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Appendix A has three parts. Part 1 deals with the metric
system, Part 2 discusses the Système International d’Unités
(SI units), and Part 3 presents conversion factors for clinical
hematology and clinical chemistry.
PART 1 • The Metric System
Most measurements in science are expressed in terms of the
metric system. This system uses units that are related to one an-
other by a power of 10. The prefix centi- means one-hundredth,
milli- means one-thousandth, and kilo- is derived from a word
that means one thousand. In the following sections, we show
the relationship between metric units and English units of
measurement that are relevant to the material presented in this
book.
UNITS OF MASS (WEIGHT)
Use the following conversions for common units of mass
(weight) and volume. For example, 1 ounce 0.06 pound.
Two ounces would therefore equal 2 0.06 0.12 pound,
and 16 ounces 0.96 pound (16 0.06).
Appendix A
The Metric System and Conversion Constants
in Exercise Physiology
UNITS OF LENGTH
EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT
METRIC UNIT METRIC UNITS ENGLISH UNITS
meter (m) 100 cm; 1000 mm 39.37 in;3.28 ft; 1.09 yd
centimeter (cm) 0.01 m; 10 mm 0.3937 in
millimeter (mm) 0.001 m; 0.1 cm 0.03937 in
UNITS OF MASS (WEIGHT)
EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT
METRIC UNIT METRIC UNITS ENGLISH UNITS
kilogram (kg) 1000 g 35.3 oz;
1,000,000 mg 2.2046 lb
gram (g) 0.001 kg
1000 mg 0.353 oz
milligram (mg) 0.000001 kg
0.001 0.0000353 oz
UNITS OF VOLUME
EQUIVALENT EQUIVALENT
METRIC
UNIT
METRIC
UNITS
ENGLISH
UNITS
liter (L) 1000 mL 1.057 qt
milliliter (mL) 0.001 L 0.001057 qt
or cubic centimeter (cc)
TEMPERATURE
To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C (°F 32) 1.8
To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F (1.8 °C) 32
On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32°F and boils at 212°F.
On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.
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Terminology and Units of Measurement
The American College of Sports Medicine suggests that the
following terminology and units of measurement be used in
scientific endeavors to promote consistency and clarity of
communication, and to avoid ambiguity. The terms defined
below utilize the units of measurement of the Système Inter-
national d’Unités (SI units).
Exercise: Any and all activity involving generation
of force by the activated muscle(s) that results in disruption
of a homeostatic state. In dynamic exercise, the muscle may
perform shortening (concentric) contractions or be over-
come by external resistance and perform lengthening (ec-
centric) contractions. When muscle force results in
no movement, the contraction should be termed static or
isometric.
Exercise intensity:A specific level of maintenance of
muscular activity quantified in terms of power (energy ex-
penditure or work performed per unit of time), isometric force
sustained, or velocity of progression.
Endurance: The time limit of a person’s ability to main-
tain either a specific isometric force or a specific power level
involving combinations of concentric or eccentric muscular
contractions.
Mass: A quantity of matter of an object, a direct measure
of the object’s inertia (note: mass weight acceleration
due to gravity; unit: gram or kilogram).
Weight: The force with which a quantity of matter is at-
tracted toward Earth by normal acceleration of gravity (tradi-
tional unit: kilogram).
Energy: The capability of producing force, performing
work, or generating heat (unit: joule or kilojoule).
Force: That which changes or tends to change the state
of rest or motion in matter (unit: newton).
Speed: Total distance traveled per unit of time (unit: me-
ters per second).
Velocity: Displacement per unit of time. A vector quan-
tity requiring that direction be stated or strongly implied (unit:
meters per second or kilometers per hour).
Work: Force expressed through a distance but with no
limitation on time (unit: joule or kilojoule). Quantities of en-
ergy and heat expressed independently of time should also be
presented in joules. The term “work” should not be employed
synonymously with muscular exercise.
Power: The rate of performing work; the derivative of
work with respect to time; the product of force and velocity
(unit: watt). Other related processes such as energy release
and heat transfer should, when expressed per unit of time, be
quantified and presented in watts.
Torque: Effectiveness of a force to produce axial rotation
(unit: newton meter).
Volume: A space occupied, for example, by a quantity of
fluid gas (unit: liter or milliliter). Gas volumes should be in-
dicated as ATPS, BTPS, or STPD.
Amount of a substance: The amount of a substance is
frequently expressed in moles. A mole is the quantity of a
chemical substance that has a weight in mass units (e.g.,
grams) numerically equal to the molecular weight, or that in
the case of a gas has a volume occupied by such a weight un-
der specified conditions. One mole of a respiratory gas is
equal to 22.4 liters at STPD.
1052 APPENDIXES
UNITS OF SPEED
MPH KM HR1 M S1 MPH KM HR1 M S1
1 1.6 0.47 11 17.7 5.17
2 3.2 0.94 12 19.3 5.64
3 4.8 1.41 13 20.9 6.11
4 6.4 1.88 14 22.5 6.58
5 8.0 2.35 15 24.1 7.05
6 9.6 2.82 16 25.8 7.527 11.2 3.29 17 27.4 7.99
8 12.8 3.76 18 29.0 8.46
9 14.4 4.23 19 30.6 8.93
10 16.0 4.70 20 32.2 9.40
COMMON EXPRESSIONS OF WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
WATTS KILOCALORIES (KCAL) FOOT-POUNDS (FT-LB)
1 watt 0.73756 ft-lb s1 1 kcal 3086 ft-lb 1 ft lb 3.2389 103 kcal
1 watt 0.01433 kcal min1 1 kcal 426.8 kg-m 1 ft lb 0.13825 kg-m
1 watt 1.341 103 hp 1 kcal 3087.4 ft-lb 1 ft lb 5.050
or 0.0013 hp 1 kcal 1.5593 103 hp h1
1 watt 6.12 kg-m min1 103 hp h1
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APPENDIX A • The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology 1053
PART 2 • SI UnitsThe uniform numerical value system is known as the Système
International d’Unités, or its abbreviation, SI. SI was devel-
oped through international cooperation to create a universally
acceptable system of measurement. SI ensures that units of
measurement are uniform in concept and style. The SI system
permits quantities in common use to be more easily com-
pared. Many scientific organizations endorse the concept of
the SI, and leading journals in nutrition, health, and exercise
science now require that laboratory data be presented in SI
units. The information in this appendix has been summarized
from a detailed description about the SI published in the fol-
lowing article:
Young DS. Implementation of SI units for clinical laboratory data. Style
specifications and conversion tables. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:114.
BASE UNITS OF SI NOMENCLATURE
PHYSICAL QUANTITY BASE UNIT SI SYMBOL
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Amount of substance mole mol
Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Electric current ampere ALuminous intensity candela cd
DEFINITIONS OF COMMON SI UNITS
Degree Celsius (°C) The degree Celsius (centigrade) is equivalent to K 273.16.
Radian (rad) The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which subtend
on the circumference of an arc equal in length to the radius.
Joule (J) The joule is the work done when the point of application of a force of
one newton is displaced through a distance of one meter in the
direction of the force. 1 J 1 N m.
Kelvin (K) The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of
the triple point of water.Kilogram (kg) The kilogram is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the international
prototype of the kilogram.
Meter (m) The meter is the length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of
the radiation that corresponds to the transition between the levels 2p 10
and 5d5 of the krypton 86 atom.
Newton (N) The newton is that force which, when applied to a mass of 1 kilogram,
gives it an acceleration of 1 meter per second squared.
1 N 1 kg m/s2.
Pascal (Pa) The pascal is the pressure produced by a force of 1 newton applied,
with uniform distribution, over an area of 1 square meter.
1 Pa 1 N/m2.
Second (s) The second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation that
corresponds to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the
ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
Watt (W) The watt is the power that in 1 second gives rise to the energy of1 joule. 1 W 1 J/s.
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For SI units in exercise physiology, the term body weight
is properly referred to as mass (kg), height should be referred
to as stature (m), second is s, minute is min, hour is h, week
is wk, month is mo, year is y, day is d, gram is g, liter is L,
hertz is Hz, joule is J, kilocalorie is kcal, ohm is Ω, pascal is
Pa, revolutions per minute is rpm, volt is V, and watt is W.
These abbreviations or symbols are used for the singular or
plural form.
1054 APPENDIXES
GENERAL SI STYLE GUIDELINES
GUIDELINES EXAMPLE INCORRECT STYLE CORRECT STYLE
Lowercase letters are used for symbols or abbreviations kilogram Kg kg
Exceptions:
kelvin k K
ampere a A
liter l L
Symbols are not followed by a period meter m. mException: end of sentence mole mol. mol
Symbols are not to be pluralized kilograms kgs kg
meters ms m
Names and symbols are not to be combined force kilogram meter s2 kg m s2
kg m/s2
When numbers are printed, symbols are preferred 100 meters 100 m
2 moles 2 mol
A space should be placed between number and symbol 50ml 50 mL
The product of units is indicated by a dot above the line kg m s2 kg m s2
kg m/s2
Only one solidus (/) should be used per expression mmol/L/s mmol/(L s)
A zero should be placed before the decimal .01 0.01
Decimal numbers are preferable to fractions 3 ⁄ 4 0.75
75% 0.75Spaces are used to separate long numbers 1,500,000 1 500 000
Exception: optional with four-digit number 1000 1000 or 1 000
COMMON PREFIXES USED WITH SI UNITSOF MEASUREMENT
PREFIX ABBREVIATION MULTIPLICATION FACTOR
tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012
giga G 1,000,000,000 109
mega M 1,000,000 106
kilo k 1,000
103
hecto h 100 102
deci d 0.1 101
centi c 0.01 102
milli m 0.001 103
micro 0.000,001 106
nano n 0.000,000,001 109
pico p 0.000,000,000,001 1012
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APPENDIX A • The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology 1055
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
A
ampere-hours coulombs 3,600.0
ampere-hours faradays 0.03731
angstrom units inches 3.937 109
angstrom units meters 1 1010
angstrom units micrometers 1 104
B
BTU ergs 1.0550 1010
BTU foot-pounds 778.3
BTU gram-calories 252.0
BTU horsepower-hours 3.931 104
BTU joules 1,054.8
BTU kilogram-calories 0.2520
BTU kilogram-meters 107.5
BTU kilowatt-hours 2.928 104
BTU/hour foot-pounds/ 0.2162
second
BTU/hour gram-calorie/ 0.0700
second
BTU/hour horsepower-hours 3.929 104
BTU/hour watts 0.2931BTU/minute foot-pounds/ 12.96
second
BTU/minute horsepower 0.02356
BTU/minute kilowatts 0.01757
BTU/minute watts 17.57
BTU/square foot/ watts/square inch 0.1221
minute
C
calories, gram BTU (mean) 3.9685 103
(mean)
centigrade Fahrenheit (C° 9/5) 32
(celsius)
centigrams grams 0.01
centiliters fluid ounces (U.S.) 0.3382
centiliters cubic inches 0.6103
centiliters drams 2.705
centiliters liters 0.01
centimeters feet 3.281 102
centimeters inches 0.3937
centimeters kilometers 1 105
centimeters meters 0.01
centimeters miles 6.214 106
centimeters millimeters 10.0
centimeters mils 393.7
centimeters yards 1.094 102
centimeter-dynes centimeter-grams 1.020 103
centimeter-dynes meter-kilograms 1.020 108
centimeter-dynes pound-feet 7.376 108
centimeter-grams centimeter-dynes 980.7
centimeter-grams meter-kilograms 1 105
centimeter-grams pound-feet 7.233 106
centimeters of atmospheres 0.01316
mercury
centimeters of feet of water 0.4461
mercury
centimeters of kilograms/square 136.0
mercury meter
centimeters of pounds/square foot 27.85
mercury
centimeters of pounds/square inch 0.1934
mercury
centimeters/ feet/minute 1.1969
second
centimeters/ feet/second 0.03281
second
centimeters/ kilometers/hour 0.036
second
centimeters/ knots 0.1943
secondcentimeters/ meters/minute 0.6
second
centimeters/ miles/hour 0.02237
second
centimeters/ miles/minute 3.728 104
second
centimeters/ feet/second/ 0.03281
second/second second
centimeters/ km/hour/second 0.036
second/second
centimeters/ meters/second/ 0.01
second/second second
centimeters/ miles/hour/ 0.02237
second/second second
cubic centimeters cubic feet 3.531 105
cubic centimeters cubic inches 0.06102
cubic centimeters cubic meters 1 106
cubic centimeters cubic yards 1.308 106
cubic centimeters gallons (U.S. l iq.) 2.642 104
cubic centimeters liters 0.001
cubic centimeters pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113 103
cubic centimeters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057 103
cubic feet bushels (dry) 0.8036
cubic feet cubic centimeters 28,320.0
cubic feet cubic inches 1,728.0
cubic feet cubic meters 0.02832
cubic feet cubic yards 0.03704
cubic feet gallons (U.S. liq.) 7.48052
cubic feet liters 28.32
cu feet pints (U.S. liq.) 59.84
cubic feet quarts (U.S. liq.) 29.92
cubic feet/minute cubic centimeters/ 472.0
second
cubic feet/minute gallons/second 0.1247
cubic feet/minute liters/second 0.4720
cubic feet/minute pounds of water/ 62.43
minute
cubic feet/second million gal/day 0.646317
cubic feet/second gallons/minute 448.831
cubic inches cubic centimeters 16.39
cubic inches cubic feet 5.787 104
cubic inches cubic meters 1.639 104
cubic inches cubic yards 2.143 105
cubic inches gallons 4.329 103
cubic inches liters 0.01639
cubic inches pints (U.S. liq.) 0.03463cubic inches quarts (U.S. liq.) 0.01732
cubic meters bushels (dry) 28.38
cubic meters cubic centimeters 1 106
cubic meters cubic feet 35.31
cubic meters cubic inches 61,023.0
cubic meters cubic yards 1.308
cubic meters gallons (U.S. liq.) 264.2
cubic meters liters 1,000.0
cubic meters pints (U.S. liq.) 2,113.0
cubic meters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1,057.0
cubic yards cubic centimeters 7.646 105
cubic yards cubic feet 27.0
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1056 APPENDIXES
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
cubic yards cubic inches 46,656.0
cubic yards cubic meters 0.7646
cubic yards gallons (U.S. liq.) 202.0
cubic yards liters 764.6
cubic yards pints (U.S. liq.) 1,615.9
cubic yards quarts (U.S. liq.) 807.9cubic yards/ cubic ft/second 0.45
minute
cubic yards/ gallons/second 3.367
minute
cubic yards/ liters/second 12.74
minute
D
days seconds 86,400.0
decigrams grams 0.1
deciliters liters 0.1
decimeters meters 0.1
degrees (angle) quadrants 0.01111
degrees (angle) radians 0.01745
degrees (angle) seconds 3,600.0
degrees/second radians/second 0.01745degrees/second revolutions/ 0.1667
minute
degrees/second revolutions/ 2.778 103
second
dekagrams grams 10.0
dekaliters liters 10.0
dekameters meters 10.0
drams grams 1.7718
drams ounces 0.0625
dynecentimeter ergs/second 0.01
dynesquare atmospheres 9.869 107
centimeter
dynesquare inches of mercury 2.953 105
centimeter at 0°C
dynesquare inches of water 4.015 104
centimeter at 4°C
dynes grams 1.020 103
dynes joules/centimeter 1 107
dynes jouls/meter 1 105
(newtons)
dynes kilograms 1.020 106
dynes poundals 7.233 105
dynes pounds 2.248 106
dynes/square bars 1 106
centimeter
E
ergs BTU 9.480 1011
ergs dyne-centimeters 1.0
ergs foot-pounds 7.3670 108
ergs gram-calories 0.2389 107
ergs gram-centimeters 1.020 103
ergs horsepower hours 3.7250 1014
ergs joules 1 107
ergs kilogram-calories 2.389 1011
ergs kilogram-meters 1.020 108
ergs kilowatt-hours 0.2778 1013
ergs watt-hours 0.2778 1010
ergs/second BTU/minute 5,688 109
ergs/second foot-pounds/minute 4.427 106
ergs/second foot-pounds/second 7.3756 108
ergs/second horsepower 1.341 1010
ergs/second kilogram-calories/ 1.433 109
minute
ergs/second kilowatts 1 1010
F
feet centimeters 30.48
feet kilometers 3.048 104
feet meters 0.3048
feet miles (naut.) 1.645 104
feet miles (stat.) 1.894 104
feet millimeters 304.8
feet mils 1.2 104
feet of water atmospheres 0.02950
feet of water inches of mercury 0.8826
feet of water kilograms/square 0.03048
centimeter
feet of water kilograms/square 304.8
meter
feet of water pounds/square foot 62.43
feet of water pounds/square inch 0.4335
feet/minute centimeters/second 0.5080
feet/minute feet/second 0.01667
feet/minute kilometers/hour 0.01829
feet/minute meters/minute 0.3048feet/minute miles/hour 0.01136
feet/second centimeters/second 30.48
feet/second kilometers/hour 1.097
feet/second knots 0.5921
feet/second meters/minute 18.29
feet/second miles/hour 0.6818
feet/second miles/minute 0.01136
feet/second/ centimeters/second 30.48
second
feet/second/ kilometers/hour/ 1.097
second second
feet/second/ meters/second/ 0.3048
second second
feet/second/ miles/hour/second 0.6818
secondfeet/100 feet percent grade 1.0
foot-candles lumens/square 10.764
meter
foot-pounds BTU 1.286 103
foot-pounds ergs 1.356 107
foot-pounds gram-calories 0.3238
foot-pounds horsepower-hours 5.050 107
foot-pounds joules 1.356
foot-pounds kilogram-calories 3.24 104
foot-pounds kilogram-meters 0.1383
foot-pounds kilowatt-hours 3.766 107
foot-pounds/ BTU/minute 1.286 103
minute
foot-pounds/ foot-pounds/ 0.01667
minute second
foot-pounds/ horsepower 3.030 105
minute
foot-pounds/ kilogram-calories/ 3.24 104
minute minute
foot-pounds/ kilowatts 2.260 105
second
foot-pounds/ BTU/hour 4.6263
second
foot-pounds/ BTU/minute 0.07717
second
foot-pounds/ horsepower 0.818 103
second
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APPENDIX A • The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology 1057
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
foot-pounds/ kilogram-calories/ 1.01945
second minute
foot-pounds/ kilowatts 1.356 103
second
G
gallons cubic centimeters 3,785.0gallons cubic feet 0.1337
gallons cubic inches 231.0
gallons cubic meters 3.785 103
gallons cubic yards 4.951 103
gallons liters 3.785
gallons (liq. gallons (U.S. liq.) 1.20095
British imp.)
gallons (U.S.) gallons (imp.) 0.83267
gallons of water pounds of water 8.3453
gallons/minute cu feet/second 2.228 103
gallons/minute liters/second 0.06308
gallons/minute cubic feet/hour 8.0208
grams dynes 980.7
grams grains 15.43
grams joules/centimeter 9.807 105
grams joules/meter 9.807 103
(newtons)
grams kilograms 0.001
grams kilograms 0.001
grams milligrams 1,000.0
grams ounces 0.03527
(avoirdupois)
grams ounces (troy) 0.03215
grams poundals 0.07093
grams pounds 2.205 103
grams/ pounds/inch 5.600 103
centimeter
grams/cubic pounds/cubic foot 62.43
centimeter
grams/cubic pounds/cubic inch 0.03613
centimeter
grams/cubic pounds/mil-foot 3.405 107
centimeter
grams/liter grains/gallon 58.417
grams/liter pounds/1000 8.345
gallons
grams/liter pounds/cubic foot 0.062427
grams/liter parts/million 1,000.0
grams/square pounds/square foot 2.0481
centimeter
gram-calories BTU 3.9683 103
gram-calories ergs 4.1868 107
gram-calories foot-pounds 3.0880
gram-calories horsepower-hours 1.5596 106
gram-calories kilowatt-hours 1.1630 106
gram-calories watt-hours 1.1630 103
gram-calories/ BTU/hour 14.286
second
gram-centimeters BTU 9.297 108
gram-centimeters ergs 980.7
gram-centimeters joules 9.807 105
gram-centimeters kilogram-calories 2.343 108
gram-centimeters kilogram-meters 1 105
H
horsepower BTU/minute 42.44
horsepower foot-pounds/ 33,000.0
minute
horsepower foot-pounds/ 550.0
second
horsepower horsepower 0.9863
(metric) (550 foot-pounds/
(542.5 foot- second)
pounds/second)horsepower (550 horsepower (metric) 1.014
foot-pounds/ (542.5 foot-pounds/
second) second)
horsepower kilogram-calories/ 10.68
minute
horsepower kilowatts 0.7457
horsepower watts 745.7
horsepower BTU/hour 33,479.0
(boiler)
horsepower kilowatts 9.803
(boiler)
horsepower- BTU 2,547.0
hours
horsepower- ergs 2.6845 1013
hourshorsepower- foot-pounds 1.98 106
hours
horsepower- gram-calories 641,190.0
hours
horsepower- joules 2.684 106
hours
horsepower- kilogram-calories 641.1
hours
horsepower- kilogram-meters 2.737 105
hours
horsepower- kilowatt-hours 0.7457
hours
hours days 4.167 102
hours weeks 5.952 103
I
inches centimeters 2.540
inches meters 2.540 102
inches miles 1.578 105
inches millimeters 25.40
inches mils 1,000.0
inches yards 2.778 102
inches of atmospheres 0.03342
mercury
inches of feet of water 1.133
mercury
inches of kilograms/square 0.03453
mercury centimeter
inches of kilograms/square 345.3
mercury meter
inches of pounds/square 70.73
mercury footinches of pounds/square 0.4912
mercury inch
inches of water atmospheres 2.458 103
(at 4°C)
inches of water inches of mercury 0.07355
(at 4°C)
inches of water kg/square 2.540 103
(at 4°C) centimeter
inches of water ounces/square 0.5781
(at 4°C) inch
inches of water pounds/square 5.204
(at 4°C) foot
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1058 APPENDIXES
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
inches of water pounds/square 0.03613
(at 4°C) inch
J
joules BTU 9.480 104
joules ergs 1 107
joules foot-pounds 0.7376joules kg-calories 2.389 104
joules kg-meters 0.1020
joules watt-hours 2.778 104
joules/ grams 1.020 104
centimeter
joules/ dynes 1 107
centimeter
joules/ joules/meter 100.0
centimeter (newtons)
joules/ poundals 723.3
centimeter
joules/ pounds 22.48
centimeter
K
kilograms dynes 980,665.0kilograms grams 1,000.0
kilograms joules/centimeter 0.09807
kilograms joules/meter 9.807
(newtons)
kilograms poundals 70.93
kilograms pounds 2.205
kilograms tons (long) 9.842 104
kilograms tons (short) 1.102 103
kilograms/cubic grams/cubic 0.001
meter centimeter
kilograms/cubic pounds/cubic 0.06243
meter foot
kilograms/cubic pounds/cubic 3.613 105
meter inch
kilograms/cubic pounds/mil-foot 3.405 1010
meter
kilograms/ pounds/foot 0.6720
meter
kilograms/square dynes 980,665.0
centimeter
kilograms/square atmospheres 0.9678
centimeter
kilograms/square feet of water 32.81
centimeter
kilograms/square inches of 28.96
centimeter mercury
kilograms/square pounds/square 2,048.0
centimeter foot
kilograms/square pounds/square 14.22
centimeter inch
kilograms/square atmospheres 9.678 105
meter
kilograms/square bars 98.07 106
meter
kilograms/square feet of water 3.281 103
meter
kilograms/square inches of mercury 2.896 103
meter
kilograms/square pounds/square 0.2048
meter foot
kilograms/square pounds/square 1.422 103
meter inch
kilograms/square kilograms/square 1 106
millimeter meter
kilogram-calories BTU 3.968
kilogram-calories foot-pounds 3,088.0
kilogram-calories horsepower-hours 1.560 103
kilogram-calories joules 4,186.0
ki logram-calories kilogram-meters 426.9
kilogram-calories kilojoules 4.186
kilogram-calories kilowatt-hours 1.163 103
kilogram-meters BTU 9.294 103
kilogram-meters ergs 9.804 107
kilogram-meters foot-pounds 7.233
kilogram-meters joules 9.804
ki logram-meters kilogram-calories 2.342 103
kilogram-meters kilowatt-hours 2.723 106
kilolines maxwells 1,000.0
kiloliters liters 1,000.0
kilometers centimeters 1 105
kilometers feet 3,281.0
kilometers inches 3.937 104
kilometers meters 1,000.0kilometers miles 0.6214
kilometers millimeters 1 106
kilometers yards 1,094.0
kilometers/hour centimeters/ 27.78
second
kilometers/hour feet/minute 54.68
kilometers/hour feet/second 0.9113
kilometers/hour knots 0.5396
kilometers/hour meters/minute 16.67
kilometers/hour miles/hour 0.6214
kilometers/hour/ centimeters/second/ 27.78
second second
kilometers/hour/ feet/second/second 0.9113
second
kilometers/hour/ meters/second/ 0.2778second second
kilometers/hour/ miles/hour/second 0.6214
second
kilowatts BTU/minute 56.92
kilowatts foot-pounds/ 4.426 104
minute
kilowatts foot-pounds/ 737.6
second
kilowatts horsepower 1.341
kilowatts kilogram-calories/ 14.34
minute
kilowatts watts 1,000.0
kilowatt-hours BTU 3,413.0
kilowatt-hours ergs 3.600 1013
kilowatt-hours foot-pounds 2.655 106
kilowatt-hours gram-calories 859,850.0kilowatt-hours horsepower-hours 1.341
kilowatt-hours joules 3.6 106
kilowatt-hours kilogram-calories 860.5
kilowatt-hours kilogram-meters 3.671 105
kilowatt-hours pounds of water
evaporated from
and at 212°F 3.53
kilowatt-hours pounds of water
raised from 62° to
212°F 22.75
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APPENDIX A • The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology 1059
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
L
liters bushels (U.S. dry) 0.02838
liters cubic centimeters 1,000.0
liters cubic feet 0.03531
liters cubic inches 61.02
liters cubic meters 0.001liters cubic yards 1.308 103
liters gallons (U.S. liq.) 0.2642
liters pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113
liters quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057
liters/minute cubic feet/second 5.886 104
liters/minute gallons/second 4.403 103
M
meters centimeters 100.0
meters feet 3.281
meters inches 39.37
meters kilometers 0.001
meters miles (nautical) 5.396 104
meters miles (statute) 6.214 104
meters millimeters 1,000.0
meters yards 1.094meters/minute cms/second 1.667
meters/minute feet/minute 3.281
meters/minute feet/second 0.05468
meters/minute kilometers/hour 0.06
meters/minute knots 0.03238
meters/minute miles/hour 0.03728
meters/second feet/minute 196.8
meters/second feet/second 3.281
meters/second kilometers/hour 3.6
meters/second kilometers/minute 0.06
meters/second miles/hour 2.237
meters/second miles/minute 0.03728
meters/second/ centimeters/ 100.0
second second/second
meters/second/ feet/second/second 3.281
second
meters/second/ kilometers/hour/ 3.6
second second
meters/second/ miles/hour/second 2.237
second
meter-kilograms centimeter-dynes 9.807 107
meter-kilograms centimeter-grams 1 105
meter-kilograms pound-feet 7.233
miles (nautical) feet 6,080.27
miles (nautical) kilometers 1.853
miles (nautical) meters 1,853.0
miles (nautical) miles (statute) 1.1516
miles (nautical) yards 2,027.0
miles (statute) centimeters 1.609 105
miles (statute) feet 5,280.0
miles (statute) inches 6.336 104
miles (statute) kilometers 1.609
miles (statute) meters 1,609.0
miles (statute) miles (nautical) 0.8684
miles (statute) yards 1,760.0
miles/hour centimeters/ 44.70
second
miles/hour feet/minute 88.0
miles/hour feet/second 1.467
miles/hour kilometers/hour 1.609
miles/hour kilometers/minute 0.02682
miles/hour knots 0.8684
miles/hour meters/minute 26.82
miles/hour miles/minute 0.1667
miles/hour/ centimeters/ 44.70
second second/second
miles/hour/ feet/second/second 1.467
second
miles/hour/ kilometers/hour/ 1.609second second
miles/hour/ meters/second/ 0.4470
second second
miles/minute centimeters/second 2,682.0
miles/minute feet/second 88.0
miles/minute kilometers/minute 1.609
miles/minute knots/minute 0.8684
miles/minute miles/hour 60.0
mil-feet cubic inches 9.425 106
milliliters kilograms 1,000.0
millimicrons meters 1 109
milligrams grains 0.01543236
milligrams grams 0.001
milligrams/liter parts/million 1.0
millihenries henries 0.001milliliters liters 0.001
millimeters centimeters 0.1
millimeters feet 3.281 103
millimeters inches 0.03937
millimeters kilometers 1 106
millimeters meters 0.001
millimeters miles 6.214 107
millimeters mils 39.37
millimeters yards 1.094 103
minutes (angles) degrees 0.01667
minutes (angles) quadrants 1.852 104
minutes (angles) radians 2.909 104
minutes (angles) seconds 60.0
N
newtons dynes 1 105
O
ohms ohms (absolute) 1.005
(international)
ohms megohms 1 106
ohms microhms 1 106
ounces drams 16.0
ounces grains 437.5
ounces grams 28.349527
ounces pounds 0.0625
ounces ounces (troy) 0.9115
ounces tons (long) 2.790 105
ounces tons (metric) 2.835 105
ounces (fluid) cubic inches 1.805
ounces (fluid) liters 0.02957
ounces (troy) grains 480.0
ounces (troy) grams 31.103481ounces (troy) ounces 1.09714
(avoirdupois)
ounces (troy) pennyweights 20.0
(troy)
ounces (troy) pounds (troy) 0.08333
ounces/square dynes/square 4,309.0
inch centimeter
ounces/square pounds/square 0.0625
inch inch
P
pints (liquid) cubic centimeters 473.2
pints (liquid) cubic feet 0.01671
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1060 APPENDIXES
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
pints (liquid) cubic inches 28.87
pints (liquid) cubic meters 4.732 104
pints (liquid) cubic yards 6.189 104
pints (liquid) gallons 0.125
pints (liquid) liters 0.4732
pints (liquid) quarts (liquid) 0.5pounds ounces (troy) 14.5833
(avoirdupois)
pounds drams 256.0
pounds dynes 44.4823 104
pounds grains 7,000.0
pounds grams 453.5924
pounds joules/centimeter 0.04448
pounds joules/meter 4.448
(newtons)
pounds kilograms 0.4536
pounds ounces 16.0
pounds ounces (troy) 14.5833
pounds poundals 32.17
pounds pounds (troy) 1.21528
pounds tons (short) 0.0005pounds of cubic inches 27.68
water
pounds of gallons 0.1198
water
Q
quarts (dry) cubic inches 67.20
quarts (liquid) cubic centimeters 946.4
quarts (liquid) cubic feet 0.03342
quarts (liquid) cubic inches 57.75
quarts (liquid) cubic meters 9.464 104
quarts (liquid) cubic yards 1.238 103
quarts (liquid) gallons 0.25
quarts (liquid) liters 0.9463
R
radians degrees 57.30
revolutions degrees 360.0
revolutions quadrants 4.0
revolutions radians 6.283
revolutions/minute degrees/second 6.0
revolutions/minute radians/second 0.1047
revolutions/minute revolutions/second 0.01667
revolutions/minute/ radians/second/ 1.745 103
minute second
revolutions/minute/ revolutions/ 0.01667
minute minute/second
revolutions/minute/ revolutions/ 2.778 104
minute second/second
revolutions/second degrees/second 360.0
revolutions/second radians/second 6.283
revolutions/second revolutions/ 60.0
minuterevolutions/second/ radians/second/ 6.283
second second
revolutions/second/ revolutions/ 3,600.0
second minute/minute
revolutions/second/ revolutions/ 60.0
second minute/second
S
seconds (angle) degrees 2.778 104
seconds (angle) minutes 0.01667
seconds (angle) quadrants 3.087 106
seconds (angle) radians 4.848 106
square centimeters circular mils 1.973 105
square centimeters square feet 1.076 103
square centimeters square inches 0.1550
square centimeters square meters 0.0001
square centimeters square miles 3.861 1011
square centimeters square 100.0
millimeters
square centimeters square yards 1.196 104
square feet acres 2.296 105
square feet circular mils 1.833 108
square feet square centimeters 929.0
square feet square inches 144.0
square feet square meters 0.09290
square feet square miles 3.587 108
square feet square 9.290 104
millimeters
square feet square yards 0.1111
square inches circular mils 1.273 106
square inches square centimeters 6.452
square inches square feet 6.944 103
square inches square 645.2
millimeterssquare inches square mils 1 106
square inches square yards 7.716 104
square kilometers acres 247.1
square kilometers square centimeters 1 1010
square kilometers square feet 10.76 106
square kilometers square inches 1.550 109
square kilometers square meters 1 106
square kilometers square miles 0.3861
square kilometers square yards 1.196 106
square meters acres 2.471 104
square meters square centimeters 1 104
square meters square feet 10.76
square meters square inches 1,550.0
square meters square miles 3.861 107
square meters square millimeters 1
10
6
square meters square yards 1.196
square miles acres 640.0
square miles square feet 27.88 106
square miles square kilometers 2.590
square miles square meters 2.590 106
square miles square yards 3.098 106
square millimeters circular mils 1,973.0
square millimeters square centimeters 0.01
square millimeters square feet 1.076 105
square millimeters square inches 1.550 103
square yards acres 2.066 104
square yards square centimeters 8,361.0
square yards square feet 9.0
square yards square inches 1,296.0
square yards square meters 0.8361
square yards square miles 3.228 107
square yards square millimeters 8.361 105
T
temperature absolute 1.0
(°F) 460 temperature (°F)
temperature temperature (°C) 5/9
(°F) 32
temperature absolute 1.0
(°F) 460 temperature (°F)
temperature temperature (°C) 5.9
(°F) 32
tons (metric) kilograms 1,000.0
tons (metric) pounds 2,205.0
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APPENDIX A • The Metric System and Conversion Constants in Exercise Physiology 1061
PART 3 • Clinical Hematology and Clinical Chemistry
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR USE IN THE EXERCISE SCIENCES— continued
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY
W
watts BTU/hour 3.4129
watts BTU/minute 0.05688
watts ergs/second 107.0
watts foot-pounds/ 44.27
minutewatts foot-pounds/ 0.7378
second
watts horsepower 1.341 103
watts horsepower 1.360 103
(metric)
watts kilogram-calories/ 0.01433
minute
watts kilowatts 0.001
watts (absolute) BTU (mean)/ 0.056884
minute
watts (absolute) joules/second 1.0
watt-hours BTU 3.413
watt-hours ergs 3.60 1010
watt-hours foot-pounds 2,656.0
watt-hours gram-calories 859.85
watt-hours horsepower-hours 1.341 103
watt-hours kilogram-calories 0.8605watt-hours kilogram-meters 367.2
watt-hours kilowatt-hours 0.001
watts watts (absolute) 1.0002
(international)
Y
yards centimeters 91.44
yards kilometers 9.144 104
yards meters 0.9144
yards miles (nautical) 4.934 104
yards miles (statute) 5.682 104
yards millimeters 914.4
SI CONVERSION TABLE FOR COMMON VALUES IN CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
PRESENT
REFERENCE SI SI SUGGESTED
INTERVALS PRESENT CONVERSION REFERENCE UNIT SIGNIFICANT MINIMUM
COMPONENT (EXAMPLES) UNIT FACTOR INTERVALS SYMBOL DIGITS INCREMENT
Hemoglobin (B)
Mass concentration
—female 12.0–15.0 g/dL 10 120–150 g/L XXX 1 g/L
—male 13.6–17.2 g/dL 10 136–172 g/L XXX 1 g/L
Substance conc. Hb [Fe]
—female 12.0–15.0 g/dL 0.6206 7.45–9.30 mmol/L XX.XX 0.05 mmol/L
—male 13.6–17.2 g/dL 0.6206 8.45–10.65 mmol/L XX.XX 0.05 mmol/LAlkaline phosphatase (S) 30–120 U/L 0.01667 0.5–2.0 kat/L X.X 0.1 kat/L
Amino acid nitrogen (P) 4.0–6.0 mg/dL 0.7139 2.9–4.3 mmol/L X.X 0.1 mmol/L
Amino acid nitrogen (U) 50–200 mg/24 h 0.07139 3.6–14.3 mmol/d X.X 0.1 mmol/d
Androstenedione (S)
—male 18 y 0.2–3.0 g/L 3.492 0.5–10.5 mmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L
—female 18 y 0.8–3.0 g/L 3.492 3.0–10.5 nmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L
Bilirubin, total (S) 0.1–1.0 mg/dL 17.10 2–18 mol/L XX 2 mol/L
Calcium (S)
—male 8.8–10.3 mg/dL 0.2495 2.20–2.50 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L
—female 50 y 8.8–10.0 mg/dL 0.2495 2.20–2.50 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L
—female 50 y 8.8–10.2 mg/dL 0.2495 2.20–2.56 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L
Calcium (U), normal diet 250 mg/24 h 0.02495 6.2 mmol/d X.X 0.1 mmol/d
Cholesterol (P)
—29 y 200 mg/dL 0.02586 5.20 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L
—30–39 y 225 mg/dL 0.02586 5.85 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L—40–49 y 245 mg/dL 0.02586 6.35 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L
—50 y 265 mg/dL 0.02586 6.85 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L
Ferritin (S) 18–300 ng/mL 1.00 18–300 g/L XX0 10 g/L
Glucose (P)—fasting 70–110 mg/dL 0.05551 3.9–6.1 mmol/L XX.X 0.1 mmol/L
Hemoglobin (B)
—male 14.0–18.0 g/dL 10.0 140–180 g/L XXX 1 g/L
—female 11.5–15.5 g/dL 10.0 115–155 g/L XXX 1 g/L
Insulin (P,S) 5–20 U/mL 7.175 35–145 pmol/L XXX 5 pmol/L
5–20 mU/L 7.175 35–145 pmol/L XXX 5 pmol/L
0.20–0.84 g/mL 172.2 35–145 pmol/L XXX 5 pmol/L
B, blood; P, plasma; S, serum; U, urine.
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1062 APPENDIXES
SI CONVERSION TABLE FOR COMMON VALUES IN CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY AND CLINICALCHEMISTRY —continued
PRESENT
REFERENCE SI SI SUGGESTED
INTERVALS PRESENT CONVERSION REFERENCE UNIT SIGNIFICANT MINIMUM
COMPONENT (EXAMPLES) UNIT FACTOR INTERVALS SYMBOL DIGITS INCREMENT
Iron (S)
—male 80–180 g/dL 0.1791 14–32 mol/L XX 1 mol/L—female 60–160 g/dL 0.1791 11–29 mol/L XX 1 mol/L
Lipoproteins (P)
Low density [LDL]—
as cholesterol 50–190 mg/dL 0.02586 1.30–4.90 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L
High density [HDL]—
as cholesterol
Male 30–70 mg/dL 0.02586 0.80–1.80 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L
Female 30–90 mg/dL 0.02586 0.80–2.35 mmol/L X.XX 0.05 mmol/L
Testosterone (P)
—female 0.6 ng/mL 3.467 2.0 nmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L
—male 4.6–8.0 ng/mL 3.467 14.0–28.0 nmol/L XX.X 0.5 nmol/L
Thyroid tests:
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone [TSH] (S) 2–11 U/mL 1.00 2–11 mU/L XX 1 mU/L
Thyroxine [T4] (S) 4.0–11.0 g/dL 12.87 51–142 nmol/L XXX 1 nmol/LThyroxine binding
globulin [TBG]
(S)—[as thyroxine] 12.0–28.0 g/dL 12.87 150–360 nmol/L XX0 1 nmol/L
Thyroxine, free (S) 0.8–2.8 ng/dL 12.87 10–36 pmol/L XX 1 pmol/L
Triiodothyronine
[T3] (S) 75–220 ng/dL 0.01536 1.2–3.4 nmol/L X.X 0.1 nmol/L
T3 uptake (S) 25–35 % 0.01 0.25–0.35 1 0.XX 0.01
Tolbutamide (P)—
therapeutic 50–120 mg/L 3.699 180–450 mol/L XX0 10 mol/L
Transferrin (S) 170–370 mg/dL 0.01 1.70–3.70 g/L X.XX 0.01 g/L
Triglycerides (P)
[as triolein] 160 mg/dL 0.01129 1.80 mmol/L X.XX 0.02 mmol/L
Vitamin A [retinol] (P,S) 10–50 g/dL 0.03491 0.35–1.75 mol/L X.XX 0.05 mol/L
Vitamin B1 [thiamine
hydrochloride] (U) 60–500 g/24 h 0.002965 0.18–1.48 mol/d X.XX 0.01 mol/d
Vitamin B2 [riboflavin] (S) 2.6–3.7 g/dL 26.57 70–100 nmol/L XXX 5 nmol/L
Vitamin B6 [pyridoxal] (B) 20–90 ng/mL 5.982 120–540 nmol/L XXX 5 nmol/L
Vitamin B12 [cyano-
cobalamin] (P,S) 200–1000 pg/mL 0.7378 150–750 pmol/L XX0 10 pmol/L
ng/dL 7.378 pmol/L
Vitamin C [ascorbic acid] 0.6–2.00 mg/dL 56.78 30–110 mol/L X0 10 mol/L
Vitamin D3
[cholecalciferol] (P) 24–40 g/mL 2.599 60–105 nmol/L XXX 5 nmol/L
25 OH-cholecalciferol 18–36 ng/mL 2.496 45–90 nmol/L XXX 5 mmol/L
Vitamin E [alpha-
tocopherol] (P,S) 0.78–1.25 mg/dL 23.22 18–29 mol/L XX 1 mol/L
B, blood; P, plasma; S, serum; U, urine.