Substation Smartizing: An IEC Based Approach
for Utility Smart Analytics Development
Jose L. P. Brittes Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
Email: [email protected]
Luiz C. Magrini, Paula S. D. Kayano, and Ferdinando Crispino Fundação para o Desenvolvimento Tecnológico da Engenharia, FDTE, São Paulo, Brazil
Email: {magrini, pkayano, fcrispino}@fdte.org.br
Osvaldo Rein Junior and Jose A. Jardini Escola Politécnica da USP, EPUSP, São Paulo, Brazil
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Wagner S. Hokama and Luis G. Fernandez Silva CPFL Paulista, Campinas, Brazil
Email: {whokama, Fernandez}@cpfl.com.br
Abstract—Recognizing that to survive in 21th century,
utilities must take advantages of smart platforms, IEC has
provided a homogeneous IT landscape based on CIM/XLM
standardized data format for source data. It allows utilities
to vitally combine their large number of autonomous IT
systems, with great potential for optimizing their core
processes. But this landscape itself will not be enough, unless
utility actually and smartly connects IEDs and systems at
that surviving critical level. This article presents an
approach that tries to make easier the utility improve core
processes, based on substation “smartizing”, by means of
creating in smart substations, key-value operating and
functional data, information and knowledge, in a continuous
upstream add-value process, making them suited to each
IED, System and decision maker at every utility level.
“Smartizing” architecture is fully IEC compliant. The
approach is being applied in a 25 MVA distribution
substation in Brazil, in a 10 GW demand peak utility group.
Index Terms—smart grid, substation automation, IEC
automation standards
I. INTRODUCTION
From the 50’s to 90’s, power grids grew over time,
becoming very large (mature in developed countries), and
highly interconnected for economic and reliability
reasons. Except by some deep impact due computing &
telecommunications industry, in power electronics and in
breakthrough materials, utility general structure and
prevailing O&M features, as seen in Fig. 1, were kept
basically the same. Its main players were Stockholders,
Government and, with a minor concern, Environment &
Society. Its market was, in many cases, regulated, and the
companies, vertically integrated, allowing decision
Manuscript received June 11, 2015; revised November 16, 2015.
making processes to be easier to the Staff and Utility
Council (utility advisors). Company power assets base
was basically top-down, a bulk concentrated energy own
generation with minor cogeneration. Its own transmission
system were regular UHV, EHV, HV transmission
substations, lines etc., and the own regular distribution
power grid were HV, MV and LV distribution substations
and power grid itself, with its regular nom monitored
minor customers. The functional structure was practically
altogether inner the company, with big well trained teams,
normally with its own repair sector, laboratories, etc.
Operational control had so far evolved to Operation
Control Centers (OCC), starting with the early Energy
Management Systems (domestic EMS), used to proceed
central SCADA applications, acting on the process by
means of Remote Terminal Unities (RTUs).
Figure 1. Typical 80’s last century infrastructure & functional layout of a regular electricity utility
International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 284doi: 10.18178/ijeee.4.4.284-289
Post-privatization after the 90’s led to heavy
outsourcing, on one hand, but to many new acquisitions,
fusions etc., on the other. Power grid were used with
important growth in its per unit capacity; substations
multiplied their systemic function, with almost zero
outage possibility. The concern in managing and
operating the assets under those conditions were
compensated by high expectations relayed on new
emerging technology, such as digital systems, EMS,
Distribution Management Systems (DMS) and
Geographic Information System (GIS). But, vendors
solution scope was limited to basic operating data, little
broader than conventional automation. Of course,
improved Man Machine Interface (MMI) was brought in,
with some operational and efficiency improvement, but
mainly restricted to few tasks, more at shop floor level;
and, for sure, it also incorporated much more data, but not
necessarily key making decision information. Corporate
areas continued working as traditionally, very limited due
to many isled proprietary legacy systems.
However, a definite factor appeared early in 21st
century: rapid costs increase and restrictions for
centralized generation expansion, with along falling costs
for distributed generation renewable technologies. This
will result in a two-way flow power grid, in which
passive non-monitored consumers will pass to monitored
& controlled “prosumers”, with massive probabilistic
energy injection at all system levels. That is why, behind
the scene, smart grid [1], [2] concepts were developed in
the past twelve years, to maximize IED & systems
integrated intelligence, and that is nowadays simply
mandatory [3], [4]. It seems to be a business revolution
that highly ushers an improved utility intelligence at all
levels, in a so much higher level, for sure more than
nowadays monitoring, automation and control. So,
today’s game board in the electricity market assumes
other configuration, with much more completeness and
complexity, and some added players, as indicated in Fig.
2.
Figure 2. Typical early decades 21th century infrastructure & functional layout of a regular electricity utility
Now, in the new structure, own transmission system
involves either passive or active equipments, and own
distribution power smart grid, controlled prosumers,
regular consumer, and micro-grid. Sewing all parts, smart
grid technologies enable dealers to share communications
infrastructure, fill gaps in products and leverage existing
technologies, in addition to increasing the level of
integration and corporate synergy, with the warn that
smart grids are not a commodity or something you can
install and activate overnight; they must be well long-
term planned and intensively worked out, in order to
provide better enterprise integration [5].
II. IEC SMART GRID STANDARDS
According to the US Department of Energy, a Smart
Grid should be smart, efficient, adaptive, motivating,
focused on quality, resilient and friendly to the
environment [6], in which the grid is expected to be a
fully automated power distribution network, which
monitors and controls all customers and us, ensuring a
two-way flow of energy and information between the
sources and devices, and all points in between.
A. IEC SOA Concept
The high degree of scalability with regard to hardware
configuration and software functionality allows flexible
matching to changing requirements over the entire life
cycle of the system and beyond. The aim is to make the
system architecture modular and component-based so that
a flexible configuration and IT integration can be
implemented in a cost-efficient manner [7].
The standards IEC61850 for DMS (Distribution
Management System) and IEC61970 for EMS (Energy
Management System) describe a set of rules aiming
information exchange among control centers by using so
called CIM (Common Information Model). CIM is an
object-oriented standard model developed for electrical
utility organizations with the intention to facilitate the
development and integration of the application systems
used in electrical energy planning, management,
operation and business [8].
For convenience, CIM is separated into several sub-
models or packages. The standard IEC61970-301
comprises the following packages: Core, Domain,
Generation, Load Model, Measurements, Outage,
Protection, Topology and Wires. The IEC61970-302
includes: Energy Scheduling, Financial and Reservation.
IEC61970-303 provides information related to the
SCADA systems. This model describes measurements,
power and current transformers, remote terminal unit,
scan blocks, and communication circuits. It supports
operation and control, telemetry, data acquisition and
alarm status. Lastly, the IEC61968 comprehends: Assets,
Consumer, Core2, Distribution and Documentation. An
application can use CIM entities from different packages.
CIM is defined and maintained by a set of UML (Unified
Modeling Language) Class Diagrams [8].
IEC 61968 takes CIM as the reference model and
XML Schema (XSD) as message structure while
IEC61970 define simplified CIM/RDF to document the
static transmission network model and the Generic
Interface Definition (GID) for interaction pattern in
various scenarios [9]. The Extensible Markup Language
International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 285
(XML) is a simplified subset of SGML (Standard
Generalized Markup Language) that offers powerful and
extensible data modeling capabilities. An XML Schema
is a grammar that describes the structure of an XML
Document. CIM-XML is currently the only standard
based protocol for exchanging CIM information [10].
The IEC 61970-4XX standard presents a description of
a set of services for information exchange and called
Generic Interface Definition (GID). The GID provides a
set of program interfaces to be used by software
applications for accessing data and exchanging
information with other applications. Each GID interface
is defined in two steps. The first part is an abstract
definition, disconnected from the technology that
applications can use for the interface. The second step
maps the services to a profile specific technology,
providing support to various implementation approaches.
The use of GID interfaces brings a number of benefits,
such as independence of technologies and the middleware
software. As the applications are independent, the same
interfaces can be used to encapsulate any application,
which means new wrappers does not need to be
developed each time a new application is implemented
[10].
The main characteristic of the CIM-compliant SOA
implementation is a semantic built in Web Service
Definition Language (WSDL) which enables an easy
integration. Predefined WSDL provides product vendors
with a contract between applications [11]. This has
enabled multiple vendors interoperate by exchanging
these messages, understanding their meaning and reacting
to these messages appropriately [12]. A web service is a
software resource that can be accessed by a Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI) whose service description and
transportation utilize open internet standards [12].
The EPRI technical report 1018795 titled “Enterprise
Service Bus Implementation Profile, Integration using
IEC 61968” defines the integration approach to be using
in conjunction with IEC 61968-9 for interoperability [13].
An ESB is software architecture for middleware that
provides fundamental services for more complex
architectures [14].
This ESB provides various methods to achieve service
integration, accept multiple protocols as the data transfer
protocol, and supports multiple forms of the message
passing (request/response, one-way request,
publish/subscribe, etc.). Legacy power applications can
be wrapped into services to provide location transparency
[15]. The ESB also provides functions of the service
registry, location and routing, so as to facilitate the
information integration of power enterprise.
Smart grid developed on this basis, with distributed
intelligence, along with broadband communication,
allows real-time transactions and improved interfaces
between the parties [16]. Till now, this approach has been
mainly applied to Distribution. However, as all related
technology can also be applied to power transmission and
generation, smart grid concepts must be practically
extended to substations, because GTD (Generation,
Transmission and Distribution) power system is
controlled and monitored mainly through GTD respective
substations. They must be key nodes not only for bulk
power, but, as far as they are connected to almost all
other instances in utility business, they must play a key
role in the full smart grid implementation.
III. METHODOLOGY
Smart Grids increase the level of monitoring and
control in a complex power system, achieving high
information sharing level between Grid components.
Therefore, the transition to Smart Grid should lie in the
gradual implementation of an intelligent management
system, highly distributed, sufficiently flexible and
scalable, able to absorb not only the growth of the
network, but also frequent changes in communication and
information technologies [17].
Following this principle, substation “smartizing” idea
is “to smartize” smart substations, like the 25 MVA
distribution pilot substation shown in Fig. 3, providing a
local software integration architecture that allows
developing easy analytics and its integration at every
utility level, in order to easily transfer data, information
and knowledge among processes, connecting them in an
optimized and safe way, starting with key data generation
devices from the very installation level (IEDs), till the
highest level in corporate realm, in a progressive add-
value approach, maximizing functionalities in local
equipments and installations, in operational areas, in
functional & low level corporate areas, streaming them
up to high corporate and strategic levels, getting most
advantage of substation digital systems, DMS, EMS, GIS,
ERP among other functional tools.
Substation was divided into bays, each composed of
the following detailed equipment.
Bays are represented by descriptive code of your main
switching equipment, to be a strong key related to its
respective measured data and control:
L1 to Ln: Income transmission line (138kV)
89Ln/89TLn: HV Line switches with ground blade
(motorized or not);
52Ln: Line breaker;
CTLn: Line Current transformer;
BA: High voltage bar;
TPA: High voltage bar potential transformer;
Power transformer T1 to Tm;
89Tm: HV transformer switches;
52TBm: Transformer breaker;
TCTAm: High voltage bushing current transformer;
TCTBm: Low voltage bushing current
transformers;
TCTNm: Neutral current transformer;
TCBm: Low voltage complementary current
transformer.
TCBIn: Low voltage bus interconnection current
transformer;
52BIn: Low voltage interconnection breaker;
BO: Low voltage operation bar;
BT: Low voltage transfer bar operation bar;
PBn: Low voltage bar potential transformer;
International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 286
52Aj: AL1 to ALj Breaker;
TCALj: Feeder current transformer.
52: Go-generator circuit breaker, G1 to Gj;
TCGj: Go-generator current transformer;
TPGj: Go-generator potential transformer.
Smartizing means the process of developing or
integrating applications, either already existing tools
functionalities, or new ones.
For running forth advanced functions, providing easier
way to develop analytics at every utility level, making
feasible and friendly the usage of digitalized massive real
time data, there are two related concepts:
1) CASF Layer: Common Access Software
Functionality is a physical integration at local host. As
shown in Fig. 3, CASF layer allows independence
between access to collected data and data source,
enabling data consolidation and transformation, unifying
the information needed to open features development.
CASF layer is an API, used by many client programs,
providing easy data exchange among programs and data
base, both online as historical when available. Low level
acquisition data is transparent and independent of the
acquisition system used. Another advantage of CASF
layer is to solve the recurring problem in the electrical
area, when IED manufacturers do not use the IEC61850
standard objects but create proprietary extensions
hindering integration and/or a switch to a device from
another manufacturer. The CASF layer also facilitates the
integration of devices which use different communication
protocols (e.g., DNP3, IEC61850 and IEC60870, among
others).
Figure 3. General distribution substation with CASF concept.
2) Substation “Smartizing”: It is a systematic very high
level adding value analytics, by means of a structured set
of intelligent functions developed over CASF layer, with
minimal hardware adaptation in digitalized solutions; its
main performance metrics is the dividends increase to
shareholders. This is achieved by using already existent
local features (and minimal key new ones) in
parameterized substation digital systems, which are
usually misunderstood, misused or even discarded by
default basic manufacturers engineering (and up streams
Utility engineering). Smart substation analytics focuses
on technical & economical relevance of generated
information and knowledge (not data) to maximize
operational benefits and stakeholder's profits in
Protection, Maintenance, Metering, Automation and
Quality processes.
Smartizing process in the Smart GTD Substations, as
shown in Fig. 4, begins with local automation intelligence
on IED System level (stand alone or CAN/LAN
integrated), at bay and process level, supported by IEC
61850, going through CASF API - GTD Smart
Substation Automation, advancing to the bidirectional
connection to an inter-operational main Utility functional
Centers, that integrates ICMED (Measurement Area),
ICPROT (Protection Area), ICMAT (Maintenance Area),
ICQTY (Quality Area) and EOCC (Enhanced Control
Center) by means of operational enterprise service bus
supported by IEC61970.
Figure 4. Smartizing substation process till utility functional areas.
The final aim is to get on up streams to connect with
higher level management staff with another bidirectional
connection to all decisions maker in Utility organizational
structure (HR, Billing & CRM, Energy Market,
Regulatory, Economics & Financial, O&M, Engineering,
Planning, Supply Chain etc.), through a Corporate
Enterprise Service Bus, which, by its turn, has also
bidirectional connection to the upmost Company level,
that encompasses major Utility staff, Utility council and
Utility owners, key data and information in given by
means of a Strategic Enterprise Service Bus. This
approach is to be yet developed.
Smatization Level, on the above mentioned
middleware structure, taking advantage of smart grid
conventional concept, plus smart substation concept,
converging to many intelligence implementation at the
Operational level, as exemplified below:
ICQTY: Intelligent Center for Energy Quality. It
provides complete computer support based on soft real
time substation level power quality indicators calculation
data. It also accepts data from meters and oscillography.
International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 287
ICQTY in connected to many points on MV an even LV
power Grid, with low cost measurement provided by
indicadometry (measurement of pre-calculated
standardized local indicators, both in current and in
voltage), Thus, utility can have a online quality operation
center providing, supporting reports and analytical studies
automatically produced, and other data provided for
analysis, allowing the taking of predictive and preventive
actions, initiatives involving in huge cost savings rides to
the dealership and industry, and in meeting the legal
requirements of supply, with a number of extremely small
staff, i.e., with implementation costs, reduced operation
and maintenance;
CIMED: Intelligent Center for Substation
Measurement. This center measures substation
consumption and estimates power transformer on line
losses;
ICPRO: Intelligent Center for System Protection.
Protection substation is autonomously done by
parameterized proper IEDs, (Relays), according to
standards and utility philosophy. As part of ICPRO, local
protection IEDs functionality was expanded, improving
system performance through protection logic functions;
whenever possible, protection autoset or adaptability
were used, providing higher selectivity, speed and
reliability. In needed cases, real-time data related to
protection functions is exchanged with BackOffice. An
automated on line diagnosis of protection actions
restricted to substation is also performed. Moreover,
ICPRO allows more automated management of
protection assets;
ICMAT: Intelligent Center for System Maintenance.
Recent improvements in the rates of performance and
quality of power grid, based on cost-benefit factor, were
achieved by utilities that migrated from intensive periodic
and corrective maintenance practices to predictive
maintenance identified by monitoring substation
equipment. ICMAT performs online monitoring on power
transformers, circuit breakers and disconnect switches.
Monitoring system of substation equipment herewith
complies with the requirements of maintenance
engineering team. As the above mentioned centers,
ICMAT handles a relational database for a set of huge
data obtained from process censoring, providing trend
charts that correlate various status indicators parameters
of the equipment;
EOCC: Enhanced Operating Control Center. The
integration of Automation macro-function with other
utility systems aimed at operational rationalization
Control Center, with possible reduced complexity and
computational load of the control functions and
management of higher hierarchical levels, improving the
quality of operational control process. EOCC is designed
to automate tasks that require more constant presence of
operators in substations, facilitate local control in
emergency, improve and/or simplify manual or automatic
tasks of Operation Centers, and provide other functional
centers, Engineering and Planning areas with
significantly important information to respectively reduce
O&M and investment costs.
IV. CONCLUSION
Smart Grids increase the level of monitoring and
control in a complex power system, achieving high
information sharing level between Grid components. The
growing process of intelligence aggregation in utility
operation and management requires that substations also
become “smart nodes” in the electrical system.
Smartizing substations supported by IEC smart grid
standards is a way to make easier analytics
implementation, at substation level, and allows
integration among new automated functional centers,
providing a real path for utilities to stop beholding power
grid conceptual models, and ushers them to
implementation. The simple application in pilot
substation has confirmed substation smartizing as a
powerful utility approach for intelligence implementation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Companhia Paulista de
Força e Luz (CPFL Paulista) and Rio Grande Energia
(RGE), under the R&D ANEEL program.
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[12] N. Reinprecht, J. Torres, and M. Maia, “IEC CIM architecture for smart grid to achieve interoperability,” in Proc. International CIM
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International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 288
, , .O. Rein Jr., J. A. Jardini, W. S. Hokama, and L. C. Magrini,
Jose L. P. Brittes was born on February 5th, 1959, in Ribeirao Preto,
State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. He graduated in Electrical Engineering, in State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil (1981). He received his
master’s in Power System Automation (1996) and PhD in Substation
Automation (2002), form Polytechnic School of the University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. He got postgraduate in Energy Management, in
Getúlio Vargas Foundation, SP, Brazil (1997), and postdoctoral in
Technological Innovation Strategy, in State University of Campinas (2013).
He has 34 years of experience in power systems, working in consulting
engineering, product manufacturer and Utility; from 1998 to 2012, he structured the Innovation area at CPFL Group. He is currently a
Professor in Applied Science Faculty in UNICAMP, in the area of
Manufacturing and Production Engineering. He got involved in up to a hundred R&D and innovation projects in electricity related areas in
Brazil, participating of representative industrial and governmental
committees in Brazilian electrical sector, mainly on innovation affairs. His Main areas of research are energy, power systems, distributed
generation, smart grid, energy efficiency, power quality, electrical
design, mechanical design, innovation management, strategy and decision making.
Luiz Carlos Magrini was born in São Paulo, Brazil, on May 3rd, 1954.
He graduated from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo in
1977 (Electrical Engineering). From the same institution he received the MSc and PhD degrees in 1995 and 1999, respectively. For 17 years he
worked for Themag Engenharia Ltda, a leading consulting company in Brazil. He is currently a researcher and project coordinator at FDTE,
working on projects concerning smart grid and electric systems
automation. He is also a part-time professor at Universidade Paulista.
Paula S. D. Kayano was born in Amazonas, Brazil. She graduated from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo in 1995 (Electrical
Engineering). From the same institution she received the MSc degree in
1998. She worked for Brazilian navy, participated in vessels electrical system projects. She is currently a researcher at FDTE, which is
responsible for the research and development of automation of electric
power systems.
Ferdinando Crispino was born in Napoli, Italy, on March, 1971. He received the BSc degree in Electrical Engineering (Energy and
Automation) from Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo in
Brazil in 1998 and M.Sc. from Universidade de São Paulo in Brazil in 2001. He worked for TAM airline in the application of airplane
equipment, and for SETEPLA Engenharia in the setup of intelligent
traffic lights in the city of São Paulo, worked for GAGTD research group of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. He is advisor
of editorial board of the IEEE Latin America Transaction. He is currently a researcher at FDTE, which is responsible for the research
and development of automation of electric power systems.
Osvaldo Rein Jr. was born in São Paulo, Brazil. He received his degree
in Data Processing from Faculdade de Tecnologia de São Paulo, Brazil, in 1989 and MSc degree in electrical engineering from University de
São Paulo, Brazil, in 2006. Nowadays, he is a PhD student in Escola
Politécnica of Universidade de São Paulo. He has been working on Information Technology industry since 1988.
During many years, he worked as a software specialist, and his main
area of work is Computer Networks and Protocols. Nowadays he is working as Project Manager in a Brazilian software distribution
company.
José A. Jardini was born March 27, 1941. He graduated at EPUSP -
The Polytechnic School of Sao Paulo University in 1963. He received MSc in 1970 and PhD in 1973. He was Associate Professor in 1991 and
titular head in 1999, all of them at PEA (Department of Energy
engineering and Electric Automation). He worked at Themag Engineering Ltd in the area of power systems studies, lines projects and
automation. At the moment he is a professor at the Department of
Energy Engineering and Electric automation where he teaches Automation of the Generation, and Transmission and Distribution of
Electric Energy. Represented Brazil at SC38 of CIGRE. He is also a
CIGRE member, Fellow Member of IEEE and Distinguished Lecturer of IAS/IEEE.
Wagner S. Hokama was born in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, in 1973. He
graduated in Electrical Engineering in 2000 and is currently Master’s
degree in Electrical Engineering from UNICAMP. He works in CPFL as Automation Engineer since 2003, in Campinas/SP.
Before was Trainee Engineer at Ericsson Diax in Struer, Denmark. It is
also an assistant professor in the College of Jaguariúna for the course Control and Automation Engineering. He is currently the R&D project
manager DE-0027, Smart Substation, which has budget of R$ 5,000,000, with a focus on improving the diagnostic in protection system, control,
maintenance and measurement in substations.
Prof. Hokama already had its public articles in national and international conferences as SENDI in 2006, CMCM of Cigré in 2013
and the ISGT-LA in 2013, and hold lectures at universities and seminars
such as the International Smart Grid Workshop, UNESP / FEG 2015.
Luiz G. Fernandez Silva received his technical habilitation in electricity and power systems, from Industrial Technical College of
Guaratingueta, in 1979 and his bachelor’s degree in Math, from
Salesiana Sao Joaquim de Lorena College, in 1982. He also holds a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration (1991) and in Law (2006).
He also achieved a graduate level in Civil Procedural Law (2009).
He worked at Eletropaulo, a power distribution utility, during 12 years. Since 1995, he has been working at Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz,
also a utility, where he is currently an R&D project manager.
He has 33 years of experience in electrical distribution systems, including planning (residential, commercial and industrial systems),
automation, monitoring and maintenance systems. He also has
experience in regulatory issues concerning scheduling and supervision of electrical works.
International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Int. J. Electron. Electr. Eng. 289
[15] P. Dai, “Design and implementation of ESB based on SOA in power system,” in Proc. Electric Utility Deregulation and
Restructuring and Power Technologies, Weihai, Shandong, 2011,
pp. 519-522.[16] A National Vision for Electricity’s Second 100 Years, US
Department of Energy - Grid, Tech Report, Department of Energy,
2003.[17] H. Farhangi, “The path of the smart grid,” IEEE Power and
Energy Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 18-28, Jan. 2010.
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