Substation Smartizing: An IEC Based Approach for Utility ... · gradual implementation of an...

Substation Smartizing: An IEC Based Approach

for Utility Smart Analytics Development

Jose L. P. Brittes Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil

Email: [email protected]

Luiz C. Magrini, Paula S. D. Kayano, and Ferdinando Crispino Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Tecnológico da Engenharia, FDTE, São Paulo, Brazil

Email: {magrini, pkayano, fcrispino}@fdte.org.br

Osvaldo Rein Junior and Jose A. Jardini Escola Politécnica da USP, EPUSP, São Paulo, Brazil

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Wagner S. Hokama and Luis G. Fernandez Silva CPFL Paulista, Campinas, Brazil

Email: {whokama, Fernandez}@cpfl.com.br

Abstract—Recognizing that to survive in 21th century,

utilities must take advantages of smart platforms, IEC has

provided a homogeneous IT landscape based on CIM/XLM

standardized data format for source data. It allows utilities

to vitally combine their large number of autonomous IT

systems, with great potential for optimizing their core

processes. But this landscape itself will not be enough, unless

utility actually and smartly connects IEDs and systems at

that surviving critical level. This article presents an

approach that tries to make easier the utility improve core

processes, based on substation “smartizing”, by means of

creating in smart substations, key-value operating and

functional data, information and knowledge, in a continuous

upstream add-value process, making them suited to each

IED, System and decision maker at every utility level.

“Smartizing” architecture is fully IEC compliant. The

approach is being applied in a 25 MVA distribution

substation in Brazil, in a 10 GW demand peak utility group.

Index Terms—smart grid, substation automation, IEC

automation standards

I. INTRODUCTION

From the 50’s to 90’s, power grids grew over time,

becoming very large (mature in developed countries), and

highly interconnected for economic and reliability

reasons. Except by some deep impact due computing &

telecommunications industry, in power electronics and in

breakthrough materials, utility general structure and

prevailing O&M features, as seen in Fig. 1, were kept

basically the same. Its main players were Stockholders,

Government and, with a minor concern, Environment &

Society. Its market was, in many cases, regulated, and the

companies, vertically integrated, allowing decision

Manuscript received June 11, 2015; revised November 16, 2015.

making processes to be easier to the Staff and Utility

Council (utility advisors). Company power assets base

was basically top-down, a bulk concentrated energy own

generation with minor cogeneration. Its own transmission

system were regular UHV, EHV, HV transmission

substations, lines etc., and the own regular distribution

power grid were HV, MV and LV distribution substations

and power grid itself, with its regular nom monitored

minor customers. The functional structure was practically

altogether inner the company, with big well trained teams,

normally with its own repair sector, laboratories, etc.

Operational control had so far evolved to Operation

Control Centers (OCC), starting with the early Energy

Management Systems (domestic EMS), used to proceed

central SCADA applications, acting on the process by

means of Remote Terminal Unities (RTUs).

Figure 1. Typical 80’s last century infrastructure & functional layout of a regular electricity utility

International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016

©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 284doi: 10.18178/ijeee.4.4.284-289

Post-privatization after the 90’s led to heavy

outsourcing, on one hand, but to many new acquisitions,

fusions etc., on the other. Power grid were used with

important growth in its per unit capacity; substations

multiplied their systemic function, with almost zero

outage possibility. The concern in managing and

operating the assets under those conditions were

compensated by high expectations relayed on new

emerging technology, such as digital systems, EMS,

Distribution Management Systems (DMS) and

Geographic Information System (GIS). But, vendors

solution scope was limited to basic operating data, little

broader than conventional automation. Of course,

improved Man Machine Interface (MMI) was brought in,

with some operational and efficiency improvement, but

mainly restricted to few tasks, more at shop floor level;

and, for sure, it also incorporated much more data, but not

necessarily key making decision information. Corporate

areas continued working as traditionally, very limited due

to many isled proprietary legacy systems.

However, a definite factor appeared early in 21st

century: rapid costs increase and restrictions for

centralized generation expansion, with along falling costs

for distributed generation renewable technologies. This

will result in a two-way flow power grid, in which

passive non-monitored consumers will pass to monitored

& controlled “prosumers”, with massive probabilistic

energy injection at all system levels. That is why, behind

the scene, smart grid [1], [2] concepts were developed in

the past twelve years, to maximize IED & systems

integrated intelligence, and that is nowadays simply

mandatory [3], [4]. It seems to be a business revolution

that highly ushers an improved utility intelligence at all

levels, in a so much higher level, for sure more than

nowadays monitoring, automation and control. So,

today’s game board in the electricity market assumes

other configuration, with much more completeness and

complexity, and some added players, as indicated in Fig.

2.

Figure 2. Typical early decades 21th century infrastructure & functional layout of a regular electricity utility

Now, in the new structure, own transmission system

involves either passive or active equipments, and own

distribution power smart grid, controlled prosumers,

regular consumer, and micro-grid. Sewing all parts, smart

grid technologies enable dealers to share communications

infrastructure, fill gaps in products and leverage existing

technologies, in addition to increasing the level of

integration and corporate synergy, with the warn that

smart grids are not a commodity or something you can

install and activate overnight; they must be well long-

term planned and intensively worked out, in order to

provide better enterprise integration [5].

II. IEC SMART GRID STANDARDS

According to the US Department of Energy, a Smart

Grid should be smart, efficient, adaptive, motivating,

focused on quality, resilient and friendly to the

environment [6], in which the grid is expected to be a

fully automated power distribution network, which

monitors and controls all customers and us, ensuring a

two-way flow of energy and information between the

sources and devices, and all points in between.

A. IEC SOA Concept

The high degree of scalability with regard to hardware

configuration and software functionality allows flexible

matching to changing requirements over the entire life

cycle of the system and beyond. The aim is to make the

system architecture modular and component-based so that

a flexible configuration and IT integration can be

implemented in a cost-efficient manner [7].

The standards IEC61850 for DMS (Distribution

Management System) and IEC61970 for EMS (Energy

Management System) describe a set of rules aiming

information exchange among control centers by using so

called CIM (Common Information Model). CIM is an

object-oriented standard model developed for electrical

utility organizations with the intention to facilitate the

development and integration of the application systems

used in electrical energy planning, management,

operation and business [8].

For convenience, CIM is separated into several sub-

models or packages. The standard IEC61970-301

comprises the following packages: Core, Domain,

Generation, Load Model, Measurements, Outage,

Protection, Topology and Wires. The IEC61970-302

includes: Energy Scheduling, Financial and Reservation.

IEC61970-303 provides information related to the

SCADA systems. This model describes measurements,

power and current transformers, remote terminal unit,

scan blocks, and communication circuits. It supports

operation and control, telemetry, data acquisition and

alarm status. Lastly, the IEC61968 comprehends: Assets,

Consumer, Core2, Distribution and Documentation. An

application can use CIM entities from different packages.

CIM is defined and maintained by a set of UML (Unified

Modeling Language) Class Diagrams [8].

IEC 61968 takes CIM as the reference model and

XML Schema (XSD) as message structure while

IEC61970 define simplified CIM/RDF to document the

static transmission network model and the Generic

Interface Definition (GID) for interaction pattern in

various scenarios [9]. The Extensible Markup Language


©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 285

(XML) is a simplified subset of SGML (Standard

Generalized Markup Language) that offers powerful and

extensible data modeling capabilities. An XML Schema

is a grammar that describes the structure of an XML

Document. CIM-XML is currently the only standard

based protocol for exchanging CIM information [10].

The IEC 61970-4XX standard presents a description of

a set of services for information exchange and called

Generic Interface Definition (GID). The GID provides a

set of program interfaces to be used by software

applications for accessing data and exchanging

information with other applications. Each GID interface

is defined in two steps. The first part is an abstract

definition, disconnected from the technology that

applications can use for the interface. The second step

maps the services to a profile specific technology,

providing support to various implementation approaches.

The use of GID interfaces brings a number of benefits,

such as independence of technologies and the middleware

software. As the applications are independent, the same

interfaces can be used to encapsulate any application,

which means new wrappers does not need to be

developed each time a new application is implemented

[10].

The main characteristic of the CIM-compliant SOA

implementation is a semantic built in Web Service

Definition Language (WSDL) which enables an easy

integration. Predefined WSDL provides product vendors

with a contract between applications [11]. This has

enabled multiple vendors interoperate by exchanging

these messages, understanding their meaning and reacting

to these messages appropriately [12]. A web service is a

software resource that can be accessed by a Uniform

Resource Identifier (URI) whose service description and

transportation utilize open internet standards [12].

The EPRI technical report 1018795 titled “Enterprise

Service Bus Implementation Profile, Integration using

IEC 61968” defines the integration approach to be using

in conjunction with IEC 61968-9 for interoperability [13].

An ESB is software architecture for middleware that

provides fundamental services for more complex

architectures [14].

This ESB provides various methods to achieve service

integration, accept multiple protocols as the data transfer

protocol, and supports multiple forms of the message

passing (request/response, one-way request,

publish/subscribe, etc.). Legacy power applications can

be wrapped into services to provide location transparency

[15]. The ESB also provides functions of the service

registry, location and routing, so as to facilitate the

information integration of power enterprise.

Smart grid developed on this basis, with distributed

intelligence, along with broadband communication,

allows real-time transactions and improved interfaces

between the parties [16]. Till now, this approach has been

mainly applied to Distribution. However, as all related

technology can also be applied to power transmission and

generation, smart grid concepts must be practically

extended to substations, because GTD (Generation,

Transmission and Distribution) power system is

controlled and monitored mainly through GTD respective

substations. They must be key nodes not only for bulk

power, but, as far as they are connected to almost all

other instances in utility business, they must play a key

role in the full smart grid implementation.

III. METHODOLOGY

Smart Grids increase the level of monitoring and

control in a complex power system, achieving high

information sharing level between Grid components.

Therefore, the transition to Smart Grid should lie in the

gradual implementation of an intelligent management

system, highly distributed, sufficiently flexible and

scalable, able to absorb not only the growth of the

network, but also frequent changes in communication and

information technologies [17].

Following this principle, substation “smartizing” idea

is “to smartize” smart substations, like the 25 MVA

distribution pilot substation shown in Fig. 3, providing a

local software integration architecture that allows

developing easy analytics and its integration at every

utility level, in order to easily transfer data, information

and knowledge among processes, connecting them in an

optimized and safe way, starting with key data generation

devices from the very installation level (IEDs), till the

highest level in corporate realm, in a progressive add-

value approach, maximizing functionalities in local

equipments and installations, in operational areas, in

functional & low level corporate areas, streaming them

up to high corporate and strategic levels, getting most

advantage of substation digital systems, DMS, EMS, GIS,

ERP among other functional tools.

Substation was divided into bays, each composed of

the following detailed equipment.

Bays are represented by descriptive code of your main

switching equipment, to be a strong key related to its

respective measured data and control:

L1 to Ln: Income transmission line (138kV)

89Ln/89TLn: HV Line switches with ground blade

(motorized or not);

52Ln: Line breaker;

CTLn: Line Current transformer;

BA: High voltage bar;

TPA: High voltage bar potential transformer;

Power transformer T1 to Tm;

89Tm: HV transformer switches;

52TBm: Transformer breaker;

TCTAm: High voltage bushing current transformer;

TCTBm: Low voltage bushing current

transformers;

TCTNm: Neutral current transformer;

TCBm: Low voltage complementary current

transformer.

TCBIn: Low voltage bus interconnection current

transformer;

52BIn: Low voltage interconnection breaker;

BO: Low voltage operation bar;

BT: Low voltage transfer bar operation bar;

PBn: Low voltage bar potential transformer;



52Aj: AL1 to ALj Breaker;

TCALj: Feeder current transformer.

52: Go-generator circuit breaker, G1 to Gj;

TCGj: Go-generator current transformer;

TPGj: Go-generator potential transformer.

Smartizing means the process of developing or

integrating applications, either already existing tools

functionalities, or new ones.

For running forth advanced functions, providing easier

way to develop analytics at every utility level, making

feasible and friendly the usage of digitalized massive real

time data, there are two related concepts:

1) CASF Layer: Common Access Software

Functionality is a physical integration at local host. As

shown in Fig. 3, CASF layer allows independence

between access to collected data and data source,

enabling data consolidation and transformation, unifying

the information needed to open features development.

CASF layer is an API, used by many client programs,

providing easy data exchange among programs and data

base, both online as historical when available. Low level

acquisition data is transparent and independent of the

acquisition system used. Another advantage of CASF

layer is to solve the recurring problem in the electrical

area, when IED manufacturers do not use the IEC61850

standard objects but create proprietary extensions

hindering integration and/or a switch to a device from

another manufacturer. The CASF layer also facilitates the

integration of devices which use different communication

protocols (e.g., DNP3, IEC61850 and IEC60870, among

others).

Figure 3. General distribution substation with CASF concept.

2) Substation “Smartizing”: It is a systematic very high

level adding value analytics, by means of a structured set

of intelligent functions developed over CASF layer, with

minimal hardware adaptation in digitalized solutions; its

main performance metrics is the dividends increase to

shareholders. This is achieved by using already existent

local features (and minimal key new ones) in

parameterized substation digital systems, which are

usually misunderstood, misused or even discarded by

default basic manufacturers engineering (and up streams

Utility engineering). Smart substation analytics focuses

on technical & economical relevance of generated

information and knowledge (not data) to maximize

operational benefits and stakeholder's profits in

Protection, Maintenance, Metering, Automation and

Quality processes.

Smartizing process in the Smart GTD Substations, as

shown in Fig. 4, begins with local automation intelligence

on IED System level (stand alone or CAN/LAN

integrated), at bay and process level, supported by IEC

61850, going through CASF API - GTD Smart

Substation Automation, advancing to the bidirectional

connection to an inter-operational main Utility functional

Centers, that integrates ICMED (Measurement Area),

ICPROT (Protection Area), ICMAT (Maintenance Area),

ICQTY (Quality Area) and EOCC (Enhanced Control

Center) by means of operational enterprise service bus

supported by IEC61970.

Figure 4. Smartizing substation process till utility functional areas.

The final aim is to get on up streams to connect with

higher level management staff with another bidirectional

connection to all decisions maker in Utility organizational

structure (HR, Billing & CRM, Energy Market,

Regulatory, Economics & Financial, O&M, Engineering,

Planning, Supply Chain etc.), through a Corporate

Enterprise Service Bus, which, by its turn, has also

bidirectional connection to the upmost Company level,

that encompasses major Utility staff, Utility council and

Utility owners, key data and information in given by

means of a Strategic Enterprise Service Bus. This

approach is to be yet developed.

Smatization Level, on the above mentioned

middleware structure, taking advantage of smart grid

conventional concept, plus smart substation concept,

converging to many intelligence implementation at the

Operational level, as exemplified below:

ICQTY: Intelligent Center for Energy Quality. It

provides complete computer support based on soft real

time substation level power quality indicators calculation

data. It also accepts data from meters and oscillography.



ICQTY in connected to many points on MV an even LV

power Grid, with low cost measurement provided by

indicadometry (measurement of pre-calculated

standardized local indicators, both in current and in

voltage), Thus, utility can have a online quality operation

center providing, supporting reports and analytical studies

automatically produced, and other data provided for

analysis, allowing the taking of predictive and preventive

actions, initiatives involving in huge cost savings rides to

the dealership and industry, and in meeting the legal

requirements of supply, with a number of extremely small

staff, i.e., with implementation costs, reduced operation

and maintenance;

CIMED: Intelligent Center for Substation

Measurement. This center measures substation

consumption and estimates power transformer on line

losses;

ICPRO: Intelligent Center for System Protection.

Protection substation is autonomously done by

parameterized proper IEDs, (Relays), according to

standards and utility philosophy. As part of ICPRO, local

protection IEDs functionality was expanded, improving

system performance through protection logic functions;

whenever possible, protection autoset or adaptability

were used, providing higher selectivity, speed and

reliability. In needed cases, real-time data related to

protection functions is exchanged with BackOffice. An

automated on line diagnosis of protection actions

restricted to substation is also performed. Moreover,

ICPRO allows more automated management of

protection assets;

ICMAT: Intelligent Center for System Maintenance.

Recent improvements in the rates of performance and

quality of power grid, based on cost-benefit factor, were

achieved by utilities that migrated from intensive periodic

and corrective maintenance practices to predictive

maintenance identified by monitoring substation

equipment. ICMAT performs online monitoring on power

transformers, circuit breakers and disconnect switches.

Monitoring system of substation equipment herewith

complies with the requirements of maintenance

engineering team. As the above mentioned centers,

ICMAT handles a relational database for a set of huge

data obtained from process censoring, providing trend

charts that correlate various status indicators parameters

of the equipment;

EOCC: Enhanced Operating Control Center. The

integration of Automation macro-function with other

utility systems aimed at operational rationalization

Control Center, with possible reduced complexity and

computational load of the control functions and

management of higher hierarchical levels, improving the

quality of operational control process. EOCC is designed

to automate tasks that require more constant presence of

operators in substations, facilitate local control in

emergency, improve and/or simplify manual or automatic

tasks of Operation Centers, and provide other functional

centers, Engineering and Planning areas with

significantly important information to respectively reduce

O&M and investment costs.

IV. CONCLUSION

Smart Grids increase the level of monitoring and

control in a complex power system, achieving high

information sharing level between Grid components. The

growing process of intelligence aggregation in utility

operation and management requires that substations also

become “smart nodes” in the electrical system.

Smartizing substations supported by IEC smart grid

standards is a way to make easier analytics

implementation, at substation level, and allows

integration among new automated functional centers,

providing a real path for utilities to stop beholding power

grid conceptual models, and ushers them to

implementation. The simple application in pilot

substation has confirmed substation smartizing as a

powerful utility approach for intelligence implementation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by Companhia Paulista de

Força e Luz (CPFL Paulista) and Rio Grande Energia

(RGE), under the R&D ANEEL program.

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Kayano, “T&ERTTA, technical & economical real time

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T&D-LA), Medellin, Colombia, 2014. [5] F. Jiyuan and S. Borlase, “The evolution of distribution,” IEEE

Power and Energy Magazine, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 63-68, 2009. [6] The Smart Grid: An Introduction, US Department of Energy, 2008.

[7] IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap, IEC, Prepared by

SMB Smart Grid Strategic Group (SG3), Edition 1.0, June 2010. [8]

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IEEE PES Conference Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Latin America, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2013, pp. 1-5.

[9] Y. Lu and D. Liu, “An ontological meta-model framework for

implementation of IEC 61968,” Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (Electrical Review), pp. 232-235, 2012.

[10] L. A. Luhusa, “Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) for electric

utilities in electrical distribution,” M.S. thesis, University of Groningen, Netherlands, 2010.

[11] Q. Chen, H. Ghenniwa, and W. Shen, “Web-Services

infrastructure for information integration in power systems,” in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,

Montreal, 2006.

[12] N. Reinprecht, J. Torres, and M. Maia, “IEC CIM architecture for smart grid to achieve interoperability,” in Proc. International CIM

Interop, March 2011.

[13] Enterprise Service Bus Implementation Profile, EPRI Electric Power Research Institute, 2009.

[14] T. H. Nguyen, K. Rasta, Y. B. D. Trinugroho, and A. Prinz;

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, , .O. Rein Jr., J. A. Jardini, W. S. Hokama, and L. C. Magrini,

Jose L. P. Brittes was born on February 5th, 1959, in Ribeirao Preto,

State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. He graduated in Electrical Engineering, in State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil (1981). He received his

master’s in Power System Automation (1996) and PhD in Substation

Automation (2002), form Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. He got postgraduate in Energy Management, in

Getúlio Vargas Foundation, SP, Brazil (1997), and postdoctoral in

Technological Innovation Strategy, in State University of Campinas (2013).

He has 34 years of experience in power systems, working in consulting

engineering, product manufacturer and Utility; from 1998 to 2012, he structured the Innovation area at CPFL Group. He is currently a

Professor in Applied Science Faculty in UNICAMP, in the area of

Manufacturing and Production Engineering. He got involved in up to a hundred R&D and innovation projects in electricity related areas in

Brazil, participating of representative industrial and governmental

committees in Brazilian electrical sector, mainly on innovation affairs. His Main areas of research are energy, power systems, distributed

generation, smart grid, energy efficiency, power quality, electrical

design, mechanical design, innovation management, strategy and decision making.

Luiz Carlos Magrini was born in São Paulo, Brazil, on May 3rd, 1954.

He graduated from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo in

1977 (Electrical Engineering). From the same institution he received the MSc and PhD degrees in 1995 and 1999, respectively. For 17 years he

worked for Themag Engenharia Ltda, a leading consulting company in Brazil. He is currently a researcher and project coordinator at FDTE,

working on projects concerning smart grid and electric systems

automation. He is also a part-time professor at Universidade Paulista.

Paula S. D. Kayano was born in Amazonas, Brazil. She graduated from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo in 1995 (Electrical

Engineering). From the same institution she received the MSc degree in

1998. She worked for Brazilian navy, participated in vessels electrical system projects. She is currently a researcher at FDTE, which is

responsible for the research and development of automation of electric

power systems.

Ferdinando Crispino was born in Napoli, Italy, on March, 1971. He received the BSc degree in Electrical Engineering (Energy and

Automation) from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo in

Brazil in 1998 and M.Sc. from Universidade de São Paulo in Brazil in 2001. He worked for TAM airline in the application of airplane

equipment, and for SETEPLA Engenharia in the setup of intelligent

traffic lights in the city of São Paulo, worked for GAGTD research group of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. He is advisor

of editorial board of the IEEE Latin America Transaction. He is currently a researcher at FDTE, which is responsible for the research

and development of automation of electric power systems.

Osvaldo Rein Jr. was born in São Paulo, Brazil. He received his degree

in Data Processing from Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo, Brazil, in 1989 and MSc degree in electrical engineering from University de

São Paulo, Brazil, in 2006. Nowadays, he is a PhD student in Escola

Politécnica of Universidade de São Paulo. He has been working on Information Technology industry since 1988.

During many years, he worked as a software specialist, and his main

area of work is Computer Networks and Protocols. Nowadays he is working as Project Manager in a Brazilian software distribution

company.

José A. Jardini was born March 27, 1941. He graduated at EPUSP -

The Polytechnic School of Sao Paulo University in 1963. He received MSc in 1970 and PhD in 1973. He was Associate Professor in 1991 and

titular head in 1999, all of them at PEA (Department of Energy

engineering and Electric Automation). He worked at Themag Engineering Ltd in the area of power systems studies, lines projects and

automation. At the moment he is a professor at the Department of

Energy Engineering and Electric automation where he teaches Automation of the Generation, and Transmission and Distribution of

Electric Energy. Represented Brazil at SC38 of CIGRE. He is also a

CIGRE member, Fellow Member of IEEE and Distinguished Lecturer of IAS/IEEE.

Wagner S. Hokama was born in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, in 1973. He

graduated in Electrical Engineering in 2000 and is currently Master’s

degree in Electrical Engineering from UNICAMP. He works in CPFL as Automation Engineer since 2003, in Campinas/SP.

Before was Trainee Engineer at Ericsson Diax in Struer, Denmark. It is

also an assistant professor in the College of Jaguariúna for the course Control and Automation Engineering. He is currently the R&D project

manager DE-0027, Smart Substation, which has budget of R$ 5,000,000, with a focus on improving the diagnostic in protection system, control,

maintenance and measurement in substations.

Prof. Hokama already had its public articles in national and international conferences as SENDI in 2006, CMCM of Cigré in 2013

and the ISGT-LA in 2013, and hold lectures at universities and seminars

such as the International Smart Grid Workshop, UNESP / FEG 2015.

Luiz G. Fernandez Silva received his technical habilitation in electricity and power systems, from Industrial Technical College of

Guaratingueta, in 1979 and his bachelor’s degree in Math, from

Salesiana Sao Joaquim de Lorena College, in 1982. He also holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration (1991) and in Law (2006).

He also achieved a graduate level in Civil Procedural Law (2009).

He worked at Eletropaulo, a power distribution utility, during 12 years. Since 1995, he has been working at Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz,

also a utility, where he is currently an R&D project manager.

He has 33 years of experience in electrical distribution systems, including planning (residential, commercial and industrial systems),

automation, monitoring and maintenance systems. He also has

experience in regulatory issues concerning scheduling and supervision of electrical works.



[15] P. Dai, “Design and implementation of ESB based on SOA in power system,” in Proc. Electric Utility Deregulation and

Restructuring and Power Technologies, Weihai, Shandong, 2011,

pp. 519-522.[16] A National Vision for Electricity’s Second 100 Years, US

Department of Energy - Grid, Tech Report, Department of Energy,

2003.[17] H. Farhangi, “The path of the smart grid,” IEEE Power and

Energy Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18-28, Jan. 2010.

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