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LNGUA INGLESA

TCNICO EM INFORMTICATECNICO EM REDES DE COMPUTADORES

TCNICO EM EVENTOSTCNICO EM ADMINISTRAO

Professor: Marcelo Cardoso Lima dos Santosndice3Estratgias de Leitura

4Algumas dicas que podero auxili-lo na leitura de textos em ingls.

4FALSOS COGNATOS

9PLURAL FORM

9PLURAIS IRREGULARES

10PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS

10ARTIGOS E ADJETIVOS EM FRASES NO PLURAL

10SPECIAL CASES

11PRONOMES

12INDEFINIDOS

12EMPREGO DE SOME E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

12ANY e seus compostos.

12EMPREGO DE ANY E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

13NO e seus compostos

13EMPREGO DE NO E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

14INTERROGATIVES

15FORMAS COMPOSTAS DE WHAT E HOW

16RELATIVE PRONOUNS

17VERBOS

17LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

18TO BE

19THERE TO BE

19GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

20VERB TENSES

22SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

25SIMPLE PAST TENSE

26PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

27OS MODAIS

28THE PASSIVE VOICE

29CONJUNO

32PREPOSIES

39LOCUES PREPOSITIVAS

40ADJECTIVES

43ADJETIVOS

43POSIO DOS ADJETIVOS

44COMPARAO DOS ADJETIVOS

45COMPARAES IRREGULARES

48ADVRBIOS

48ADVRBIOS COM DUAS FORMAS E SIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES

48TIPOS DE ADVRBIOS

48POSIO DOS ADVRBIOS

49POSIO ESPECIAL DOS ADVRBIOS

49COMPARAO DOS ADVRBIOS

50IRREGULAR COMPARISONS

50SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE ADJETIVOS

53SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS.

57SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE VERBOS

58Como utilizar convenientemente um dicionrio.

59NUMERAL

61OS SONS DO INGLS

Estratgias de Leitura

Ler no um ato mecnico, e sim um processo ativo. A mente filtra as informaes

recebidas, interpreta essas informaes e seleciona aquelas que so consideradas relevantes.

O que se fixa em nossa mente o significado geral do texto. Portanto, usar o dicionrio

toda vez que no se conhece uma palavra se torna um processo improdutivo.

Algumas estratgias so bastante difundidas para desenvolver a habilidade de leitura.

Dentre elas podem ser citadas:

1. Identificao de cognatos

2. Identificao de falsos cognatos

3. Scanning - tcnica usada para extrair apenas informaes especficas do texto. No requer

uma leitura do texto como um todo.Quando lemos para encontrar informaes, movemos nossos olhos muito rapidamente pelo texto. Ns no lemos cada palavra ou paramos de ler quando no entendemos. Ns procuramos pela informao que queremos encontrar.

4. Predio Bons leitores fazem predies antes de ler um texto. Eles usam o que sabem sobre o tpico para adivinhar sobre o que trata o texto. Esta tcnica pode ajudar ao leitor entender melhor o que ele ir ler.

- Usando ttulos e subttulos pra predizer o contedo do texto: s vezes o texto est dividido em pargrafos que tm subttulos. Ns podemos usar nosso conhecimento para sobre o assunto e os subttulos para predizer algumas das idias que podem estar no texto.

5. Skimming: leitura rpida que tem por finalidade checar o sentido geral do texto, como ele

est estruturado, e qual a inteno e/ou estilo do autor.

Skimming (for the main Idea): Quando usamos a estratgia skimming, ns no precisamos ler cada palavra, ou procurar significado das palavras que no conhecemos. Fazemos o skimming para termos uma idia geral sobre o assunto tratado no texto. Skimming um modo para procurarmos as idias principais do texto.

6. Seqncia dos eventos: alguns textos tm suas informaes listadas por ordem de eventos que aconteceram ou acontecem. Datas e horas so usadas para ilustrar esta seqncia de eventos. Palavras como first, next, then, later, after, finally e today tambm nos mostram a seqncia em que as coisas acontecem. Conhecer estas palavras pode ajudar ao leitor a compreender o texto melhor, alm de poder ajudar ao leitor a encontrar a informao mais rapidamente.

7. Idia principal e idias suporte: Cada pargrafo tem uma idia principal. Esta idia nos d a informao mais importante do pargrafo. Freqentemente, a segunda ou terceira sentena do pargrafo nos d a idia principal. Podemos aplicar aqui a estratgia de skimming para encontrar a idia principal do texto. Idas suporte so as sentenas que explicam ou nos d mais informaes sobre a idia principal.

8. Inferncia - tcnica que permite a partir das informaes do texto se chegar a concluses

lgicas.

9. Identificao de palavras de referncia*

*Encontram-se nesta lista os pronomes do caso reto (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they), os

pronomes pessoais do caso oblquo (me, you, him, her, its, us, you, them), os pronomes

demonstrativos (this, that, these, those), os pronomes relativos (who, which, whose, etc.),

os pronomes e artigos indefinidos (one, ones, such), entre outros. Essas palavras substituem um substantivo ou o acompanham para tornar o significado claro.

10. Identificao dos conectivos ou marcadores lgicos ou textuais.11. Associao de palavras

12. Organizao das informaes: idia principal, detalhes e concluso.

Algumas dicas que podero auxili-lo na leitura de textos em ingls.

1. Lembre-se que a leitura no um processo de decodificao de palavra por palavra, sendo assim, no se prenda a cada palavra do texto. Concentre-se no contexto.

2. Veja que a maioria das palavras, encontradas em um texto, so cognatas do portugus (palavras cuja forma escrita e significado so parecidos nas duas lnguas), o que simplifica em muito a leitura de um texto.

3. Cuidado com os falsos cognatos (palavras que tm significado diferente nas duas lnguas). Exemplo: bond - significa ao, ttulo, obrigao.

Os falsos cognatos tm que ser estudados e memorizados para que voc no interprete o texto erroneamente.

4. Procure o significado geral do texto, isto , sobre o que o texto trata. Isto ajuda na "filtragem" das informaes mais relevantes.

5. Quando encontrar uma palavra desconhecida, voc no deve se preocupar primeiro com o seu significado. O primeiro passo ver se a palavra ou no importante para a compreenso do texto.

6. Lembre-se que as palavras que aparecem diversas vezes no texto, ou esto em negrito ou itlico so palavras importantes para a compreenso do texto.

7. Veja se a palavra est associada a um ttulo, ilustrao, etc., isto tambm uma indicao de sua relevncia.

8. Procure entender a palavra usando o contexto onde ela se encontra.

9. Lembre-se que quando lemos, estamos constantemente predizendo o que vir a seguir, tentando ver sentido no que foi lido, verificando hipteses.

10. Quando estiver estudando, use o dicionrio apenas para encontrar o significado de palavras-chaves que voc no conseguiu entender atravs do contexto. Certifique-se de ter escolhido o melhor significado, verificando o contexto em que ela se encontra.

FALSOS COGNATOS

H palavras em Ingls que so muito similares com o Portugus, porm, essas palavras no significam em Ingls o que a sua grafia lembra em nosso idioma. Isto pode levar a uma compreenso ou traduo errnea. So os Deceptive Cognates (Cognatos Enganadores) ou False Friends (Falsos Amigos). So falsos porque a semelhana com a nossa lngua traioeiramente enganosa , falsa.

Existem inmeros falsos cognatos. Selecionamos alguns que, devido a nossa experincia com textos, observamos que imprescindvel o seu conhecimento.

1) Actually no atualmente; atualmente nowadays. Actually realmente, na verdade.

Ex.:

* Actually, you owe me more than this.

Na verdade, voc me deve mais do que isto.

* We used to drive our car a lot, but nowadays petrol is too expensive.

Ns costumvamos dirigir bastante nosso carro, mas atualmente a gasolina est muito cara.

2) Available no avaliado; avaliado appraised. Available disponvel.

Ex.:

* There is water available at the hut.

H gua disponvel na cabana.

* The house was appraised carefully before being sold.

A casa foi avaliada cuidadosamente antes de ser vendida.

3) Arrest no arrastar; arrastar drag. Arrest prender.

Ex.:

* Two policemen arrested the thief.

Dois policiais prenderam o ladro.

* Peter was so drunk that his friends had to drag him out of the bar.

Pedro estava to bbado que seus amigos tiveram de arrast-lo para fora do bar.

4) Bond no bonde; bonde streetcar, tram. Bond elo, lao, convnio, aliana.

Ex.:

* The government obtained money for the war by means of bonds.

O governo obteve dinheiro para a guerra por meio de convncios.

* Trams were substituted for buses.

Os bondes foram substitudos por nibus.

5) Collar no colar; colar necklace. Collar gola, colarinho e coleira.

Ex.:

* The wind was so cold that he turned his coat collar up.

O vento estava to frio que ele levantou a gola do seu casaco.

* I gave my daughter a pearl necklace on her birthday.

Eu dei um colar de prolas para minha filha no seu aniversrio.

6) College no colgio; colgio high school. College faculdade.

Ex. :

* There are many colleges at Oxford.

H muitas faculdades em Oxford.

* I have taught English at Marista High School since 1975.

Eu ensino Ingls no colgio Marista desde 1975.

7) Commodity no comodidade; comodidade comfort. Commodity artigo, mercadoria, bem de consumo.

Ex.:

* Prices of household commodities have risen lately.

Os preos dos artigos domsticos subiram recentemente.

* The bedroom they gave her had no comfort at all.

O quarto que lhe deram no tinha nenhuma comodidade.

8) Convict no convicto, convencido; convicto convinced, sure. Convict ru, condenado, presidirio.

Ex.:

* The convicts were threatening to kill the hostages.

Os presidirios estavam ameaando matar os refns.

* Im sure of his innocence.

Eu estou convicta da sua inocncia.

9) Data no data; data date. Data dados, informaes (singular = datum).

Ex.:

* The data are processed by a computer.

Os dados so processados por um computador.

* His birthday date is on February, 21st.

A data do seu aniversrio em 21 de fevereiro.

10) To enroll no enrolar (um pacote); enrolar (um pacote) wrap. To enroll matricular-se.

Ex.:

* My niece enrolled in a Spanish course.

Minha sobrinha matriculou-se em um curso de Espanhol.

* You can wrap the gift in colorful paper.

Voc pode enrolar presente em papel colorido.

11) Estate no estado; estado state. Estate patrimnio, bens.

Ex.:

* When Mr. Smith died, he left a large estate.

Quando o Sr. Smith morreu, ele deixou um grande patrimnio.

* How many inhabitants are there in the state of So Paulo?

Quantos habitantes h no estado de So Paulo?

12) Exit no xito; xito success. Exit sada.

Ex.:

* Incredible! The fire exit was locked.

Inacreditvel! A sada de incndio estava trancada.

* They tried several times, but they didnt get success.

Eles tentaram diversas vezes, mas no obtiveram sucesso.

13) Expert no esperto; esperto smart. Expert especialista, perito.

Ex.:

* You dont have to be an expert to operate this machine.

Voc no precisa ser um especialista para operar esta mquina.

*My nephew is a very nice boy.

Meu sobrinho um rapaz muito esperto.

14) Exquisite no esquisito; esquisito odd, strange. Exquisite aprimorado, sofisticado, fino.

Ex.:

* He has an exquisite style.

Ele tem um estilo aprimorado.

* The woman was very odd wearing an old-fashioned hat.

A mulher estava muito esquisita usando um chapu fora de moda.

15) Fabric no fbrica; fbrica factory. Fabric tecido.

Ex.:

* He showed us different sorts of fabric.

Ele nos mostrou tipos diferentes de tecidos.

* That factory produces screws.

Aquela fbrica produz farafusos.

16) Ingenious no ingnuo; ingnuo naive. Ingenious criativo, inventivo, engenhoso, habilidoso.

Ex:

* The ingenious boy made a toy car from an old wooden box.

O rapaz engenhoso fez um carro de brinquedo de uma velha caixa de madeira.

* He was so naive that he believed everything people told him.

Ele era to ingnuo que ele acreditava em tudo o que as pessoas lhe diziam.

17) Intend no entender; entender understand. Intend pretender, ter a inteno de.

Ex.:

*What does he intend to do after graduating?

O que ele pretende fazer depois de se formar?

* Although I dont agree with you, I can understand your reasons.

Embora eu no concorde com voc, eu posso entender suas razes.

18) Large no largo; largo wide. Large grande.

Ex.:

*A man with a large family needs a large house.

Um homem com uma famlia grande precisa de uma casa grande.

* What a wide avenue!

Que avenida larga!

19) Lecture no leitura; leitura reading. Lecture palestra, conferncia.

Ex.:

* Did you enjoy Professor Browns lecture on the British monarchy?

Voc gostou da conferncia do Professor Brown sobre a monarquia britnica?

* The reading of a good book can be invigorating.

A leitura de um bom livro pode ser revigorante.

20) Library no livraria; livraria bookstore. Library biblioteca.

Ex.:

* This book must be returned to the school library by tomorrow.

Este livro deve ser devolvido biblioteca da escola at amanh.

* The new bookstore near my course is selling second-hand books.

A nova livraria perto do meu curso est vendendo livros de segunda-mo.

21) Lunch no lanche; lanche snack. Lunch almoo.

Ex.:

* I go to the bank at lunch time its the only available time I have.

Eu vou ao banco na hora do almoo o nico tempo disponvel que eu tenho.

* The fat man likes to have a snack between meals.

O homem gordo gosta de fazer um lanche entre as refeies.

22) Notice no notcia; notcia news. Notice aviso, comunicao.

Ex.:

* When he read the notice, his face went white.

Quando ele leu o aviso, seu rosto empalideceu.

* The news is not good at all.

As notcias no so nada boas.

23) Novel no novela; novela soap-opera. Novel romance.

Ex.:

* I am reading a novel by Jorge amado at the moment.

Eu estou lendo um romance de Jorge Amado no momento.

* She watches soap-operas every night.

Ela assiste novelas todas as noites.

24) Parents no parentes; parentes relatives. Parents pais.

Ex.:

* She is not living with her parents anymore.

Ela no est mais morando com os seus pais.

* Ive got some relatives in Bahia.

Eu tenho alguns parentes na Bahia.

25) Policy no polcia; polcia police. Policy poltica (linha de ao, estratgia) e politics poltica (partidria).

Ex.:

* What we need is a strong foreign policy, the candidate said. O que ns precisamos de uma poltica externa forte, disse o candidato.

* Call the police right away!

Chame a polcia imediatamente!

* Some people just love to talk about politics.

Algumas pessoas simplesmente adoram falar sobre poltica.

26) Prejudice no prejuzo; prejuzo loss. Prejudice preconceito.

Ex.:

*Racial prejudice is condemned by law.

O preconceito racial condenado por lei.

* The company had a massive loss last year.

A companhia teve um prejuzo enorme no ano passado.

27) Pretend no pretender, pretender intend. Pretend fingir.

Ex.:

* Dont pretend youre not listening to me!

No finja que voc no est me escutando!

* What do you intend to do when you leave school?

O que voc pretende fazer quando sair da escola?

28) Push no puxar; puxar pull. Push empurrar, pressionar.

Ex.:

* Dont push, pull!

No empurre, puxe!

29) Ordinary no ordinrio; ordinrio disgusting. Ordinary comum, normal.

Ex.:

* Tomorrow isnt a holiday; just an ordinary workday.

Amanh no feriado; apenas um dia de trabalho normal.

* What a disgusting fellow!

Que sujeito ordinrio!

30) Resume no resumir; resumir summarize. Resume recomear, retomar.

Ex.:

*After a few hours interruption, the work was resumed.

Depois de uma interrupo de algumas horas, o trabalho foi retomado.

* The teacher asked us to summarize the text.

A professora nos pediu que resumssemos o texto.

Com a globalizao, a lngua inglesa passou a desempenhar um papel ainda mais importante na comunicao entre os povos. Algumas palavras e expresses inglesas parecem muito com palavras e expresses utilizadas na lngua portuguesa. MAS CUIDADO! MUITAS VEZES, O SIGNIFICADO DESTAS PALAVRAS BEM DIFERENTE DO QUE SE IMAGINA.

1) assess = avaliar / access = acesso

2) advice = aconselhar / avisar = warn

3) anthem = hino / aerial = antena

4) army = exrcito / arma = gun / arm = brao

5) assist = ajudar / watch = assistir

6) chute = corredeira/pra = quedas / kick = chute

7) cigar = charuto / cigarro = cigarette

8) collar = colarinho, gola / necklace = colar

9) college = universidade, faculdade / school = colgio

10) compass = bssola / compasso = compasses

11) conceit = convencimento / conceito = concept

12) data = dados, fatos, identificao / data = date

13) deception = fraude, trapaa / disappointment = decepo

14) educated = instrudo, culto / polite = educado, corts

15) eventually = finalmente, por fim.= finally / Occasionally = eventualmente

16) exit = sada / success = xito

17) expert = perito, especialista / smart = esperto

18) gratuity = gorjeta / gratuitous, free = gratuito

19) guitar = violo / electric guitar = guitarra.

20) hazard = risco, dano, mal, perigo / mischance, jinx = azar

21) hospice = abrigo para viajantes / Bedlam, madhouse = hospcio.

22) intimate = ntimo(s), sugerir, insinuar (v) / summon, cite = intimar

23) large = grande / broad, wide = largo

24) lecture = conferncia / reading = leitura

25) library = biblioteca / bookstore = livraria

26) notice = observar, notar / news = notcia

27) parents = pais / relatives = parentes

28) particular = determinado, especfico / private = particular, privado

29) physician = mdico clnico / physicist = fsico

30) policy = diplomacia, poltica / police = polcia

31) pretend = fingir ( Ufrgs 88/1 ) / intend = pretender

32) proper = adequado / own = prprio

33) push = empurrar / pull = puxar

34) quote = citar / cota = share, quota.

35) realize = perceber, dar-se conta / accomplish, achieve, realizar

36) respite = trgua/ repouso / respect = respeito

37) resume = recomear, retomar / sum up, summarize = resumir

38) retire = aposentar-se / remove = retirar

39) rim = borda, beira ( de copo, xcara ) / kidney = rim

40) sap = seiva / toad = sapo

41) sensible = sensato, ajuizado / sensitive = sensvel

42) terrific = excelente / terrvel = terrible

43) traduce = caluniar, difamar, criticar / traduzir = translate

PLURAL FORM

Para formar o plural dos substantivos acrescentamos -s ao singular.

scientist scientists Aos substantivos terminados em -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -z e -o, acrescentamos -es ao singular.

bus buses

substantivos terminados em -y:

quando precedidos de vogal, acrescentamos -sboy boys quando precedidos de consoante, transformamos o -y em -i e acrescentamos -es.

century - centuries

substantivos terminados em -o:

quando precedidos de vogal, acresentamos -sradio radios quando precedidos de consoante, acresentamos estomato tomatoes substantivos terminados em f ou fe que mudam o final para ves:

( wife

( life

(knife

(wolf

(self

(calf

(half

(shelf

(loaf

(leaf

(thief

(sheaf

Os demais substantivos terminados em -f ou fe seguem a regra geral, ou seja: recebem um -s no plural.PLURAIS IRREGULARES

Singular

man

woman

child

ox

foot

tooth

goose

louse

mouse

Plural

men

women

children

oxen

feet

teeth

geese

lice

mice

PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS

Quando houver justaposio de dois ou mais elementos formando uma palavra nova, estabelecemos seu plural obedecendo regra do ltimo elemento.

school + room = schoolroom schoolrooms

police + woman = policewoman policewomen

ARTIGOS E ADJETIVOS EM FRASES NO PLURAL

O artigo definido the mantm a mesma forma no singular e no plural.

Os artigos indefinidos a e an no possuem plural.

Os adjetivos em ingls no flexionam no plural, ou seja, mantm a mesma forma para singular e plural.

Plural do demonstrativo this: these Plural do demonstrativo that: thoseEx: That child is in the park Those children are in the parks.

SPECIAL CASES

( Alguns substantivos mantm a mesma forma para o singular e o plural.

nomes de certos animais:

Singular

sheep

fish

Plural

sheep

fish

They are going to catch some fish.

Palavras que indicam nmero, quantidade:

Singular

Hundred

Thousand

Million

Dozen

Plural

Hundred

Thousand

Million

dozen

Five hundred people are here.

Attention: Estas mesmas palavras recebem um -s no plural quando no esto precedidas de numeral:

Hundreds of people are here.

Substantivos terminados em -s ou -se que indicam nacionalidade:

Singular

Portuguese

Swiss

Chinese

Plural

Portuguese

Swiss

Chinese

The Portuguese are fond of cod fish.

Outros substantivos:

Singular

Fruit

Species

Series

Means

Plural

Fruit

Species

Series

Means

Go to the market and buy some fruit.

( Alguns substantivos so usados apenas no plural. O verbo, nestes casos, tambm vai para o plural.

Goods

Riches

Clothes

Pyjamas

Glasses

Trousers

Scissors

Mas h substantivos usados somente no plural com o verbo no singular.

News

Mathematics

Physics

Politics

The news is interesting.

Os coletivos, por serem considerados plurais, so usados com o verbo no plural.

The police are looking for the murderer.

PRONOMES

PRONOUNS

PERSONALPOSSESSIVEREFLEXIVE

subjectobjectadjectivepossessivereflexive

IMeMyMineMyself1s.

YouYouYourYoursYourself2s.

HeHimHisHisHimself3s.

SheHerHerHersHerself3s.

ItItItsItself3s.

WeUsOurOursOurselves1pl.

YouYouYourYoursYourselves2pl.

TheyThemTheirTheirsThemselves3pl.

PRONOMES

PESSOAISPOSSESSIVOSREFLEXIVOS

sujeitoobjetoadjetivoPossessivoreflexivos

EuMe, mim, -migoMeu, minha, meus minhasMeu, minha, meus minhasEu mesmo1s.

TuTe, ti, -tigoTeu, tua, vosso, vossaTeu, tua, vosso, vossaVoce mesmo(a)2s.

EleLhe, oDeleDeleEle mesmo3s.

ElaLhe, aDelaDelaEla mesma3s.

Ele / ElaLhe, o, aDele / delaDele / delaEle / Ela mesmo(a)3s.

NsnosNossoNossoNs mesmos1pl.

VsvosTeus, tuas / vossos, vossasTeus, tuas / vossos, vossasVs mesmos2pl.

Eles / ElasLhes, os, asDeles, delasDeles, delasEles mesmos / elas mesmas3pl.

INDEFINIDOS

SOME e seus compostos.

Some

Somebody

Someone

Something

Somewhere

Mary made some mistakes in her composition.

Bob also made some.

Somebody (someone) loves you.

Something happened.

He must be somewhere.

EMPREGO DE SOME E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

Oraes afirmativas.

There are some students in class.

He said something funny.

ANY e seus compostos.

Any

Anybody

Anyone

Anything

Anywhere

Do you have any doubts?

No, I dont have any.

Is there anybody (anyone) home?

He didnt say anything.

We didint see him anywhere.

EMPREGO DE ANY E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

Oraes interrogativas.

Does anybody know the correct answer?

Oraes negativas.

He does not have any real good friend.

Ateno: Incluem-se como elementos negativos, alm do not, as palavras:

Never

Seldom

Hardly=scarcely=barely

Without

It was so dark that we could hardly see anything.

Oraes afirmativas Ask me anything you want.

Anyone (anybody) knows the sentence is correct.

NO e seus compostos

No

None

Nobody

No one

Nothing

Nowhere

No None

They bought no new instruments for the laboratory.

- Do you have any doubts?

No, none.

No exerce a funo de adjetivo. Deve, portanto estar acompanhado de um substantivo.

None exerce a funo de pronome. Logo, no deve ser acompanhado de um substantivo.

Nobody (no one) cares about him.

I know nothing about it.

He is free, he lives nowhere.

EMPREGO DE NO E SEUS COMPOSTOS.

Oraes negativas

No e seus compostos so usados em oraes de sentido negativo. Quando usamos NO, ou seus compostos, no podemos usar nenhum outro elemento negativo.

He could see nothing.

= He could not see anything.

Perceba, assim, que a diferena entre any e no (e seus compostos) que o primeiro, para expressar uma orao negativa, exige algum elemento negativo (not, never, etc.), enquanto o segundo no admite o uso de outro elemento negativo na mesma orao (excetuando-se o No inicial, separado por vrgula).

No, there is nothing to do.INTERROGATIVES

WHAT

What makes you thin k this way?

What did you see there yesterday?

I dont know what to do.WHO

Who are you?

Do you know who she called?

I dont know who she called.WHOM

Whom did you see yesterday?

I dont know whom you saw yesterday.WHICH

Which doctor you want to see?

Tell me which doctor you want to see.WHY

Why are you so nervous?

Why do you say so?

I dont know why you are here.WHEN

When is she graduating?

When were you born?

I dont know when you were born.WHERE

Where is your sister?

Where are the Alps?

I dont know where your sister is.WHOSE

Whose car is this?

Tell me whose car is this.HOW

How did you do this?

I dont know how you did this.

Attention: What Which / Who What

What refere-se a um nmero ilimitado de coisas, no seletivo.

What subjects do you like to study? I like to study English, Mathematics and Sciences.

Which seletivo. Refere-se a um nmero limitado de coisas.

Which subjects are you studying now? I am studying English.

Who pergunta a identidade de uma pessoa.

Who is that man? He is Mr. Robinson.

What pergunta a profisso de uma pessoa.

What is that man? He is a dentist.

FORMAS COMPOSTAS DE WHAT E HOW

WHAT + BE + LIKE

What is your brother like?

What is your house like?

WHAT ABOUT

What about going to Paris?

What about swimming now?

WHAT DO YOU CALL

What do you call this device?

What do you call a man who fixes car?WHAT FOR (WHY)

Give me that pen.

What for?

What did you do this for?

HOW FAR

How far is your house from here?

HOW DEEP

How deep is this lake?

HOW LONG

How long is this road?

How long has it been since you saw her?

HOW WIDE

How wide is this bridge?

HOW TALL

How tall are you?

HOW OLD

How old are you?

HOW MUCH / HOW MANY

How much did you pay for this?

How many people are there?

HOW HIGH

How high is that building?

HOW OFTEN

How often do you study English?

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

WHO

WHOM

WHICH

THAT

WHOSE

Em Ingls, h pronomes que se referem a pessoas who, whom e os que se referem a coisas e animais which. H ainda os que podem se referir tanto a coisas e animais, como a pessoas that, whose.

Pessoas.

The man who loves her is a doctor.

The man that loves her is a doctor.

The man who she loves is a doctor.

The man whom she loves is a doctor.

The man that she loves is a doctor.

The man she loves is a doctor.

The man at whom she smiled is a doctor.

Animais e coisas.

The dog which was found was Toms

The watch that was stolen was Toms

The dog that was found was Toms

The watch which was stolen was Toms

The watch which he stole was Toms

The watch that he stole was Toms

The watch he stole was Toms

The book on which I wrote my name is mine.

Pronome Relativo de posse.

Whose

The man whose name is Peter is a doctor.

The dog whose name is Rex is ours.

The house whose doors are brown is Peters.

Whose deve ser seguido de substantivo.

VERBOSLIST OF IRREGULAR VERBSINFINITIVESIMPLE PASTPAST PARTICIPLEMEANING

TO BE

TO BECOME

TO BEGIN

TO BREAK

TO BRING

TO BUILD

TO BUY

TO CHOOSE

TO COME

TO COST

TO CUT

TO DO

TO DRAW

TO DRINK

TO DRIVE

TO FEED

TO FIND

TO FORGET

TO GET

TO GIVE

TO GO

TO GROW

TO HAVE

TO HEAR

TO HIT

TO HOLD

TO KNOW

TO LET

TO MAKE

TO PUT

TO READ

TO RING

TO RUN

TO SEE

TO SEEK

TO SELL

TO SEND

TO SHOW

TO SHUT

TO SPEAK

TO SPEND

TO SPREAD

TO STAND

TO TAKE

TO TELL

TO THINK

TO THROW

TO UNDERSTAND

TO WAKE

TO WRITE

TO BE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

I am = Im

You are = youre

He is = hes

She is = shes

It is = its

We are = were

You are = youre

They are = theyre

O pronome neutro IT, alm de substituir um nome (coisa ou animal) tem tambm a funo de sujeito de expresses impessoais. Usa-se o pronome IT para no se deixar o verbo sem sujeito. Neste caso ELE NO DEVE SER TRADUZIDO.

It is raining.

It is late.

NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS.

I am not = Im not

You are not = youre not = you arent

He is not = hes not = he isnt

She is not = shes not = she isnt

It is not = its not = it isnt

We are not = were not = we arent

You are not = youre not = you arent

They are not = theyre not = they arent

Am I?

Are you?

Is he?

Is she?

Is it?

Are we?

Are you?

Are they?

SIMPLE PASTI was

You were

He was

She was

It was

We were

You were

They were

Para as formas interrogativa e negativa, siga a mesma regra do tempo presente, porm com o verbo to be no passado.

THERE TO BE

Present tense

Singular ( There is

Plural ( There are

Em portugus, o verbo haver impessoal usado apenas na 3 pessoa do singular: H uma pessoa ou H varias pessoas. Em ingls, o verbo equivalente - there to be tem singular e plural e concorda com o objeto direto associado ao verbo.

There is a tower in Pisa.

There are good painters in Brazil.

NEGATIVE AND QUESTION FORMS

( Negative form: There is not / There are not = There isnt / There arent

(Question form: Is there? / Are there?

Past tense

Singular ( There was

Plural ( There were

There was a man at the top of the tower.

There were men at the top of the tower.GERUND AND PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Formao:

Infinitive ( to think

Gerund, present participle ( thinking

Para formarmos o gerund ou present participle, acrescentamos ing ao infinitivo sem o to.

Special Rules:

( Verbos terminados em e:

To live ( living

Os verbos terminados em um s e perdem esse e ao acrescentarmos ing.

( Verbos terminados em ee seguem a regra geral.

To see ( seeing

Exception: To be ( being

( Verbos terminados em Y:

To enjoy ( enjoying

To worry ( worrying

Os verbos terminados em y seguem a regra geral, independentemente da letra que anteceder o

y.

( Verbos terminados em consoante-vogal-consoante (c-v-c). Se o verbo uma nica slaba, contendo como ltimas letras uma consoante, uma vogal e uma consoante, dobra-se a consoante final.

To get ( getting

O mesmo ocorrer se o verbo tiver duas slabas, sendo a ltima tnica e composta de c-v-c.

To begin ( beginning

( Verbos terminados em IE

to die ( dying

Ao acrescentarmos ing aos verbos terminados em ie, mudamos o ie para y.

VERB TENSES

TENSEPOSITIVENEGATIVEQUESTIONUSE

Simple PresentThey play tennis on Mondays.They don't (do not) play tennis on Mondays.Do they play tennis on Mondays?Habitual activities - States (Estados - atividades habituais)

Simple PastThey played tennis last week.They didn't (did not) play tennis last week.Did they play tennis last week.?Actions happening at a defined moment in the past. (Aes que acontecem em um momento definido no passado)

Simple FutureTheyll (will) play tennis next month.They won't (will not) play tennis next month.Will they play tennis next month?Decisions made at the moment about the future, future predictions, future promises (Decises tomadas sobre o futuro, pevises e promessas)

Present ContinuousHe's (is) playing tennis at the moment.They aren't (are not) playing tennis at the moment.Are they playing tennis at the moment?Actions happening at the present moment. Near future intention and scheduling.(Aes que acontecem no momento presente. Inteno de agendamento para um futuro prximo)

Past ContinuousI was playing tennis when you called.He wasn't (was not) playing tennis when she arrived.Were you playing tennis when I called?Interrupted past action, action happening at a specific moment in time in the past. (Ao interrompida no passado, ao que estava acontecendo em um momento especifico no passado)

Future ContinuousI'll (will) be playing tennis when you arrive.They won't (will not) be playing tennis this time next week.Will you be playing tennis next week at this time?Future action at a specific moment in the future. (Ao futura em um momento especfico no futuro)

Future with Going toHe's (is) going to play tennis next week.They're (are) not going to play tennis with the Browns.Are you going to play tennis with the Browns?Future intent or planned action (Inteno futura ou ao planejada)

Present PerfectI've (have) played tennis with my friends three times this week.She hasn't (has not) played tennis lately.How long have you played tennis?1)To express an action that was begun in the past and continues into the present. (Expressa uma ao que foi iniciada no passado e continua no presente)

2) To express an action that happened in the unspecified past. (Expressa uma ao que aconteceu em um tempo indeterminado no passado.)

3) To express a recent action that has a present effect.(Expressa uma ao recente que tem um efeito presente)

Past PerfectI'd (had) already played tennis before.She hadn't (had not) played tennis before.Had you ever played tennis before?To express an action that happens before another action in the past. (Expressa uma ao que acontece antes de outra ao, no passado.

Future PerfectWe'll (will) have played tennis for ten years by 2010.She won't (will not) have played tennis by the time we arrive.How long will you have played tennis in this club by the end of next year?To express what will have happened or how long something will have happened up to a certain point in the future. (Expressa o que ter acontecido ou quanto tempo algo ter acontecido at um certo ponto no futuro)

Present Perfect ContinuousShe's (has) been playing tennis for over three hours.They haven't (have not) been playing tennis for long.How long have you been playing tennis?To express the duration of a continuous activity begun in the past and continuing into the present. (Expressa a durao de uma ao contnua iniciada no passado e que continua no presente)

Past Perfect ContinuousShe'd (had) been playing tennis for three hours when they finally arrived.I hadn't (had not) been playing for long when I got hurt.How long had you been playing tennis when she arrived?To express the duration of a continuous activity begun before another activity in the past. (Expressa a durao de uma atividade continua iniciada antes de outra atividade, no passado.)

Future Perfect ContinuousHe'll (will) have been playing for a few minutes by the time we arrive.She won't (will not) have been playing tennis for long by 5 o'clock.How long will you have been playing tennis by 6 o'clock?To express the duration of an activity up to a point of time in the future. (Expressa a durao de uma atividade at um certo ponto no futuro).

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

To live (infinitive)

I live

You live

He livesShe lives It lives

We live

You live

They live

O simple present formado retirando-se o TO do infinitivo. Perceba que somente as terceiras pessoas do singular (he/she/It) h um acrscimo de S, no havendo variaes nas demais pessoas. justamente pelo fato de no haver variaes no verbo, exceto na terceira pessoa do singular, que praticamente no existe sujeito subentendido em ingls, pois se dissssemos, por exemplo, love, querendo dizer amo, este verbo tambm caberia para outros sujeitos (we,you,they).

Ex: I love and hate

Attention!!

I have

You have

He has

She has

It has

We have

You have

They have

Special Rules:

( Os verbos terminados em ss, sh, ch, x, z e o recebem o sufixo ES nas terceiras pessoas do singular.

to press presses

to wash washes

to watch watches

to wax waxes

to fizz fizzes

to go goes

( Verbos terminados em y precedidos de consoante: IES.

( Verbos terminados em y precedidos de vogal: recebem apenas o S

to try tries

to pray praysAttention!!

Embora a palavra EVERY possa ser traduzida no plural, ela singular e deve ser acompanhada de outra palavra no singular: every boy, every day. O mesmo ocorre com seus derivados: everybody, everyone, etc.

Everybody knows the truth.

( O simple present tense expressa uma verdade geral ou cientfica.

The earth moves around the sun.

( O simple present expressa uma ao habitual.

She seldom gets up before seven

I brush my teeth three times a day.

( Advrbios que geralmente acompanham o simple present:

always

never

often = frequently

seldom = rarely

usually

generally

sometimes

On Sundays

Mondays

Tuesdays

Wednesdays

Thursdays

Fridays

Saturdays

Once

aday

Twice

month

Three times

week

For times

year

Every

day

month

year

( Se observarmos esses advrbios de freqncia e tempo que acabamos de aprender, possvel notar que alguns deles indicam tempo definido (every day, on Sundays) e outros, tempo indefinido (always, seldom). Esta constatao importante, pois a partir dela que saberemos qual a posio do advrbio dentro da orao.

( Advrbio de tempo definido: no fim ou no inicio da orao.

Mary visits Calcuta once a year.

Once a year, Mary visits Calcuta.

( Advrbio de tempo indefinido: antes do verbo principal.

The poor seldom survive on the streets.

Your lover is always thinking of you.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Examples Usage

Where did you go yesterday?The flight left at 8 o'clock.They didn't come last night. Finished past actions, definite past

Common past time expressions include: last (week, year, night), yesterday, ago, in 1987, when I was a child.

Structure

In the positive form, for regular verbs, add an -ed to the base form of the verb. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied.

IYouHeSheItWeYouThey

arrived late last night. (regular verb)

came back late last night. (irregular verb)

Use the conjugated helping verb 'did' + not (didn't) + the base form of the verb to make negatives.

IYouHeSheItWeYouThey

didn't go to New York last week.

Use the conjugated helping verb 'did' + subject + the base form of the verb in question forms.

When Did

IYouHeSheItWeYouThey

leave yesterday?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Examples Usage

Fred Meyers has had excellent profits this quarter.The class's understanding has increased greatly this semester.Have they finished the report yet? Giving or asking for news or recent events.

The study of irregular verbs has improved test scores.They have bought a new car.I've already eaten lunch.US/English exception: It is also accepted in US English to ask "Did you phone her yet?" as opposed to the more common "Have you phoned her yet?" Past actions with results in the present.

She's traveled in many parts of the world.Have you ever been to France?They've never seen a mountain. Life experience

He's lived in San Francisco for 10 years.How long have you worked for this company?They've studied English for 3 years. I don't want to live in Texas. Unfinished actions (action still in progress). In this respect the present perfect and present perfect continuous are very similar. with Present Perfect Continuous

Common present perfect time expressions include: for (with a period of time), since (with an exact point in time), ever, never, yet, already, this week (month, year)

Structure

Conjugate the verb 'have' (have or has) + past participle. Regular verbs end in -ed. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. Irregular verbs must be studied. I

YouWeThey

have lived in Seattle since 1978.

HeSheIt

has worked for many years.

Conjugate the verb 'have' (have or has) + not + past participle. Regular verbs end in -ed. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. Irregular verbs must be studied. IYouWeThey

haven't seen Tom.

HeSheIt

hasn't left yet.

Conjugate the verb 'have' (have or has) + Subject + past participle. Regular verbs end in -ed. If the verb ends in -y preceded by a consonant, change the -y to -ied. Irregular verbs must be studied. Have

IYouWeThey

been to Paris?

Has

HeSheIt

finished yet?

OS MODAIS

Os auxiliares modais tm as seguintes conotaes mais comuns:

modaissignificadosExemplos

CanHabilidade, capacidade

Permisso informal.I can help you

She can meet you at the airport

Can we smoke in this room?

CouldHabilidade no passado

Possibilidade remota

Permisso formalHe could swim when he was very Young

I could go with you tomorrow

Could I borrow your pen?

MayPossibilidade

Permisso formalI may be late for the meeting

May I come in?

MightPossibilidade remotaWe might go to Europe next Summer

WillFuturo

Vontade

Pergunta cortsI will see you on Sunday

I will do the work for you

Will you, please, help me?

WouldSituaes condicionais/hipotticas

Vontade/desejo

Pergunta corts

Ao habitual no passadoI would read it if I had time.

I would like another cup of coffee, please

Would you, please, give her a message?

When he lived in New York, he would often visit the Museum of Art

ShallFuturo

SugestoI shall leave soon

Shall I open the window?

ShouldObrigao

Conselho, recomendao

Probabilidade

Concluso lgica

Every student should read this book

You should leave now if you want to take the bus

If he should call, let me know

John was in the United States. He should speak English well.

MustNecessidade

Obrigao

Concluso bviaPeople must eat in order to live

You must be back by 10 oclock

Its getting dark. It must be late.

Ought toObrigao

Concluso lgica

We ought to finish this work today

Our guests ought to be home by now

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Verb tenseTo be

Simple presentis/are

Present continuousis/are being

Present perfecthave/has been

Simple pastwas/were

Past continuouswas/ were being

Past perfecthad been

Simple futurewill be

Near futureis/are going to be

Future continuouswill be being

Future perfectwill have been

Simple conditionalwould be

Perfect conditionalwould have been

Modal verbsmay/can/must/should be

ought to be

VERB TENSEACTIVE VOICEPASSIVE VOICE

Simple presentHelen writes letters.Letters are written by Helen.

Present continuousShe is writing a letter now.A letter is being written now.

Present perfectShe has written letters.Letters has been written.

Simple pastHelen wrote a letter yesterday.A letter was written yesterday.

Past countinuousShe was writing a letter when I came.A letter was being written when I came.

Past perfectShe had written other letters before.Other letters had been written before.

Simple futureHelen will write a letter tomorrow.A letter will be written tomorrow.

Near futureShe is going to write a letter soon.A letter is going to be written soon.

Future continuousShe will be writing letters at this time tomorrow.Letters will be being written at this time tomorrow.

Future perfectBy ten oclock, she will have written two letters.By ten oclock, two letters will have been written.

Simple conditionalShe would write the letter if she wanted.The letter would be written if she had wanted.

Perfect conditionalShe would have written the letter if she had wanted.The letter would have been written if she had wanted.

Modal verbsShe may write the letters this morning.

She ought to write the letters today.The letters may be written this morning.

The letters ought to be written today.

Attention: THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES ARE NOT USED PASSIVELY.

CONJUNO

As conjunes podem ser classificadas:

a) Quanto forma:

Simples but, if, for, etc.

Composta as well as, even if, etc.

b) Quanto ao significado:

Temporais after, before, etc.

Causais because, for, etc.

Concessivas though, even if, etc.

etc,etc.

c) Quanto funo:

Coordenativas and, but

Subordinativas after, because, etc.

Conjunes comumente usadas:

AFTER depois que

The books will be sent to the library after I have read them.

ALTHOUGH/THOUGH embora

Although they arrived early, they could not buy the tickets.

AND e

He sold na apartment and bought a country house.

AS enquanto, visto que, como

His hands trambled as he spoke.

As it is raining, we can not go out.

You may go home now, as the lesson is over.

AS IF/AS THOUGH como se

He gives orders as if he were the master of the house.

He treated me as if I were a stranger.

AS WELL AS assim como, no s...mas tambm

Robert, as well as Smith, deserves punishment.

BECAUSE porque, devido a

He said he can not go because he is very busy.

BEFORE antes que

Look before you leap.

The rain started before they were ready.

BOTH...AND no s...mas tambm, tanto...como, ao mesmo tempo que

He both speaks and writes perfectly

Both he and his brother are good lawyers..

BUT mas, porm, sem que

He is young but sensible.

He could not open his mouth but the audience burst out laughing (burst into laugher).

EITHER...OR ou...ou, quer...quer

He will arrive either tomorrow or the day after tomorrow.

Either apologise or go away.

EVEN IF mesmo se, mesmo que, ainda que

I intended to go even if it rains.

FOR pois, porque

We must go, for it is late.

HOWEVER por mais...que, por muito...que, contudo, todavia

However late it is, he nay still come

However, I hope to find it tomorrow

He misjudge me, however I forgive him.

He, however, did his best to help us.

IF se

If you promise to come, I will wait for you.

I asked him if he would go.

If I shall have time, Ill call on you today.

LEST do contrrio, para que no

Take heed, lest you tumble down the stairs.

Command your temper lest it commands you.

NEITHER...NOR nem...nem

He drinks neither tea nor milk.

Neither he nor she will come.

He is neither clever nor studious.

NOR nem

He would not buy it nor would he accept it as a gift.

He doesnt think so, nor I(nor do I, nor I either).

NOW ora, pois bem, entretanto

Now they talk uninterruptedly for hours on end, how can they work?

OR ou, do contrrio

You must prove you are right , or apologize.

He must make up his mind today, or he will lose the opportunity.

SINCE visto que desde que

Since you dont like this model, Ill show you another.

What have you been doing since I last saw you (since I saw you last)?

SO assim, portanto

We were late for the train, so we must take a taxi.

As you make your bed so you must lie down.

SO THAT - a fim de que, de modo que

He preferred to work in the morning, so that he might be free in the afternoon.

THAN que, do que

You are taller than he (is).

He has more books than I (have).

THAT que, para que, a fim de que

I know that is impossible.

If he so insistently invited them it is that he really wants them to come.

He is so hoarse that we can hardly hear what he says.

He ran that he might arrive in time.

THEN alm disso

Our expenses will be very heavy: we will have to buy a great number of books, then well have to pay several debts.

THEREFORE portanto

It was raining, therefore they had to postpone the game.

He was not there, therefore he couldnt witness the accident.

UNLESS a menos que

I shall go unless it rains

Unless you study five hours a day you will not pass your examination.

UNTIL/TILL at que

Wait till (until) the day breaks.

WHEN quando

When I arrive I will write.

WHEREAS ao passo que, enquanto que

You didint work yesterday, whereas he worked till midnight

WHETHER se

I asked him whetherhe intended to travel this month.

WHETHER...OR se...ou, quer...quer

I wonder whether they will repent what they did.

WHILE enquanto, enquanto que, ao passo que

Remain standing while they sing.

YET contudo

He is extremely poor, yet he is as happy as a king.USOS:

* To show similarity:

similarly, likewise, in a similar manner, like, in the same way, analogously

* To compare or show contrast:

however, nevertheless, rather, whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, although, conversely, but, meanwhile, in contrast, after all, otherwise, alternatively.

* To express an alternative:

or, either . . . or, whether . . . or

* To express concession:

granted, naturally, of course, one may object that . . .

* To introduce a new point:

furthermore, moreover, in addition

* To place what you have just said in a particular context:

in this connection, in this perspective

* To add something:

and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, next, what is more, moreover, as well as, in addition, first (second, etc.), not only . . . but

* To prove your point:

because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, indeed, in fact, in any case, that is, demonstrably.

* To show cause and effect:

as a result, consequently, hence, due to, in view of, on account of, accordingly, for this reason, therefore.

* To give an example or an illustration:

for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, take the case of, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take another example, namely, that is, as shown by, as illustrated by, as expressed by.

* To repeat, insist and/or refer back to an earlier point:

as I have said, in brief, as I have noted, as suggested above, as has been noted

* To emphasize:

definitely, extremely, indeed, absolutely, positively, obviously, naturally, always, never, surprisingly, emphatically, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation, perenially, forever.

* To conclude a paragraph or an essay:

thus, lastly, in brief, in short, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have saidPREPOSIES

ABOUT sobre, a respeito de, em torno de, cerca de, por, devido a

They were talking about politics.

She wore pearls about her neck.

The show began about midnight.

We have been walking about the town all day.

They quarrel about trifles.

ABOVE sobre, por sobre, mais de, acima de, superior a

We were flying above the clouds

There were above fifty pupils in the classroom.

He is above suspicion.

A Major ranks above a Captain.

ACROSS de atravs, atravs de, no outro lado de, em contato com.

We swam across the river.

There is a restaurant across the avenue.

I came across this book yesterday.

AFTER depois de, aps, atrs de, em homenagem a, imitao de parecido com.

They left after dinner.

After a storm comes a calm.

The dog was running after the cat.

He was named Henry after his uncle.

He dances after the Indians.

He paints after Rubens.

He takes after his father.

AGAINST contra, em troca de junto a, em.

The boat sails against the current.

They voted against my proposal.

We took machinery against coffee.

Please, lean the ladder against the wall.

ALONG ao longo de, por

The horses galloped at full speed along the road.

AMID/AMIDST entre, no meio de com.

He was seen amid the throng.

They are amidst enemies.

AMONG/AMONGST entre, no meio de, com.

We are among(st) friends.

The Christmas gifts were divided among the children.

The one-eyed are kings among the blind.

AROUND ao redor de perto de, por, de um lugar para outro.

We planted a few trees around the house.

There is a shop around the corner.

We traveled around Europe for three months.

AT em a, (), ao, no, contra, para, de, com.

We are at home.

The china was sold at the auction.

Theyll soon be at liberty.

The car is at our disposal.

He is standing at the door.

He was at work when we arrived.

Hell go at midnight.

Hell come at noon.

The wreckage was at the bottom of the sea.

He shot at the target.

He was staying at the Stevens Hotel.

Theyll pay at the end of the month.

The tiger jumped at him.

The boy pointed at the woman.

I was looking at the picture.

We laughed at him.

The children were mocking at us.

I laughed at his jokes.

He is good at this game.

He was driving his car at 80 m.p.h.

We are selling these articles at a loss.

Dogs bark at strangers.

She stared at him.

We were surprised at seeing him.

BEFORE diante de, em frente de, na frente de, perante, antes de

They were sitting before the fireplace.

The tanks were seen before the infantry.

The poor and rich are alike before God.

The culprit appeared before a court of justice.

Hell arrive before noon.

BEHIND atrs de, detrs de, em apoio de, depois de

The broom is behind the door.

All his friends are behind him.

He came behind his hour.

BELOW abaixo de, para baixo de

The garage is below the ground floor.

He is below his schoolfellows.

It is the third shop below the post office.

BENEATH sob, abaixo de, inferior a

There was a bench beneath the tree.

His conduct is beneath contempt.

BESIDE ao lado de, fora de

There were two trees beside the house.

Your objection is beside the question.

BESIDES alm de, salvo, a no ser

He has a country house besides a flat in town.

There was nothing on the table besides a book.

BETWEEN entre

Our house stands between a lake and a wood.

Hell come between two and three oclock.

The profit was divided between the partners.

The secret will be kept between ourselves.

There was great friendship between them.

BEYOND alm de, para l de, depois de

There is a river beyond the hill.

That is far beyond my humble powers.

We wont stay there beyond autumn.

BUT seno, exceto.

He drank nothing but milk.

BY por, perto de, junto a ou de, ao longo de, beira de, margem de, a, com, durante, ao alcance de, mais de, cerca de

The goods will be sent by sea.

Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.

Well engage him by two months.

They were sitting by the window.

The room is fifteen feet by ten feet.

The book was sent by post.

He was paid by the week.

They were selected by mistake.

He is younger by three years.

Theyll arrive by five.

They always travel by night.

Well go by bus.

The house stood by the road.

He came by request of friends.

This engine is driven by electricity.

The flask was emptied drop by drop.

Ill go by your leave.

CONCERNING a respeito de

I received a letter concerning our business.DOWN abaixo

He runs down the road.

DURING duranteWe were at Nova Friburgo during the long vacation.

EXCEPT exceto

They all came, except my brother.

FOR para, por, durante, quanto a, em, devido a

Here is a present for you.

The ship sailed for the south.

Your letter will be a great pleasure for your father.

You are the man for this job.

He looks very young for his age.

Which is the train for So Paulo?

He left for Petropolis.

He traveled for the first time?

The house was not for sale.

This is easy for a boy.

Hell be taken as a spy.

He asked that just for fun.

We are waiting for an answer.

He works for money.

He was fighting for his ideals.

I bought this book for two dollars.

He has lived here for three years.

For my part, there will be no objection.

Ill vote for you.

They wept for joy.

FROM de, desde, contra

He cut a slice from the cake.

He jumped from the window.

He died from hunger.

I received this book from London.

The examples are translated from English.

He paints from nature.

Did you hear from your aunt?

We parted from him for a few months.

He read a quotation from Tennyson.

He quoted from memory.

He will soon be free from pain.

He wears spectacles to protect his eyes from the sun.

Hellwork frm eight oclock on.

The children were playing far from home.

IN em, dentro de, no meio de, a, de, com, para dentro de

He lives in Chicago.

I am weak in Mathematics.

The building will be ready in three days.

She has a flower in her hand.

I knew him when we were in the navy.

In my opinion he is right.

They are always in the country in summer.

The city was in ruins.

He writes in pencil.

This street in my time was quiet.

He is in the army.

Only in appearance.

From our window we saw the soldiers in the crowd.

Please, sign in ink.

She was dressed in blue.

The widow was in mourning.

He is in health.

The gate is ten feet in width.

He put his hands in his pockets.

INSIDE em, dentro de, para dentro de

The cars are already inside the garage.

They went inside the garden.

INTO em, para, para dentro de.

Please, divide the page into three parts.

This page was translated into Portuguese.

He jumped into the swimming pool.

He converted dollars into reais.

LIKE como

Drink like a fish.

Selep like a log.

NEAR prximo de, junto a, cerca de, quase

There is a school near our house.

Its near dinner-time.

NOTWITHSTANDING apesar de

Ill go notwithstanding his orders.

OF de, feito de, em, durante a

He is the president of our club.

What is the height of tis building.

He is reading a book of (about) birds.

He drank a glass of milk.

He got rid of his cold.

This man has nerves of iron.

I was informed of his abilities.

He is a boy of seven.

She is proud of his success.

He bought a can of beer.

He lost the lid of the box.

OFF de, for a de, para for a de, distncia de, afastado de, longe de, fora do alcance deTake the boxes off the table.

Come off the grass.

The ship was two miles off shore.

He fell off his horse.

The old castle is off the road.

He is off duty.

Keep off the propellers.

ON em, sobre, em cima de, a respeito de, em torno de, a, custa de, por conta de, por motivo de, de, contra, para, na direo de

He lives on the continent.

He hung the picture on the wall.

On August 25.

She has a ring on her finger.

The books are on the table.

He wrote a treatise on medicine.

The earth turns on an axis.

The house is on his right hand.

We rely on him.

He is on duty.

He came on purpose.

He will draw a check on the Banco do Brasil.

ONTO em, para cima de, sobre

The boy threw the ball onto the roof.

OUTSIDE for a de, do lado de for a de, alm dos limites de, exceto

There are three footsteps outside the door.

He had to go outside the city.

OVER sobre, por sobre, por cima de, acima de, mais de, no outro lado de, superior a, pelo espao de, durante, diante de

The sky is over our heads.

He jumped over the fence.

He glanced over the page.

He had water over his chest.

It costs over two hundred dollars.

It weights over three kilos.

They live in a castle over the river.

A capitain is over a lieutenant.

He reigned over a period of ten years.

PAST depois de, alm de

It was a quarter past midnight.

He arrived past the hour.

We went past the house.

REGARDING a respeito de, sobre

He wrote regarding his plans.

ROUND em volta de, por todo, em todas as direes.

He run round the tree.

He travelled round the world.

He looked round the room.

SAVING exceto

Nothing remained of the building, saving (=except) the outer walls.

SINCE desde, depois de

I have not seen him since last month.

Since your departure he has not come here.

THROUGH atravs de, durante, por, por entre, por meio de, por intermdio de, por causa de, devido a

He ran through the square.

He walked through the streets.

He studied through three years.

He marched through the enemies.

The letter was sent through a tourist.

They quarreled through a misunderstanding.

THROUGHOUT de um extremo ao outro, por todo.

He travelled throughout the country.

It will last throughout his life.

He walked throughout the house.

TILL, UNTIL at

Ill wait till the end of the month.

Until august theyll stay here.

TO a, para, para com, at, por, de, em comparao com, a ponto de, contra, sob, de acordo com

He is an exception to the rule.

They went to Germany.

He cannot attend to everything.

They work from morning to evening.

Two is to four as six is to twelve.

We should be kind to animals.

She was kind to her guests.

He read the article to the end.

He spent his savings to the last cent.

He was wet to the skin.

He took her to wife.

Its ten to three.

This is the key to your safe.

It was hot to suffocation.

Ill bet ten to one.

It was made to measure.

TOWARD(S) em direo a, para com, perto de, para, pouco antes.We were swimming towards the boat.

Well go towards the end of the year.

UNDER sob, debaixo de, abaixo de, inferior a, em, dentro de, com, ao p de, junto a, por menos de, em menos de, durante,no tempo de

The pencil is under the book.

The weight is under 10 kilos.

The car is under repair.

Under such conditions he would accept the invitation.

We were under his orders.

This matter is not under discussion.

He paid a fine under the terms of the contract.

He ran two hundred yards under twenty seconds.

UNDERNEATH sob, embaixo de, por baixo de

The river flows underneath a timber bridge.UNTO a, para, com

Do unto others as you would they should do unto you.

UP contra, para o interior de.

The boat was sailing upwind.

We were rowing up the stream.

We traveled fifty miles up the country.

UPON sobre, em

The bird perched upon a bough.

To rain upon the wet.

WITH com, de, contra, para, por, entre.

You can cut it with a knife.

He will come with his parents.

He spoke with his hands in his pockets.

He was shivering with cold.

It was made with water.

He parted with his friends.

We differ with your father.

He struggled with temptation.

With him health means wealth.

He is very popular with his colleagues.

He was received with a smile.

I wont do business wih him.

WITHIN dentro de, ao alcance de, dentro dos limites de, na medida de

The birds were flying within the aviary.

The ship was within sight.

He lives within his means.

Ill help him within my power.

The church is within five minutes of walk from here.

WITHOUT sem, fora de

He will come tomorrow without fail.

He read all the books without exception.

No rose without its prickle.

LOCUES PREPOSITIVAS

ACCORDING TO de acordo com

AHEAD OF frente de

AS FAR AS at

AS FOR quanto a

AS TO quanto a

AT THE BACK OF atrs de

AT THE BEGINNING OF no comeo de

AT THE BOTTOM OF no fundo de

AT THE CORNER OF no canto de, na esquina de.

AT THE END OF no fim de

AT THE SIDE OF ao lado de

BECAUSE OF devido a, por causa de.

BY DINT OF fora de, a poder de, por meio de

BY MEANS OF por meio de, mediante

CLOSE TO junto a

FOR THE SAKE OF em ateno a, por amor de, devido a

IN AGREEMENT WITH de acordo com, em acordo com.

IN BEHALF OF em favor de, no interesse de, para bem de

IN FRONT OF em frente de, diante de

IN KEEPING WITH em harmonia com, em conformidade com.

IN ORDER TO afim de

IN SPITE OF apesar de, a despeito de

INSTEAD OF em lugar de, ao invs de

ON ACCOUNT OF devido a

ON BEHALF OF em nome de, da parte de

OUT OF sem, fora de, por, entre, dentre.

SO AS TO afim de

TOGETHER WITH juntamente com, assim como, bem como.

UP TO at

WITH REFERENCE TO com referncia a, com respeito a.

WITH REGARDING TO quanto aADJECTIVES

SIZE

1. average

2. big

3. fat

4. giant

5. great

6. huge

7. immense

8. large

9. little

10. long

11. massive

12. short

13. small

14. tall

15. tiny

TOUCH

16. broken

17. cold

18. cool

19. damaged

20. damp

21. dirty

22. dry

23. dusty

24. filthy

25. wet

SHAPE

26. broad

27. curved

28. deep

29. flat

30. high

31. low

32. narrow

33. round

34. shallow

35. square

36. straight

37. wide

TIME

38. brief

39. early

40. fast

41. late

42. long

43. modern

44. old

45. old-fashioned

46. quick

47. rapid

48. short

49. slow

50. young

QUANTITY

51. abundant

52. empty

53. few

54. heavy

55. light

56. many

57. numerous

SOUND

58. deafening

59. high-pitched

60. loud

61. mute

62. noisy

63. quiet

64. silent

65. soft

66. thundering

67. voiceless

TASTE/TOUCH

68. bitter

69. delicious

70. fresh

71. juicy

72. ripe

73. rotten

74. salty

75. sour

76. strong

77. sweet

78. tasteless

79. tasty

80. thirsty

81. greasy

82. hard

83. hot

84. icy

85. loose

86. melted

87. plastic

88. rainy

89. rough

90. sharp

91. shivering

92. silky

93. slippery

94. smooth

95. soft

96. solid

97. steady

98. sticky

99. tender

100. tight

101. weak

102. wet

103. wooden

FEELINGS (BAD)

104. afraid

105. angry

106. annoyed

107. anxious

108. arrogant

109. ashamed

110. awful

111. bad

112. bored

113. combative

114. confused

115. cruel

116. dangerous

117. defiant

118. depressed

119. disgusted

120. disturbed

121. envious

122. foolish

123. frantic

124. frightened

125. helpless

126. hungry

127. hurt

128. ill

129. lonely

130. nervous

131. repulsive

132. selfish

133. sore

134. tense

135. terrible

136. thoughtless

137. tired

138. upset

139. uptight

140. weary

141. wicked

142. worried

FEELINGS (GOOD)

143. agreeable

144. amused

145. brave

146. calm

147. charming

148. cheerful

149. comfortable

150. cooperative

151. determined

152. eager

153. elated

154. energetic

155. excited

156. fair

157. faithful

158. fantastic

159. fine

160. funny

161. gentle

162. glorious

163. good

164. happy

165. healthy

166. helpful

167. kind

168. lively

169. perfect

170. pleasant

171. relieved

172. successful

173. thoughtful

174. zealous

CONDITION

175. alive

176. brainy

177. breakable

178. busy

179. careful

180. cautious

181. clever

182. concerned

183. crazy

184. curious

185. dead

186. different

187. difficult

188. doubtful

189. easy

190. famous

191. fragile

192. helpful

193. helpless

194. important

195. impossible

196. innocent

197. inquisitive

198. modern

199. open

200. outstanding

201. poor

202. powerful

203. puzzled

204. real

205. rich

206. shy

207. sleepy

208. stupid

209. super

210. uninterested

211. wild

212. wrong

APPEARANCE

213. adorable

214. alert

215. average

216. beautiful

217. blonde

218. bloody

219. bright

220. clean

221. clear

222. cloudy

223. colorful

224. crowded

225. cute

226. dark

227. distinct

228. dull

229. elegant

230. filthy

231. graceful

232. grotesque

233. homely

234. light

235. motionless

236. muddy

237. plain

238. shiny

239. spotless

240. stormy

241. strange

242. ugly

243. unusual

ADJETIVOS

Os adjetivos em ingls no flexionam em gnero e nmero.

SingularA kind gentleman

A kind lady

Plural

Kind gentlemen

Kind ladies

POSIO DOS ADJETIVOS

O adjetivo precede o substantivo que est modificando.

The poor little man has gone away.

Sua posio muda quando exerce a funo de predicativo do sujeito ou do objeto.

Im thirsty and hungry.

The jury considered the farmer innocent.

s vezes, usamos dois ou mais adjetivos juntos:

My brother lives in a nice new house.

In the kitchen there was a beautiful large round wooden table.

Adjetivos como new/large/round/wooden so adjetivos de fato. Eles nos fornecem informaes factuais sobre a idade, tamanho, cor, etc.

Adjetivos como nice/beautiful so adjetivos de opinio. Eles nos informam o que algum pensa de algo ou algum.

opinioFato

aniceLongsummer day

an interestingYoungperson

adeliciousHotvegetabel soup

abeautifullarge round woodentable

s vezes, usamos dois ou mais adjetivos de fato juntos. Geralmente (mas nem sempre) colocamos os adjetivos de fato nesta ordem:

1) tamanho (how big?);

2) idade (how old?);

3) cor (what colo(u)r?);

4) procedncia (whre from?);

5) matria do qual feito (what is it made of?) SUBST.

A tall young man

Big blue eyes.

A small black plastic bag.

A large wooden table.

An old Russian song.

An old white cotton shirt.

Adjetivos de tamanho e comprimento, como big/small/tall/short/long, geralmente vm antes dos adjetivos de forma e largura, como round/fat/thin/slim//wide.

A large round table.

A tall thin girl.

A long narrow road.

Quando h duas ou mais cores, usamos and:

A black and white dress.

A red, white and green flag.

COMPARAO DOS ADJETIVOS

GRAU COMPARATIVO

Igualdade

asas (to/tantocomo/quanto)

Prejudice is as old as human beings.

Negative form: not so/asas

He did not feel so/as hopefulas his wife.

Inferioridade

lessthan (menos(do) que)

Your work is less satisfactory than your friends.

Superioridade

Antes de estabelecermos uma comparao indicando superioridade, necessrio observarmos o nmero de slabas do adjetivo em questo.

Adjetivos de uma slaba: sufixo er...than

rich ( richer than

hot ( hotter than (dobra-se a consoante final)

fine ( finer than

dry ( drier than

grey ( greyer than

Adjetivos de duas slabas com a terminao y, er, ow, le: sufixo er... than

happy ( happier than

clever ( cleverer than

simple ( simpler than

shallow ( shallower than

Adjetivos de duas slabas com outras terminaes: more ...thanhuman ( more human than

Adjetivos com mais de duas slabas: more ...thanintelligent ( more intelligent

GRAU SUPERLATIVO

Enquanto o comparativo usado para comparar dois elementos ou dois grupos, o superlativo usado para destacar um elemento ou um grupo no meio de vrios.

All this is happening in the richest and freest country in the world.

A formao do grau superlativo obedece a regras semelhantes s do comparativo de superioridade.

Adjetivos de uma slaba: -estrich ( the richest

hot ( the hottest

fine ( the finest

dry ( the driest

grey ( the grayest

Adjetivos de duas slabas com a terminao y, er, ow e le: -esthappy ( the happiest

clever ( the cleverest

simple ( the simplest

shallow ( the shallowest

Adjetivos de duas slabas com outras terminaes: the mosthuman ( the most human

Adjetivos com mais de duas slabas: the mostintelligent ( the most intelligent

COMPARAES IRREGULARES

adjetivoComparativo de superioridadesuperlativo

goodbetterthe best

bad/illworsethe worst

much/manymorethe most

littlelessthe least

farfarther/furtherthe farthest/furthest

latelater/latterthe latest/last

little less the least: com substantivos no singular.

few fewer the fewest: com substantives no plural.We not only had fewer things but less money as well.

far (longe, distante)

farther the farthest: referem-se distncia espacial.

Im too tired. I cant go farther.

further the furthest: significam: mais, adicional (quantidade)The policed received further information about the gangster.

late (tardio, atrasado)

later (mais tarde, mais atrasado)

the latest (mais recente)

He is always been later than the other students to hand in homeworks.

Have you read Jorge Amados latest book?

the latter (posterior, mencionado em segundo lugar)

the last (ltimo)

The last book I read was about the latter half of the twentieth century.

I. No quadro abaixo se encontram os opostos das palavras. Relacione-as.

fast hot tall expensive dirty noisy - clean light interesting dangerous comfortable modern beautiful high old healthy good - big rich a) small

b) poor

c) ugly

d) polluted

e) old-fashioned/old

f) cold

g) short

h) heavy

i) boring

j) new/young

k) uncomfortable

l) bad

m) clean

n) slow

o) low

p) safe

q) unhealthy

r) cheap

s) quiet

II. Complete o quadro.

AdjectiveSuperiority Comparative FormMeaning

near

clean

cold

rich

young

heavy

dirty

noisy

healthy

hot

fat

big

thin

beautiful

interesting

boring

comfortable

difficult

dangerous

expensive

modern

III. Traduza.

a) So Paulo is the biggest city in Latin-America.

b) The Rio-Niteri bridge is the longest bridge in Brazil.

c) Rio de Janeiro is the most exciting city in Brazil.

d) Rolls Royce is the most expensive car in the world.

a)

b)

c)

d)

IV. Complete o quadro.

AdjectiveSuperlativeMeaning

polluted

interesting

beautiful

exciting

dangerous

V. Complete o quadro.

AdjectiveSuperiority Comparative FormSuperlative

UglyUglierThe ugliest

BadThe worst

The fattest

Hot

Heavier

goodThe best

youngYounger

Big

Newer

ADVRBIOS

ADVRBIOS COM DUAS FORMAS E SIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES

Near perto

He came near.

Nearly = almost quase

He nearly died.

High alto

Its flying high.

Highly muito

She was highly admired.

Hard rduo

He works hard.

Hardly = barely mal, quase no

He hardly works.

Wide totalmente

Our eyes were wide open.

Widely bastante

They differed widely.

Late tarde

He arrived late.

Lately ultimamente

I havent seen him lately.

TIPOS DE ADVRBIOS

Manner (modo) fast, carefully, easily, etc.

Place (lugar) here, there, everywhere, etc.

Time (tempo) yesterday, now, today, etc.

Frequency (frequncia) always, never, usually, etc.

Degree (intensidade) very, too, quite, etc.

POSIO DOS ADVRBIOS

Modo: geralmente no fim da orao.sujeitoverboobjetoadvrbio de modo

Shecan speakEnglishFluently

JohnworksHard

Lugar: geralmente no fim da orao.sujeitoverboobjetoadvrbio de lugar

SheputitOn the table

TheyareAt home

Tempo: podem aparecer no inicio ou fim da orao.advrbio de temposujeitoverboobjetoadvrbio de tempo

YesterdayIsawhim

I sawhimYesterday

Frequncia (tempo indefinido): so colocados:

a) antes do verbo principal;

b) depois do verbo auxiliar.sujeitoverbo auxiliaradvrbio de frequnciaverbo principalobjeto

YouNeverstudyyour lessons

DavidhasAlwayslivedin Mexico

Sue isSeldomat home

Intensidade: geralmente aparecem diante da palavra (adjetivo, advrbio ou verbo) que modificam.She can hardly walk. (verbo)

We are deeply sorry. (adjetivo)

She dances very well. (advrbio)

POSIO ESPECIAL DOS ADVRBIOS

Quando tivermos os trs tipos de advrbios (ou locues adverbiais) modo, lugar e tempo numa mesma orao, eles seguiro a seguinte ordem: modo, lugar e tempo.

Paul did his tasks fast in the office this morning.

Entretanto, com verbos de deslocamento (go, leave, travel, etc.) a posio dos advrbios a seguinte: lugar, modo e tempo.

They left for Italy by plane last week.

COMPARAO DOS ADVRBIOS

Igualdade: asas

She danced as gracefully as the other dancers.

Negativa: not so/asas

She didint dance so/as gracefully as the other dancers.

Inferioridade: lessthan

He drives less carefully than the others drivers I know.

Comparativo de superioridade e superlativo

advrbios de uma slaba

hard harder hardest

He ran faster than he should.

advrbios de duas ou mais slabas.

Carefully more carefully most carefully

He played the piano more beautifully than the other.

IRREGULAR COMPARISONS

Well better best

Badly worse worst

Certos adjetivos e advrbios tm a mesma forma:

So eles:

Fast

Hard

Fine

Low

Loud

High

Late

Early

Straight

Lon

SUFIXOS FORMADORES DE ADJETIVOS1. Os sufixos ful e less.

O sufixo ful forma adjetivos de substantivos, significando cheio de ou que tem.

Faith faithful (fiel)

Use useful (til)

alguns desses mesmos substantivos formam adjetivos com o significado exatamente oposto, pelo acrscimo do sufixo less.

Faith faithless (infiel)

Use useless (intil)

Uma quantidade razovel de palavras admite ambos os sufixos.

Harmful (prejudicial) Harmless (inofensivo)

Thankful (agradecido) thankless (ingrato)

No entanto, h palavras que s admitem um dos sufixos.

Frightful (assustador), mas no frightless.

Noiseless (silencioso), mas no noiseful.

Forme adjetivos derivados das palavras dadas, usando os sufixos

-ful

forget

mind

success

wonder

-less

aim

end

motion

price

-full e less

care

help

meaning

power

2. O sufixo able (-ible) acrescentado a verbos ou substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando que pode ser

Avoidable que pode ser evitado (avoided), isto , evitvel.

Considerable que pode ser considerado (considered), isto , considervel.

Permissible que pode ser permitido (permitted), isto , permissvel.

OBS: a forma ible j est incorporada a algumas palavras inglesas. Exemplos: possible, visible, legible.Acrescente os sufixos able ou ible s palavras dadas, empregando os sufixos indicados e fazendo as mudanas ortogrficas necessrias.

-able

apply

calculate

compute

predict

reason

-ible

Access

Contempt

Convert

Defend

Divide

3. Os sufixos y e ly geralmente so acrescentados a substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando que tem a qualidade ou a aparncia de

Grease greasy

Salt salty

Father fatherly

Week weekly

Forme adjetivos derivados das palavras indicadas, usando os sufixos

-y

mud

oil

rust

sun

-ly

cost

day

friend

year

4. O sufixo ive acrescentado a verbos para formar os adjetivos correspondentes

To destroy destructive

To relate relative

Numere a coluna B de acordo com a coluna A, relacionando os adjetivos aos verbos.

A

1. accumulate

2. act

3. cause

4. compare

5. construct

6. describe

7. effect

8. exceed

9. expand

10. explode

11. extent

12. imagine

13. produce

14. select

B

causative

cumulative

explosive

active

effective

selective

expansive

excessive

comparative

descriptive

constructive

imaginative

extensive

productive

5. Os sufixos like, -some e worthy.

o sufixo like acrescentado a substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando pessoas ou animais (e s vezes, objetos) que se parecem com ou que tem as caractersticas de

Box boxlike

Cat catlike

o sufixo some acrescentado a verbos ou substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando que causam ou provocam

tire tiresome

O sufixo worthy acrescentado a substantivos para formar adjetivos, significando dignos de ou adequados a

praise praiseworthy

Forme adjetivos das palavras dadas, usando os sufixos

-like

businness

dog

lady

-some

fear

love

trouble

-worthy

note

respect

trust

6. o sufixo ous acrescentado a substantivos abstratos para formar os adjetivos correspondentes.

Ambition ambitious

Error erroneous

Virtue vituous

7. O sufixo ed acrescentado a substantives ou sintagmas nominais para formar adjetivos, significando feitos de ou tendo a aparncia ou as caractersticas de

Point pointed

blue eyes blue-eyed

8. Os sufixos ed e ing so acrescentados a verbos para formar adjetivos, o primeiro significando o que recebe a ao do verbo correspondente, e o ltimo o que realiza a ao do verbo correspondente.

Charmed (encantada) charming (encantadora) do verbo to charm

Frightened (assustado) frightening (assustador) do verbo to frighten

Relaxed (relaxado) relaxing (relaxante) do verbo to relaxSUFIXOS FORMADORES DE SUBSTANTIVOS.

1. Os sufixos mais comuns que formam substantivos de verbos so er, -or e ar, que significam a pessoa ou coisa que faz ou que est relacionada com.

worker do verbo to work (trabalhar)

navigator do verbo to navigate (navegar)

liar do verbo to lie (mentir)

EXERCCIO.

Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos indicados, empregando os sufixos:

-er

to program

to read

to research

to start

to transmit

-or

to calculate

to conduct

to govern

to investigate

to react

-ar

to beg

2. Os sufixos ist e -(i)an tambm so usados para indicar a pessoa por associao a certas coisas e lugares.

O sufixo ist indica uma pessoa que estuda ou se aplica a

Geology (geologia) um geologist (gelogo)

science um

biology um

chemistry um

anthropology um

psychology um

archeology um

ecology um

agronomy um

physics um

a person who analyzes is an

a person who is specialized in a branch of work, study or other activity is a

a person who applies the study of economics is an

O sufixo (i)an indica uma pessoa que estuda e se aplica a:

Mathematics (matemtica) um mathematician (matemtico)

Statistics um

Obstetrics um

Politics um

Music um

Electricity um

Excees:

Uma pessoa que se aplica aos estudos de

Engineering um engineer

Architecture um architect

Medicine um doctor ou physician.

3. O sufixo ion (-ation, -ition) forma substantivos de verbos, significando o processo de ou o resultado do processo de.action to act (agir/atuar)

addition to add (adicionar)

application to apply (aplicar)

Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos dados, pelo acrscimo dos sufixos indicados.

-ionto construct

to relate

to select

-ationto compute

to observe

to specialize

-ition

to define

to recognize

to transmit

4. As terminaes ment, -ance e ence tambm so acrescentadas a verbos para formar substantivos que significam a ao de ou o resultado da ao de.development to develop (desenvolver)

performance to perform (desempenhar)

residence to reside (residir)

Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos indicados:

-mentto arrange

to commit

to improve

-ance

to assist

to attend

to resist

-enceto interfere

to occur

to refer

5. Os sufixos al e age so igualmente usados para formar substantivos derivados de verbos com o significado de o ato de ou o resultado do ato de.

removal to remove (remover)

reversal to reverse (inverter)

drainage to drain (drenar)

Forme substantivos derivados dos verbos dados, usando os sufixos

-alto approve

to refuse

to renew

-ageto marry

to pass

to store6. Os sufixos let, -ette, e y formam diminutivos de substantivos.

book booklet (livrete)

cigar cigarrette (c