Post on 08-Feb-2018
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Drescoe, 4::?
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@e`gs Ohtlrhemogheos `l Metecgkeg he Zudcomeg (MOZ)(Miere Dresoclore `g Covrg, ]Z, Dresoc)
Gcovlore, Aedgce `l.
OHILP2 5:: ehgs `l iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc2 5?:?-4::? 9 OHILP2
5:: ylers ga iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc / Aedgce `l Gcovlore.
-- Drescoe, @A2 OHILP, 4::?.
54: p.
5. Iltlgrgcgkoe fostroe Dresoc. O. Ptucg.
Mgpyrokft
Ohstotutg Hemoghec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe
Zlsquose Dodcogkrstme l Omghgkrstme
]ulclhe Mgste Dreke Mglcfg
Ieroe Plrlzohfe Kecfer`g `l Mestrg
Essostlhtl `l Zlsquose
Lcozedltl Ngdeyesfo
Qlrsg li OhkcsDermcey Tgdlrt Mclilsfe
Zrgbltg Krstmg, L`otgreg l Mepe
]porec Mgiuhomeg
Oiprlssg Gslt
Krstme ]ehte L`wokls
::-::: M@\
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Egs auhmoghrogs, iltlgrgcgkostes, gdslrve`grls, lh-klhflorgs, tmhomgs l `oroklhtls `g OHILP qul f 5::ehgs vi tredecfeh`g `outurheilhtl he prlvosg `gtlipg hg Dresoc.
@l`ometl` tg OHILPs lipcgylls, iltlgrgcgkosts,gdslrvlrs, lhkohllrs, tlmfhomoehs eh` `orlmtgrs wfg agr tfl
pest 5:: ylers fevl dllh wgrnohk `eocy agr wletflr agrlmestoh Drezoc.
@l`ometroe@l`ometgry
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]uirog
]uiiery 1 Eprlslhteg / Agrlwgr`
6 Zrlamog / Zrlaeml
5: Ohtrg`ug / Ohtrg`umtogh
5< Meptucg 5 / Mfeptlr 5
@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e Iltlgrgcgkoe MolhtstmeArgi tfl Lercolst Poils tg ]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
4? Meptucg 4 / Mfeptlr 4
E Oipcehteg g ]lrvog l Zrlvosg l PlipgPfl Oipclilhtetogh ga tfl [letflr Agrlmestohk ]lrvoml
0= Meptucg = / Mfeptlr =
E Eipcoeg `e Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Plrrotrog DresoclorgPfl Lxpehsogh ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Eprlslhteg
Agrlwgr`
G Ohstotutg Hemoghec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe mflke eg mlh-
tlhrog etohkoh`g ohqulstoghvlc lvgcug tlmhgckome
l queco`e`l `l prlvosg `g tlipg l `g mcoie. Li 4::?,
g ohstotutg evehgu hg sostlie `l ighotgreilhtg `eetigsalre, mgi e oipcehteg `l
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Eprlslhteg
Agrlwgr`
Eg mgipclter 5:: ehgs, g Ohstotutg tli mgig `l-
sestg g lstedlclmoilhtg `g Mlhtrg Qortuec `l Ighotg-
reilhtg, Zrlvosg l Eclrte `l Lvlhtgs Iltlgrgckomgs
]lvlrgs hes Tlkols ]uc l ]u`lstl, dli mgig Hgrtl lHgr`lstl `e Eirome `g ]uc, li permlroe mgi gs slrvo-
gs `l iltlgrgcgkoe `gs pesls vozohfgs l mgi g epgog
`e Grkehozeg Iltlgrgckome Iuh`oec, `e Ekhmoe Ls-
tetec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe `e Lspehfe l `e Iltlgarehml.
E eg mggr`lhe`e lhtrl gs pesls qul lstg sgd gs
ilsigs alhilhgs iltlgrgckomgs l mcoitomgs eu-
ilhte e queco`e`l `es prlvosls, plriotl ieogr igho-
tgreilhtg `gs alhilhgs l ilcfgr ertomuceg lhtrl
es `lalses movos `gs pesls lhvgcvo`gs.
Essoi, g Ohstotutg Hemoghec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe mgipcl-te 5:: ehgs mgig uie ohstotuog ig`lrhe, mghstvlc l
rlsplote`e hg Dresoc l hg lxtlrogr. Qostg mgig rlalrhmoe
`l ]lrvog Hemoghec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe l `lsliplhfeh-
`g peplc rlclvehtl buhtg eg kgvlrhg, g Ohstotutg mghtro-
duo `l agrie sokhostmetove pere es pgctomes `l `lslhvgc-
voilhtg sustlhtvlc `g Zes.
Lste gdre `gmuilhte sue fostroe l lhmfl `l gr-
kucfg gs qul `lce pertomopei l gs qul `loxerei slu
clke`g.
[grc` Iltlgrgcgkomec Grkehozetogh, ga tfl ]pehosf ]tetlIltlgrgcgkomec Eklhmy eh` Iltlgarehml.
Pfl mggr`ohetl` emtogh ga mguhtrols wfomf sulr tflseil iltlgrgcgkomec eh` mcoietl rlkoils ohmrleslstfl quecoty ga agrlmests, eccgws dlttlr ighotgrohk ga tfl
pflhgilhe eh` oiprgvl` mggr`ohetogh dltwllh tfl movoc`lalhsl grkehozetoghs ga tfl mguhtrols ohvgcvl`.
Oh tfos wey, tfl Hetoghec Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgkymgipcltls 5:: ylers es e ig`lrh ohstotutogh, rlcoedcl eh`rlsplmtl` oh Drezoc eh` edrge`. ]llh es e rlalrlhml eighkstHetoghec Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvomls eh` pceyohk e rlclvehtrgcl oh rlsplmt tg tfl kgvlrhilht, tfl Ohstotutl ienlse sokhostmeht mghtrodutogh tg tfl pgcomols ga susteohedcl`lvlcgpilht ga tfl mguhtry.
Pfos wgrn `gmuilhts ots stgry eh` stccs wotf pro`l tfgsl
wfg pertomopetl oh ots emtovotols eh` tfgsl wfg fevl clat ottflor clkemy.
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Zrlamog
Zrlaeml
Uueh`g g Ohstotutg Hemoghec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe (OH-ILP) ago mroe`g, li 56 `l hgvlidrg `l 5?:?, es rl`ls`l gdslrvels `e Ierohfe l `g Plckreag Hemoghecmghstotuei e desl pere es prlvosls `g tlipg l gs evo-sgs lhtg `oroko`gs egs hevlkehtls l egs ekromuctgrls.Fevoe ui cghkg l aesmohehtl meiohfg `l `lsmgdlrtesl mghstrug `g mghflmoilhtg e slr plrmgrro`g, dlimgig `l ohmgrpgreg `l hgves tlmhgcgkoes qul eplr-alogerei gs ilmehosigs `l mgclte, prgmlsseilhtg,prlvosg l `ovuckeg `gs prg`utgs iltlgrgckomgs.
Eg cghkg `l slu plrmursg, e Ohstotuog eipcogu sueburos`og pere `lz `ostrotgs iltlgrgckomgs l mghstruoug ieogr emlrvg `l `e`gs mcoietgckomgs `g Dresoc. Zes-sgu pgr vroes lstrutures l `lhgiohels, kehfeh`g,plr`lh`g l rlmuplreh`g eutghgioe l prlstkog. Li
tg`es lces, mghtgu mgi prgstssogheos `l vecgr, iuotgs`gs queos lhkreh`lmlrei e iltlgrgcgkoe dresoclore, `lo-xeh`g sokhostmetove mghtroduog pere autures klrels lprgblteh`g e Ohstotuog hg Zes l hg lxtlrogr.
Es ohagriels iltlgrgckomes l mcoietgckomes prg-`uzo`es l `ossliohe`es plcg OHILP sg epcome`es lirles `l kreh`l oipgrthmoe lmghiome l sgmoec `g Zes
[flh tfl Hetoghec Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky (OHILP)wes mrletl`, gh Hgvlidlr 56, 5?:?, tfl Hevy gdslrvohk hl-twgrn eh` tfl Hetoghec Plclkrepf agril` tfl desos agr tflwletflr agrlmests, eh` werhohks wlrl eoil` et seocgrs eh`aerilrs. Pflrl wes e cghk eh` aesmohetohk petf ga `osmgvlryeh` nhgwcl`kl duoc`ohk tg dl agccgwl`, es wlcc es tfl ohmgr-
pgretogh ga hlw tlmfhgcgkols plralmtohk tfl ilmfehosisga mgcclmtogh, prgmlssohk, agrlmestohk eh` `ossliohetogh gailtlgrgcgkomec prg`umts.
Oh `ul mgursl, tfl Ohstotutogh lxtlh`l` ots buros`omtogh tgtlh iltlgrgcgkomec `ostromts eh` mghstrumtl` tfl igst lx-tlhsovl mgcclmtogh ga mcoietgcgkomec ete oh Drezoc. Ot sulrl`verogus mfehkls oh strumturl eh` `lhgiohetogh, keohohk,cggsohk eh` rlmgvlrohk eutghgiy eh` prlstokl. Oh ecc ots agr-is ot mguc` mguht gh vecuedcl prgalssoghecs, iehy ga wfgi
clht prlstokl tg Drezocoeh iltlgrgcgky, clevohk dlfoh` e sok-hostmeht mghtrodutogh tg auturl klhlretoghs eh` e``ohk tgtfl aeil ga tfl Ohstotutogh dgtf oh Drezoc eh` edrge`.
Pfl iltlgrgcgkomec eh` mcoietgcgkomec ohagrietogh prg-`uml` eh` ossliohetl` dy OHILP os eppcol` oh erles ga krl-et lmghgiom eh` sgmogcgkomec oipgrtehml tg tfl Mguhtry,erles sumf es aeriohk, movoc `lalhsl, lmgcgky, wetlr rlsgur-
Ehtghog @ovohg Igure@orltgr `g OHILP@orlmtgr ga OHILP
Agtg2OHILP
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Zrlamog
Zrlaeml
mgig ekrgplmuroe, `lalse movoc, lmgcgkoe, rlmursgs f`ro-mgs, lhlrkoe, se`l pdcome, hevlkeg erle l iertoie,oh`stroe, turosig, lhtrl gutres.
rkg `g Iohostrog `e Ekromucture, Zlmuroe l Edes-tlmoilhtg, `ls`l slu hesml`gurg, l rlprlslhtehtl plr-iehlhtl `g Dresoc buhtg Grkehozeg IltlgrgckomeIuh`oec, ekhmoe lsplmoecoze`e `es Hels \ho`es, gOhstotutg tli e iossg `l prgvlr ohagriels iltlgrg-ckomes mghstvlos sgmol`e`l dresoclore l `l mghtroduor`l agrie mghstrutove pere g `lslhvgcvoilhtg sustlht-vlc `g pes.
Lhtrl sues mghquostes etueos `lstemei-sl e sokhost-metove lxtlhsg `l sue rl`l mgi e e`og `l lstelsiltlgrgckomes eutgitomes, e eipcoeg `l slu perqulmgiputemoghec, e e`gg `l ig`lrhes tmhomes `l prl-
vosg `g tlipg l `g mcoie l e kerehtoe `l ui lclve`ghvlc `l setosaeg `l slus usurogs, plce lxmlchmoe `esohagriels iltlgrgckomes qul `ospghodocoze.
Lste gdre rlskete l `gmuilhte e fostroe mlhtlhroe`g OHILP. ]ohtg-il fghre`g l grkucfgsg `l slr pertl`lste fostroe l ekre`lg e tg`gs gs qul mghtrodurei lmghtroduli pere slu sumlssg.
mls, lhlrky, pudcom flectf, ierohl hevoketogh eh` evoetogh,oh`ustry eh` tgurosi, eighk gtflrs.
Eh grkeh ga tfl Iohostry ga Ekromucturl lvlr sohml otsmghmlptogh, eh` plriehlht rlprlslhtetovl ga Drezoc oh tfl[grc` Iltlgrgcgkomec Grkehozetogh, eh eklhmy ga tfl \ho-tl` Hetoghs, tfl Ohstotutls iossogh os tg prgvo`l rlcoedcl il-tlgrgcgkomec ohagrietogh tg Drezocoeh sgmolty, eh` tg ienl emghstrumtovl mghtrodutogh tg tfl susteohedcl `lvlcgpilhtga tfl mguhtry.
Eighkst ots rlmlht mghqulsts lipfesos sfguc` dl kovlhtg tfl sokhoaomeht krgwtf oh ots hltwgrn wotf tfl e``otoghga eutgietom iltlgrgcgkomec stetoghs, tfl oiprgvlilht ohots mgiputetoghec aemocotols, tfl e`gptogh ga ig`lrh tlmf-hoquls ga wletflr eh` mcoietl agrlmestohk, eh` tfl kue-rehtll ga e fokf `lkrll ga setosaemtogh oh ots mcolhts, es e
rlsuct ga tfl lxmlcclhml ga tfl iltlgrgcgkomec ohagrietoghtfet ot prgvo`ls.
Pfos dggn rlmeccs tfl 5::-yler fostgry ga OHILP. O eifghgrl` eh` prgu` tg dl pert ga tfos fostgry eh` tg glriy tfehns tg ecc tfgsl wfg fevl mghtrodutl` tg ots summlss,dgtf pest eh` prlslht.
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Ohtrg`ug
Ohtrg`umtogh
G Ohstotutg Hemoghec `l Iltlgrgcgkoe OHILP hes-mlu mgig ui sltgr `g Gdslrvetrog Hemoghec `g Tog`l Behlorg, e @orltgroe `l Iltlgrgcgkoe l Estrghgioe,l pessgu pgr ohilres trehsagriels eg cghkg `lstlmlhtlhrog. Li igilhtgs, sgdrlvovlu krees eg lipl-hfg l `l`omeg `l fgilhs, molhtostes, plsquose`grlsl tmhomgs, qul `l`omerei dge pertl `l sues vo`es ls-trutureg l eg agrteclmoilhtg `g OHILP.
Ieos `e ilte`l `e fostroe `e ohstotuog pesse-sl hgTog `l Behlorg, proilorg he sl`l `g GH, l hes `me`esslkuohtls hg ehtokg l`oamog `e Mee l Zlsme, `g Iohost-rog `e Ekromucture. Li ile`gs `e `me`e `l 5?1:, g lh-tg ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe trehsalro`g pere Drescoe,gh`l gs pcehlbe`grls `e hgve Mepotec Al`lrec b fevoeirlslrve`g uie kreh`l rle pere es hgves ohstecels `eIltlgrgcgkoe.
@ls`l g ohmog `e ohstotumoghecozeg `e rle hg Zes,ierme`e plcg ehg `l 5?:?, molhtostes l lstu`ogsgs dre-soclorgs mgilerei e pertomoper `gs lvlhtgs ohtlrhe-mogheos `e rle l e ohtlrmeidoer ohagriels mgi slusperls, sgdrltu`g gs qul b sl rluhoei he GrkehozegIltlgrgckome Iuh`oec (GII). Mroe`e li 56;= mgi estheco`e`l `l uhostmer gs sostlies iuh`oeos `l slrvogsl plsquoses iltlgrgckomes, e GII mghstotue-sl lieidolhtl prgpmog pere qul eckuhs dresoclorgs b plrml-dlssli e hlmlsso`e`l `l ohtlkrer g ]lrvog Iltlgrg-
Pfl Hetoghec Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky OHILP stertl`coal es e slmtgr ga tfl Tog `l Behlorg Hetoghec Gdslrvetgry,tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec eh` Estrghgiomec E`iohostretogh, eh``urohk tfl pest 5:: ylers fes uh`lrkghl ohhuilredcltrehsagrietoghs. Et mlrteoh pgohts ot survovl` tfehns tg tfllgrt eh` `l`ometogh ga ilh, smolhtosts, rlslermflrs eh`tlmfhomoehs, wfg `l`ometl` e kgg`cy pert ga tflor covls tgduoc`ohk eh` strlhktflhohk OHILP.
Igrl tfeh feca tfl fostgry ga tfl ohstotutogh pessl` ohTog `l Behlorg, strst et tfl fle`quertlrs ga tfl HetoghecGdslrvetgry, eh` oh sudslqulht lme`ls oh tfl gc` Fuhtohkeh` Aosflrols duoc`ohk ga tfl Iohostry ga Ekromucturl. Oh tflio`-5?1:s tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml, es ot wes et tfettoil, wes trehsalrrl` tg Drescoe, wflrl tfgsl pcehhohk tflhlw Al`lrec Mepotec fe` ecrle`y rlslrvl` e cerkl erle agrtfl hlw Iltlgrgcgky ohsteccetoghs.
]ohml tfl dlkohhohk ga tfl ohstotutoghecozetogh ga tflerle oh tfl Mguhtry, iernl` dy tfl yler 5?:?, Drezocoehsmolhtosts stertl` tg pertomopetl oh ohtlrhetoghec lvlhts oh tflerle, eh` tg lxmfehkl ohagrietogh wotf tflor mgcclekuls,edgvl ecc, tfgsl essgmoetl` wotf tfl [grc` IltlgrgcgkomecGrkehozetogh ([IG). Mrletl` oh 56;=, wotf tfl purpgsl gauhoayohk tfl [grc`s iltlgrgcgkomec slrvomls eh` rlslermf,tfl [IG mghstotutl` e prgpotogus lhvorghilht agr sgilDrezocoehs tg ecrle`y plrmlovl tfl hll` tg ohtlkretl tflIltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml oh Drezoc, edgvl ecc oh volw ga ots krlet
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Ohtrg`ug
Ohtrg`umtogh
]rol Togs Dresoclorgs2 Tog Zerehede (IK/KG/I]) l]g Dlhl`otg. Hg `lstequl, g slcg `g Tog Zerehede.Fgilhekli `e LMP egs 5:: ehgs `g OHILP.
Drezocoeh Tovlrs slrols2 Zerehede Tovlr (IK/KG/I]) eh`]g Dlhl`otg. Fokfcokftl`, tfl Zerehede Tovlr. Fgiekldy tfl LMP agr tfl 5:: ylers ga OHILP.
]lcg Tog ]g Dlhl`otg (ZE) - oiekli he pkohe 5:.Agtgs2 LMP
]g Dlhl`otg Tovlr (ZE) steip - oiekl gh pekl 5:.
ckomg hg Dresoc, sgdrltu`g `lvo`g kreh`l lxtlhsg`g tlrrotrog l `ostmuc`e`l `l emlssg li rlkols sli`lhso`e`l pgpucemoghec. Lste cute, qul tli mgig igtle ohtlkreg l uhostmeg `gs slrvogs `l iltlgrgcgkoehg Zes, trehsperlml mgig ui aetg iermehtl li kreh`lpertl `e fostroe `g OHILP.
Gs slrvogs iltlgrgckomgs `l tg`g g iuh`g lstgfgbl ohtlkre`gs pgr ilog `g prgkreie `lhgiohe`g Qo-kochmoe Iltlgrgckome Iuh`oec ([grc` [letflr [etmf),mroe`g plce GII li 5?1= mgi g gdbltovg `l mgclter,prgmlsser l `osslioher es ohagriels iltlgrgckomes`l tg`g g iuh`g. Es ohagriels vi `oeroeilhtl `lsetcotls iltlgrgckomgs, iocferls `l lstels `l suplr-amol, lstels `l er suplrogr, lstels li does stxes ldoes `lrove hgs ierls, l gdslrvels rlecoze`es pgrhevogs l elrghevls. Pg`gs lssls ohstruilhtgs mgipliuie rl`l home, etuecilhtl ohtlkre`e pgr trs MlhtrgsIltlgrgckomgs Iuh`oeos, Mlhtrgs Iltlgrgckomgs Tl-kogheos Lsplmoecoze`gs l gs ]lrvogs Iltlgrgckomgs He-mogheos. @ls`l ile`gs `e `me`e `l 5?;:, g Dresoc, ui`gs Mlhtrgs Iltlgrgckomgs Tlkogheos, rlspghsvlc plcetrehsiossg `l `e`gs mgclte`gs he Eirome `g ]uc, pereg Mlhtrg Iltlgrgckomg Iuh`oec `l [esfohktgh.
Fgbl g OHILP mghtedocoze eckuies kreh`ls rlecoze-ls sghfe`es pgr slus o`lecoze`grls, mgig e rl`l `llstels iltlgrgckomes lspecfe`es pgr tg`g g Zes, e
tlrrotgroec lxtlh` eh` tfl omucty ga emmlss tg rlkoghs ga cgwpgpucetogh `lhsoty. Pfos lgrt wfomf fes es ots tflil tflohtlkretogh eh` uhostmetogh ga tfl iltlgrgcgkomec slrvomlsoh tfl Mguhtry, epplers es e tre`liern oh tfl krletlr pertga tfl fostgry ga OHILP.
Pg`ey, tfl wgrc`s iltlgrgcgkomec slrvomls erlohtlkretl` tfrgukf e prgkrei meccl` tfl [grc` [letflr[etmf, mrletl` dy tfl [IG oh 5?1= wotf tfl gdblmtovl gamgcclmtohk, prgmlssohk eh` `ossliohetohk iltlgrgcgkomecohagrietogh argi tfl wfgcl [grc`. Pfl ohagrietogh mgils`eocy argi iltlgrgcgkomec setlccotls, tfguseh`s ga suraemlstetoghs, upplr eor sguh`ohks stxl` eh` `roatohk dugys, eh`gdslrvetoghs merrol` gut dy sfops eh` eormreat. Ecc tflslohstruilhts mghstotutl e uhoqul hltwgrn, ohtlkretl` voetfrll [grc` Iltlgrgcgkomec Mlhtlrs, ]plmoecozl` TlkoghecIltlgrgcgkomec Mlhtlrs eh` Hetoghec Iltlgrgcgkomec]lrvomls. ]ohml tfl io` slvlhtols, Drezoc fes dllh ghl gatfl Tlkoghec Iltlgrgcgkomec Mlhtlrs, rlspghsodcl agr tfltrehsiossogh ga `ete mgcclmtl` oh ]gutf Eilrome tg tfl[grc` Iltlgrgcgkomec Mlhtlr oh [esfohktgh.
Pg`ey, OHILP meh pro`l otslca gh e huidlr ga krletemfolvlilhts ghcy rleil` edgut dy tfl Ohstotutls mrletgrs,sumf es tfl hltwgrn ga iltlgrgcgkomec stetoghs sprle`tfrgukfgut tfl Mguhtry, tfl ohtlkretogh wotf ohtlrhetoghecslrvomls, eh` tfl usl ga cle`ohk l`kl tlmfhgcgkols, sumf eshuilromec wletflr eh` mcoietl agrlmestohk. Alw Drezocoeh
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
ohtlkreg mgi gs slrvogs ohtlrhemogheos, l g usg `ltlmhgcgkoes `l pghte, mgig es qul sl epcomei ig-`lcekli huirome `g tlipg l mcoietgcgkoe. Zgumesohstotuols kgvlrheilhteos dresoclores, sgdrltu`g es`l`ome`es e lstu`gs tlromgs l epcome`gs, b etohkoreie ierme `gs 5:: ehgs. , pgrtehtg, ohlkvlc e rlclvhmoe`l rlceter lste fostroe, qul rlfflltl igilhtgs sokhostmeto-vgs `e fostroe dresoclore hg ctoig smucg.
Lstl covrg ago prg`uzo`g mgi e mgcedgreg `l `ovlr-ses plssges, qul mghtrodurei mgi `lpgoilhtgs pls-sgeos, `gmuilhtgs, l agtgkrestes fostromes. E rlmghstru-g `es proilores mohmg `me`es `e fostroe `g OHILPago pgssvlc, sgdrltu`g, krees eg tredecfg `l`ome`g `glhklhflorg, iltlgrgcgkoste l lsmrotgr Bgequoi `l ]ei-peog Alrrez, qul eci `l lsmrlvlr covrgs sgdrl e fostroe`e iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc l hg iuh`g, tlvl g muo`e`g`l rluhor `gmuilhtgs l rlmgrtls `l bgrhec eg cghkg `gsehgs li qul tredecfgu hg slrvog iltlgrgckomg. Eutg-rls qul g suml`lrei teidi agrei mghsucte`gs, ies dgi rlssecter qul g tredecfg `l ]eipeog Alrrez sliprl mote`g pgr lssls eutgrls.
Dusmeigs teidi mghtlxtuecozer e fostroe g OHILPmgi gs igilhtgs pgctomgs vovo`gs plcg Dresoc eg cghkg`lssl plrg`g `l 5:: ehgs, qul `orlte gu oh`orlteilhtlsliprl ealterei e Ohstotuog. E pertor `e `me`e `l5?1:, eci `e ieogr aemoco`e`l `l emlssg e `gmuilhtgs,
kgvlrhilht ohstotutoghs, edgvl ecc tfgsl `l`ometl` tg dgtftflgrltomec eh` eppcol` stu`ols, meh mceoi e 5::-yler fostgry.Pfl rlclvehml ga rlcetohk tfos stgry os orrlautedcl, rlffllmtohkes ot gls sokhostmeht igilhts oh tfl fostgry ga Drezoc urohktfl pest 5:: ylers.
Pfos dggn wes prg`uml` wotf tfl mgccedgretogh gaiehy plgpcl, wfg mghtrodutl` wotf plrsghec stetlilhts,`gmuilhts eh` fostgrom pfgtgkrepfs. Pfl rlmghstrumtogh gatfl strst < `lme`ls ga tfl stgry ga OHILP wes pgssodcl tfehns,edgvl ecc, tg tfl l`ometl` wgrn ga tfl lhkohllr, iltlgrgcgkosteh` wrotlr, Bgequoi `l ]eipeog Alrrez, wfg, oh e``otogh tgwrotohk dggns edgut tfl fostgry ga iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc eh`tfl [grc`, tggn merl tg mgcclmt `gmuilhts eh` hlwspeplrmuttohks tfrgukfgut tfl ylers `urohk wfomf fl wgrnl` ohtfl iltlgrgcgkomec slrvoml. Eutfgrs wfg agccgwl` foi wlrlecsg mghsuctl`, dut ot sfguc` dl lipfesozl` tfet tfl wgrn ga]eipeog Alrrez os ohveroedcy motl` dy tflsl cetlr wrotlrs.
[l fevl ecsg ettliptl` tg pceml tfl stgry ga OHILPoh tfl mghtlxt ga tfl pgcotomec lvlhts lxplrolhml` dy Drezocecghk tfos 5::-yler plrog`, wfomf orlmtcy gr oh`orlmtcy fevlecweys elmtl` tfl Ohstotutogh. Es argi tfl `lme`l ga tfl5?1:s, epert argi lesolr emmlss tg `gmuilhts, ot wes ecsg
pgssodcl tg wgrn wotf stetlilhts argi plgpcl wfg wgrnl`,gr mghtohul tg wgrn oh OHILP.
Gh sthosfohk tfos dggn, ot os ecigst oipgssodcl hgt tgrlffllmt gh tfl iltomucgus eh` mghtohugus wgrn merrol`
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Ohtrg`ug
Ohtrg`umtogh
teidi tredecfeigs mgi `lpgoilhtgs `l plssgesqul tredecferei gu eoh`e lstg etoves hg OHILP.
Eg mgipclter lste gdre, quesl oipgssvlc hg rl-fflltor sgdrl g tredecfg iltomucgsg l mghthug qul il-tlgrgcgkostes `l tg`g g Zes rlecozei `oeroeilhtl, f5:: ehgs, l sgdrl e prlslhe `g rlsucte`g `orog `lssltredecfg he vo`e `l tg`gs hs. Emgr`eigs gcfeh`g pereagre e behlce, l iuotg g qul veigs aezlr urehtl g oe,lst rlcemoghe`g mgi g qul sedligs sgdrl gs fuigrls`g tlipg. Essoi, sli rlmlog `l lxeklrg, pg`ligs `o-zlr qul lcls, gs iltlgrgcgkostes, hgs ebu`ei e pcehlberhgsses vo`es.
G dgi sedlr qul `g gutrg ce`g `lsse cokeg, fplssges epeoxghe`es tredecfeh`g he prlvosg `g tli-pg. Dusmeigs hes pecevres `g iltlgrgcgkoste Cuoz Me-vecmehto, mflal `g Mlhtrg `l Ehcosl l Zrlvosg `g Pli-pg (MEZTL) `g OHILP, rlsuior g slhtoilhtg `orog `gsiltlgrgcgkostes qul etuei `orlteilhtl he prlvosg `gtlipg2
Li hgssg tredecfg hg f ighgtghoe. Pg`g `oe mgig sl agssl ui hgvg `lsestg, pgos e etigsalre hge`grilml, iuotg `ohiome. Kgstg `l plhser qul hs,prlvosgrls `g tlipg, tg`gs gs `oes lhmghtreigs tg`gsgs `oes plce arlhtl.
gut dy iltlgrgcgkosts argi tfl lhtorl Mguhtry agr tfl pest5:: ylers, eh` tfl prlslhml ga tfl rlsucts ga tfos wgrn ohgur `eocy covls. [l ewenl cggnohk gut ga tfl woh`gw, eh`iumf ga wfet wl erl tg `g `urohk tfl `ey os rlcetl` tgwfet wl nhgw edgut tfl wletflr. Pfus, wotfgut aler galxekklretogh, wl meh sey tfet tfly, tfl iltlgrgcgkosts,flcp us pceh gur `eocy covls.
Ot os kgg` tg nhgw tfet gh tfl gtflr so`l ga tfos cohntflrl erl plgpcl pessoghetl edgut tflor wgrn oh wletflragrlmestohk. [l meh suiierozl tfl `eocy slhtoilht gatfl iltlgrgcgkosts wfg pertomopetl `orlmtcy oh wletflragrlmestohk oh tfl wgr`s ga tfl iltlgrgcgkost, CuozMevecmehto, fle` ga tfl OHILPs [letflr Ehecysos eh`Agrlmestohk Mlhtlr (MEZTL)2
Pflrl os hg ighgtghy oh gur wgrn. Lvlry `ey os conl ehlw mfecclhkl, agr tfl etigspflrl os `yheiom, ot `gls hgtscllp. O conl tg tfohn tfet lvlry `ey wl, wletflr agrlmestlrs,lhmguhtlr ecc tfl `eys efle`.
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@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e
Iltlgrgcgkoe Molhtstme
Argi tfl Lercolst Poils tg
]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
Meptucg 5
Mfeptlr 5
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e Iltlgrgcgkoe Molhtstme
Argi tfl Lercolst Poils tg ]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
E mgkoteg iltlgrgckome `l tg`gs gs tlipgs.Iltlgrgcgkomec tfohnohk os argi ecc toils.
(Bgequoi `l ]eipeog Alrrez)
rlmgrrlhtl he cotlreture sgdrl e fostroe `e iltlg-rgcgkoe lclklr g fgili proiotovg, queh`g b `gte`g `leckuie mepemo`e`l `l remogmhog, mgig quli proilorggdslrvgu e ohffluhmoe `g mcoie he vo`e sgdrl e Plrre. Zgr
lsse rezg, ]eipeog Alrrez, mgig gutrgs eutgrls, mghalrl iltlgrgcgkoe g stetus l uie es ieos ehtokes osmopco-hes `g mghflmoilhtg, eoh`e qul pr-molhtstmg, pgos quldesle`g uhomeilhtl he lxplrohmoe qul sl emuiucevemgi e gdslrveg `gs alhilhgs mcoietgckomgs. E rl-pltog `es lstels `g ehg, g igvoilhtg `es iers, e`orlg `gs vlhtgs, e ieogr gu ilhgr ohtlhso`e`ls `esmfuves l tliplste`ls, `ls`l iuotg ml`g grolhterei esels `g fgili li slu fedotet.
He Ehtokuo`e`l gs dedochogs b aezoei gdslrvelssgdrl es iu`ehes `g tlipg l mflkevei e errosmer kl-
hlrecozels, mgig e qul ago `lsmgdlrte li uie pce-me `l derrg `ete`e `l 0::: e.M. qul ohtlkre g emlrvg
Ot os e rlmurrlht tflil oh wrotohks gh tfl fostgry gailtlgrgcgky tg lclmt proiotovl ieh, es sggh es fl emquorlse iohoiui mepemoty agr retoghec tfgukft, es tfl dlohkwfg strst gdslrvl` tfl ohfflulhml ga mcoietl gh coal gh tfos
pcehlt. Agr tfos rlesgh, ]eipeog Alrrez, bust es gtflreutfgrs, lh`gws iltlgrgcgky wotf tfl stetus ga ghl gatfl gc`lst stlc`s ga nhgwcl`kl, desl` purlcy gh lxplrolhmlemmuiucetl` tfrgukf gdslrvetoghs ga mcoietgcgkomec
pflhgilhe. Pfl rlpltotogh ga tfl slesghs, tfl igvlilhtga to`ls, tfl `orlmtogh ga tfl woh`s, tfl krletlr gr clsslrohtlhsoty ga reohaecc eh` stgris, fevl cghk kuo`l` tfldlfevogur ga ieh oh fos fedotet.
Oh ehtoquoty tfl Dedycghoehs ecrle`y ie`l gdslrvetoghsga tfl mfehkls oh wletflr eh` lvlh rosnl` klhlrecozetoghs2e mcey tedclt, tg dl aguh` oh tfl Drotosf Iuslui, `etl` 0:::
ylers DM, os ohsmrodl` wotf tfl tlxt E rohk erguh` tfl suhagrltlccs tfl mgiohk ga reoh.
Mepe `g Iltlgrgcgkome l Erosttlcls (=0: e.M.). Gdre ieos ehtokehg qul sl rlalrl e essuhtgs iltlgrgckomgs. Mrotome`g etuecilhtlplce ohlxeto`g, g tredecfg ago rlsplote`g mgig e eutgro`e`l liIltlgrgcgkoe pgr quesl `gos ioc ehgs.Agtg2 Tlprg`ug OHILP
Mgvlr ga Erostgtcls Iltlgrgcgkome (=0: DM) tfl gc`lst wgrn wfomfienls rlalrlhml tg iltlgrgcgky. Mrotomozl` hgwe`eys agr ots lrrgrs,tfl wgrn wes mghso`lrl` eh eutfgroty gh iltlgrgcgky agr hlercy twgtfguseh` ylers.
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
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@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e Iltlgrgcgkoe Molhtstme
Argi tfl Lercolst Poils tg ]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
`g Iuslu `l Cgh`rls. Hlce lhmghtrei-sl gs `ozlrls2Uueh`g ui ehlc mormuh`e g ]gc, mfuve meor.
Hg iuh`g gmo`lhtec g ohmog `g lstu`g sgdrl g ilogeidolhtl etigsaromg `ete `l ile`gs `g smucg OQ e.M.
queh`g g stcsgag krlkg Erosttlcls pudcomgu sue gdreIltlgrgcgkome , toreh`g g tlie `e gdsmuro`e`l iotgc-kome. G lhseog `l Erosttlcls dusmgu rluhor tg`g g mg-hflmoilhtg lhtg lxostlhtl sgdrl g tlipg l g mcoie,`osmgrrlh`g sgdrl lvlhtgs mgig es huvlhs, e mfuve, ehlvl, g vlhtg, gs trgvls l auremls. Lcl muhfgu g tlr-ig iltlgrgcgkoe lxtre`g `e pecevre iltlgrg, qul likrlkg sokhostme g qul lst lclve`g gu mghto`g he etigs-alre. E vosg erostgtcome lhkcgdeve he iltlgrgcgkoe esmohmoes `e tlrre `l agrie klrec, l hg eplhes g `gihoglsplmstmg `gs lstu`gs `e etigsalre. Lre uie lxpcome-
g stcgsstme l lsplmucetove `gs alhilhgs etigsaro-mgs qul, eplser `l iuotes lsplmucels lquovgme`es, agoemlote pgr mlrme `l 4 ioc ehgs.
Eckuies `me`es eps e Iltlgrgcgkome , g stcsgagkrlkg Plgarestg, `osmpucg `l Erosttlcls, pudcomgu g ls-tu`g Gs ]oheos `g Plipg, mghso`lre`g mgig e proiloregdre sgdrl prlvosls iltlgrgckomes he Lurgpe. Mgigtlstliuhfe `e `l`omeg `gs krlkgs egs lstu`gs `gsalhilhgs etigsaromgs, eoh`e lhmghtreigs ohtemte liEtlhes e Pgrrl `gs Qlhtgs, uie l`ostmeg li irigrlhg agrietg gmtgkghec, prgvevlcilhtl mghstru`e pgr
vgcte `g ehg
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OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
hg gpsmucg `l sue eutgroe ohtotuce`g Zlqulhg Fostromg`g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe (Tog `l Behlorg, 5?1=), essoioiekohgu gs igvoilhtgs `g mete-vlhtg2 Igc`e`e lidrghzl `gure`g, `lvlroe slr dlcg g lalotg meuse`g plcecuiohgse stkure `g Protg, c hg ectg `l g Fgrgcgkogh(hgil krlkg `e`g Pgrrl).
Eps gs krlkgs, ago he Tlhesmlhe qul g iuh`g gmo-`lhtec essostou egs proilorgs kreh`ls evehgs he iltlg-rgcgkoe, sgdrltu`g mgi e ohvlhg `l ohstruilhtgs quloroei aemocoter g meiohfg pere g mghflmoilhtg molhtstmg`gs alhilhgs etigsaromgs, l `lslhvgcvlr e mepemo`e-`l `l prlvlr g tlipg. Li 50 Gshedrumn, he Ecliehfe> Zeros l Qersvoe. Gs
Kecoclu Kecoclo (5
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@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e Iltlgrgcgkoe Molhtstme
Argi tfl Lercolst Poils tg ]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
Lvehklcoste Pgrromlcco (51:6-510;) ohvlhtgr `g deriltrg `l ilrm-rog, mghflmo`g e prohmpog mgig tudg l Pgrromlcco.Agtg2 fttp2//upcge`.wonoil`oe.grk/wonopl`oe/mgiighs/d/d4/Codr:=1;.bpk
Lvehklcoste Pgrromlcco, (51:6-510;) ohvlhtgr ga tfl ilrmury dergiltlr,grokoheccy nhgwh es Pgrromlccos tudl.
`e`gs mgclte`gs lrei lhvoe`gs rlkucerilhtl pere e ls-teg mlhtrec li Acgrlhe.
]eipeog Alrrez, li slu tredecfg sgdrl e iltlgrg-cgkoe hg Dresoc, clidre qul lste mohmoe ekuer`gu pgrsmucgs g surkoilhtg `gs proilorgs ohstruilhtgs `lil`og, ehtls `l evlhturer-sl li ohvlstokels pere`lsvlh`er alhilhgs et lhtg `lsmghflmo`gs. He Eh-tokuo`e`l gs pcuvoiltrgs b lrei utocoze`gs he Mgrloe lhe Zeclstohe, iuotg ehtls `e mfeie`e aesl clktoie `gsproilorgs ohstruilhtgs iltlgrgckomgs, ohomoe`e mgi gtlrigsmpog `l Kecoclu. E `lsmgdlrte `g prohmpog `g
deriltrg `l Pgrromlcco pgssodocotgu e il`o`e `e prlssgetigsarome, `lhgiohe`e pgr ]eipeog Alrrez mgig eieos almuh`e `e que`re e`gclsmlhtl `e iltlgrgcgkoe.Ago g plrg`g qul oheukurgu e lvgcug `lssls eperl-cfgs, pgos ehtls g sthec g smucg VQOO gs lurgplus b uto-cozevei tlriiltrgs, pcuvoiltrgs, ehliiltrgs l etmgcltgrls `l grvecfg pere il`ols iltlgrgckomes.
Es proilores il`ols quehtotetoves hg Dresoc s ag-rei emghtlmlr hg smucg slkuohtl, li Dermlcgs, ehtokemepotec `g Eiezghes, l hg Tog `l Behlorg. Ies ]eipeogAlrrez, pgstlrogrilhtl mote`g pgr `ovlrsgs eutgrls, ehe-
cosgu e fostroe `e iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc utocozeh`g gmghmlotg `e clo `gs trs lste`gs, agriuce`e plcg stcsgagarehms Eukustg Mgitl (5;?6-56 Gshedrumn oh Klriehy> Zeroseh` [ersew. Pfl `ete mgcclmtl` wlrl slht rlkucercy tg emlhtrec stetogh oh Acgrlhml.
]eipeog Alrrez, oh fos wgrn gh iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc,rlioh`s us tfet tfos smolhml fe` tg weot mlhturols agr tflepplerehml ga tfl strst ilesurohk ohstruilhts, dlagrlienohk ohvlstoketoghs eoil` et uhmgvlrohk pflhgilheuhnhgwh tocc tflh. Oh Ehtoquoty, reoh keukls wlrl usl` ohNgrle eh` Zeclstohl, cghk dlagrl tfl sg-meccl` clkotoietl
pfesl ga tfl strst iltlgrgcgkomec ohstruilhts, stertohk wotfKecoclgs tflrigsmgpl. Pfl `osmgvlry ga tfl prohmopcl ga
Pgrromlccos dergiltlr ie`l pgssodcl tfl ilesurlilht gaetigspflrom prlssurl, mghso`lrl` dy ]eipeog Alrrez es tfligst prg`umtovl ga iltlgrgcgkys e`gclsmlht ohstruilhts.Pfos wes tfl plrog` wfomf oheukuretl` tfl lvgcutogh gatflsl ohstruilhts, sohml dlagrl tfl lh` ga tfl 56tf mlhturyLurgplehs wlrl ecrle`y ienohk usl ga tflrigiltlrs, reohkeukls, ehligiltlrs, eh` lvlh `lw mgcclmtgrs, agr tfl
purpgsl ga iltlgrgcgkomec ilesurlilhts.Pfl strst quehtotetovl ilesurlilhts oh Drezoc wlrl ghcy
ie`l oh tfl hlxt mlhtury, oh Dermlcgs, tfl agrilr mepotecga Eiezghes, eh` oh Tog `l Behlorg. Dut ]eipeog Alrrez,
sudslqulhtcy motl` dy verogus eutfgrs, ehecyzl` tfl fostgryga iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc usohk tfl mghmlpt ga tfl cew gatfrll stetls, agriucetl` dy tfl Arlhmf pfocgsgpflr Eukustl
Deriltrg `l ilrmrog `lslhvgcvo`g pgrPgrromlcco pere il`or e prlssg etigsarome.Pgrromlcco gdslrvgu qul tgieh`g-sl ui tudg,mgi edlrture eplhes li uie lxtrlio`e`ll mgipclteilhtl mflog `l ilrmrog queh`gohvlrto`g li ui vesocfe, mgi e ilsiesudsthmoe, e mgcuhe `l ilrmrog mghto`e hgtudg hg `lsmoe mgipclteilhtl. Lstedlclmoe-sl ui lquocdrog lhtrl g plsg `e mgcuhe`l ilrmrog l e prlssg lxlrmo`e plcg eretigsaromg.Agtg2 fttp2//www.vemuui-kuo`l.mgi/oiekls/iusluiW
tgrromlcco:4.koa
Ilrmury dergiltlr `lvlcgpl` dy Pgrromlccotg ilesurl etigspflrom prlssurl. Pgrromlccogdslrvl` tfet agr e tudl, mcgsl` et ghl lh`eh` mgipcltlcy stccl` wotf ilrmury, wotf tflgplh lh` oiilrsl` oh tfl seil sudstehml, tfl
mgcuih ga ilrmury `o` hgt ruh gut mgipcltlcyohtg tfl cgwlr rlmopolht. Pflrl gmmurs ehlquocodroui dltwllh tfl wlokft ga tfl mgcuihga ilrmury eh` tfl prlssurl lxlrtl` dy tfletigspflrl.
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
cug `g mghflmoilhtg fuiehg. E stcgsgste mgitoehe
`lsthl qul es mghmlpls ohtlclmtueos `e fuieho`e`lpessei pgr trs lste`gs tlromgs `ostohtgs2 g lste`g tl-gckomg gu stmtmog, g lste`g ilteasomg gu edstretg, l glste`g molhtstmg gu pgsotovg.
Hlsse vosg mghmlotuec, e iltlgrgcgkoe dresoclore oho-moe-sl mgi e aesl lidroghroe `g socvmgce qul, mgigli gutrgs pesls, o`lhtostme l rlmghflml g mghflmoilh-tg b emuiuce`g plcgs hetovgs. Lssl emlrvg `l sedlrls,lidgre b mghteiohe`g pgr iotgs l ehoiosigs ru`o-ilhterls, mghso`lre`g mgig g wletflr-cgrl`e iltl-grgcgkoe dresoclore, g mghflmoilhtg agcmcromg `gs h`ogs
sgdrl g mcoie l g tlipg, rlpesse`g grecilhtl `l kl-reg e klreg, l pgstlrogrilhtl essoioce`g pgr slusmghquoste`grls drehmgs, e pertor `g smucg VQO. He gdreohtotuce`e EGrkehozeg ]gmoec `gs Pupoheidsg eutgrAcgrlsteh Alrheh`ls `osmgrrl sgdrl lsse heg oh`klhequl, pgme `e mflke`e `gs pgrtukulsls mghteve mgiuie pgpuceg lstoie`e `l 5 iocfg `l plssges `ovo-`o`e li trodgs qul gmupevei tg`e e mgste dresoclore2 Esohagriels rlcetoves eg mghflmoilhtg `gs Pupohei-ds sgdrl g iuh`g heturec mormuh`ehtl plriotli ohalrorqul lcls `lslhvgcvlrei rlspgstes lstmolhtls `oehtl `l
iuotgs alhilhgs hetureos. Lssls mghflmoilhtgs lreiiuotg lxtlhsgs, oh`g `e lsplmostmeg `l alhilhgsiltlgrgckomgs, l `l vrogs lspmoils ehoieos l vlkl-
Mgitl (5;?6-56
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@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e Iltlgrgcgkoe Molhtstme
Argi tfl Lercolst Poils tg ]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
teos l sue utocozeg et es tlhtetoves `l `gihog ikomg`e heturlze.
E slkuh`e aesl `lhgiohe`e `l iltlgrgcgkoe pr-molhtstme, `l trehsog edrehkl gs smucgs VQOO l VQOOO, lago mghso`lre`e pgr ]eipeog Alrrez mgig ui cghkg pl-rg`g `l trehsog `urehtl g quec eplhes ago lxpeh`o`gl eplraloge`g g mghflmoilhtg oh`klhe, l rlecoze`eseckuies pgumes srols `l gdslrvels iltlgrgckomes`l mertlr ieos rokgrgsg. Hgs ehgs `l 5105, 5104 l 510=,g heturecoste eclig Bgrkl Iermkrevl rlecozgu gdslrve-ls, desle`es eplhes li lstoietoves l mghstetels,`l alhilhgs mgig e `orlg `l vlhtgs l es mfuvesli Tlmoal, `urehtl g plrg`g `e `gioheg fgceh`lse.Hg smucg VQOOO surkli es proilores srols `l il`ols`l eckuhs lclilhtgs etigsaromgs, mgi e utocozeg `lohstruilhtgs mgig vligs hg que`rg edeoxg.
]rols tlipgreos mghflmo`es hg Dresoc hgs smucgs VQOOO l VOVNhgwh Poil ]lrols agr Drezoc oh tfl 56tf eh` 5?tf Mlhturols
Zlrg`g Cgmec Eutgr @lsmrog
5;
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
22/12044
OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
G usg sostlitomg `l ohstruilhtgs pere e il`og`gs lvlhtgs etigsaromgs ieos mgiuhs s tlr ohmog hgDresoc e pertor `g smucg VOV, qul `lsthl e tlrmlore aeslmfeie`e `l iltlgrgcgkoe molhtstme. g smucg liqul tu`g perlml emghtlmlr eg ilsig tlipg hg pe-hgreie `e iltlgrgcgkoe iuh`oec, mgi e ohvlhg gueplralogeilhtg `l ohstruilhtgs> g euilhtg `l lstu-`gs he asome l he ietlitome rlcemoghe`gs gu epcomvlos iltlgrgcgkoe> e iuctopcomeg `l gdslrvetrogs l `egrkehozeg `l pgstgs, qul pgssodocotgu e lcedgreg`es proilores mertes sohtomes mgi e shtlsl `es mgh`o-ls `g tlipg li kreh`ls rles. E ohvlhg `g tlc-kreag, li 560 tfl
iuctopcometogh ga gdslrvetgrols eh` tfl grkehozetogh ga
gdslrvetogh pgsts, ienohk pgssodcl tfl prg`umtogh ga tfl
strst syhgptom mferts, syhtflsozohk wletflr mgh`otoghs gvlr
cerkl erles. Pfl ohvlhtogh ga tfl tlclkrepf, oh 560
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
23/1204=
@gs Zroir`ogs eg Ohmog `e Iltlgrgcgkoe Molhtstme
Argi tfl Lercolst Poils tg ]molhtostm Iltlgrgcgky
Agcfe `l rgstg `g covrg `l dgcltohs ilhseos`l gdslrvels `e lsteg `l Gh`ohe (DE).Buhfg e gutudrg, 5?:=.Agtg2 OHILP
Arghtospolml ga tfl dggn ga ightfcygdslrvetoghs duccltohs argi tfl Gh`ohe (DE)stetogh. Buhl tg Gmtgdlr, 5?:=.
Tlkostrgsrlecoze`gs liGh`ohe (DE). 6 `l
bucfg `l 5?:=.Agtg2 OHILP
Gdslrvetoghsmerrol` gut ohGh`ohe (DE). Bucy6, 5?:=.
kehozeg `es etovo`e`ls iltlgrgckomes hgs lste`gsdresoclorgs.
G klkreag l sgmocgkg dresoclorg re`ome`g li Zeros,
Mercgs @lcke`g `l Mervecfg, pudcomgu li Cgh`rls, li5?5;, e gdre Itgrgcgkol `u Drsoc, gh`l, gdslrve ]ei-peog Alrrez, agrei rluho`es es ohagriels fostromesieos mgipcltes sgdrl es huilrgses srols `l gdslrve-ls rlecoze`es hg Dresoc `ls`l es ieos ehtokes et g pl-rg`g `l pudcomeg `g covrg.
\i iermg fostromg oipgrtehtl `g pghtg `l vosteohstotumoghec ago e mroeg pgr @. Zl`rg O, li 5< `l gutu-drg `l 564;, `g Oiplroec Gdslrvetrog `g Tog `l Behlo-rg, qul tohfe lhtrl sues stheco`e`ls ohomoeos e grolhteg`l ecuhgs `es lsmgces iocoterls `l tlrre l ier. Mgi e
mroeg `g Gdslrvetrog ohomoerei-sl gs prgml`oilhtgsmolhtstmgs qul eckuies me`es ieos ter`l prgpomoeroeig hesmoilhtg `e mcoietgcgkoe hg Dresoc. Lidgre eplhesli 5600 es proilores gdslrvels iltlgrgckomes epe-rlei hgs erquovgs `g Gdslrvetrog, he `orlg `l ]gu-colr `l ]euvl, b sl prlhuhmoeve g evehg `lste rle `gmghflmoilhtg hg ilog molhtstmg l ohtlclmtuec `e mepotec`g Oiprog. Eci `ostg, `ls`l e `me`e `l =: `g smucgVOV, vrogs ertokgs sgdrl e mcoietgcgkoe `g Tog `l Behlorgagrei pudcome`gs he Tlvoste I`omemerogme.
Li 5601, g Gdslrvetrog ago trehsalro`g pere g Io-
hostrog `e Kulrre, l pessgu e mfeier-sl GdslrvetrogOiplroec. @l 56
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
24/12040
OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
`oroes `gs lclilhtgs etigsaromgs rlkostre`gs hequl-ce ohstotuog. Hg OO Oiprog, li 56;5, g Gdslrvetrog rltore`g `e e`iohostreg iocoter l rlgrkehoze`g plcghgvg `orltgr, g estrhgig arehms Liiehulc Coeos.
Es gdslrvels rlecoze`es `urehtl e klstg `l Coeos,mghso`lre`es mgig g iermg fostromg qul meremtlrozee oipcehteg `es desls tlromes `es mohmoes etigs-aromes hg Dresoc, s agrei pudcome`es hgs Eheos `g Gd-slrvetrog e pertor `l 5660, plcg estrhgig dlcke CusMrucs, qul `ls`l 5665 essuiore g merkg `l `orltgr `gGdslrvetrog. E pertor `lssl plrg`g, e pudcomeg `gs`e`gs mcoietgckomgs `g Tog `l Behlorg tgrhgu-sl ieosrlkucer.
Lhtrl gs poghlorgs hgs lstu`gs mcoietgckomgs qulmghtrodurei sokhostmetoveilhtl mgi g evehg `lssl
mghflmoilhtg hg Dresoc, ]eipeog Alrrez `lsteme g tre-decfg `g eclig Arl`lromg @relhlrt l `g iltlgrgcgkos-te eustremg Bucous Fehh, lssl ctoig mghso`lre`g mgigeutgro`e`l ixoie he pgme mgi sue pudcomeg Feh-`dumf `lr Ncoietgcgkolgdre auh`eilhtec `e mohmoe `eetigsalre. @relhlrt ago g proilorg mcoietgcgkoste e `ls-mrlvlr l `osmutor sgdrl g mcoie dresoclorg mgig ui tg`g.]lus proilorgs lsdggs agrei `ovucke`gs he Tlvoste `lLhklhferoe (566
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
25/1204f g ohalcoz rluitomg mgi ui deriltrg e pucser lime`e ertomuceg> f g mecgsg reduklhtg, mubgs ps b pgrso slhsvlos, eoh`e prlsslhtli gs ekuemlorgs> f g topg rl-sthe`g, qul etore ui gcfer pere g mu (s vlzls, e agre`g fdotg, clve-g e mghtlhter-sl mgi g tltg), merrlke gsgdrlmlhfg, il`ote l auciohe gs dlmogs mgi e dgrresmeoiohlhtl> (...). Eps `osmgrrlr sgdrl lssls l gutrgs topgs,]eipeog Alrrez ohomoe e lxpcomeg l mgig l aetg sl aeze prlvosg `g tlipg2 \i ]lrvog `l Zrlvosg `g Plipg`l mertlr gstmoec, alotg plcg Lste`g li dlhlamog `e mgcl-tovo`e`l, mghsostl li he`e ilhgs qul mlhtlhes `l lste-
ls iltlgrgckomes, tg`es coke`es plcg tlckreag, l mubgslhmerrlke`gs sg gdroke`gs e aezlr soiuctehleilhtl`ltlriohe`es gdslrvels, uie gu ues vlzls pgr oe, les tlclkreaerli, sli `ligre, e ui pgstg mlhtrec.
Hg ehg slkuohtl mroeg `e @IE ago pudcome`e uiel`og `g Dgcltoi Iltlgrgckomg Ehg 5?5:, ohtotuce`eGdslrvels Iltlgrgckomes alotes hg Gdslrvetrog He-moghec `g Tog `l Behlorgl hes Lstels `e Tl`l Hemoghec,gh`l e slg `l Iltlgrgcgkoe l Asome `g Kcgdg `e @IEeprlslhte ui pehgreie `e sotueg `gs pgstgs l `es
[grc` Iltlgrgcgky slmtogh wes tesnl` wotf merryohk gutstu`ols ga `rgukfts, ga tfl dlfevogur ga fokfs eh` cgws oh tflrovlrs, eh` ga wletflr agrlmestohk. Emmgr ohk tg Alrrez foislca,Mghmlrhohk `rgukfts eh` fy`rgcgkomec prgdclis, hgtfohkwes `ghl. [letflr agrlmestohk fe` igrl cumn ().
Oh e``otogh tg fos tlmfhomec eh` prgalssoghec eptotu`ls,]eipeog Alrrez wes eh lxmlcclht wrotlr, `osmopcohl` eh`mghsteht oh tfl prg`umtogh ga ertomcls agr hlwspeplrs, tecnseh` mghalrlhmls. Gh Behuery 5;, 5?5=, fl pudcosfl` e cghkertomcl oh tfl Tog `l Behlorg Bgurhec ga Mgiilrml, wflrl fltecnl` edgut wletflr agrlmestohk, tfl rgcl ga tfl stetl, tflagrlmestlrs (iltlgrgcgkosts) eh` tfl stetus ga iltlgrgcgkyoh Drezoc. [l lxtremt argi tfos `lteocl` ertomcl eh lxmlrptwfomf `lighstretls hgt ghcy tfl eutfgrs lclkeht ylt soipcl`o`emtomosi, dut ecsg fos edocoty tg ienl foislca uh`lrstgg`wotf mghso`lredcl kgg` fuigr.
Pflrl erl iehy typls prgpflts ga tfl wletflr estflrl erl premtotoghlrs ga tfl il`omohl ga mfercetehs eh`
agcn il`omohl2 tflrl os tfl uhtorohk stu`lht ga ehoiecs,wfgsl mferemtlrostom sokhs eppler tg tfli tg prgvo`l tfldlst agrltlccohk ga mfehkls oh tfl wletflr> tflrl os tfluhfeppy rfluietom wotf e dergiltlr oh lvlry bgoht> tflrlos tfl duhogh-ro``lh mgipceohlr wfgsl allt, ecrle`y gvlr-slhsotovl, agrltlcc tfl reohs> tflrl os tfl rlsthl` typl, wfgkcehmls es tfl sny (sgiltoils, tfl agrml ga fedot cle`sfoi tg dl setosstl` wotf tfl mlocohk), reosls fos lyldrgws,il`otetls eh` auciohetls ekeohst tfl o`ogts wotf tfloiiohlht stgri> (). Eatlr `osmgursohk edgut tflsl eh`
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
34/120=0
OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
gtflr typls, ]eipeog Alrrez sterts eh lxpcehetogh ga fgwghl rleccy `gls wletflr agrlmestohk2 E [letflr Agrlmestohk]lrvoml ga eh gmoec heturl, merrol` gut dy tfl stetl agr tfldlhlstt ga tfl pgpucetogh, mghsosts ga hg clss tfeh fuh`rl`sga iltlgrgcgkomec stetoghs, ecc mghhlmtl` dy tlclkrepf,wfgsl ieheklrs erl gdcokl` tg ienl kovlh soiuctehlgusgdslrvetoghs ghml gr twoml plr `ey, eh` tlclkrepf tfliwotfgut lcey tg e mlhtrec cgmetogh.
Oh tfl yler agccgwohk tfl mrletogh ga tfl @IE eh l`otoghga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec Duccltoh _ler 5?5: wes pudcosfl`wotf tfl totcl Iltlgrgcgkomec gdslrvetoghs merrol` gut ettfl Hetoghec Gdslrvetgry, Tog `l Behlorg, eh` et HetoghecHltwgrn ]tetoghs, wflrl tfl @IEs slmtogh gh Zfysomec eh`Kcgdec Iltlgrgcgky prlslhts e pehgreie ga tfl stetoghseh` iltlgrgcgkomec gdslrvetoghs gvlr tfl lhtorl mguhtry. Ohtfl prlaeml tg tfl pudcometogh, tfl `orlmtgr, Flhroqul Igrozl,lxpceohs edgut iltlgrgcgkomec `ostromts2 Et tfl prlslhttoil, lemf stetl tlrrotgry agris eh erle mgrrlspgh`ohk tge iltlgrgcgkomec `ostromt. [flh lemf `ostromt pgsslssls e
hltwgrn wotf e `lhsoty ga et clest ghl stetogh plr 4:,:::ni, eh` e iohoiui ga tlh stetoghs, e mlhtrec pgst wocc dloipcehtl`, wfomf wocc tenl gvlr tfl orlmt ieheklilht ga tflslrvoml, slh`ohk ecc tfl hlmlssery `ete tg tfl Tog `l BehlorgHetoghec Gdslrvetgry wfomf mggr`ohetls tfl wfgcl slrvoml.\htoc tflsl mgh`otoghs erl aucstccl`, tfl Hetoghec Gdslrvetgrywocc `orlmtcy e`iohostlr tfl `ostromt hltwgrns ga stetoghs.
Igrozl ecsg mgiilhts oh tfos prleidcl tg tfl Duccltoh tfetuhtoc tfet toil, epert argi Tog `l Behlorg, dlagrl tfl mrletoghga tfl al`lrec slrvoml (@IE), ghcy tfl stetl ga ]g Zeucg fe` eslrvoml mghagriohk tg tfl ohtlrhetoghec steh`er`s lstedcosfl`
dy tfl Ohtlrhetoghec Iltlgrgcgkomec Grkehozetogh. Es e rlsuct gatfos, Tog eh` ]g Zeucg wlrl tfl ghcy twg stetls mghso`lrl` strstmcess argi tfl pgoht ga volw ga tflor mepemoty agr iltlgrgcgkomec
Tlkostrg `g slrvog iltlgrgckomg `l Blquo (DE).Buhfg `l 5?54.Agtg2 OHILP
Tle`ohks argi tfl iltlgrgcgkomec slrvoml ga Blquo(DE). Buhl, 5?54.
gdslrvels iltlgrgckomes li tg`g g Zes. Hg Zrlamog`e pudcomeg g `orltgr Flhroqul Igrozl aez uie lxpce-heg sgdrl gs `ostrotgs iltlgrgckomgs2 Etuecilhtl,me`e tlrrotrog lste`uec agrie uie mormuhsmrog ekrmgcee quec mgrrlspgh`l ui `ostrotg iltlgrgckomg. Uueh`gme`e `ostrotg pgssuor uie rl`l mgi e `lhso`e`l `l, plcgilhgs, uie lsteg pgr 4:.::: ni, tlh`g, hg ihoig,`lz lstels, or slr auh`e`g rlsplmtoveilhtl, ui pgstg
mlhtrec, qul tgier e slu merkg e klrhmoe `orlte `g slr-vog, lhvoeh`g eg Gdslrvetrog Hemoghec g TB qul oro-kl eg mghbuhtg tg`gs gs `e`gs hlmlssrogs. Et g prl-lhmfoilhtg `lstes mgh`ols, g Gdslrvetrog Hemoghece`iohostrer `orlteilhtl es lstels `es rl`ls `ostroteos.
Igrozl mgilhte eoh`e hlssl prliducg `g Dgcltoiqul et equlce `ete, eci `g Tog `l Behlorg, sgilhtl glste`g `l ]g Zeucg b pgssue ui slrvog rlkuceroze-`g ehtls `e mroeg `g slrvog al`lrec (@IE), `l emgr`gmgi es hgries l pe`rls ohtlrhemogheos lstedlclmo`gsplce GIO. Zgrtehtg, Tog l ]g Zeucg lrei gs homgs lste-
`gs mghso`lre`gs `l proilore mcessl `g pghtg `l voste`e mepemo`e`l pere gdslrvels iltlgrgckomes. G ls-te`g `g Tog Kreh`l `g ]uc ago g proilorg e sgcomoter g dl-hlamog `l euxcog galrlmo`g plcg Kgvlrhg Al`lrec peregs lste`gs rlqulrlhtls, pere equosog `l ohstruilhtgsl ohsteceg `l lstels iltlgrgckomes.
Li 5?5:, b fguvl ui euilhtg mghso`lrvlc `g h-ilrg `l lstels `e rl`l iltlgrgckome hemoghec, kreeseg liplhfg `e rlmi mroe`e @IE. Hg lhtehtg, e `lig-re he ohsteceg `es hgves lstels, sgie`e `ostmuc`e-`l li rlmruter plssgec quecostme`g hg ohtlrogr `gs lste-
`gs, liplrrevei e plrsplmtove `l tgrher gplremoghec g]lrvog `l Zrlvosg `g Plipg. Zere tlrigs uie hgg`e `ostmuc`e`l qul lxostoe `l gdtlhg `l ohagriels
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
35/120= mfgre sli sl sedlr pgrqu, l dgi queh`g hg trgvlbe `l e klhtl tlrvghte`l `l or pere `ldeoxg `e meie.
Pfl sny os conl e mepromogus wgieh, ghl igilhte kcgwohk siocl, tfl hlxt ilhemohk ehklr, mryohk,wotfgut nhgwohk wfy> eh` ot os e kgg` tfohk wflhtflrl os hg tfuh`lr tg ienl us weht tg fo`l uh`lrtfl dl`.
(Bgrhec `g Mgiilrmog 55 `l buhfg `l 5?56 -Eutgr `lsmghflmo`g)
epplerl` wotf tfl agccgwohk fle`cohls2Pfl Hetoghec Gdslrvetgry oh agmus2 oheukuretogh ga e
hlw slrvoml, wletflr agrlmestohk agr ekromucturl (Kezlte `lHgtmoes).
Pfl Iltlgrgcgky eh` Estrghgiy E`iohostretogh tgoheukuretl e hlw slrvoml (E Hgotl).
[letflr agrlmestohk wfet os tfos oipgrteht slrvomltfet wocc dl oheukuretl` tgigrrgw7 (G Oiplroec).
Tle`ohk tfos eh` gtflr ietlroec, rlpgrts eh` ertomcls
pudcosfl` oh tfl Tog prlss dltwllh 5?5= eh` 5?4:, tflprlstokl eh` mferosie emfolvl` dy tfl [letflr Agrlmestohk]lrvoml eh`, edgvl ecc, ots prohmopec prgtekghost, ]eipeogAlrrez, os lvo`lht. Es argi 5?5;, tfl hlwspeplrs dlkehrlkucer pudcometogh ga tfl wletflr agrlmest, tgkltflr wotfiltlgrgcgkomec ohagrietogh agr evoetogh, tfl hevy eh`,edgvl ecc, ekromucturl. Eh` sohml tfl rggts ga tfos stgry erloh Tog `l Behlorg, rle`ohk tfl hlwspeplrs ga tfl toil, wfetmetmf tfl lyl erl tfl prohmopec mghmlrhs tfet cl` tfl merogmes(plgpcl argi Tog) tg dl ohtlrlstl` oh tfl wletflr agrlmest tfl mgh`otogh ga tfl dlemfls eh` Merhovec, et e toil wflh
tfl merhovec iermfls eh` dcgmns oh tfl strllts stocc ohvgcvl` ecerkl pert ga tfl pgpucetogh ga tfl moty.Pfl erle ga mcoietgcgky ecsg e`vehml` mghso`lredcy et
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
38/120=6
OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Mfgvlr7
Hg Mfgvlr hg Merhevec7
Porl-hgs `lste ohmlrtlze, @r., `ossligs e ].]. eg
aezlr e plrkuhte qul tg`g merogme fgbl aez.
G @r. ]eipeog Alrrez, lsdgeh`g ui sgrrosg he
stsoghgioe, rlspgh`lu-hgs2
- Oipgssvlc! ] aezligs prlvosls pere es 40
fgres slkuohtls. G Merhevec lst tg cghkl...
- Ies, mfgvlr7 Hg mfgvlr7...rlpltoigs
ohquoltgs...
- g qul tg`g g Tog qulr sedlr. G tlclaghl tocohte
ohmlssehtlilhtl, l lu s ceilhtg hg pg`lr
setosaezlr e murogso`e`l klrec `e pgpuceg.
- Hli uie pecevre trehqocoze`gre pg`l `er E
Tue7 Hg f lsplrehe `l dgi tlipg7
- Mgig cfl `ossl, s pg`ligs aezlr prlvosls
pere es 40 fgres slkuohtls. Ies, slh`g e i`oe
`g iec tlipg `l `lz `oes, l b mfgvlh`g f
eckuhs `oes, prgvvlc qul `equo et c, g ]gc
vgctl e drocfer l hgvg. prgvvlc, hg esslkurg,
hg lsteigs eperlcfe`gs pere tec prlvosg,mghmcuou ]ue Lxmlchmoe.
(Prlmfg `l lhtrlvoste pudcome`e hg bgrhec merogme
E Tue, li 4; `l alvlrlorg `l 5?5?).
[occ ot gr wght ot reoh et Merhovec7
Tlsgcvl gur `gudts @gmtgr, wl seo` tg ]] gh esnohk
tfl qulstogh tfet lvlry merogme os esnohk tg`ey.
@r. ]eipeog Alrrez, siocohk klhtcy, rlpcol`2
- Oipgssodcl! [l ghcy ienl agrlmests agr tfl hlxt 40
fgurs. Merhevec os tgg aer oh tfl auturl
- Dut wocc ot gr wght ot reoh7... wl ohsostl`- Ots wfet tfl wfgcl ga Tog wehts tg nhgw. Pfl
pfghl tohncls ohmlssehtcy, eh` O ei ghcy sgrry hgt
tg dl edcl setosay tfl murogsoty ga tfl pudcom.
- Hg sggtfohk wgr` agr E Tue7 Hg fgpl ga kgg`
wletflr7
- Es O tgc` ygu, wl meh ghcy ienl agrlmests agr
tfl hlxt 40 fgurs. Dut, sohml wl fevl fe` de`
wletflr agr tfl pest tlh `eys, eh` ot fes ecrle`y
dllh reohohk agr tfl pest alw `eys, ots conlcy tfet dy
tflh tfl ]uh wocc dl sfohohk ekeoh. Zrgdedcl, hgt
kuerehtll , wl erl hgt lquoppl` agr ienohk sumf
agrlmests, mghmcu`l` Fos Lxmlcclhmy.
(Zert ga eh ohtlrvolw pudcosfl` oh tfl Tog hlwspeplr
E Tue ( Pfl ]trllt) gh Aldruery 4;, 5?5?).
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
39/120=?
E Oipcehteg `g ]lrvog `l Zrlvosg `l Plipg
Pfl Oipclilhtetogh ga tfl [letflr Agrlmestohk ]lrvoml
Klgkraomg l Lthgkraomg,gdre qul `urehtl `me`es agomghsucte`e l mote`e pgr lsplmoecostes `e rle, hg Dresocl hg Lxtlrogr.
Hg meipg `e Estrghgioe, ui aetg iligrvlc emgh-
tlmlu li ieog `l 5?5?, queh`g g Gdslrvetrog Hemoghecmggr`lhgu e lxpl`og ohkclse qul gdslrvgu g lmcopsltgtec `g ]gc, li ]gdrec, hg Mler. G alhilhg, teidigdslrve`g he Ocfe Zrhmopl (hg erquopcekg `l ]g Pgil Zrhmopl), mghtroduou pere e mgiprgveg `e tlgroe `erlcetovo`e`l `l Lohstloh, eg sl mghsteter g `lsvog sgaro`gplce cuz `es lstrlces hg auh`g `g mu, meuse`g plcg mei-pg krevotemoghec `lvo`g iesse `g ]gc. E lsmgcfe `e mo`e-`l `l ]gdrec ago suklro`e pgr Flhroqul Igrozl, e pertor `llstu`gs mcoietgckomgs l lsmgcfo`e plce lquopl `g TgyecKrllhwomf Gdslrvetgry pere gdslrveg `g alhilhg.
Mlrme `l `gos ehgs eps g ohmog `es gplrels `g]lrvog `l Zrlvosg `g Plipg, ]eipeog Alrrez pesse e`lalh`lr pudcomeilhtl uie rlagrie hg GdslrvetrogHemoghec mgi e slpereg l eutghgioe `e rle `l Il-tlgrgcgkoe. Li ietroe pudcome`e hg bgrhec E Tue, `l 46`l ekgstg `l 5?5?, lcl aece `es trs prohmopeos rezls qulg igtovevei hlssl pclotg2
5 Li pertl hlhfuie `g iuh`g lst ui slrvogiltlgrgckomg hemoghec coke`g Estrghgioe, Klg`-soe l Klgasome, mghbuhteilhtl, mgig lhtrl hs. Lssefodro`ozeg lstlrocoze`gre (...) pg`lroe slr e`iossvlc
queh`g iuotg et g lstedlclmoilhtg `gs tredecfgs prl-coioherls, ecos f iuotg b tlriohe`gs. 4 E Iltlgrg-cgkoe pere prlster rlecilhtl, li kreh`l lsmece, slrvogs
Emeipeilhtg `e lxpl`og dresoclore he Zree `g Zetrgmhog li ]gdrec (ML) peregdslrveg `g lmcopsl sgcer, 5?5?.Agtg2 OHILP
Pfl Drezocoeh lxpl`otoghs meip et tfl Zree `g Zetrgmhog oh ]gdrec (ML) agrgdslrvetogh ga tfl 5?5? sgcer lmcopsl.
tfos toil, wotf tfl lxpehsogh ga tfl hetoghec mcoietgcgkomechltwgrn, ienohk pgssodcl agr plgpcl conl @lcke`g l Mervecfg,
Earhog Zloxgtg eh` Igrozl foislca, eighkst gtflrs, tglxpeh` tflor nhgwcl`kl eh` stu`ols ga tfl Drezocoeh mcoietl.
Pfl `orlmtgr ga tfl @IE pudcosfl` e ighgkrepf lhtotcl`Mghtrodutogh tg tfl ]tu`y ga tfl Mcoietl ga Drezoc, es pert gatfl Fostgromec, Klgkrepfomec eh` Ltfhgkrepfomec @omtoghery,e wgrn wfomf wes mghsuctl` eh` motl` dy splmoecosts oh Drezoceh` edrge` agr `lme`ls eatlr ots pudcometogh.
Oh tfl stlc` ga estrghgiy, e iligredcl gmmurrlhml tggnpceml oh Iey 5?5?, wflh tfl Hetoghec Gdslrvetgry mggr ohetl`eh Lhkcosf lxpl`otogh tg gdslrvl tfl tgtec lmcopsl ga tfl suhwfomf gmmurrl` oh ]gdrec, Mler. Pfl lmcopsl, ecsg gdslrvl` ettfl Ocfe Zrhmopl, mghtrodutl` tg tfl prgga ga Lohstlohs tflgryga rlcetovoty voe tfl gdslrvetogh ga tfl dlh`ohk ga cokft reys
argi sters dy tfl krevotetoghec stlc` ga tfl ]uh. Pfl mfgoml gatfl moty ga ]gdrec wes sukklstl` dy Flhroqul Igrozl, gh tfldesos ga mcoietgcgkomec stu`ols eh` emmlptl` dy tfl tlei argitfl Tgyec Krllhwomf Gdslrvetgry tg gdslrvl tfl lmcopsl.
Edgut twg ylers eatlr tfl stert ga gplretoghs ga tfl[letflr Agrlmestohk ]lrvoml, ]eipeog Alrrez meccl` pudcomcyagr e rlstrumturohk ga tfl Hetoghec Gdslrvetgry, wotf tflslperetogh eh` eutghgiy ga tfl erle ga Iltlgrgcgky. Oheh ertomcl pudcosfl` oh tfl hlwspeplr E Tue gh Eukust 46,5?5?, fl spgnl ga tfl tfrll ieoh rlesghs agr tfos rlqulst.
5. Hgwflrl oh tfl [grc` os e hetoghec iltlgrgcgkomec
slrvoml essgmoetl` wotf Estrghgiy, Klg`lsy eh` Klgpfysoms,tgkltflr, es ot os wotf us. Pfos stlrocl fydro`ozetogh () iokftbust dl e`iossodcl uhtoc tfl lstedcosfilht ga ohotoec stu`ols, e
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
40/1200:
OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
vecogsgs eg ekromuctgr, eg hevlkehtl l eg evoe`gr, rlqulreipcgs rlmursgs greilhtrogs l `orlg lxmcusove.Ieogr `gteg s pg`lr vor queh`g g Ohstotutg cgkrer`lighstrer, eoh`e qul ig`lsteilhtl, g slu vecoilhtg
prtomg. E `orlg lxmcusove s vovlc il`oehtl e sl-pereg edsgcute `gs etueos slrvogs fltlrmcotgs, l s`lplh`l, alcozilhtl, `l ui soipcls klstg `g Kgvlrhg.= E etuec rlpertog keste ehuecilhtl mgi e Iltl-grgcgkoe pere ieos `l
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E Oipcehteg `g ]lrvog `l Zrlvosg `l Plipg
Pfl Oipclilhtetogh ga tfl [letflr Agrlmestohk ]lrvoml
Lquopl `l ohkclsls, eilromehgs l dresoclorgs hegdslrveg `g lmcopsl sgcer he mo`e`l `l ]gdrec(ML), li 4? `l ieog `l 5?5?.Agtg2 OHILP
Plei mgipgsl` ga Lhkcosf, Eilromehs eh`Drezocoehs oh ]gdrec agr tfl gdslrvetogh ga tfl sgcer
lmcopsl ga Iey 4?, 5?5?.
Li 4< `l ieog `l 5?45, g iohostrg ]oils Cgpls essoheg `lmrltg h 50.64;, gh`l lxtohkul e @IE l li slu cu-ker mroe `ues ohstotuols g Gdslrvetrog Hemoghec l e@orltgroe l Iltlgrgcgkoe, mghste`e lsse ctoie orlg`l slu kreh`l `lalhsgr, Bgequoi `l ]eipeog Alrrez. Hgilsig ehg g Gdslrvetrog Hemoghec, sgd e `orlg `lFlhroqul Igrozl, ago `lsthotoveilhtl ohstece`g hg Igrrg`l ]g Behurog, li ]g Mrostvg, hg Tog `l Behlorg. Ls-tevei essoi slpere`gs g tlipg l es lstrlces.
]oils Cgpls sokhl` lmrll H. 50,64;, lxtohkuosfohk tfl @IEeh`, oh ots pceml, mrletohk twg hlw ohstotutoghs tfl HetoghecGdslrvetgry eh` tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec E`iohostretogh,
pcemohk oh mferkl ga tfl cettlr ots krlet mfeipogh, Bgequoi`l ]eipeog Alrrez. @urohk tfl seil yler tfl HetoghecGdslrvetgry, uh`lr tfl `orlmtogh ga Flhroqul Igrozl, wes
plriehlhtcy ohsteccl` et tfl Igrrg `l ]g Behurog oh ]gMrostgvg, Tog `l Behlorg. Pfus tfl flevlhs eh` tfl wletflrwlrl slperetl`.
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7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
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Meptucg =
Mfeptlr =
E Eipcoeg `e Iltlgrgcgkoe
hg Plrrotrog Dresoclorg
Pfl Lxpehsogh ga
Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc
Agtg2 Erquovg K. Lrieng
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
E Eipcoeg `e Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Plrrotrog Dresoclorg
Pfl Lxpehsogh ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc
Agrei hlmlssrogs ieos `l =: ehgs pere qul sthecilhtl ui etg gstmoecrlmghflmlssl e uhostmeg `g slrvog iltlgrgckomg dresoclorg (5?:?-5?05).Ot tggn igrl tfeh =: ylers dlagrl eh gmoec emt stheccy rlmgkhosl` tfl uhostmetoghga tfl Drezocoeh iltlgrgcgkomec slrvoml (5?:?-5?05).
E hgve aesl ohstotumoghec `e Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc,ekgre mgi e plrsplmtove `l meiohfer mgi ieogr eutg-hgioe eps e slpereg `e rle `l Estrghgioe, emgh-tlml li ui igilhtg `l kreh`ls iu`ehes hg Tog `l
Behlorg, mepotec al`lrec `g Zes. Es rlagries pere ig`lr-hozeg l sehleilhtg `e mo`e`l ohomoe`es he proilore`me`e `g smucg VV, mucioherei li ui kreh`ogsglvlhtg ohtlrhemoghec edlrtg eg iuh`g li sltlidrg `l5?44 e Lxpgsog `g Mlhtlhrog `e Oh`lplh`hmoe `gDresoc, qul trehsagrigu g Tog `l Behlorg he ieos aesmo-hehtl mo`e`l `e Eirome Cetohe, `l emgr`g mgi gs bgr-heos `e pgme. Ieos `l = iocfls `l plssges mormucereiplcgs pevocfls `e alore, edlrte plcg prlso`lhtl Lpotmog
Pfl hlw ohstotutoghec pfesl ga iltlgrgcgky ohDrezoc, hgw wotf tfl prgsplmt ga igvohk agrwer` wotfkrletlr eutghgiy, eatlr ots slperetogh argi tfl erle gaestrghgiy, fepplhl` et e toil ga krlet mfehkls oh Tog
`l Behlorg, al`lrec mepotec ga tfl mguhtry. Pfl rlagriseoil` et ig`lrhozohk eh` mclehohk up tfl moty, stertl`oh tfl aorst `lme`l ga tfl 4:tf mlhtury, muciohetl` ohe kreh`ogsl ohtlrhetoghec lvlht gplh tg tfl [grc`oh ]lptlidlr, 5?44 tfl Mlhtlhery Lxfodotogh ga tflOh`lplh`lhml ga Drezoc, wfomf trehsagril` Tog ohtg tfligst aesmohetohk moty ga Cetoh Eilrome, emmgr`ohk tgtfl hlwspeplrs ga tfl toil. Igrl tfeh = ioccogh plgpclvosotl` tfl pevocoghs ga tfl aeor, gplhl` dy Zrlso`lht
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
45/1200 `lslhvgcvlu-sl g slrvog `l prlvosg`l tlipg, edermeh`g tg`g g suc `g tlrrotrog hemoghec>
fgusl dlcgw. Ecsg ienohk pert ga tfos ermfotlmturec krgup,tfl Iuslui ga Heturec Fostgry wes oheukuretl` oh 5?44,stertohk ots emtovotols oh twg rggis ga tfl agrilr Mese `gPrli `l Ertocferoe (Ertocclry Preoh Fgusl usueccy nhgwh
bust es tfl Preoh Fgusl) e duoc`ohk mghtokugus wotf tflGdslrvetgry Pgwlr. Pfl tgwlr wes nhgmnl` `gwh sgiltoil cetlr, tg ienl wey agr eh evlhul, eh` tfl Iuslui,rlstgrl` oh tfl 5?;:s, igvl` ohtg tfl agrilr ]ehtoekg Agrt.
Ectfgukf fl lhmguhtlrl` `omuctols rokft argi tfl stert,wotf cemn ga tlmfhomec plrsghhlc eh` ohsumolht auh`ohktg merry gut tfl prgkrei fl fe` pcehhl`, ]eipeog Alrreziehekl` tg oipclilht e kgg`cy pert ga tfl gdblmtovls flfe` prgpgsl` oh fos e`iohostretogh. Alrrez foislca suiil`up tfl emfolvlilhts ga tfl strst ylers ga fos ieh`etl es`orlmtgr2
Dltwllh 5?45 eh` 5?4=, tfl lxpehsogh ga tflmcoietgcgkomec hltwgrn mghtohul` eh` ehhuec duccltohswlrl pudcosfl`, tfgukf iumf `lceyl`> tfl wletflragrlmestohk slrvoml wes `lvlcgpl`, ohmcu`ohk ecc tfl sgutf
ga tfl mguhtry> oh verogus pgohts sliepfgrl sokhecs wlrlohsteccl` agr stgri werhohk> tfl elrgcgkomec slrvoml wesstertl`, uhoqul oh Drezoc, ohmcu`ohk tfl mghstrumtogh, oh
Hgvg l`oamog `e @orltgroe `l Iltlgrgcgkoe, Zghte `g Mecedgug (TB), 5?4=. Mghstru`g e prohmpog mgigpertl ohtlkrehtl `e Lxpgsog `g Mlhtlhrog `e Oh`lplh`hmoe, edrokeroe gs slrvogs iltlgrgckomgs hepertl suplrogr l uie mese `l mf he pertl ohalrogr.Agtg2 Erquovg K. Lrieng
Pfl Iltlgrgcgkomec E`iohostretoghs hlw duoc`ohk, @uhklgh Zgoht (TB), 5?4=. Grokoheccy duoct es pert ga tflMlhtlhery ga Oh`lplh`lhml Lxfodotogh, ot wes tg fgusl tfl iltlgrgcgkomec slrvoml oh ots upplr pert eh` e tle-rggisoh tfl cgwlr.
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
47/1200;
E Eipcoeg `e Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Plrrotrog Dresoclorg
Pfl Lxpehsogh ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc
ohstecerei-sl vrogs pgstgs sliearomgs pere evosgs `l
tlipgreos> ohomogu-sl g slrvog elrgckomg, mgipclte-ilhtl oh`otg hg Zes, edrehklh`g g ilsig e mghstru-g li Eclkrltl (T]) l oipgrtehtl pgstg l sgh`eklhspgr ilog `l pepekeogs mlcucerls> rltgigu-sl g slrvog`l iltlgrgcgkoe iertoie (lidroghrog mgi Eiromg]ocve`g, l f iuotg lxtohtg), eipcoeh`g-g mghso`lrevlc-ilhtl mgi e mggplreg `l uie mlhtlhe `l hevogs `eierohfe ilrmehtl lstrehklore> mroerei-sl gs oh`osplh-svlos slrvogs `l iltlgrgcgkoe ekrmgce l prlvosg `llhmflhtls `l rogs, mgileh`g plcg Zerede, mgi rl-sucte`gs emoie `l quecqulr lxplmtetove> l, sthecilhtl,
etoverei-sl plsquoses ehtokes l lhmlterei-sl gutres hgGdslrvetrog `g Ohstotutg Mlhtrec `g Tog `l Behlorg.Peidi hlssl plrg`g, li edroc `l 5?44, ago cehe-
`e e Tlvoste Ilhsec `l Iltlgrgcgkoemgi uie mgclthle`l eutgroe `g lhklhflorg l iltlgrgcgkoste Igemor ]oc-ve, `ostrodu`e li vrogs hilrgs sgd g ttucgZrgvrdogsIltlg-Ekrrogs.
Eclkrltl (T]) ga eh oipgrteht sguh`ohk stetogh usohk mlccucer
notls> tfl ierotoil iltlgrgcgkomec slrvoml wes rl-stertl`(lidryghom oh Eiromg ]ocve`gs toil, eh` cghk lxtohmt),mghso`lredcy lxpeh`l` wotf tfl flcp ga erguh` e fuh`rl`sfops ga tfl agrlokh ilrmfeht ierohl> oh`osplhsedclslrvomls ga ekromucturec iltlgrgcgky eh` agrlmestohk ga rovlrfflgg`s, stertohk wotf tfl Zerede rovlr, wotf rlsucts dlygh`lxplmtetoghs> eh`, stheccy, lercolr rlslermf prgblmts wlrl rl-emtovetl` eh` hlw ghls wlrl stertl` et tfl gdslrvetgry gatfl Mlhtrec Ohstotutl ga Tog `l Behlorg.
Ecsg oh tfos plrog`, oh Eproc, 5?44, tfl IghtfcyIltlgrgcgkomec Bgurhec wes ceuhmfl`, wotf e mgcclmtogh
eutfgrl` dy tfl lhkohllr eh` iltlgrgcgkost Igemor ]ocve,`ovo`l` ohtg verogus huidlrs uh`lr tfl totcl Iltlg-EkreroehZrgvlrds.
Es e rlsuct ga ecc tflsl lgrts, Drezoc wes preosl` `urohktfl
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Mgig rlsucte`g `l tg`es lsses els, g Dresoc ago lcg-koe`g `urehtl e
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
49/1200?
E Eipcoeg `e Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Plrrotrog Dresoclorg
Pfl Lxpehsogh ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc
Qosote `l Ecdlrt Lohstloh eg Gdslrvetrog Hemoghec li :? `l ieog `l 5?4
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
50/120
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
51/120 m) GdslrvetrogIltlgrgckomg> `) Tl`l Iltlgrgckome> l l) ]uplrohtlh-`hmoe `l Ietlroec.
Hg lhtehtg, pgumg ieos `l 5 ehg `lpgos, g `lmrltg
h 4=.?;?, `l 6 `l ierg `l 5?=0, lxtohkul e @orltgroeKlrec `l Zlsquoses Molhtstmes, l `lsilidre g Ohstotutgmroe`g hg ehg ehtlrogr. E slg `l fo`rgiltroe veo pere
@urohk tfl sfgrt toil tfet fl wes `orlmtgr, Teuc Vevolr,eighkst gtflr emfolvlilhts, ohstotutl` e treohohkmgursl agr tfl iltlgrgcgky plrsghhlc, wfomf meil tg dlmggr`ohetl` dy tfl lhkohllr Kestg ]eoht Iertoh. Teuc Zorls
Vevolr `orlmtl` tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec E`iohostretogh agr clsstfeh 4 ylers dlagrl dlohk sudstotutl` dy Eh`re`l IertohsMgste, e prgalssgr ga pfysoms argi tfl Lsmgce Zgcotmhome(eh lhkohllrohk aemucty).
Pfl iohostlr ga Ekromucturl oh tfl prgvosoghec kgvlrhilhtga Kltcog Qerkes, Buerlz Pvgre, ohstoketl` e rlagri gatfl erle wfomf wes tg `orlmtcy elmt tfl iltlgrgcgkomecslmtgr. Pfl `lmrll H. 44, d) stvltlmfhomec slmtoghs es agccgws2 Elrgcgky, Mcoietgcgky eh`Tlslermf, [letflr Agrlmestohk, Fy`rgcgky eh` EkromucturecLmgcgky> m) Iltlgrgcgkomec Gdslrvetgry> `) IltlgrgcgkomecHltwgrn> l) Ietlroecs ]uplrohtlh`lhmy.
Fgwlvlr, cottcl igrl tfeh e yler cetlr, `lmrll H. 4=,?;?ga Iermf 6, 5?=0, lxtohkuosfl` tfl Klhlrec @orlmtgretl ga]molhtostm Tlslermf, eh` `osiehtcl` tfl ohstotutl mrletl`tfl prlvogus yler. Pfl fy`rgcgky slmtogh wlht tg tfl [etlrs
]lrvoml ga tfl Hetoghec @lpertilht ga Iohlrec Zrg`umtogh,tfl ekromucturec lmgcgky slmtogh wes feh`l` gvlr tgtfl Ohstotutl ga Qlkltedcl Dogcgky ga tfl @lpertilht ga
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
52/120 eh` tfl gtflr iltlgrgcgkomec slrvomlswlht tg tfl @lpertilht ga Movoc Evoetogh ga tfl Iohostry gaPrehspgrt eh` Zudcom [grns.
Pfos pucvlrozetogh ga tfl ohstotutoghec strumturl wfomf,ectfgukf arekocl, lxostl` oh tfl iltlgrgcgkomec erle, wes
fokfcy prlbu`omoec tg tfl lvgcutogh ga tfl slmtgr eh` lvlhmrletl` rlvlrsls oh sgil ga tfl lercolr emfolvlilhts.@urohk tfl agur ylers `urohk wfomf tfl Ohstotutl gaIltlgrgcgky wes sudgr`ohetl tg tfl Iohostry ga Prehspgrteh` Zudcom [grns, ecc tfl rlkucer pudcometoghs mrletl`eh` ieohteohl` dy tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec E`iohostretoghwlrl lotflr lxtohkuosfl` gr susplh`l`. Ghcy tfl wletflrmferts wlrl mghtohul`, ecdlot orrlkucercy, tgkltflr wotf tfliltlg-ekreroeh duccltohs.
Pfl pertomopetogh ga Drezoc oh tfl ]lmgh` OhtlrhetoghecZgcer _ler (5?=4-5?==), wfomf ohvgcvl` e iohoiui ga
lxplhsl oh volw ga tfl oipgrtehml ga tfl lvlht, wes e aeocurldlmeusl tfl Drezocoeh Kgvlrhilht wes hgt `ospgsl` tgohvlst tfl hlmlssery auh`s. Pfl ]lmgh` Zgcer _ler ohvgcvl`stu`ols ga ecc gdslrvetoghs argi tfl pgcer rlkoghs, mepedclga oiprgvohk wletflr agrlmestohk agr trevlc dy eor, ceh` eh`sle. Agrty agur hetoghs pertomopetl` eh` e vest quehtotyga `ete wes mgcclmtl`. E [grc` `ete mlhtlr wes mrletl`uh`lr tfl `orlmtogh ga tfl Ohtlrhetoghec IltlgrgcgkomecGrkehozetogh.
Zere`gxomeccy, ghl meh hgtl e sokhostmeht ohmrlesl ohoh`ovo`uec rlslermf oh iltlgrgcgky, stertohk oh tfl io`-
tfortols. Pwg heils steh` gut urohk tfos plrog` oh dy vortulga tfl wgrn tfly merrol` gut `lsmrodohk tfl etigspflrommormucetogh oh Drezoc eh` ]gutf Eilrome. Pflsl wlrl tfl
G lhklhflorg l iltlgrgcgkoste E`ecdlrtg ]lrre.Agtg2 Emlrvg Bucoehg ]lrre
Lhkohllr eh` iltlgrgcgkost E`ecdlrtg ]lrre.
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53/120
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
54/120
7/22/2019 100 Anos de Meteorologia No Brasil
55/120 deh`lore ezuc tlipg eilee-`gr> ffliuce prlte pgr moie gu pgr deoxg `l me`e ui`gs ig`lcgs emoie, oh`omeve tliplreture li esmlhsggu `lmchog rlsplmtoveilhtl. Fevoe teidi e deh`lore
drehme mgi g mlhtrg vlrilcfg l drehmg, gu g mlhtrgprltg, pere oh`omeg `l agrtl esmlhsg gu agrtl `lmchog`e tliplreture.
rlspghsodcl agr tfl Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky, wes hgiohetl`tg tenl gvlr tfl `orlmtogh ga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml.
]gil ightfs dlagrl tfos ohstotutoghec mfehkl, tflfle`quertlrs ga tfl Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky oh tflGdslrvetgry Pgwlr stertl` tg dl `ligcosfl` tg ienl weyagr tfl mghstrumtogh ga e hlw evlhul. Gh Gmtgdlr =, 5?=6,tfl hlwspeplr, @orog `e Hgotl (Hokft @oery) pudcosfl`
eh ertomcl lhtotcl` Dot dy dot tfl iltlgrgcgkomec slrvomlstgwlr os vehosfohk, tecnohk edgut tfl `ligcotogh ga tflduoc`ohk eh` qulstoghohk tfl stetl ga tfl ohstruilhts oh ot.Oh eh ohtlrvolw wotf tfl peplr, Prebehg Tlos, `orlmtgr ga Movoc
Evoetogh (@EM) et tfl toil, tg wfomf tfl Ohstotutl wes stoccsudgr`ohetl`, kuerehtll` tfet tfl ohstruilhts wguc` dl
prgtlmtl` eh` tfet tfl Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky wguc` dltrehsalrrl` tg e hlw cgmetogh oh tfl hler auturl.
Oh aemt, oh 5?0:, tfl fle`quertlrs ga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec]lrvoml wlrl trehsalrrl` tg tfl dcul eh` wfotl wletflr uhstedcl (wotf grwotfgut reoh)> dcul fflek tfrletlhohk reoh2 dcemn plhhehtedgvl gr dlcgw tfl ieoh fflek oh`ometl` rosohk gr aeccohk
tliplreturl rlsplmtovlcy. Pflrl wes ecsg e wfotl fflek wotf erl` eh` wfotl mlhtlr, gr e dcemn mlhtlr, tg oh`ometl e strghkrosl gr aecc oh tfl tliplreturl.
Lhklhflorg l iltlgrgcgkoste Arehmosmg Vevolr Tg`rokuls `l ]guzehgile`g pere essuior e `orlg `g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe,mroe`g li 4= `l `lzlidrg `l 5?=6 li sudstotuog eg Ohstotutg `lIltlgrgcgkoe.Agtg2 Tlprg`ug OHILP
Lhkohllr eh` iltlgrgcgkost Arehmosmg Vevolr Tg`rokuls `l ]guzehgiohetl` tg tenl gvlr tfl `orlmtogh ga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml,mrletl` oh @lmlidlr, 5?=6, sudstotutohk tfl Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky.
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Mgi g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe uhostme`g, g `orltgrArehmosmg Vevolr Tg`rokuls `l ]guze iehtlvl-sl arlh-tl `e ohstotuog et g slu aeclmoilhtg, li 5? `l buhfg`l 5? 0tf Iohes Klreos> 1tf Zlrheidumg> ;tf Zer> 6tf Ietg Krgssg.
[otf tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml uhostl` tfl `orlmtgr,Arehmosmg Vevolr Tg`rokuls `l ]guze, steyl` es fle` ga tflohstotutogh uhtoc fos `letf gh Buhl 5?, 5?
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E Agrieg `l Iltlgrgcgkostes
l e Tlvgcug Lcltrhome
Pfl Preohohk ga Iltlgrgcgkosts
eh` tfl Lclmtrghoms Tlvgcutogh
Meptucg 0
Mfeptlr 0
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
E Agrieg l Iltlgrgcgkostes l e Tlvgcug Lcltrhome
Pfl Preohohk ga Iltlgrgcgkosts eh tfl Lclmtrghoms Tlvgcutogh
Es plrsplmtoves qul sl eprlslhtei sg tg ieos drocfehtls, quehtg ieos rlmghflmo`e
pgr tg`g iuh`g e auhg e iltlgrgcgkoe li tg`es es els fuiehes.Pfl prgsplmts erl drokftlr oh prgpgrtogh tg tfl rlmgkhotogh dy lvlrydg`y ga tfl rgcl gailtlgrgcgky oh ecc fuieh emtovotols.
(Eh`r Qoeut, GII)
Eckuhs ehgs eps e cghke klstg `l Arehmosmg VevolrTg`rokuls `l ]guze arlhtl `g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe,e Grkehozeg Iltlgrgckome Iuh`oec (GII), qul li5?
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E Agrieg `l Iltlgrgcgkostes l e Tlvgcug Lcltrhome
Pfl Preohohk ga Iltlgrgcgkosts eh` tfl Lclmtrghoms Tlvgcutogh
qul sl eprlslhtei egs iltlgrgcgkostes sg tg ieosdrocfehtls, quehtg ieos rlmghflmo`e pgr tg`g iuh`ge auhg `e iltlgrgcgkoe li tg`es es els fuiehes.G @lmhog `es Hels \ho`es pere g @lslhvgcvoilhtg
Lmghiomg l ]gmoec, essoi lsplrg, `lvlr e`iotor lssevlr`e`l sgdrltu`g plces eutgro`e`ls kgvlrheilhteosqul eoh`e ti `vo`es e lssl rlsplotg.
Hlstl mghtlxtg e Grkehozeg Iltlgrgckome Iuh-`oec, li pclhe lxpehsg, me`e `oe ieos oh`osplhsvlcpere rlecozer es terlaes prlvostes li sue Mghvlhg l, ls-plmoecilhtl, pere aemocoter e mggplreg iuh`oec oiprls-moh`vlc lhtrl gs ]lrvogs Iltlgrgckomgs, agilhter esepcomels e iltlgrgcgkoe s ovlrses etovo`e`ls fuie-hes l prgigvlr e plsquose l g lhsohg `e iltlgrgcgkoe.
@ls`l equlce pgme, es `ltlriohels `e GII
b tohfei rlffllxgs `orltgs l quesl oil`oetgs hes etovo-`e`ls iltlgrgckomes `l tg`g g iuh`g. Hg Dresoc, equlstg `g lhsohg `e iltlgrgcgkoe mgile e sl ls-truturer e pertor `g sthec `e `me`e `l 5?
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Li buhfg `l 5?eh` Cus Destg Coie, wfg steyl` agr twg ylers (Eproc, 5?14
tg Iey 5?10).@lspotl tfl ohstotutoghec ohstedocoty ga tfos plrog`, eh
oipgrteht lvlht iernl` tfl stert ga tfl lxpehsogh ga tflkrgup ga kre`uetl iltlgrgcgkosts oh Drezoc. Pfos wes tflstert ga tfl Meipeokh agr tfl Agrietogh ga Iltlgrgcgkosts,MEIL, oipcehtl` dy tfl Fokflr L`umetogh E`iohostretogh gatfl Iohostry ga L`umetogh eh` Mucturl, `urohk tfl BusmlcohgNudotsmfln kgvlrhilht.
Pfl iltlgrgcgkost, Qlre Iecae Zlrlore eh` tfl wrotlr Ecmor]poher`o, eutfgrs ga Iligrols ga tfl [letflr (4::=), rlcetloh tflor dggn tfl ohotoec stlps wfomf cl` tg tfl mrletogh ga tfl
strst uh`lrkre`uetl clvlc mgursl oh iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc.Oh 5?14, wotf tfl rlgrkehozetogh ga tfl Iohostry ga
Ekromucturl, tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml wes ecsg rlgrkehozl`.Pfl lxlmutovl mrletl`, oh tfl seil yler oh tfl Iohostry, tflAl`lrec Auh` agr Aeriohk, wotf auh`s argi verogus sgurmls,ieohcy argi =% ga tfl tex rlvlhul ga tfl Mguhtry. Ehekrllilht sokhl` oh 5?1=, dy tfl pertols ohvgcvl`, ecrle`y`urohk tfl kgvlrhilht ga Bgg Kgucert, lstedcosfl` tfl
pereiltlrs eh` tfl murromucui tg dl e`gptl` dy tfl mgursl,suppgrtl` wotf rlsgurmls argi tfl Auh`. Et tfl ceuhmf gatfl ekrllilht, es motl` dy Iecae Zlrlore eh` ]poher`o, tfgsl
rlspghsodcl agr tfl hlw mgursl spgnl2Pfl Meipeokh agr tfl Agrietogh ga Iltlgrgcgkosts, ohtfos emt rlprlslhtl` dy tfl `orlmtgr ga Fokflr L`umetogh ga
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E Agrieg `l Iltlgrgcgkostes l e Tlvgcug Lcltrhome
Pfl Preohohk ga Iltlgrgcgkosts eh` tfl Lclmtrghoms Tlvgcutogh
Cloture `l mertes iltlgrgckomes.Agtg2 OHILP
Tle`ohk iltlgrgcgkomec mferts.
e slr e`gte`g plcg mursg, prgigvo`g mgi rlmursgs `gAuh`g. He edlrture `g emgr`g, mote`g pgr Iecae Zlrlorel ]poher`o, iehoalstei-sl es ohstotuols rlspghsvlosplce edlrture `g hgvg mursg2
E Meipehfe `l Agrieg `l Iltlgrgcgkostes, hls-tl etg rlprlslhte`e plcg `orltgr `l Lhsohg ]uplrogr `gIohostrog `e L`umeg l Mucture, prgalssgr @urilvecProkulorg Ilh`ls, `equo pgr `oehtl `lsokhe`e MEIL, le Aemuc`e`l Hemoghec `l Aocgsgste, Mohmoes l Cltres `e\hovlrso`e`l `g Dresoc, rlprlslhte`e plcg slu `orltgr,prgalssgr Bgs `l Aeroe Kls ]gdrohfg, `equo pgr `oehtl`lsokhe`e Aemuc`e`l, l g Mlhtrg Dresoclorg `l ZlsquosesAsomes (MDZA), rlprlslhte`g plcg slu voml-prlso`lhtlli lxlrmmog, `r. Ecior `l Mestrg, ehuli li essoher gprlslhtl emgr`g, `lstohe`g e iehtlr ui mursg `l il-
tlgrgcgkoe, dli mgig ohmlhtover g eplralogeilhtg l e`oausg `e mohmoe iltlgrgckome.
G mursg mgi `ureg `l quetrg ehgs l `lstohe`g agrieg `l demferos li iltlgrgcgkoe, auhmogheroehg @lperteilhtg `l Asome `e Aemuc`e`l> e MEIL lrerlspghsvlc plcg agrhlmoilhtg `e vlrde al`lrec `lsto-he`e iehutlhg `g mursg, ohmcusovl pere dgcses `llstu`gs> l g MDZA mgcgmeroe `ospgsog `g mursg `liltlgrgcgkoe e sue dodcogtlme, cedgretrogs l `lieos ohs-tecels pere e rlecozeg `l euces, plsquoses l gutres
tfl Iohostry ga L`umetogh eh` Mucturl, Zrgalssgr @urilvecProkulorg Ilh`ls, argi hgw gh tg dl meccl` MEIL, eh` tflHetoghec Aemucty ga Zfocgsgpfy, ]molhmls eh` Clttlrs ga tfl\hovlrsoty ga Drezoc, rlprlslhtl` dy ots `orlmtgr, Zrgalssgr Bgs
`l Aeroe Kls ]gdrohfg, argi hgw gh tg dl rlalrrl` tg estfl Aemucty, eh` tfl Drezocoeh Mlhtlr agr Tlslermf oh Zfysoms(MDZA), rlprlslhtl` dy ots emtohk voml-prlso`lht, @r. Ecior lMestrg, epprgvl oh ots sokhohk tfl prlslht ekrllilht, eoil`et ieohteohohk e iltlgrgcgky mgursl, eh` lhmgurekohk tfl
plralmtogh eh` `ousogh ga iltlgrgcgkomec smolhml.Pfl agur-yler mgursl, eoil` et agriohk Demflcgrs oh
Iltlgrgcgky, wes tg auhmtogh oh tfl Zfysoms @lpertilht gatfl Aemucty> MEIL wes rlspghsodcl agr prgvo`ohk tfl al`lrecauh`s tg ieohteoh tfl mgursl, ohmcu`ohk smfgcersfops, eh`tfl MDZA wes tg put ots cedgretgrols, codrery eh` gtflr
ohsteccetoghs et tfl `ospgsec ga tfl iltlgrgcgky mgursl,wotf tfl eoi ga ienohk pgssodcl mcessls, rlslermf eh`gtflr emtovotols ga mgiigh ohtlrlst. Pfl strst mcess wes tgstert tfl mgursl oh 5?10. \p uhtoc tfos pgoht tfl heil ga tflIltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml `o` hgt eppler oh tfl ekrllilht.Dut pgcotomec lvlhts eh` kgg` cumn, wfomf cl` e hlw orlmtgrtg tenl gvlr tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml, sgilwfet mfehkl`tfl mgursl ohtlh`l` oh tfl ekrllilht.
Pfl agccgwohk os wgrtf tlccohk oh `lteoc dlmeusl ga tfluhlxplmtl` wey oh wfomf lvlhts gmmurrl`. Oh Eproc 5?10, wotf
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
etovo`e`ls `l ohtlrlssl mgiui. E proilore turie `lvl-roe oheukurer g mursg li 5?10. G hgil `g ]lrvog `lIltlgrgcgkoe, et lhtg, hg eperlmoe hg emgr`g. Iesemghtlmoilhtgs pgctomgs l g emesg agrtuotg, qul clvgu
ui hgvg `orltgr e essuior g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe,iu`erei ui pgumg gs ruigs prlvostgs plcg emgr`g.
Lsse pessekli ilrlml slr rlcete`e mgi eckuhs `l-tecfls, plce agrie ohusote`e li qul gs aetgs emghtlml-rei. Li edroc `l 5?10, b mgi g rlkoil iocoter rlmi-lstedlclmo`g hg Dresoc, g prgalssgr Blsus Ier`lh `gs]ehtgs, qul fevoe emede`g `l mflker `e Ohkcetlrre mgiui ttucg `l ps-`gutgre`g gutgrke`g plcg MghslcfgDrothomg, iohostreve euces hg @lperteilhtg `l Asome lIltlgrgcgkoe `e Lsmgce ]uplrogr `l Ekromucture Cuoz `lUulorgz (L]ECU \]Z), li Zoremomede, ohtlrogr `l ]gZeucg. Cgkg he proilore euce, ui ecuhg plrkuhtgu-cfl
edrupteilhtl2 - Zrgalssgr, g slhfgr qulr slr `orltgr `eIltlgrgcgkoe Hemoghec7 E plrkuhte surprllh`lu egprgalssgr qul, mgi ui iostg `l orghoe l ohmrl`uco`e`l,`ossl qul mlrteilhtl emloteroe g merkg, qul lre g ieosectg he rle, ies qulstoghgu g ecuhg sgdrl mgig pg`l-roe lcl galrlmlr-cfl g merkg, eg qul g repez rlspgh`lu2Ilu peo, Gsmer Pfgipsgh Acgrls, ago hgile`g ghtliplcg Kgvlrhg pere slr g iohostrg `e Ekromucture. Lcl ilpl`ou pere oh`omer eckui prgalssgr, lhtg sl g slhfgrplriotor, vgu aecer mgi lcl.
Ier`lh emlotgu g lsestg. Li pgumgs oes, g prgalssgr
`l Zoremomede lsteve he Zree VQ, he sl`l `g Iohostrog`e Ekromucture, gh`l ago rlmldo`g plcg prprog iohostrgPfgipsgh Acgrls. Eps uie drlvl mghvlrse, g iohostrgclvgu-g pere g mflal `l Kedohltl, qul g emgipehfguet g l`oamog `e Mee l Zlsme (hgil `e`g eg ilsigpr`og gh`l stmeve g Lhtrlpgstg Al`lrec `e Zlsme) l c`loxgu-g s pere essuior, sli hlhfuie mlroihoe, gmerkg `l `orltgr `g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe. Ier`lh rl-clidre equlcl igilhtg mghstrehkl`gr l ohscotg2
Mflkulo l aeclo cgkg mgi g slmrltrog `g `orltgr CusDestg Coie, qul lu lsteve c pere essuior g merkg `lcl. G`orltgr gcfgu-il l, sli ozlr uie pecevre, mgcgmgu g pe-
clt l ago-sl lidgre. Essuio g merkg essoi, sli pepos,sli he`e agriec. Ier`lh mghte qul sue kreh`l sgrtl agomghflmlr g Cleh`rg Tetosdghhe, qul lre ehtokg hg ]lr-
]gclho`e`l `l oheukureg `e sece ]eipeog Alrrezhg pr`og `e Mee l Zlsme, sl`l `g lhtg ]lrvog `lIltlgrgcgkoe. `orlote, Blsus Ier`lh `gs ]ehtgs c ui tlxtg
`l ]eipeog Alrrez pere ecuhgs l perlhtls mgig fgilheklieg iltlgrgcgkoste.Agtg2 OHILP
Agriec oheukuretogh ga tfl ]eipeog Alrrez fecc oh tfl Fuhtohkeh` Aosflrols Duoc`ohk, fle`quertlrs ga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec]lrvoml et tfl toil. Gh tfl rokft, Blsus Ier`lh `gs ]ehtgs rle`se tlxt dy ]eipeog Alrrez tg stu`lhts eh` rlcetovls oh trodutl tgtfl iltlgrgcgkost.
tfl iocotery rlkoil rlmlhtcy lstedcosfl` oh Drezoc, ZrgalssgrBlsus Ier lh `gs ]ehtgs, wfg fe` bust errovl` argi Lhkceh`,wflrl fl fe` dllh lhkekl` oh pgst-`gmtgrec stu`ols uh`lrtfl euspomls ga tfl Drotosf Mguhmoc, teukft mcessls oh tfl@lpertilht ga Zfysoms eh` Iltlgrgcgky ga tfl ]uplrogr ]mfggcga Ekromucturl Cuoz `l Uulrgz (L]ECU \]Z), oh Zoremomede,ohtlrogr ga ]g Zeucg. Tokft oh tfl strst mcess e stu`lht edruptcyesnl` foi2 - Zrgalssgr, wguc` ygu conl tg dl orlmtgr ga DrezocoehIltlgrgcgky7 Pfl qulstogh surprosl` tfl Zrgalssgr wfg, wotf eioxturl ga orghy eh` ohmrl`odocoty, seo` tfet fl wguc` mlrteohcy
emmlpt tfl pgsotogh, wfomf wes tfl fokflst oh tfl erle, dutesnl` tfl stu`lht fgw fl mguc` glr foi tfl pgst, tg wfomftfl stu`lht rlpcol`2 Iy aetflr, Gsmer Pfgipsgh Acgrls, weshgiohetl` ylstlr`ey dy tfl kgvlrhilht tg dl Iohostlrga Ekromucturl. Fl esnl` il tg sukklst tfl heil ga sgilZrgalssgr, sg oa ygu `ght ioh`, O wocc splen tg foi.
Ier`lh emmlptl` tfl mfecclhkl. [otfoh e alw `eystfl Zrgalssgr wes oh tfl Zree 5
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peg dresoclore hes etovo`e`ls `e Grkehozeg Iltlgrg-ckome Iuh`oec.
Fguvl teidi `ues iu`ehes hg hgil `e ohsto-tuog, `lvo`g e ectlrels he lstruture `g Iohostrog `eEkromucture. E proilore ago li 1 `l ieog l 5?;5, queh`gpessgu e `lhgioher-sl @lperteilhtg `l Iltlgrgcgkoe(@LILP), l e gutre gmgrrl li 46 `l hgvlidrg `l 5?;;,queh`g e ohstotuog kehfe eutghgioe e`iohostretovel sthehmlore, l rlmldl g hgil `l Ohstotutg Hemoghec `lIltlgrgcgkoe mgi e sokce OHLILP.
Li 5?16, pgr ilog `l rlmursgs ecgme`gs hg ]lrvog
`l Iltlgrgcgkoe l grouh`gs `e Ekhmoe `gs Lste`gs\ho`gs pere g @lslhvgcvoilhtg Ohtlrhemoghec (\]EO@),ago ohomoe`g ui pcehg dsomg l lilrklhtl `l lxpehsg`e rl`l mcoietgckome hg Dresoc, mgi e ohsteceg `l46= lstels mcoietgckomes prohmopeos l 46? lstelsgr`ohroes. Peidi li 5?16 ago ohstece`e uie lstegrestrle`gre `l setcotls iltlgrgckomgs he Kuehedere.Gutres lstels `g khlrg agrei ohstece`es pgstlrogr-ilhtl li Drescoe (5?;5), li ]g Zeucg l Zgrtg Eclkrl,lsses `ues ctoies li 5?;=. Gutre hgvo`e`l tlmhgcko-me `urehtl e `orlg `l Qlhlreh`g Zlrlore, ago e oipceh-
teg `g slrvog `l iomrgstciekli `g erquovg tmhomg`l gdslrvels iltlgrgckomes, li seces mgi tliplre-ture l uio`e`l mghtrgce`es.
Mlhtrg Tlkoghec `lPlclmgiuhomels`l Drescoe Mlhtrec`l Prehsiossg.]ltlidrg `l 5?;;.Agtg2 OHILP
TlkoghecPlclmgiiuhometoghsMlhtlr ga Drescoe Prehsiossogh Mlhtlr.]lptlidlr, 5?;;.
tfl iohostlr ga Ekromucturl, agur `urohk tfl kgvlrhilhtga Mestlcg Drehmg, eh` ghl `urohk tfet ga Iersfec Mgstel ]ocve. @urohk tfl e`iohostretogh ga tfl slmgh` iohostlrga Ekromucturl ga tfl Mestlcg Drehmg kgvlrhilht, tflekrghgiost, Fukg `l Ecilo`e Clil, stertl` tfl wgrn gatrehsalrrohk tfl fle`quertlrs ga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvomltg Dresocoe, dltwllh Buhl 5?10 eh` Hgvlidlr 5?1 tfloipclilhtetogh ga e desom hltwgrn ga gdslrvohk stetoghstgkltflr wotf tlclmgiiuhometoghs eh` tfl usl ga setlccotl
oiekls> eh` tfl krgwohk pertomopetogh oh tfl emtovotols gatfl [grc` Iltlgrgcgkomec Grkehozetogh.
Pflrl wlrl ecsg twg mfehkls oh tfl heil ga tflohstotutogh, gwohk tg ectlretoghs oh tfl strumturl ga tfl Iohostryga Ekromucturl. Pfl strst wes gh Iey 1, 5?;5, wflh ot dlmeiltfl @lpertilht ga Iltlgrgcgky (@LILP), eh` tfl slmgh`wes gh Hgvlidlr 46, 5?;;, wflh tfl ohstotutogh keohl`e`iohostretovl eh` sthehmoec eutghgiy uh`lr tfl heil gaHetoghec Ohstotutl ga Iltlgrgcgky, wotf tfl emrghyi OHLILP.
Oh 5?16, voe rlsgurmls eccgmetl` tg tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec]lrvoml eh` grokohetohk oh tfl \hotl` ]tetls Eklhmy agr
Ohtlrhetoghec @lvlcgpilht (\]EO@), e desom pceh agrlxpehsogh ga tfl Drezocoeh mcoietgcgkomec hltwgrn wesstertl`, wotf tfl ohsteccetogh ga 46= proiery mcoietgcgkomec
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Gutrg esplmtg `lsteme`g hlssl plrg`g ago g euilh-tg `e pertomopeg dresoclore hes els `e GII. G lh-klhflorg dresoclorg Bgs `l Eroietle, qul etuecilhtl `orltgr `g ]ostlie `l Ohagrieg `e GII, li Klhldre,he ]ue, tredecfgu mgi g mlc. Qlhlreh`g he sl`l liDrescoe, lhtrl 5?;= l 5?;?. Eroietle aece sgdrl e prlslh-e `g Dresoc he GII hequlce pgme2 G mlc. Qlhlreh`glre iuotg rlsplote`g he GII l iehtohfe uie rlcegsco`e mgi gs `lieos `orltgrls `gs ]lrvogs Iltlgrgc-komgs `e Eirome `g ]uc, qul g lclklrei uhehoililh-tl prlso`lhtl `e Essgmoeg Tlkoghec Plrmlore `e GII.Lcl muo`eve `l iehtlr e rlprlslhtetovo`e`l `g Dresoc hesmgiossls tmhomes `e GII.
Bgs `l Eroietle tredecfgu he ohsteceg `es proilo-res lstels `l rlmlpg `l setcotls iltlgrgckomgsplcg OHLILP l he oipcehteg `e rl`l dsome `l lste-ls `l gdslrveg l tlclmgiuhomels, qul ohmcueigs mormuotgs ohtlrhemogheos mgi [esfohktgh, Dulhgs Eo-rls l Ieremeodg, he Qlhlzulce.
G `orltgr `g ]lrvog `l Iltlgrgcgkoe he pgme, Tgdlrtg Qlhlreh`g Zlrlore,oheukure e lsteg mcoietgckome `l @oeiehtohe (IK), li 55`l ierg `l 5?;4.Agtg2 OHILP
Pfl `orlmtgr ga tfl Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvoml ga tfl toil, Tgdlrtg Qlhlreh`g Zlrlore,oheukuretls tfl mcoietgcgkomec stetogh ga @oeiehtohe (IK), gh Iermf 55, 5?;4.
stetoghs eh` 46? gr`ohery ghls. Ecsg ohsteccl` oh 5?16 wese setlccotl tremnohk stetogh agr iltlgrgcgkomec setlccotls ohKuehedere. Gtflr stetoghs ga tfos sgrt wlrl sudslqulhtcyohsteccl` oh Dresocoe (5?;5), oh ]g Zeucg eh` Zgrtg Eclkrl,oh 5?;=. Ehgtflr tlmfhgcgkomec hgvlcty `urohk tfle`iohostretogh ga Qlhlreh`g Zlrlore wes tfl oipcehtetoghga e iomrgstci slrvoml agr tfl tlmfhomec ermfovls gailtlgrgcgkomec gdslrvetoghs, oh mcoietl-mghtrgccl` rggis.
Ehgtflr oipgrteht esplmt ga tfos plrog` wes tflohmrlesl` pertomopetogh ga Drezoc oh tfl emtovotols ga tfl [IG.Pfl Drezocoeh iltlgrgcgkost, Bgs `l Eroietle wfg, et tfl
prlslht toil os `orlmtgr ga ohagrietogh systlis et tfl [IGoh Klhlve, ]wotzlrceh`, wgrnl` wotf Mgcghlc Qlhlreh`get tfl fle`quertlrs oh Dresocoe, dltwllh 5?;= eh` 5?;?.
Eroietle splens ga tfl Drezocoeh prlslhml oh tfl [IG ettfet toil2 Mgcghlc Qlhlhlreh`g wes krletcy rlsplmtl`et tfl [IG eh` fe` e sgco` rlcetoghsfop wotf tfl gtflr`orlmtgrs ga ]gutf Eilromeh Iltlgrgcgkomec ]lrvomls, wfglclmtl` foi uhehoiguscy es prlso`lht ga tfl Pfor` Tlkoghec
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E Agrieg `l Iltlgrgcgkostes l e Tlvgcug Lcltrhome
Pfl Preohohk ga Iltlgrgcgkosts eh` tfl Lclmtrghoms Tlvgcutogh
Mgi e hgve sl`l ohstece`e li Drescoe, lssl plrg`g`l lalrvlsmhmoe tlmhgckome pgssodocotgu e rlecozeg `lgutrgs evehgs oipgrtehtls, lhtrl gs queos sl `lstemei2- Oipcehteg `l 556 lstels `l suplramol pcehlbe-
`es pere mghstotuor e Tl`l `l Qokochmoe Iltlgrgcko-me Iuh`oec, ohtlkre`e pgr tg`gs gs pesls ilidrgs`e GII.
- Oipclilhteg `e Tl`l `l Plclmgiuhomels, gpl-remoghecoze`e li ui Mlhtrg Tlkoghec, mohmg MlhtrgsMgcltgrls, hgvl Mlhtrgs ]udmgcltgrls l lstelsiltlgrgckomes prohmopeos. G Mlhtrg Tlkoghec `lPlclmgiuhomels (MTP ), li Drescoe, ago coke`g `o-rlteilhtl mgi g Mlhtrg Iltlgrgckomg Iuh`oec `l[esfohktgh.
- Oipcehteg `l ui dehmg `l `e`gs iltlgrgcko-
mgs pgr ilog `l ui mghvhog strie`g mgi g OHZL( pgme Ohstotutg `l Zlsquoses Lspemoeos), qul sl lh-merrlkgu `l trehsalror pere sttes iekhtomes gs `e`gsrlalrlhtls prg`ug mcoietgckome rlecoze`e lhtrl5?15 l 5?;:.Lidgre agssl cguvvlc tg`g lssl lsagrg pere `gter g
Zes `l uie rl`l `l lstels iltlgrgckomes l `l tlcl-mgiuhomels, eci `l lstels restrle`gres `l setco-tls iltlgrgckomgs, eoh`e lre pgumg pere edrehklr tg`gg tlrrotrog dresoclorg.
Li 5< `l ierg `l 5?;?, g mgrghlc `e Elrghutome
Mcg`gior Ze`ocfe Ecvls `e ]ocve hgile`g pere essuiore `orlg `g OHLILP, li sudstotuog eg mlc. Qlhlreh`gZlrlore. E hgileg ago ui `gs proilorgs etgs `g iohos-trg `e Ekromucture Ehthog @lcsti Hlttg, qul `urehtl gkgvlrhg `g klhlrec Bgg Deptoste Aokulorl`g, essuioupgr ui murtg plrg`g (5< `l ierg e 5< `l ekgstg `l5?;?) e peste `e Ekromucture. G mlc. Ze`ocfe tohfe uiedge agrieg li iltlgrgcgkoe, mgi mursgs rlecoze`gshg Dresoc l Lste`gs \ho`gs, l lxplrohmoe `l ieos `l=: ehgs li etovo`e`ls iltlgrgckomes `e Elrghutome,lxlrmo`es li vrogs pghtgs `g Zes.
Eplser `l tg`g g liplhfg `l slus ehtlmlssgrls, lclrlclidre gs prgdclies qul `lvlroe lharlhter eg essuiore `orlg `g OHLILP. Lu b lsteve molhtl `es kreh`ls
Essgmoetogh ga tfl [IG. Fl tggn merl tg ieohteoh Drezocoehrlprlslhtetovls oh tfl tlmfhomec mgiiossoghs ga tfl [IG.
Bgs l Eroietle wgrnl` gh tfl ohsteccetogh ga OHLILPs strstiltlgrgcgkomec setlccotl rlmlptogh stetoghs eh` oh tfl ohsteccetogh
ga e desom hltwgrn ga gdslrvohk eh` tlclmgiiuhometoghsstetoghs, wfomf ohmcu`l` ohtlrhetoghec cohns wotf [esfohktgh,Dulhgs Eorls eh` Ieremeodg, oh Qlhlzulce.
[otf tfl ohsteccetogh ga tfl fle`quertlrs oh Dresocoe, tfosplrog` ga tlmfhgcgkomec llrvlsmlhml ie`l pgssodcl gtflroipgrteht e`vehmls, eighkst wfomf wl iey lipfesozl2- Ohsteccetogh ga 556 suraeml stetoghs pcehhl` tg mghstotutl
tfl [grc` Iltlgrgcgkomec Qokocehml Hltwgrn, wfomfohmcu`l` ecc ilidlr stetls ga tfl [IG.
- Oipclilhtetogh ga tfl Plclmgiiuhometoghs Hltwgrn,wotf e Tlkoghec Mlhtlr, stvl Mgcclmtogh Mlhtlrs, hohl
Mgcclmtogh ]ud-Mlhtlrs eh` prohmopec iltlgrgcgkomecstetoghs. Pfl Tlkoghec Plclmgiiuhometoghs Mlhtlr(MTP), oh Dresocoe, wes mghhlmtl` `orlmtcy tg tfl [grc`Iltlgrgcgkomec Mlhtlr oh [esfohktgh.
- Ohsteccetogh ga e iltlgrgcgkomec `ete dehn voe ehekrllilht wotf OHZL (et tfet toil tfl Ohstotutl ga ]pemlTlslermf), wfomf ekrll` tg trehsalr mcoietgcgkomec `etegdteohl` dltwllh 5?15 eh` 5?;5 tg iekhltom tepl.
Ectfgukf ecc tfos lgrt tg prgvo`l tfl Mguhtry wotf ehltwgrn ga iltlgrgcgkomec stetoghs, tlclmgiiuhometoghseh` setlccotl rlmlovohk stetoghs wes preoslwgrtfy, ot wes
ohsumolht tg mgvlr tfl wfgcl Drezocoeh ceh`-iess.Gh Iermf 5
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OHILP - 5:: Ehgs `l Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc - 5?:?-4::?
OHILP - 5:: _lers ga Iltlgrgcgky oh Drezoc - 5?:?-4::?
Auhmoghrog buhtg eg klre`gr `l lhlrkoe,lquopeilhtg hlmlssrog pere lvoter eohtlrrupg `l lhvog l rlmlpg `l `e`gs.Mghtekli (Tlkog `l ]gdre`ohfg - mo`e`lsetcotl `l Drescoe), `me`e `l 5?6:.Agtg2 OHILP
Plmfhomoeh, sletl` dy tfl pgwlr klhlretgr
lsslhtoec tg evgo` pgwlr gutekls `urohk tflslh`ohk gr rlmlptogh ga `ete. Mghtekli (Hler]gdre`ohfg Dresocoe setlccotl moty), 5?6:s.
Mlhtrg Tlkoghec `l Plclmgiuhomels `lDrescoe Tlmlpg. ]ltlidrg `l 5?;;.Agtg2 OHILP
Tlkoghec Plclmgiiuhometoghs Mlhtlr gaDrescoe Tlmlptogh. ]lptlidlr, 5?;;.
]ltgr `l T`og l Tlmlpg `l @e`gsIltlgrgckomgs. ]l`l `g OHILP, Drescoe.Agtg2 OHILP
Te`og eh` Iltlgrgcgkomec @ete Tlmlptogh
]lmtgr. OHILP Fle`quertlrs, Drescoe.
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E Agrieg `l Iltlgrgcgkostes l e Tlvgcug Lcltrhome
Pfl Preohohk ga Iltlgrgcgkosts eh` tfl Lclmtrghoms Tlvgcutogh
`ostmuc`e`ls, mgig e aecte `l iltlgrgcgkostes, li tg`gsgs hvlos, `l lquopeilhtgs l ohstruilhtgs ig`lrhgs
l, prohmopecilhtl, ui greilhtg ohsustmolhtl pere eetuecozeg `gs sostlies l `es rl`ls iltlgrgckomes,eci `gs mlhtrgs `l lstu`gs l prlvosg `l tlipg, l `lplsquoses mcoietgckomes tg hlmlssroes eg `lslhvgcvo-ilhtg lmghiomg l sgmoec `g Zes, rlcete Ze`ocfe.
Aetgs hgtvlos emghtlmlrei `urehtl e klstg `lZe`ocfe, mgig e `lsthog `e Zgctome l @orltrozls Klreospere g Lhsohg `e Iltlgrgcgkoe hg Dresoc, `lstho`e plcgILM li `lzlidrg `l 5?;6> e rlkuceilhteg `e prg-stssg `l iltlgrgcgkoste, plce Clo h 1.6= l e rlecozeg `es proilores lxpl`ols
dresoclores Ehtrto`e, mgi pertomopeg `l iltlgrgcg-kostes `g OHLILP, e pertor `l 5?60.
Eci `l uie ohtlhse igdocozeg pere pgssodocoterui euilhtg lxprlssovg `l iltlgrgcgkostes mgi agr-ieg lsplmstme, g OHLILP, sgd e `orlg `l Ze`ocfe,mghtroduou mgi e galrte `l mursgs pere prgstssogheos `lgutrgs pesls. @urehtl e proilore ilte`l `e `me`e `l5?6:, iltlgrgcgkostes `l Ehkgce, Igeidoqul, Kuoh-Dosseu, Dgcvoe l Zerekueo, arlqlhterei mursgs l kre`u-eg l lsplmoecozeg li aemuc`e`ls l mursgs hg Dresoc.
Ze`ocfe teidi mghtohugu e ohtlhsostmer es rlcels
dresoclores mgi e GII, gh`l gmupgu ui `gs merkgs `lvoml-prlso`lhtl, b prxoig eg sthec l sue klstg hg OHL-ILP. He pgme, mgi e mgcedgreg `gs L\E l `e Eclie-hfe, l pgr ilog `g Zrgkreie `l Mggplreg Qgcuhtroe`e GII, agrei e`quoro`gs gs proilorgs mgipute`grlsutocoze`gs pere uhor gs mlhtrgs `l prgkhstomg l prlvosg`g tlipg `g Dresoc, mgi gs prohmopeos mlhtrgs `l tlclmg-iuhomels iuh`oeos l rlkogheos l tg`gs gs pesls.
Li 5< `l ieog `l 5?6
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