Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Ontology Building Process: The Wine Domain
João Graça, Márcio Mourão, Orlando Anunciação, Pedro Monteiro, H. Sofia Pinto, and Virgílio Loureiro
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Summary
• Context• Ontology• Wine Domain• Existing Wine Ontologies • Ontology Building Process
– Knowledge acquisition– Conceptualization– Evaluation– Formalization
• Future work
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Context
• Project for a Post-Graduate Course– Building an Ontology
• Team– 4 students from Artificial Intelligence area
• Theoretical knowledge• No prior practical experience
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Ontology
• What is an ontology– Concepts of a domain represented as:
• Classes - collection of individuals
• Instances – individuals
– Concepts are hierarchically organized• subclass, instance-of
– Other domain dependent relations• produced-in, producer, produced-by
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Wine Domain
• Type classified according to three main dimensions– Wine making process
• White, Rosé and Red
– Grape maturity state
– Fermentation process
WineAccordingMaturityState
Unripe Mature OverMature
WineAccordingFermentation
Sweet
Sparkling
Table
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Wine
• Classification– Wine dimensions
• Wine type (process, maturity, fermentation)
– Grape variety
– Harvesting year
– Producer
– Region
• Classification System– European: Defines requirements for a wine
– Rest of the World: Producer asserts the quality of the wine
• Characteristics– Measurable: alcohol percentage, tannin level and degree of acidity
– Ambiguous: vision, aroma and flavor
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Existing Wine Ontologies
• Noy and McGuinness, 2001– Mismatches between concepts and relations acquired and
represented• Ex: Dessert Wines
– Lack of restrictions• Red wine with white grapes is possible
• Conclusion– A new ontology to be built from scratch
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Ontology Building Process
• Knowledge Acquisition• Conceptualization• Evaluation• Formalization
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Knowledge Acquisition
• First Stage– Sources: Books and Internet
• Unstructured information
• Different definitions for the same concept
– Result• A glossary
• A general view about the domain
• Second Stage– Found a Wine Domain Expert
• Structured interviews
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Conceptualization (first stage)
• Conceptual model based on First Stage– Brainstorming into a Blackboard
– Attempt to create a model from concepts
– General Conceptual Model
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Conceptualization (second stage)
• First stage conceptual model evaluated by the Expert– Introduction of abstract concepts – Removal of very specific concepts– New simpler conceptual model
• Covers about 90% of the Domain
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Formalization
• OntoEdit– Proprietary tool– Beta Tester Program
• Concepts– Classes & Instances
• Relations between concepts– Attribute values of classes were restricted
• Impossible to create a red wine with only white grapes
• Impossible to assign a French region to a Portuguese wine
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Results
• OntoEdit has a built in Inference Engine: Ontobroker– Queries represented in F-Logic:– Auxiliar predicate:
FORALL Wine,Year, GrapeVariety hasGrapeVarietyYear(Wine,Year, GrapeVariety) <- Wine:#Wine[#hasYear»Year], Wine[#hasGrapeVariety‑» GrapeVariety].
- Query – Select all grapes that were used in wines from the year 2001FORALL Wine,GrapeVariety <- hasGrapeVarietyYear (Vinho,2001,Casta).
Wine GrapeVariety
Quinta de Roriz Tinto Reserva 2001 Touriga Nacional
Quinta de Roriz Tinto Reserva 2001 Tinta Roriz
Quinta do Cotto Tinto 2001 Touriga Nacional
Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa
Future Work
• Refine the ontology
• Wine advisory system– Dialogue system
• Increase the knowledge base
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