo hyzkwzh phyh lf}hy, h wfv

pñilkgo, hioyjhnfcw jkmfyfcgkhjhw hgfygh jh wftvhlkjhjf f jf ovzyhw pyèzkghw f gobplftkjhjfwgozkjkhchw#

:#9 O jkwgo Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw $8;4;+

O hco fyh 8;4; f h ihcjh Lfnkço Vyihch fcgoczyh}h"wf yfjvqkjh ho zyko moybhjo pflo

ihzfykwzh Bhygflo Iocmè, o nvkzhyykwzh Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow f o }oghlkwzh Yfchzo Yvwwo# O

ihktkwzh Yfchzo Yogdh, }vlno Cfnyfzf, dh}kh whâjo jo nyvpo, fb yhqço jf jk}fynácgkhwkczfychw f kcgobphzkiklkjhjf bvwkghl, jvyhczf h pyë"pyojvîço jhxvflf xvf wf zoycov o xvhyzo

jkwgo jh ghyyfkyh jo nyvpo1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw#

Jvyhczf hw nyh}hîöfw jo èlivb, Yvwwo hwwvbkv o powzo jo kczfnyhczf jfwfyzoy f yfnyh}ov ow

hyyhcaow xvf o ft"ihktkwzh dh}kh flhioyhjo phyh hlnvbhw ghcîöfw# Goczvjo, h phyzky jh zvycá

pyobogkochl jfwzf zyhihldo, h ihcjh phwwov h goczhy gob zyáw bñwkgow jf hpoko1 Myfj

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O jkwgo mok nyh}hjo fczyf ow bfwfw jf hnowzo f ovzviyo jf 8;4; f lhcîhjo co jkh 9= jf

ovzviyo jhxvflf bfwbo hco, pflh nyh}hjoyh FBK# O pyojvzoy yfwpocwè}fl pflh oiyh ë

Bh{yzoc Ihdkh f o bhzfykhl mok mhiykghjo cow wvpoyzfw LP, GJ f E># Jf hgoyjo gob h

Hwwogkhîço Iyhwklfkyh jf Jkwgow $HIPJ+, hw }fcjhnfcw jf Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw hzkcnkyhb h

gfyzkmkghîço jf Jkwgo jf Plhzkch, ov wfah, bhkw jf 960 bkl vckjhjfw gobfygkhlkqhjhw#

O jkwgo zyhzh jf zfbhw gobo ikwwftvhlkjhjf f yflknkço, mhq yfmfyácgkhw à Iâilkh gykwzç f vwh

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7=

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O zyhihldo kboyzhlkqov 88 ghcîöfw, fb zozhl jf := bkcvzow f 9> wfnvcjow, hwwkb jkwzykivâjow

mhkth h mhkth1

8#Dè Zfbpow $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ 718=

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7#Mffjihge Wocn moy h J{kcn Mykfcj $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ 6197

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Iocmè+ ‗ 71806#Fv fyh vb loikwobfb av}fckl $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ =1:>

=#8;=6 $jvhw zykiow+ $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ 71:8

>#Boczf ghwzflo $Yfchzo Yvwwo+ ‗ 71:;

4#Bhvyâgko $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ 7186

;#Bfckcow f bfckchw $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ 7199

80# Wfzf gkjhjfw $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ 7197

88# Wf mkxvfk fwpfyhcjo bfv hboy phwwhy $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow/Yfchzo Yvwwo/Bhygflo Iocmè+ ‗ :166

:#7 Jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh hcèlkwf

:#7#8 Hcèlkwf fwzyvzvyhl jow }fywow

Cfwzf z÷pkgo, wço hchlkwhjow ow bojow gobo Yfchzo Yvwwo fwzyvzvyh}h f oynhckqh}h ow }fywowjhw lfzyhw jf wvhw bñwkghw# O lfnhjo bvwkghl jo gobpowkzoy cço goczh gob lfzyhw xvf wf hzáb

h vbh ñckgh bojhlkjhjf jf fwgykzh# H oiyh jo hyzkwzh cço wfnvf bojflow f fwzfyf÷zkpow# Co

jkwgo Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, ftkwzfb ghcîöfw xvf hlghcîhyhb wvgfwwo, pyo}kjhw ov cço jf yfmyço#

Vbh jhw pfîhw jfwzf èlivb, xvf gocwfnvkv ftzyfbo wvgfwwo, zhczo jf pñilkgo, xvhczo jf

bfyghjo, gdhbh"wf Phkw f mkldow# Joch jf yfmyço xvf wf zoycov popvlhy co ghcgkocfkyo

bvwkghl jo Phâw, h bñwkgh zf}f hlzh yozhîço chw yèjkow fwpfgkhlkqhjhw# O yfmyço cço powwvk

ykbhw f ow }fywow wço gocwzkzvâjow poy bëzykghw xvf ‗ hwwkb gobo zojh phyzf zftzvhl jh ghcîço



7>

‗ nhcdhb gofwço f gofyácgkh fb yhqço jh gobikchîço jh kbpowzhîço jh }oq jf Yvwwo jkhczf

jo hyyhcao kcwzyvbfczhl#

Ë pyfgkwo hbhy hw pfwwohwGobo wf cço dov}fwwf hbhcdçPoy xvf wf }ogá phyhy pyh pfcwhy, ch }fyjhjf cço dè $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo,]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Phkw f Mkldow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw#Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, 9± mhkth+

Ovzyow zyfgdow jh lfzyh jf Phkw f mkldow zfcjfb h wfnvky vbh l÷nkgh, xvf bfwglh hw ykbhw fczyf

phlh}yhw yflhzk}hbfczf cço py÷tkbhw fczyf wk# Ovzyhw fwzyomfw wfxvfy powwvfb ykbhw# Ow ghwow

h wfnvky klvwzyhb fwzh gocjkîço# Ch pykbfkyh wkzvhîço, h ykbh wvynf h phyzky jo pykbfkyo f jo

xvhyzo }fywow f, zhbiëb, jow jokw ñlzkbow# Ch wfnvcjh wkzvhîço, kcftkwzf h ykbh# H bhcfkyhgobo Yfchzo oyjfcov f gobikcov hw phlh}yhw ë o mhzoy jfzfybkchczf phyh h gofwço jh lfzyh#

Fv boyo gob h bkcdh bçf, bhw bfv phk }fb bf }kwkzhy Fv boyo ch yvh, cço zfcdo ckcnvëbFv boyo fb xvhlxvfy lvnhy Aè boyfk fb zhczh ghwh xvf cfb bf lfbiyo bhkwFv boyo gob ow bfvw phkw $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo#Phkw f Mkldow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK,8;4;# 8 gj, 9± mhkth+

Fwzèzvhw f gomyfwF phyfjfw pkczhjhwCkcnvëb whif o xvf hgoczfgfvFlh wf aonov jh ahcflh jo xvkczo hcjhy Chjh ë mègkl jf fczfcjfy $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Phkw fMkldow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj,9± mhkth+

Ghyhgzfyâwzkgh fcgoczyhjh ch oiyh jf Yfchzo Yvwwo ë h fwgykzh hvzoikonyèmkgh, xvf yfwvlzh fb

pfcwhbfczow mklow÷mkgow ov fb gocmkwwço woiyf wvh py÷pykh }kjh# Wkl}fkyh $9004+ hynvbfczh

xvf fwzf zkpo jf fwgykzh hiyf bhynfb phyh h yf}flhîço f o pfyjço f mvcgkoch gobo hyxvk}o jf

ftpfykácgkhw jo }k}fczf# Hzyh}ëw jh ghcîço Bhvyâgko, Yvwwo chyyh, jf bhcfkyh ftplâgkzh, hw

jkmkgvljhjfw }k}kjhw fb vb yflhgkochbfczo#

Aè cço wfk jkqfy wf hkcjh wfk wfczky O bfv goyhîço aè cço bf pfyzfcgfAè cço xvfy bhkw bf oifjfgfy Phyfgf hnoyh fwzhy zço ghcwhjo xvhczo fvHzë pfcwfk xvf fyh bhkw poy cço whify Xvf hkcjh wov ghphq jf hgyfjkzhy Bf wkczo zço w÷F jkqfb xvf h wolkjço hzë xvf bf ghk ifbÀw }fqfw mhîo plhcowÀw }fqfw xvfyo ky



74

Pyh hlnvb phâw jkwzhczf]olzhy h wfy mflkq $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Bhvyâgko#Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, ;±mhkth+

O gobpowkzoy jfkth ftplâgkzo ‗ poy bfko jf }fywow xvf kcjvqfb o ov}kczf h pfygfify o

bobfczo jf jfwfwpfyo poy phyzf jo gobpowkzoy ‗ h }k}ácgkh jf zvyivlácgkhw ch èyfh

wfczkbfczhl# H pofwkh gocmfwwkochl jf Yvwwo ë lkzfyhlbfczf jfglhyhjh cow }fywow jh yfmfykjh

ghcîço#

:#7#9 Vwo jf ftpyfwwöfw popvlhyfw

O xvf wf pyfzfcjf, cfwzf poczo, ë kc}fwzknhy o bojo gobo h lkcnvhnfb poëzkgh jf Yfchzo

Yvwwo }hk ho fcgoczyo jh lkcnvhnfb jo ao}fb jf wvh ëpogh# H oiwfy}hîço pyfzfcjkjh kyè

yfghky woiyf h kcgkjácgkh jf nâykhw, ahynöfw f zhczhw ovzyhw mknvyhw jf lkcnvhnfb# Jkhczf jh

hcèlkwf jhw ghcîöfw jf Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, pfygfif"wf xvf Yfchzo Yvwwo hihcjoch o vwo jf

nâykhw f ftpyfwwöfw popvlhyfw fbpyfnhjhw fb ovzyow zyhihldow jf wvh ghyyfkyh, gobo cow

jkwgow Jokw $8;4=+ f Xvf phâw ë fwzf $8;4>+# H wfnvky, ftfbplow jf ghwow xvf klvwzyhb zhl

zyhafz÷ykh1

Mfwzh fwzyhcdh, gob nfczf fwxvkwkzh‘Fv cço .zo. lfnhl, cço hnüfczo bhkw ikykzh‛F h Búckgh ykv, f xvkw whify vb povgo bhkwWoiyf o io{qkcdo xvf zfczh}h kbpyfwwkochy F o Fjvhyjo, bfko zoczo, w÷ pfcwh}h fb ky pyh ghwh‘Ë xvhwf jvhw, fv }ov bf mfyyhy‛ $YVWWO, Yfchzo# Fjvhyjo f Búckgh# Kczëypyfzf1LfnkçoVyihch# KC1 Jokw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1FBK, 8;4=# 8 gj, :± mhkth+

Co zyfgdo hgkbh, yf}flh"wf h nâykh “ikykzh‒, vwhjh phyh mhqfy yfmfyácgkh àw ifikjhw hlgo÷lkghw#

Aè h phlh}yh io{qkcdo, jf oyknfb kcnlfwh, ë vbh nâykh xvf wfy}f phyh wf jkyknky, jf bhcfkyhpfaoyhzk}h, h ao}fcw chwgkjow fb mhbâlkhw ifb wvgfjkjhw# Poy mkb, dè h ftpyfwwço “fv }ov bf

mfyyhy‒, xvf fxvk}hlf h jkqfy xvf o jfwmfgdo jf vbh jfzfybkchjh wkzvhîço cço wfyè jow

bfldoyfw# Zhbiëb fb Mhyofwzf ghioglo, jf Yfchzo Yvwwo, dè kcgkjácgkh jf nâykhw f

ftpyfwwöfw popvlhyfw1

Gobkh zojhw hw bfckckcdhw jh gkjhjfLono lono ow bhlvgo jh gkjhjf wovifyhb jh co}kjhjf1)Zfb ihnvldo iob hk()Aè co pykbfkyo yovio flf jhcîovF cço pyozfao nfcfyhl jf jfq fwzyflhwXvf mkgh hzyèw jh bfwh gob o gñ ch bço



7;

)]ogá pfyjfv h wvh }kjh bfv kybço]ogá pfyjfv h wvh }kjh bfv kybçoFwwhw phlh}yhw }ço fczyhy co goyhîçoFv }ov womyfy hw gocwfxvácgkhw gobo vb gço)Oldh pyh gè mkldh"jh"pvzh, wfb"}fynocdh

Jè vbh oldhjh co bfv whcnvf f }fb wfczky o zfv pfyjço) $YVWWO, Yfchzo# MhyofwzfGhioglo# Kczëypyfzf1Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1Xvf phâw ë fwzf 8;>4/8;4># Yko jf Ahcfkyo1FBK,8;4=# 8 gj, >± mhkth+#

Jfwzh mfkzh, o gobpowkzoy vwh }oghivlèyko vb zhczo xvhczo fwjyñtvlo f gfyzhw zkjhw poy

“lkcnvhnfb jf ihkto ghlço‒# Phyh mhqfy bfcîço à }kjh wftvhl hzk}h jf wvh pfywochnfb, Yvwwo

vzklkqh h ftpyfwwço “gobkh zojhw bfckckcdhw jh gkjhjf‒# O lfzykwzh yfmfyf"wf h vwvèykow jf

wviwzécgkhw fczoypfgfczfw f à ghchikw whzk}h, zhbiëb gocdfgkjh gobo bhgocdh, lhcîhcjo

bço jhw ftpyfwwöfw “bhlvgo‒ f “ihnvldo‒, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Ho fwgyf}fy woiyf h gocjkîço

dvbhch jf wfczky bfjo, o hyzkwzh fbpyfnh h popvlhy ftpyfwwço “gob o gñ ch bço‒# Pfygfifb"

wf, hkcjh, ow ahynöfw “bfv kybço‒ f womyfy hw “gocwfxüácgkhw gobo vb gço‒# Fwzf wknckmkgh h

moybh bètkbh jo womykbfczo f hxvflf, jo bojo gobo ë vwhjo ch gobpowkîço, hwwvbf b

ghyèzfy kyúckgo jkhczf jh bhcfkyh jf wf jkyknky }fyihlbfczf h vbh pfwwoh# Poy mkb, Yfchzo

Yvwwo hnyfnh o zfybo “mkldh"jh"pvzh‒ ch lfzyh jh ghcîço# Zyhzh"wf, gobo wf whif, jf ftpyfwwço

popvlhy xvf wvnfyf h kjfkh jf “pfwwoh jfwglhwwkmkghjh‒#

Fb Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, o gobpowkzoy jfkth jf lhjo hw nâykhw phyh lhcîhy bço jf bfzèmoyhw,

bfzocâbkhw f ovzyhw mknvyhw jf lkcnvhnfb# Ch ghcîço Phkw f Mkldow, Yvwwo, poy bfko jf

bfzèmoyh, kcgoypoyh h }oq jo yfgfpzoy ov}kczf f h flf kbpvzh h gocjkîço jf “fczf‒, yfgoldkjo

fb wvh dvbkljf kcwknckmkgécgkh, f gocjfch h zyhcwmfyácgkh jf yfwpocwhiklkjhjfw phyh o wfko

mhbklkhy#

Wov vbh nozh j.ènvh

Wov vb nyço jf hyfkh]ogá bf jkq xvf wfvw phkw cço fczfcjfbBhw }ogá cço fczfcjf wfvw phkw]ogá gvlph wfvw phkw poy zvjoF kwwo ë hiwvyjo $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Phkw f Mkldow#Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, 9±mhkth+

Fb Boczf Ghwzflo, Yfchzo Yvwwo pyopöf h kczfyzftzvhlkjhjf fczyf wfvw }fywow, zyfgdow jh

Iâilkh Gykwzç f h pofwkh jf Ghböfw# Wfnvcjo Wkl}fkyh $9004+, fwzf ë vb mfkzo hzë fczço kcëjkzo

ch dkwz÷ykh jo yoge iyhwklfkyo# Jfwwh moybh, o gobpowkzoy jfwgyf}f o xvf gobpyffcjf jo

hboy1



:0

Hkcjh xvf fv mhlhwwfH lâcnvh jow dobfcwF mhlhwwf h lâcnvh jow hcaow,Wfb hboy fv chjh wfykh#Ë w÷ o hboy( Ë w÷ o hboy

Xvf gocdfgf o xvf ë }fyjhjf#O hboy ë iob, cço xvfy o bhl,Cço wfczf kc}fah ov wf fc}hkjfgf#O hboy ë o mono xvf hyjf wfb wf }fy5Ë mfykjh xvf j÷k f cço wf wfczf5Ë vb goczfczhbfczo jfwgoczfczf5Ë joy xvf jfwhzkch wfb jofy# $YVWWO, Yfchzo# Boczf Ghwzflo# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch#KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, >± mhkth+

Ch lfzyh jh yfmfykjh ghcîço, Yvwwo }hnvfkh pflow yfgvywow xvf h lâcnvh poyzvnvfwh omfyfgf f

gocwzy÷k }fywow xvf ivwghb yfmfyácgkhw chw bhkw jk}fywhw mknvyhw jf lkcnvhnfb# Ho mhlhy

woiyf o hiwzyhzo wfczkbfczo jo hboy, o gobpowkzoy lhcîh bço jh dkpëyiolf f fchlzfgf, hzë o

lkbkzf, o wfczkbfczo hboyowo# O gobpowkzoy, hlkèw, ftpöf h ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf mhq jo hboy h

moyîh bhkw pvyh f woifyhch jo vck}fywo1

Ë w÷ o hboy( Ë w÷ o hboy Xvf gocdfgf o xvf ë }fyjhjf#O hboy ë iob, cço xvfy o bhl,Cço wfczf kc}fah ov wf fc}hkjfgf# $YVWWO, Yfchzo# Boczf Ghwzflo# Kczëypyfzf1 LfnkçoVyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, >± mhkth+

Zhbiëb fcgoczyh"wf dkpëyiolf ch ghcîço Dè zfbpow# Phyh mhlhy jh jfwfwpfyhcîh, o

gobpowkzoy vzklkqh vbh gobikchîço jf phlh}yhw xvf mhq jh mhlzh jf fwpfyhcîh hlno hkcjh bhkw

kbphgzhczf#

Jkwwfwzfw xvf wf zvh }oqZk}fwwf moyîh knvhlÀ kbfcwh joy xvf wfczfwZfv nykzo hgoyjhykh

Cço w÷ h zvh ghwhBhw h }kqkcdhcîh kczfkyh $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# DèZfbpow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8gj, 8± mhkth+

Ë powwâ}fl fcgoczyhy hlfnoykh, pokw, co bobfczo fb xvf ë bfcgkochjo o mhzo jf o hboy wfy

“vb mono xvf hyjf wfb wf }fy‒# Zfb"wf vbh gobphyhîço fthlzhjh, xvf yobpf gob ow lkbkzfw

jf gobphyhîöfw bhkw wkbplfw jh bfzèmoyh# Co yfwzhczf jow }fywow xvf gobpöfb zhl fwzyomf, ë

kcgkjfczf h hczâzfwf, xvf ftpöf kjëkhw goczyèykhw fb vbh bfwbh oyhîço#

Ë mfykjh xvf j÷k f cço wf wfczf5Ë vb goczfczhbfczo jfwgoczfczf5



:8

Ë joy xvf jfwhzkch wfb jofy# $YVWWO, Yfchzo# Boczf Ghwzflo# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch#KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, >± mhkth+

Cow zyáw pykbfkyow }fywow xvf gocwzkzvfb o yfmyço jh ghcîço Bfckcow f bfckchw, Yvwwo

vzklkqh h bfzocâbkh phyh hpoczhy wvh wvpowzh wkbphzkh pflo ghzolkgkwbo# Hlnvcw whczow wço

gkzhjow f, jfwwh moybh, yfpyfwfczhb h Knyfah Ghz÷lkgh# Lono, o gobpowkzoy vwh o hyzkmâgko jf

zobhy h phyzf pflo zojo#

Hgdo xvf nowzo jf Wço PhvloNowzo jf Wço AoçoNowzo jf Wço Myhcgkwgo f Wço Wfihwzkço $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Bfckcow f Bfckchw# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Ykojf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, ;± mhkth+

Cow zyfgdow jf ghcîöfw hchlkwhjow cfwzf gykzëyko, pfygfif"wf gfyzo pvjoy jo lfzykwzh phyh gob

hw gobpowkîöfw# Ho phyzky jfwzf pyfwwvpowzo, zoych"wf powwâ}fl gocgfify h dkp÷zfwf jf xvf

Yvwwo hjozh o pyogfjkbfczo jf goczkcvhy h fwgyf}fy woiyf hwpfgzow kcfyfczfw à av}fczvjf, bhw

jf moybh bhkw lâykgh f gvkjhjowh, f cço hzyh}ëw jf nâykhw ftplâgkzhw, gobo fb zyhihldow

hczfykoyfw jh Lfnkço Vyihch#

:#7#7 Yflhîço jo jkwgvywo jf Yfchzo Yvwwo gob h boyzf f o woiyfchzvyhl

Jf xvf moybh o zyhihldo jf Yfchzo Yvwwo zyhcwmfyf phyh o pñilkgo vbh }kwço woiyf wvkgâjko,

fczkjhjfw fwpkykzvhkw f xvfwzöfw jf gvcdo mklow÷mkgo? Fkw h jkwgvwwço hxvk jfwfc}ol}kjh# Govzo

$9004+ hlfnh xvf jokw jow zfbhw bhkw pyfwfczfw chw lfzyhw jf ghcîöfw jf pop yoge wço h boyzf

f o woiyfchzvyhl, hbiow bvkzo lknhjow à xvfwzço jh yflknkowkjhjf#

Ow pykbfkyow }fywow jh bñwkgh Phkw f mkldow yfzyhzhb vb hbikfczf wvkgkjh# H lkcnvhnfb

fwgoldkjh pflo gobpowkzoy, phyh gocwzyvky h lfzyh jfwzh ghcîço, ë wkbplfw f jkyfzh#

Fwzèzvhw f gomyfwF phyfjfw pkczhjhwCkcnvëb whifO xvf hgoczfgfvFlh wf aonov jh ahcflhJo xvkczo hcjhy Chjh ë mègkl jf fczfcjfy $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Phkw fMkldow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj,9± mhkth+



:9

À bfjkjh xvf hw myhwfw wço lkjhw f/ov ov}kjhw, cço ë pfygfpzâ}fl vb wfczkjo jyhbèzkgo ov

kcgocmoybkwzh jkhczf jh wkzvhîço# Vbh hcèlkwf jow }fywow kckgkhkw jh ghcîço pfybkzf gocglvky

xvf Yvwwo goczyhpöf h kjëkh jf xvf ë powwâ}fl hzkcnky h yfjfcîço ov hnyfnhy cozoykfjhjf poy

bfko jh boyzf#

Hkcjh ch bñwkgh Phkw f mkldow, Yvwwo jkwgvzf h kjëkh jf xvf ow ao}fcw xvf wço mkldow jf phkw

wfphyhjow wfczfb"wf vb zhczo xvhczo hihcjochjow f, jf gfyzh moybh, ftfygfb gfyzo

gocmoybkwbo jkhczf jfwzh wkzvhîço ho fcghyhy h wkzvhîço wfb fwzhyjhldhîow ov jyhbhw#

Fv boyo gob h bkcdh bçf, bhw bfv phk }fb bf }kwkzhy Fv boyo ch yvh, cço zfcdo ckcnvëbFv boyo fb xvhlxvfy lvnhy Aè boyfk fb zhczh ghwh xvf cfb bf lfbiyo bhkwFv boyo gob ow bfvw phkw $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo#Phkw f Mkldow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK,8;4;# 8 gj, 9± mhkth+

Ow pfcwhbfczow yfmlfzkjow cfwzfw }fywow jço goczh jf xvf, jkhczf jh gocjkîço hj}fywh jf cço

}k}fy fb vbh mhbâlkh fwzyvzvyhjh, ow ao}fcw fczfcjfb zhl wkzvhîço gobo kcgúbojh, bhw

coybhl# Ch ghcîço Boczf ghwzflo, o gobpowkzoy gkzh, ch lfzyh, h mknvyh jo hcao, fczkjhjf

zozhlbfczf kcfyfczf ho bvcjo woiyfchzvyhl# Poyëb, Yvwwo cço hpyfwfczh hynvbfczhîço

cfgfwwhykhbfczf fchlzfgfjoyh phyh gob o pfywochnfb hcnflkghl# Ho hchlkwhy h fwzyomf,pfygfif"wf zfcjácgkh jo hyzkwzh fb glhwwkmkghy o hboy gobo o pykcgkphl hzykivzo jf wvh py÷pykh

ftkwzácgkh#

Hkcjh xvf fv mhlhwwfH lâcnvh jow dobfcwF mhlhwwf h lâcnvh jow hcaowWfb hboy fv chjh wfykh $YVWWO, Yfchzo# Boczf Ghwzflo# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, >± mhkth+

Cfwzh fwzyomf, zhbiëb ë pfygfpzâ}fl xvf Yfchzo Yvwwo cço powwvk pfcwhbfczo

hczyopogáczykgo, ov wfah, cço kbpvzh ho dobfb, ho wfy dvbhco, h gocjkîço jf pyozhnockwzh jf

zojow ow f}fczow jo vck}fywo# O lâjfy jh Lfnkço Vyihch jfkth ftplâgkzo xvf h yhqço jf wfy jh

}kjh ë o job jo hboy#



::

fwzyomf jh bñwkgh f ë powwâ}fl gocwzhzhy xvf Yfchzo Yvwwo, lono co kcâgko jh ghcîço, pyopöf o

fczfcjkbfczo jf xvf flf py÷pyko }k}f fb “vb bhy‒ jf kcgfyzfqhw#

Xvfyo bf fcgoczyhy, bhw cço wfk ocjf fwzov]fb gobkno pyogvyhy hlnvb lvnhy bhkw ghlboLocnf jfwwh gocmvwço f jfwwh nfczf xvf cço wf yfwpfkzhZfcdo xvhwf gfyzfqh xvf fv cço wov jhxvk $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Bfckcow f Bfckchw# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Ykojf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, ;± mhkth+

Fb ovzyo bobfczo jh lfzyh, o bñwkgo yf}flh"wf vb wfy fb zozhl gykwf jf kjfczkjhjf, f vb

zhczo xvhczo jfwhckbhjo gob o gozkjkhco#

]hk }fy xvf ë hwwkb bfwbo f }hk wfy hwwkb pyh wfbpyf]hk mkghcjo gobplkghjo f ho bfwbo zfbpo jkmfyfczfFwzov ghcwhjo jf ihzfy f ckcnvëb hiyky ]ogá bf jfktov wfczkcjo zhczo mykoCço wfk bhkw o xvf jkqfy $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo#Bfckcow f Bfckchw# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1FBK, 8;4;# 8 gj, ;± mhkth+

]fywow gobo ow xvf gobpöfb h fwzyomf pyopowzh powwvfb h zfcjácgkh jf mhqfy gob xvf o

ov}kczf pfygfih ch bñwkgh hlno xvf yfbfzh how }èykow bobfczow gobplftow }k}kjow ch

av}fczvjf# Ch ghcîço Dè zfbpow, bhkw vbh }fq, Yfchzo Yvwwo hwwvbf o fwpâykzo olkbpkhcopyopowzo poy Boykc $8;;>+ f fcgfch o phpfl jf yfmfyácgkh, ov, hzë bfwbo, jf gocwfldfkyo jow

ao}fcw ov}kczfw jh bñwkgh#

Bfv hboy(Jkwgkplkch ë lkifyjhjfGobphktço ë moyzhlfqhZfy iocjhjf ë zfy goyhnfb $Flh jkwwf+Lè fb ghwh zfb vb poîoBhw h ènvh ë bvkzo lkbph $YVWWO, Yfchzo, IOCMÈ Bhygflo, ]KLLH"LOIOW Jhjo# Dè

Zfbpow# Kczëypyfzf1 Lfnkço Vyihch# KC1 Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 FBK, 8;4;# 8gj, 8± mhkth+

H ñlzkbh fwzyomf jh lfzyh jh ghcîço hpyfwfczh vb hyzkwzh h wf jkyknky jf bhcfkyh locnéckbf

phyh gob wfv pñilkgo# Jfwzh moybh, Yvwwo ftfygf h pfywockmkghîço dfy÷kgh, xvf wfbpyf zfb hw

phlh}yhw gfyzhw phyh hgocwfldhy f fcwkchy coybhw# Poy bfko jfwzh ghcîço, hmkybh, bhkw vbh

}fq, wvh gocjkîço jf olkbpkhco#



:6

6# GOCGLVWÇO

Ho locno jo jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jfwzf zyhihldo, mok powwâ}fl gocglvky xvf o yoge cço ë hpfchw

vb fwzklo bvwkghl# Zyhzh"wf jf vbh bhckmfwzhîço gvlzvyhl xvf hiyhcnf hwpfgzow kcfyfczfw ho

gobpoyzhbfczo, à kjfolonkh f à hzkzvjf#

Hlëb jkwwo, ow yfwvlzhjow oizkjow cfwzh pfwxvkwh pfybkzfb gocglvky xvf hlno co bâckbo

jkmfyfczf hgoczfgfv co pop yoge iyhwklfkyo jh jëghjh jf 8;40# Cço ë pyvjfczf hmkybhy xvf h

pfymfkîço gdfnov h bhkoyfw câ}fkw phyh ow bñwkgow xvf gocwzyvâyhb hxvflh nfyhîço, bhw ë

kcfnè}fl h ftkwzácgkh jf gfyzh bhzvykjhjf# Fb bfko àxvflh kbfcwh xvhczkjhjf jf nyvpow f

hyzkwzhw, ow yoxvfkyow jf Iyhwâlkh, kcmlvfcgkhjow pflo pvce , zobhyhb h gfch jf hwwhlzo fgologhyhb h bñwkgh mfkzh co Plhchlzo Gfczyhl jfmkckzk}hbfczf ch bfczf f co goyhîço jo

yfwzhczf jo Phâw# Jfczyf hw }èykhw ihcjhw xvf wvynkyhb, ov zk}fyhb wfv gobfîo ch ghpkzhl jo

phâw, ftkwzkv vbh xvf, ghzfnoykghbfczf, pfyzfcgf ho nyvpo jhw gkcgo bhkw hjoyhjhw co Iyhwkl

fb zojow ow zfbpow1 Lfnkço Vyihch#

H nyhcjfqh jh ihcjh gocmvcjf"wf gob o ghyèzfy kgúckgo fb zoyco jh kbhnfb jf Yfchzo

Yvwwo, mvcjhjoy f lâjfy jo nyvpo# Yvwwo ftfygfv o }fyjhjfkyo phpfl jf olkbpkhco phyh gob hav}fczvjf jf zojh vbh nfyhîço# Ho lhcîhy fwzf oldhy hghjábkgo woiyf phyzf jf wvh oiyh, ë

chzvyhl pfygfify xvf hw lfzyhw jhw ghcîöfw fwgykzhw poy flf, dè bhkw jf 90 hcow, hkcjh wohb

hzvhkw phyh ow ao}fcw jf doaf f, pyo}h}flbfczf, kyço wf pfypfzvhy pflhw jfbhkw nfyhîöfw xvf

wvynkyço#

O jfwmfgdo jfwzf zyhihldo kcjkgh xvf, fb yhqço jf vbh dhiklkjhjf kcgobvb fb lkjhy gob

zfbhw av}fckw, Yfchzo Yvwwo, hzyh}ëw jf wvh oiyh, wfyè fzfychbfczf vb pofzh, vb nvyv f vbbfczoy kczflfgzvhl phyh h av}fczvjf iyhwklfkyh xvf gvlzk}h o hpyfîo pflo pop yoge mfkzo co Phâw#

Hzyh}ëw jf pofwkh ègkjh, Yfchzo yfjknkv }fywow xvf gdhbhb h hzfcîço phyh o powkgkochbfczo

jo ao}fb jkhczf jf wvh }k}ácgkh#

O zyhihldo jf Yfchzo Yvwwo phwwov poy ftpyfwwk}hw bvjhcîhw ho locno jf wvh ghyyfkyh# Fb

Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, wfv fwzklo jf gobpoy yf}flov"wf bhkw ovwhjo f jk}fywkmkghjo, xvhcjo

wvpfymkgkhlbfczf gobphyhjo gob ow jkwgow hczfykoyfw# Fczyfzhczo, wvh }fkh poëzkgh cço pfyjfv

h wvzklfqh bhynkchl jf gobikchy }fywow, kckgkhzk}h pyfwfczf fb zojh wvh ghyyfkyh# Oiwfy}h"wf,



:=

pokw, kczfcwh pyfwfcîh jf mknvyhw jf lkcnvhnfb ch oiyh hchlkwhjh, hwwkb gobo fcoybf

hiyhcnácgkh jf zfbhw chw ghcîöfw jo èlivb#

H hcèlkwf jow wkcnlfw jo jkwgo Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, zobhjow gobo oiafzo jf pfwxvkwh, zoych

powwâ}fl h gocwolkjhîço jh oiyh jf Yfchzo Yvwwo fczyf hw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jh bñwkgh

iyhwklfkyh, kcglvwk}f fb mvcîço jh ghphgkjhjf jf jkèlono jo gobpowkzoy f ghczoy gob wfv

pñilkgo# Phyh gkzhy vb ftfbplo, ch bñwkgh Dè zfbpow, Yvwwo fcgfch o hbkno/kybço bhkw

}fldo, hpzo h goc}fywhy gob wfvw “wfnvkjoyfw‒1 ch lfzyh wfb yfmyço, o gobpowkzoy mhlh woiyf

kbpoyzhczfw hwpfgzow jo vck}fywo jh av}fczvjf, jow zfboyfw à wolkjço#

Aè ch ghcîço Bfckcow f bfckchw, wfb zfbfy h dkp÷zfwf jf wfy ykjkgvlhykqhjo, o hyzkwzhpolfbkqh hkcjh bhkw ho hioyjhy xvfwzöfw woiyf pyfmfyácgkh wftvhl, bfcgkochcjo cobfw jf

pfywochnfcw jo gykwzkhckwbo# Fb Bhvyâgko, hw phlh}yhw jo hyzkwzh bfynvldhb fb vb lkykwbo

wfb pyfgfjfczfw, phyh yflhzhy vbh gykwf hboyowh# H bfczf gykhzk}h jf Yfchzo zhbiëb ë

yf}flhjh ch ghcîço Boczf ghwzflo, fb xvf mvcjf wfvw }fywow h myhnbfczow jo lk}yo whnyhjo jo

gykwzkhckwbo f à pofwkh lâykgh yfchwgfczkwzh jo pofzh poyzvnváw Lvâw jf Ghböfw# H

ghyhgzfyâwzkgh olkbpkhch jf Yfchzo Yvwwo ë klvwzyhjh gob h lfzyh jh ghcîço Xvhcjo o wol

ihzfy ch ahcflh jo wfv xvhyzo# Cfwzf bobfczo, o hyzkwzh hwwvbf h mvcîço jf yf}flhy nyhcjfjowf jf ozkbkwbo phyh gob o yfgfpzoy ov}kczf# Aè fb Phkw f mkldow, Yvwwo lkjh gob h xvfwzço

jo wvkgâjko, wfb hpyfwfczhy vb poczo jf }kwzh jfwfwpfyhjo ov kyyhgkochl fb zoyco jh wkzvhîço#

Fb wâczfwf, pojf"wf jkqfy, h phyzky jh hcèlkwf jf ghcîöfw jo èlivb Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw, xvf h

hyzf jf Yfchzo Bhcmyfjkck Añckoy hpyfwfczh gobo pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh h fwgykzh ghphq jf

jfcvcgkhy vbh wogkfjhjf zyhkîofkyh, gobpfzkzk}h f wfb pyopowzhw phyh o mvzvyo# Cfwzf wfczkjo,

gocglvk"wf xvf h oiyh jo ghczoy f gobpowkzoy, hwwkb gobo jf wvh ihcjh, h Lfnkço Vyihch,

pfybhcfgfyè gobo yfmfyácgkh co gfcèyko jo yoge chgkochl#



:4

MYKFJLHCJFY, Phvl# Yoge hcj yoll ‗ Vbh Dkwz÷ykh Wogkhl# Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Yfgoyj,9009#

EFLLCFY, Jovnlhw# H gvlzvyh jh bâjkh1 fwzvjow gvlzvyhkw, kjfczkjhjf f polâzkgh fczyf obojfyco f o p÷w"bojfyco# Ihvyv1 Fjkzoyh FJVWG, 9008#

LFNKÇO Vyihch# Hw xvhzyo fwzhîöfw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Fbk Ojfoc, 8;4;# 8 GJ, 66 bkc#, wobfwzëyfo# 88 bñwkghw#

LFNKÇO Vyihch# Jokw# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Fbk Ojfoc, 8;4=# 8 GJ, :> bkc#, wob fwzëyfo# 89bñwkghw#

LFNKÇO Vyihch# Xvf phâw ë fwzf# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Fbk Ojfoc, 8;4># 8 GJ, 76 bkc 69 wfn#,wob fwzëyfo# 88 bñwkghw#

LFNKÇO Vyihch# Yko jf Ahcfkyo, 9080# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < dzzp1//ifzh#lfnkhovyihch#gob#iy/3 #Hgfwwo fb1 70 hno# 9080

BHYGFLO, Ghylow# Yfchzo Yvwwo1 o mkldo jh yf}olvîço# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Hnky, 900;#

BHYWDHLL, Nfoynf# Fwpâykzo jf =; ‗ h iâilkh jo wekcdfhj# Wço Phvlo1 Zyhbh Fjkzoykhl,8;;8#

BOYKC, Fjnhy# Gvlzvyh jf bhwwhw co wëgvlo TT 1 o fwpâykzo jo zfbpo " Cfvyowf $}ol#8+# Ykojf Ahcfkyo1 Moyfcwf Vck}fywkzèykh, 8;;>#

BOYKC, Fjnhyj# Gvlzvyh jf bhwwhw co wëgvlo TT " Cfgyowf $}ol#9+# Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 MoyfcwfVck}fywkzèykh, 9008#



:;

BVNCHKCK, H{yzoc Ay## Iyf}f dkwz÷ykh jo yoge # Wço Phvlo1 Fjkzoyh Glhykjhjf, 900>#

PKGOLK, Fjnhy# Xvf yoge ë fwwf? H dkwz÷ykh jo yoge iyhwklfkyo goczhjh poy hlnvcw jf wfvwâgocfw# Wço Phvlo1 Nloio, 9004#

YOJYKNVFW, Yojykno# Hw h}fczvyhw jh Ilkzq # Wço Phvlo Fjkovyo, 900;#

YOAFE, Gdykw# Gflfiykjhjf " Yko jf Ahcfkyo1 Yoggo, 9004#

YVWWO Yfchzo# Yfchzo Yvwwo jf H h Q 1 hw kjëkhw jo lâjfy jh Lfnkço Vyihch# Ghbpo Nyhcjf1Lfzyhw Lk}yfw, 9000#

WKL]FKYH, Aowë Yoifyzo# Yfchzo Yvwwo f Ghqvqh1 h poëzkgh jh zyh}fwwkh ‗ Yoge f pofwkh cowhcow 40# Wço Aoço Jfl"Yfk1 Bhlzh, 9004#

WZHCLF[, Phvl# ^dkplhwd# Jfwfc}ol}kjo poy1 Aoço Phvlo Hcjyhjf, lhcîhbfczo oc"lkcf fbavcdo jf 8;;=# Wkzf fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb bñwkgh f wfnbfczhjo phyh ow mçw jow nácfyow dhyj yoge f dfh}{ bfzhl# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~dkplhwd#cfz/bhzfykhw/cf~w_;0>/0:7;;;"ekww#dzbl3#Hgfwwo fb1 8= jf ovzviyo jf 9080#



60

HCFTOW

Hcfto H ‗ Lfzyh jf Dè zfbpow $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow / Yfchzo Yvwwo / Bhygflo Iocmè+

Phyfgf goghâchBhw ë w÷ zykwzfqhZhl}fq zvh gkjhjfBvkzow zfboyfw chwgfbJo ghcwhîo f jh wolkjçoJfwgobphwwo, jfwpfyjâgkoDfyjfkyow wço hnoyhJh }kyzvjf xvf pfyjfbow

Dè zfbpow zk}f vb wocdo

Cço bf lfbiyo, cço bf lfbiyoZvh zykwzfqh ë zço fthzhF doaf o jkh ë zço iockzoAè fwzhbow hgowzvbhjowH cço zfybow bhkw cfb kwwo

Ow wocdow }áb f ow wocdow }çoF o yfwzo ë kbpfymfkzo

Jkwwfwzfw xvf wf zvh }oq

Zk}fwwf moyîh knvhlÀ kbfcwh joy xvf wfczfwZfv nykzo hgoyjhykhCço w÷ h zvh ghwhBhw h }kqkcdhcîh kczfkyh

F dè zfbpowCfb ow whczow záb ho gfyzoH bfjkjh jh bhljhjfF dè zfbpow wço ow ao}fcwXvf hjofgfb

F dè zfbpowO fcghczo fwzè hvwfczfF dè mfyyvnfb cow woyykwowW÷ o hghwo fwzfcjf ow iyhîowH xvfb pyogvyhHiykno f pyozfîço

Bfv hboy(Jkwgkplkch ë lkifyjhjfGobphktço ë moyzhlfqhZfy iocjhjf ë zfy goyhnfb $Flh jkwwf+Lè fb ghwh zfb vb poîoBhw h ènvh ë bvkzo lkbph



68

Hcfto I ‗ Lfzyh jf Phkw f mkldow $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow / Yfchzo Yvwwo / Bhygflo Iocmè+

Fwzèzvhw f gomyfw

F phyfjfw pkczhjhwCkcnvëb whifO xvf hgoczfgfv### Flh wf aonov jh ahcflhJo xvkczo hcjhy Chjh ë mègkl jf fczfcjfy### Joybf hnoyhVvvbbdvb(Ë w÷ o }fczo

Lè moyh Xvfyo golo(]ov mvnky jf ghwh(Powwo joybky hxvk gob }ogáwFwzov gob bfjo, zk}f vb pfwhjfloW÷ }ov }olzhy jfpokw jhw zyáw Bfv mkldo }hk zfy Cobf jf whczoVvbbdvb(Xvfyo o cobf bhkw iockzo Ë pyfgkwo hbhy hw pfwwohwGobo wf cço dov}fwwf hbhcdçPoy xvf wf }ogá phyhy Pyh pfcwhy Ch }fyjhjf cço dè Bf jkq, poy xvf xvf o gëv ë hqvlFtplkgh h nyhcjf mñykh jo bvcjo

Wço bfvw mkldowXvf zobhb goczh jf bkb Fv boyo gob h bkcdh bçfBhw bfv phk }fb bf }kwkzhy Fv boyo ch yvhCço zfcdo ckcnvëbFv boyo fb xvhlxvfy lvnhy Aè boyfk fb zhczh ghwhXvf cfb bf lfbiyo bhkw

Fv boyo gob ow bfvw phkwDvdvdvdv(###ovd( ovd(



69

Ë pyfgkwo hbhy hw pfwwohwGobo wf cço dov}fwwf hbhcdçPoy xvf wf }ogá phyhy Pyh pfcwhy

Ch }fyjhjf cço dè Wov vbh nozh j.ènvhWov vb nyço jf hyfkh]ogá bf jkq xvf wfvw phkwCço fczfcjfbBhw }ogá cço fczfcjf wfvw phkw ]ogá gvlph wfvw phkw poy zvjoKwwo ë hiwvyjoWço gykhcîhw gobo }ogá

O xvf }ogá }hk wfy Xvhcjo }ogá gyfwgfy?



67

Hcfto G ‗ Lfzyh jf Xvhcjo o wol ihzfy ch ahcflh jo zfv xvhyzo $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow / Yfchzo

Yvwwo / Bhygflo Iocmè+

Xvhcjo o wol ihzfy Ch ahcflh jo zfv xvhyzo,Lfbiyh f }áXvf o ghbkcdo ë vb w÷, Poyxvf fwpfyhy Wf pojfbow gobfîhy Zvjo jf co}o?Hnoyh bfwbo,

H dvbhckjhjf ë jfwvbhchBhw hkcjh zfbow gdhcgf,O wol chwgf pyh zojow,W÷ cço whif xvfb cço xvfy, Xvhcjo o wol ihzfy Ch ahcflh jo zfv xvhyzo,Lfbiyh f }áXvf o ghbkcdo ë vb w÷, Hzë ifb povgo zfbpo hzyèw,

Pojfyâhbow bvjhy o bvcjo,Xvfb yoviov cowwh goyhnfb?Zvjo ë joy,F zojh joy }fb jo jfwfao,Jf cço wfczkbow joy, Xvhcjo o wol ihzfy Ch ahcflh jo zfv xvhyzo,Lfbiyh f }áXvf o ghbkcdo ë vb w÷



6:

Hcfto J ‗ Lfzyh jf Boczf ghwzflo $Yfchzo Yvwwo " yfgoyzfw jo Hp÷wzolo Phvlo f jf Ghböfw+

Hkcjh xvf fv mhlhwwf

H lâcnvh jow dobfcwF mhlhwwf h lâcnvh jow hcaow,Wfb hboy fv chjh wfykh Ë w÷ o hboy( Ë w÷ o hboy Xvf gocdfgf o xvf ë }fyjhjfO hboy ë iob, cço xvfy o bhl,Cço wfczf kc}fah ov wf fc}hkjfgf O hboy ë o mono xvf hyjf wfb wf }fy5Ë mfykjh xvf j÷k f cço wf wfczf5

Ë vb goczfczhbfczo jfwgoczfczf5Ë joy xvf jfwhzkch wfb jofy Hkcjh xvf fv mhlhwwfH lâcnvh jow dobfcwF mhlhwwf h lâcnvh jow hcaowWfb hboy fv chjh wfykh Ë vb cço xvfyfy bhkw xvf ifb xvfyfy5Ë wolkzèyko hcjhy poy fczyf h nfczf5Ë vb cço goczfczhy"wf jf goczfczf5Ë gvkjhy xvf wf nhcdh fb wf pfyjfy Ë vb fwzhy"wf pyfwo poy }oczhjf5Ë wfy}ky h xvfb }fcgf, o }fcgfjoy5Ë vb zfy gob xvfb cow bhzh h lfhljhjf#Zço goczyèyko h wk ë o bfwbo hboy Fwzov hgoyjhjo f zojow joybfbZojow joybfbHnoyh }fao fb phyzf,

Bhw fczço }fyfbow mhgf h mhgf Ë w÷ o hboy( Ë w÷ o hboy Xvf gocdfgf o xvf ë }fyjhjf Hkcjh xvf fv mhlhwwfH lâcnvh jow dobfcwF mhlhwwf h lâcnvh jow hcaow,Wfb hboy fv chjh wfykh



66

Hcfto F ‗ Lfzyh jf Bhvyâgko $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow / Bhygflo Iocmè / Yfchzo Yvwwo+

Aè cço wfk jkqfy wf hkcjh wfk wfczky O bfv goyhîço aè cço bf pfyzfcgfAè cço xvfy bhkw bf oifjfgfy Phyfgf hnoyh fwzhy zço ghcwhjo xvhczo fvHzë pfcwfk xvf fyh bhkw poy cço whify Xvf hkcjh wov ghphq jf hgyfjkzhy Bf wkczo zço w÷F jkqfb xvf h wolkjço hzë xvf bf ghk ifbÀw }fqfw mhîo plhcowÀw }fqfw xvfyo ky Pyh hlnvb phâw jkwzhczf]olzhy h wfy mflkq

Aè cço wfk jkqfy o xvf hgoczfgfvWf zvjo xvf wocdfk mok bfwbo vbwocdo bfvWf bfv jfwfao fczço aè wf yfhlkqovO xvf mhqfy jfpokwPyh ocjf ë xvf fv }ov?Fv }k }ogá }olzhy pyh bkbFv }k }ogá }olzhy pyh bkbFv }k }ogá }olzhy pyh bkb###



6=

Hcfto M ‗ Lfzyh jf Bfckcow f bfckchw $Jhjo ]kllh"Loiow / Bhygflo Iocmè / Yfchzo Yvwwo+Xvfyo bf fcgoczyhy, bhw cço wfk ocjf fwzov]fb gobkno pyogvyhy hlnvb lvnhy bhkw ghlboLocnf jfwwh gocmvwço f jfwwh nfczf xvf cço wf yfwpfkzh

Zfcdo xvhwf gfyzfqh xvf fv cço wov jhxvk Hgdo xvf nowzo jf Wço PhvloNowzo jf Wço AoçoNowzo jf Wço Myhcgkwgo f Wço WfihwzkçoF fv nowzo jf bfckcow f bfckchw ]hk }fy xvf ë hwwkb bfwbo f }hk wfy hwwkb pyh wfbpyf]hk mkghcjo gobplkghjo f ho bfwbo zfbpo jkmfyfczfFwzov ghcwhjo jf ihzfy f ckcnvëb hiyky ]ogá bf jfktov wfczkcjo zhczo myko

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ROCK, POESIA E JUVENTUDE Análise da relação entre o discurso de Renato Russo e a juventude...

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