Ÿ‘ April 2020 „ŸłŸ Ÿ‘ Number 69 La Oveja Negra · 2020. 4. 20. · Biblioteca y archivo...

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Bib

lio

teca

y a

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A

lber

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hir

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Con

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Car

rieg

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Mar

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ww

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com

g

hir

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com

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m a

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w, i

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ha

t to

do

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ow

to

co

mb

at

the

med

ia i

dio

tiz

ati

on

an

d,

ab

ov

e a

ll,

ho

w t

o c

ou

nte

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th

e in

crea

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at

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.

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e

des

tru

ctio

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her

e w

e li

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ast

we

sho

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re o

f

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w l

imit

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cep

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l th

ese

ph

eno

men

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th

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mo

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gg

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h h

ave

no

t st

op

ped

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e

sim

ply

see

an

d n

ote

ho

w t

he

wo

rld

can

be

tran

sfo

rmed

in

such

sh

ort

per

iod

s o

f ti

me.

Un

fort

un

atel

y,

as i

t w

as t

he

Sta

te’s

dec

isio

n t

o p

aral

yze

the

eco

no

my

in

cer

tain

reg

ion

s, t

he

po

wer

to

res

tart

it

wil

l

als

o l

ay

in

th

e h

an

ds

of

the

Sta

te,

an

d f

or

this

rea

son

, th

e

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hic

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pro

du

ctio

n o

f v

alu

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s su

pre

me

ov

er t

he

hea

lth

of

bo

th

peo

ple

an

d t

he

eart

h’s

eco

syst

em i

tsel

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nd

it

dri

ves

us

to

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t a

s th

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ry o

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m a

ll

the

reg

ion

s en

gag

ed i

n a

rev

olt

wh

ich

th

ese

mea

sure

s h

ave

mo

men

tari

ly p

ut

to a

hal

t: N

orm

alit

y i

s th

e p

rob

lem

!

Let

’s f

ace

it,

th

e li

fest

yle

we

use

d t

o k

no

w i

sn’t

co

min

g

ba

ck.

La

Ove

ja N

egra

Ye

ar

9 .

Nu

mb

er

69

. A

pr

il 2

02

0

“Al

be

rt

o G

hir

al

do

” L

ibr

ar

y B

ul

le

tin

. R

os

ar

io .

Ar

ge

nt

ine

Re

gio

n

Co

ron

av

iru

s

an

d s

oc

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issu

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Sta

te r

ea

son

kn

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s n

ot

of

exce

pti

on

s b

ut

of

rule

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t is

no

t th

e en

d o

f th

e w

orl

d. A

nd

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forc

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re.

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ital

ism

is

an e

ver

yd

ay c

atas

tro

ph

e. H

ow

ever

, it

on

ly

pre

sen

ts a

s a

ser

iou

s p

rob

lem

th

at

wh

ich

it

seek

s to

so

lve

imm

edia

tely

. W

ha

t h

as

alr

ead

y n

atu

rali

zed

as

bei

ng

in

ev-

ita

ble

bec

om

es p

art

of

its

no

rma

lity

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ence

, a

ll p

rop

osa

ls

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on

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he

acc

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d f

act

s o

f th

is s

oci

ety

is

the

“st

ati

s-

tic

“ t

ha

t 8

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0 c

hil

dre

n i

n t

he

wo

rld

die

ev

ery

da

y f

rom

mal

nu

trit

ion

as

esti

mat

ed b

y U

NIC

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, th

e W

orl

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ank

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ho

rro

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sn’t

th

is e

no

ug

h t

o

fall

into

des

per

atio

n?

To

co

nsi

der

th

is s

oci

ety

dy

sfu

nct

ion

al?

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esn

’t t

hat

mea

n t

hat

ev

ery

thin

g m

ust

be

chan

ged

? D

oes

n’t

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per

hap

s a

pan

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ust

arr

ive

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he

citi

es w

her

e th

ose

of

us

wh

o h

ave

the

vo

ice

and

th

e m

ean

s to

act

an

d c

om

pla

in

abo

ut

this

liv

e?

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even

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ract

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ause

of

the

dis

tan

ce, g

eog

rap

hic

al a

nd

of

all

oth

er t

yp

es,

that

we

hav

e w

ith

th

e A

fric

an c

on

tin

ent,

the

un

dis

pu

ted

cen

tre

of

glo

ba

l h

un

ger

. T

her

e, c

ap

ita

lism

exp

loit

s n

ot

on

ly t

hro

ug

h w

ages

, as

it u

sual

ly d

oes

her

e, b

ut

par

ticu

larl

y t

hro

ug

h s

emi–

slav

e la

bo

ur,

wh

ile

at t

he

sam

e

tim

e d

isp

oss

essi

ng

an

d d

estr

oy

ing

in

a b

ruta

l w

ay.

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imp

ort

ant

cen

ters

of

cap

ital

ist

pro

du

ctio

n: C

hin

a, I

taly

, Sp

ain

,

and

th

e U

nit

ed S

tate

s, t

hre

aten

ing

to

par

aly

ze t

he

pro

du

ctio

n

and

cir

cula

tio

n o

f co

mm

od

itie

s in

its

glo

bal

sp

read

, an

d t

o

cau

se t

he

coll

apse

of

the

hea

lth

sy

stem

.

It i

s p

reci

sely

bec

ause

it

has

rea

ched

su

ch r

egio

ns,

wit

h a

pro

du

ctiv

e p

op

ula

tio

n t

hat

has

acc

ess

to m

edic

al a

nd

ho

spit

al

syst

ems,

th

at i

t b

ecam

e so

ala

rmin

g.

Ho

wev

er,

mo

st o

f u

s

are

ou

tsid

e o

f th

at c

ircu

it, a

nd

bar

ely

lin

ked

to

fo

rmal

job

s.

It i

s w

ort

h r

emem

ber

ing

th

at c

apit

alis

t so

ciet

y i

s th

e so

ci-

ety

of

wag

e la

bo

ur

and

do

mes

tic

wo

rk w

hic

h i

s n

ot

dir

ectl

y

pai

d,

as w

ell

as s

lav

e la

bo

ur

in t

he

Dem

ocr

atic

Rep

ub

lic

of

Co

ng

o o

r in

no

rth

ern

Arg

enti

na

. T

her

e is

no

t a

go

od

sid

e

and

a b

ad s

ide,

th

ey a

re n

eces

sary

asp

ects

fo

r th

e fu

nct

ion

ing

of

cap

ital

ist

no

rmal

ity

.

On

th

e o

ther

ha

nd

, w

e sh

ou

ld a

sk o

urs

elv

es:

ho

w i

t is

po

ssib

le,

wit

h s

uch

a s

top

in

pro

du

ctiv

e ec

on

om

ic a

ctiv

ity

,

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va

ccin

e fo

r C

OV

ID–

19

, th

e U

nit

ed S

tate

s F

eder

al

Res

erv

e,

for

exam

ple

, in

ject

ed b

illi

on

s o

f d

oll

ars

to c

alm

mar

ket

s an

d

pre

ven

t th

e p

and

emic

fro

m t

hre

aten

ing

gro

wth

. Th

e U

nit

ed

Sta

tes

has

lo

wer

ed i

ts a

nn

ual

in

tere

st r

ates

to

0%

.

To

day

cap

ital

ism

is

sust

ain

ed o

n t

he

bas

is o

f th

e co

nti

n-

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ther

efo

re t

his

do

min

an

t w

ides

pre

ad

fea

r is

no

thin

g m

ore

than

th

e fe

ar w

hic

h t

he

do

min

ant

clas

s h

as.

To

ret

urn

to

ou

r m

ost

tan

gib

le a

nd

mac

abre

glo

bal

rea

lity

,

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pan

dem

ic t

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es u

s. O

ne

situ

atio

n d

oes

no

t re

mo

ve

or

ob

scu

re t

he

oth

er, e

ven

wo

rse,

th

ey r

ein

forc

e ea

ch o

ther

.

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ut

we

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see

th

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om

e d

ead

are

wo

rth

mo

re t

ha

n o

ther

s, w

hic

h s

ho

uld

no

t b

e o

ver

loo

ked

wh

en

anal

ysi

ng

a p

rob

lem

th

at i

s su

pp

ose

d t

o b

e g

lob

al.

As

we

wri

te t

hes

e w

ord

s, t

he

pa

nd

emic

is

beg

inn

ing

to

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its

ow

n c

har

acte

rist

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ce i

t is

th

e se

con

d m

ost

po

pu

late

d

cou

ntr

y i

n t

he

wo

rld

, an

d b

ecau

se a

cco

rdin

g t

o t

he

Inte

rna-

tio

nal

Lab

ou

r O

rgan

izat

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at l

east

90%

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the

lab

ou

r

forc

e in

In

dia

wo

rks

in t

he

info

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sec

tor.

Th

e co

ron

avir

us

pan

dem

ic, t

he

pan

ic t

hat

has

tak

en h

old

of

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ared

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mil

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ple

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e C

hu

ang

co

llec

-

tiv

e, i

n t

hei

r ar

ticl

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ocia

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gion

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Cla

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ar

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ble

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del

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g a

dee

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ck t

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oth

psy

che

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is f

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6th

of

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ril,

202

0

Th

e v

iru

s is

ca

pit

ali

sm?

Vir

use

s a

re i

nfe

ctio

us

ag

ents

th

at

can

no

t b

e se

en w

ith

th

e

nak

ed e

ye,

in f

act,

th

ey a

re m

icro

sco

pic

. Sin

ce t

hey

are

ace

llu

-

lar

they

can

on

ly m

ult

iply

wit

hin

th

e ce

lls

of

oth

er o

rgan

ism

s.

Th

ey i

nfe

ct a

nim

als,

fu

ng

i, p

lan

ts,

and

bac

teri

a. B

ecau

se o

f

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ph

ori

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th

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o c

apit

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m.

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t ca

pit

alis

m i

s n

ot

an

exte

rnal

ag

ent

that

liv

es t

hro

ug

h u

s, n

ot

even

th

e b

ou

rgeo

is

are

sim

ply

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asit

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o i

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st o

n t

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inn

oce

nce

of

the

vic

tim

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to

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th w

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wn

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om

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mo

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us

of

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mo

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se t

hey

are

als

o a

nd

ab

ov

e al

l a

hu

man

bo

dy

.

Th

e th

ing

is

that

wit

ho

ut

vir

use

s, t

her

e w

ou

ld b

e n

o l

ife

as w

e k

no

w i

t. A

lth

ou

gh

it

is g

ener

ally

bel

iev

ed t

hat

vir

use

s

an

d b

act

eria

are

ou

r en

emie

s, l

ife

exis

ts t

ha

nk

s to

ba

lan

ce

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orl

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xis

t, b

ut

bec

ause

th

ey a

re i

nh

eren

tly

rel

ated

to

th

e w

ay c

apit

alis

t so

ci-

ety

, wh

ich

is

tota

lita

rian

an

d g

lob

al, p

rod

uce

s an

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her

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s co

mm

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g c

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dit

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s, r

ela

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leep

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amp

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ce, w

ork

ing

wh

ile

sick

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ryin

g o

n w

ith

ou

r d

uti

es w

ith

ou

r le

gs

shak

ing

, n

ot

hav

ing

wh

at w

e n

eed

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aila

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peo

ple

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r im

mu

nit

y i

s d

irec

tly

rel

ated

to

th

e en

vir

on

men

t

and

th

e w

ay w

e li

ve,

bu

t th

is d

oes

no

t m

ean

th

at t

her

e is

a

po

ssib

ilit

y t

hat

we

hu

man

s ca

n b

e fr

ee o

f d

isea

se.

As

Alf

red

o M

. B

on

an

no

po

ints

ou

t in

Ill

nes

s an

d C

apit

al:

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can

no

t sa

y t

ha

t th

ere

wo

uld

no

lo

ng

er b

e su

ch a

th

ing

as

illn

ess

in a

lib

erat

ed s

oci

ety

. N

or

can

we

say

th

at,

if s

uch

a

wo

nd

erfu

l ev

ent

wer

e to

occ

ur,

illn

ess

wo

uld

red

uce

itse

lf t

o a

sim

ple

wea

ken

ing

of

som

e h

yp

oth

etic

al f

orc

e th

at is

sti

ll t

o b

e

dis

cov

ered

. We

thin

k t

hat

illn

ess

is p

art

of

the

nat

ure

of

man

’s

stat

e o

f li

vin

g i

n s

oci

ety

, i.e

., it

co

rres

po

nd

s to

a c

erta

in p

rice

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free

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f so

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tain

ly,

the

exp

on

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row

th o

f

�������1��1�1����1������¢1 ����1�����������¢1��� ���1��

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wo

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stri

ctly

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isp

ensa

ble

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no

t b

e

com

par

able

to

th

at i

n a

so

ciet

y b

ased

on

ex

plo

itat

ion

, su

ch

as t

he

on

e in

wh

ich

we

are

liv

ing

no

w.

So

ill

nes

s w

ou

ld b

e

an e

xp

ress

ion

of

ou

r h

um

anit

y ju

st a

s it

is

an e

xp

ress

ion

of

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oes

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t ta

ke

a co

nsp

irac

y f

or

a v

iru

s to

ap

pea

r in

a c

ou

n-

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beh

ind

th

e cu

rren

t p

and

emic

(S

AR

S–C

oV

–2),

we

reco

mm

end

the

pre

vio

usl

y c

ited

art

icle

by

Ch

ua

ng

, g

iven

its

sy

nth

esis

15

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-

ned

by

th

e C

lub

of

Ro

me,

en

titl

ed T

he

Lim

its

to G

row

th,

in w

hic

h t

hey

det

aile

d t

he

eco

log

ical

, cli

mat

ic a

nd

so

cial

dis

ast

ers

tha

t ca

pit

ali

st d

evel

op

men

t w

as

bri

ng

ing

. A f

ew d

ay

s a

go

, a

n e

xp

ert

fro

m M

IT p

ub

lish

ed a

n a

rtic

le

enti

tled

Let

’s f

ace

it, t

he

life

styl

e w

e u

sed

to

know

is

nev

er g

oin

g t

o re

turn

, wh

ere

it i

s ex

pla

ined

to

us,

in

a c

lass

ic c

alm

and

neu

tral

to

ne,

ho

w t

his

pan

dem

ic i

s g

oin

g t

o c

han

ge

ou

r li

ves

:

“We

do

n’t

kn

ow

ex

actl

y w

hat

th

is n

ew f

utu

re w

ill

loo

k l

ike,

of

cou

rse.

Bu

t it

is

po

ssib

le t

o i

mag

ine

a w

orl

d i

n

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via

th

e te

lep

ho

ne.

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e ai

rlin

e w

ou

ld n

ot

be

able

to

see

wh

ere

they

had

go

ne,

bu

t w

ou

ld b

e al

erte

d i

f an

y p

asse

n-

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reco

ver

ed a

nd

bee

n v

acci

nat

ed a

gai

nst

th

e la

test

str

ain

of

the

vir

us.

We

wil

l ad

apt

and

acc

ept

thes

e m

easu

res,

just

as

we

hav

e b

eco

me

accu

sto

med

to

in

crea

sin

gly

str

ing

ent

secu

rity

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the

bas

ic f

reed

om

of

bei

ng

wit

h o

ther

s.

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usu

al, m

ore

ov

er, t

he

real

co

st w

ill

be

bo

rne

by

th

e p

oo

rest

an

d w

eak

est.

Peo

ple

wit

h l

ess

acce

ss t

o h

ealt

hca

re

and

th

ose

liv

ing

in

are

as m

ore

pro

ne

to d

isea

se w

ill

also

be

excl

ud

ed m

ore

oft

en f

rom

pla

ces

and

op

po

rtu

nit

ies

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mo

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us.

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mig

ran

ts, r

efu

gee

s, t

he

un

do

cum

ente

d, a

nd

ex

-co

nv

icts

wil

l fa

ce a

no

ther

ob

stac

le t

o g

ain

ing

a fo

oth

old

in

so

ciet

y.

Mo

reo

ver

, un

less

str

ict

rule

s ar

e im

po

sed

on

ho

w t

he

risk

of

con

trac

tin

g a

dis

ease

is c

alcu

late

d f

or

any

ind

ivid

ual

,

go

ver

nm

ents

an

d c

om

pan

ies

cou

ld c

ho

ose

an

y c

rite

ria:

ear

nin

g l

ess

than

30,

000

euro

s a

yea

r co

uld

be

con

sid

ered

a ri

sk f

acto

r, a

s co

uld

hav

ing

a f

amil

y o

f m

ore

th

an s

ix a

nd

liv

ing

in

cer

tain

par

ts o

f a

cou

ntr

y, f

or

exam

ple

. Th

at

op

ens

the

do

or

to a

lgo

rith

mic

bia

s an

d h

idd

en d

iscr

imin

atio

n,

as h

app

ened

las

t y

ear

wit

h a

n a

lgo

rith

m u

sed

by

US

hea

lth

in

sure

rs t

hat

tu

rned

ou

t to

acc

iden

tall

y f

avo

ur

wh

ite

peo

ple

.

Th

e w

orl

d h

as c

han

ged

man

y t

imes

, an

d n

ow

it

is d

oin

g s

o a

gai

n.

We

wil

l al

l h

ave

to a

dap

t to

a n

ew w

ay o

f

liv

ing

, wo

rkin

g a

nd

so

cial

izin

g. B

ut

as w

ith

all

ch

ang

e, t

her

e w

ill

be

som

e w

ho

wil

l lo

se o

ut

mo

re t

han

mo

st.

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tro

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er, b

ecau

se e

ith

er

it h

as

do

ne

wh

at

it s

ho

uld

ha

ve

do

ne

or

bec

au

se s

om

eon

e

sho

uld

co

me

alo

ng

wh

o d

oes

.

Un

til n

ow

, th

e m

ain

cit

izen

rea

ctio

n, f

rom

left

to

rig

ht,

has

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h t

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les

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exte

nt,

they

are

ask

ing

fo

r d

rin

kin

g w

ater

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oo

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ou

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ven

mo

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n o

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occ

asi

on

s, t

her

e is

no

stru

gg

le, b

ut

rath

er d

eman

ds

that

str

eng

then

th

e le

git

imac

y

of

the

Sta

te.

Bu

t n

ot

ever

yth

ing

is

pea

ce a

nd

sil

ence

. In

th

is s

itu

atio

n,

stri

kes

in

th

e au

tom

ob

ile

ind

ust

ry i

n S

pai

n,

Ital

y a

nd

Can

a-

da

are

co

mm

enci

ng

. P

rote

sts

are

bei

ng

ma

de

by

Am

az

on

wo

rker

s in

Fra

nce

, S

pa

in a

nd

th

e U

nit

ed S

tate

s b

eca

use

of

exp

loit

ativ

e co

nd

itio

ns.

Th

ere

are

ren

t an

d o

ccu

pat

ion

str

ikes

in s

om

e ci

ties

in

th

e U

nit

ed S

tate

s.

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on

an

d d

eten

tio

n c

entr

e ri

ots

in I

taly

, Fra

nce

, Sp

ain

, Ger

man

y,

Leb

ano

n, A

rgen

tin

a an

d B

razi

l, a

mo

ng

oth

ers.

An

d t

his

do

esn

’t l

oo

k l

ike

it’s

go

ing

to

go

aw

ay b

ut

rath

er

to i

ncr

ease

. D

esp

ite

fea

r, m

istr

ust

an

d c

on

tro

l, s

oli

da

rity

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esp

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tio

n o

r fr

om

bei

ng

mer

e g

estu

res

lim

ited

in

tim

e an

d s

pac

e.

14

Wo

rk, w

ork

, wo

rk!

Th

e cr

isis

is

go

ing

to

mak

e w

ork

ing

co

nd

itio

ns

wo

rse.

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wil

l

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mar

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cco

rdin

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o a

n I

LO

asse

ssm

ent,

an

est

imat

ed 5

.3 t

o 2

4.7

mil

lio

n p

eop

le w

ill

lose

thei

r jo

bs,

wh

ile

22 m

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on

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ple

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e m

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,

com

par

ed t

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ori

gin

al e

stim

ate

for

2020

wh

ich

pre

dic

ted

a d

ecli

ne

of

14 m

illi

on

glo

bal

ly.

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wil

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ate

no

t o

nly

in

to r

edu

ctio

ns

in w

ork

ing

ho

urs

an

d

wag

es, b

ut

also

in

to s

hif

ts t

o o

ther

are

as o

f w

ork

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Cu

rren

tly

, C

ap

ita

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ate

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emer

gen

cy h

as b

een

dec

lare

d i

n C

hil

e, b

efo

re a

ny

fat

alit

ies

occ

urr

ed a

nd

bef

ore

an

y o

ther

med

ical

mea

sure

s h

ave

bee

n

tak

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ntr

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each

oth

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ch g

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men

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ssu

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th

e o

ne

han

d, t

o c

on

tro

l it

s p

op

ula

tio

n

4

(cu

rfew

s, b

ord

er c

losu

res)

in

ord

er t

o a

vo

id t

he

coll

apse

of

the

hea

lth

sy

stem

; an

d, o

n t

he

oth

er h

and

, to

kee

p p

rod

uct

ion

go

ing

(fo

rcin

g p

eop

le t

o g

o t

o w

ork

, re

scu

ing

co

mp

an

ies)

.

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to m

enti

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ides

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to

tu

rn a

bli

nd

ey

e to

po

lice

bru

tali

ty t

ow

ard

s th

ose

wh

o m

om

enta

rily

bre

ak t

hat

man

dat

e, u

sual

ly o

ut

of

nec

essi

ty.

Bu

t th

ere

is n

o n

eed

to

go

in

to t

he

sup

po

sed

ex

cess

es

do

ne

by

th

e fo

rces

of

law

an

d o

rder

wh

o d

efen

d p

riv

ate

pro

per

ty, a

nd

th

eref

ore

def

end

th

e b

ou

rgeo

isie

. ����������1

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wh

ich

co

nsi

sts

of

imp

osi

ng

lim

its

on

so

meo

ne a

nd

no

t

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ple

, th

e g

ov

ern

men

t h

as t

hre

aten

ed

us

wit

h a

sta

te o

f si

ege,

an

d a

lth

ou

gh

it

has

no

t co

me

to t

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,

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loss

of

con

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uti

on

al

gu

ara

nte

es.

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wev

er,

the

po

lice

an

d

mil

itar

y a

pp

arat

us

tak

e o

ver

th

e st

reet

s an

d a

re e

mb

old

ened

W3

El

terr

or a

lo

invis

ible

, Su

san

na

Min

gu

ell.

to d

o a

s th

ey li

ke.

Go

ver

nm

ents

tel

l th

eir

citi

zen

s h

ow

, wh

ere

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itiz

eniz

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pu

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hm

ent,

per

hap

s w

e w

ill

soo

n b

e le

ss t

han

th

at.

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it n

eces

sary

, he

dea

ls o

ut

blo

ws,

fo

rces

peo

ple

to

do

sit

–up

s

and

sin

g t

he

nat

ion

al a

nth

em,

lik

e in

th

e n

eig

hb

orh

oo

ds

of

the

Arg

enti

ne

Rep

ub

lic.

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is k

ind

of

desp

era

te a

nd

ag

gre

ssiv

e m

ea

sure

s a

t a

glo

bal

lev

el r

esem

ble

, as

Ch

uan

g p

oin

ts o

ut,

th

ose

of

cou

nt-

er–i

nsu

rgen

cy c

ases

, ver

y c

lear

ly r

ecal

lin

g t

he

acti

on

s o

f th

e

mil

itar

y–c

olo

nia

l o

ccu

pat

ion

in

pla

ces

lik

e A

lger

ia o

r, m

ore

rece

ntl

y,

Pa

lest

ine.

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of

the

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thei

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wo

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olu

tio

n, s

ince

it

is, e

ssen

tial

ly, a

sim

ula

tio

n o

f a

n i

nte

rna

tio

na

l le

vel

rea

ctio

n,

coo

rdin

ate

d

bet

wee

n S

tate

s.

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un

ter–

insu

rgen

cy i

s, a

fter

all

, a

kin

d o

f d

esp

erat

e w

ar

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en

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mic

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ora

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n h

av

e b

eco

me

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resu

lt o

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e re

pre

ssio

n i

s al

mo

st a

lway

s a

seco

nd

in

surg

en-

13

Co

ron

av

iru

s d

id n

ot

ca

use

the

eco

no

mic

cri

sis

Ra

ther

, it

da

rken

s th

e h

ori

zo

n o

f fo

reca

sts

tha

t b

ou

rgeo

is

eco

no

mis

ts h

ad a

lrea

dy

mad

e, i

nso

far

as t

he

pla

n t

o c

on

tain

the

vir

us

wo

rld

wid

e is

pro

du

ced

at

the

cost

of

furt

her

dee

pe-

nin

g t

he

slo

wd

ow

n i

n e

con

om

ic a

ctiv

ity

.

As

Ra

ul

Zib

ech

i re

cen

tly

po

inte

d o

ut

in h

is a

rtic

le T

he

coro

nav

iru

s as

a c

over

–up

for

the

syst

emic

cri

sis:

“th

e co

nju

nct

ion

of

tra

de

wa

r, B

rex

it,

pu

bli

c a

nd

pri

va

te d

ebt,

an

d g

row

ing

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rus

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wo

rld

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ers,

esp

ecia

lly

th

ose

of

the

eco

no

mic

ally

em

er-

gin

g c

ou

ntr

ies,

can

use

th

e p

and

emic

as

an e

xp

lan

atio

n f

or

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ea

dy

in

Ja

nu

ary

of

this

yea

r, t

he

Inte

rnat

ion

al M

on

etar

y F

un

d p

ub

lish

ed i

ts f

ore

cast

s at

th

e

50

th a

nn

ua

l m

eeti

ng

of

the

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vo

s E

con

om

ic F

oru

m,

chec

-

kin

g a

nd

co

rrec

tin

g w

ith

lo

wer

val

ues

th

an e

xp

ecte

d i

n i

ts

pre

vio

us

gro

wth

fo

reca

st f

or

20

20

–2

1.

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ma

in c

on

clu

sio

n

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-

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act

wh

ich

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ou

ld n

ot

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g

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soci

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.8 T

he

situ

ati

on

th

at

wa

s b

ein

g

exp

erie

nce

d i

n s

om

e 2

0 c

ou

ntr

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me

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wh

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ha

ve

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oci

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ost

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at w

e ar

e

end

uri

ng

.

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iou

s ec

on

om

ists

ag

ree

that

sin

ce t

he

end

of

the

cris

is

of

20

08

–0

9 a

nd

un

til

last

yea

r, t

he

situ

ati

on

of

the

wo

rld

eco

no

my

ha

s n

ot

bee

n o

ne

of

dep

ress

ion

or

rece

ssio

n,

bu

t

nei

ther

has

it

bee

n o

ne

of

stro

ng

gro

wth

. T

he

eco

no

mie

s o

f

the

euro

zo

ne

an

d J

ap

an

rem

ain

ed s

tag

na

nt;

gro

wth

wa

s

wea

k i

n t

he

Un

ited

Sta

tes

and

Can

ada;

an

d r

elat

ivel

y s

tro

ng

in t

he

dev

elo

pin

g c

ou

ntr

ies.

Sin

ce 2

00

9,

ther

e h

as

bee

n a

pro

lon

ged

per

iod

of

wea

k o

r se

mi–

stag

nan

t g

lob

al g

row

th,

and

of

low

in

ves

tmen

t.

Th

e o

utb

reak

of

the

coro

nav

iru

s is

in

sert

ed i

nto

th

is p

arti

-

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accu

mu

lati

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cess

, in

wh

ich

th

e sh

rin

kag

e in

pro

du

ctio

n

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h t

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mic

do

wn

turn

un

der

way

, it

is

ver

y l

ikel

y

that

ou

r ex

plo

itat

ion

wil

l d

eep

en.

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es o

f ri

sin

g u

nem

plo

-

ym

ent,

dec

lin

ing

wa

ges

an

d w

ors

enin

g l

ivin

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s

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^3

In t

his

reg

ard

, we

reco

mm

end

th

e p

ub

lica

tio

n A

pro

pósi

to

de

las

rev

uel

tas

de

20

19

(O

n t

he

rev

olt

s o

f 20

19),

pu

bli

shed

by

th

e L

a C

ald

era

lib

rary

in

Bu

eno

s A

ires

.

12

Soc

ial

con

tag

ion

. M

icro

biol

ogic

al C

lass

War

in

Ch

ina

pre

sen

ts a

co

mp

re-

hen

siv

e, f

orc

efu

l an

d i

nd

isp

ensa

ble

an

aly

sis

of

the

cau

ses

of

the

curr

ent

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the

wo

rld

.

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Mar

ch 1

9, w

hil

e m

assi

ve

iso

lati

on

was

bei

ng

imp

ose

d o

n t

he

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en-

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bo

ok

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rmat

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ur

edit

ori

al p

roje

ct L

azo

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icio

nes

. As

a re

sult

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the

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con

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app

lied

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orl

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the

arti

cle

has

no

t lo

st i

ts v

alid

ity

, an

d h

as t

he

nec

essa

ry c

lari

ty t

o a

dd

ress

th

e

issu

e in

its

co

mp

lex

ity

.

Th

e te

xt

sho

ws

the

soci

al r

eali

ty a

nd

th

e tr

ansf

orm

atio

ns

der

ived

fro

m t

he

eco

no

mic

dev

elo

pm

ent

of

the

last

dec

ad

es t

hro

ug

h w

hic

h C

hin

a w

ent

fro

m b

ein

g “

an

iso

late

d p

lan

ned

sta

te e

con

om

y t

o a

n i

nte

gra

ted

ca

pit

ali

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char

acte

rizi

ng

th

e co

nd

itio

ns

in w

hic

h li

fe is

rep

rod

uce

d in

th

e m

ain

urb

an in

du

stri

al c

om

ple

xes

of

that

vas

t re

gio

n.

Th

us,

it

sho

ws

that

th

e p

roli

fera

tio

n o

f n

ew v

iru

ses

is i

nti

mat

ely

lin

ked

to

th

e p

rofo

un

d d

eter

iora

tio

n, i

mp

lici

t in

cap

ital

ism

, of

ou

r li

nk

as

a sp

ecie

s w

ith

th

e n

atu

ral

no

n-h

um

an e

nv

iro

nm

ent.

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th

e o

ther

han

d,

the

anal

ysi

s o

f th

e p

oli

cies

of

the

tota

lita

rian

Ch

ines

e st

ate,

th

e v

ang

uar

d i

n s

ever

al f

acet

s

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all

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er t

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wo

rld

.

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d a

t th

ese

lati

tud

es,

wh

at

do

we

kn

ow

ab

ou

t C

hin

a?

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kn

ow

ab

ou

t th

e en

orm

ou

s p

ow

er w

ith

wh

ich

it

pro

du

ces

an

d c

on

sum

es g

oo

ds.

We

als

o k

no

w t

ha

t it

is

the

ma

in d

esti

na

tio

n o

f a

gri

cult

ura

l p

rod

uct

ion

in

ou

r

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and

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mp

ort

ance

fo

r al

l o

f u

s.

Ch

uan

g m

akes

a g

reat

co

ntr

ibu

tio

n i

n t

his

reg

ard

. T

his

co

mm

un

ist

gro

up

in

Ch

ina

is a

s m

uch

a c

riti

c o

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atu

re d

eath

an

d

the

torm

ent

of

exce

ssiv

e la

bo

r, c

apit

al a

nsw

ers:

Sh

ou

ld w

e

be

torm

ente

d b

y t

his

to

rmen

t, w

hen

it

incr

ease

s o

ur

ple

a-

����1û�����üõ1���1��1�������1�����1����1����1���1���

���1��1

the

go

od

or

bad

wil

l o

f th

e in

div

idu

al c

apit

alis

t ei

ther

. Fre

e

com

pet

itio

n im

po

ses

the

imm

anen

t la

ws

of

cap

ital

ist

pro

du

c-

����1��1���1����������1���

�������1��1�1��������1�¡������1�� 

ï�

Th

ose

wh

o m

ake

up

th

e ex

plo

ited

an

d o

pp

ress

ed c

lass

, th

e

pro

leta

riat

, n

eed

to

, an

d o

ften

do

, re

aso

n l

ike

thei

r m

aste

rs.

An

d t

hey

wil

l sta

rt t

o c

are

abo

ut

this

or

that

dis

ease

wh

en t

he

stat

e an

d t

he

Cap

ital

po

int

it o

ut

as a

nat

ion

al h

ealt

h p

rob

lem

.

No

t th

at t

he

coro

nav

iru

s p

and

emic

is

no

t a

big

pro

ble

m, b

ut

as i

t h

app

ens

it’s

no

t th

e o

nly

on

e.

Pa

nic

an

d c

lich

és s

pre

ad

fa

ster

th

an

th

e v

iru

s. C

on

tra

ry

to w

hat

we

are

led

to

bel

iev

e, t

he

coro

nav

iru

s ca

nn

ot

be

the

����1�������1��1���1������1 ���ð1���������1��1������1������ð1

ther

e ar

e 92

5 m

illi

on

mal

no

uri

shed

peo

ple

.

Wit

ho

ut

go

ing

ver

y f

ar, A

rgen

tin

a is

sta

rvin

g a

nd

mil

lio

ns

hav

e n

ot

die

d b

ut

are

mal

no

uri

shed

. Acc

ord

ing

to

dat

a fr

om

the

IND

EC

(A

rgen

tin

e N

ati

on

al

Inst

itu

te o

f C

ensu

s a

nd

Sta

tist

ics)

its

elf,

on

e o

ut

of

ever

y t

hre

e A

rgen

tin

es i

s p

oo

r,

that

’s t

o s

ay, m

ore

th

an 1

4 m

illi

on

peo

ple

. Ev

en s

o, t

he

Sta

te

and

its

hu

man

ex

ten

sio

ns

ord

er t

ho

usa

nd

s o

f p

eop

le i

n t

his

cou

ntr

y w

ho

do

no

t h

ave

dri

nk

ing

wat

er t

o w

ash

th

emse

lves

wit

h w

ater

an

d s

oap

, or,

wit

ho

ut

go

ing

an

y f

urt

her

, tel

l th

em

to g

o a

nd

fet

ch d

rin

kin

g w

ater

ou

tsid

e th

eir

ho

mes

, wh

ile

at

the

sam

e ti

me

ord

erin

g h

om

eles

s p

eop

le t

o s

tay

at

ho

me,

or

to a

pp

ly f

or

mis

erab

le s

ub

sid

ies

ov

er t

he

Inte

rnet

.

So

it’

s n

ot

Arg

enti

na’

s m

ain

pro

ble

m e

ith

er.

Just

in

ref

er-

ence

to

hea

lth

, let

’s r

emem

ber

th

at n

ot

even

th

e ca

nce

r d

eath

s

lin

ked

to

th

e u

se o

f ag

ro–i

nd

ust

rial

was

te o

n t

he

Arg

enti

ne

coa

st m

an

ag

ed

to

un

ite s

o m

an

y p

eo

ple

or

trig

ger

such

�4������1��1�����1���1���������1��1�����1��������

1��1���1

curr

ent

situ

atio

n.

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no

t st

op

th

e to

xic

ag

ro–c

hem

ical

sp

ray

ing

, bu

t th

is s

eem

s to

��4

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11

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and

we

beg

in t

o w

on

der

wh

y s

o m

uch

em

ph

asis

is

pla

ced

on

war

rh

eto

ric.

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cap

ita

l, p

rod

uct

ive

rest

ruct

uri

ng

an

d s

ucc

essi

ve

eco

no

mic

������1��1���1������1�1��������1������������ð1��1��1 ��1����1

op

ens

the

wa

y f

or

a n

ew a

nd

mo

re l

ast

ing

sta

ge

of

va

lori

-

za

tio

n.

Ca

pit

al

rea

ches

th

e p

ara

do

xic

al

po

int

of

nee

din

g a

bru

tal

de–

val

ori

zati

on

to

giv

e a

new

im

pu

lse

to v

alo

riza

tio

n.

We

bri

ng

th

is u

p b

ecau

se m

any

are

su

rpri

sed

th

at i

n t

his

con

tex

t o

f p

and

emic

so

man

y c

om

pan

ies

hav

e fo

lded

wit

h-

ou

t m

uch

co

mp

lain

t to

th

e p

rod

uct

ion

sto

pp

ag

e, w

ith

th

e

eco

no

mic

lo

sses

th

at t

his

im

pli

es.

Th

at f

act

seem

s to

be

the

bes

t ar

gu

men

t to

mak

e u

s b

elie

ve

that

“w

e ar

e al

l in

th

e sa

me

�����ð1����1����1 ����1������1����1������1�����ï

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of

tran

sfo

rmat

ion

an

d p

aup

eriz

atio

n o

f fo

rms

of

wo

rk a

nd

emp

loy

men

t, r

esp

on

ds

bu

t o

nly

to

a n

eed

in

her

ent

to t

he

eco

no

my

in

cri

sis,

wh

ich

has

fo

un

d i

n t

he

coro

nav

iru

s th

e

idea

l en

emy

to

ju

stif

y a

ser

ies

of

mea

sure

s u

po

n w

hic

h t

o

bas

e th

e m

uch

des

ired

rea

ctiv

atio

n.7

As

we

said

bef

ore

ab

ou

t co

un

ter–

insu

rgen

cy,

bo

th t

he

����������1����

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1

or

imp

rov

ed s

yst

ems

of

con

tro

l an

d r

epre

ssio

n. ��1 ��1��1���1

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An

d t

he

inv

aded

,

dis

cip

lin

ed,

rep

ress

ed a

nd

mas

sacr

ed a

re a

lway

s su

pp

lied

fro

m t

he

ran

ks

of

the

exp

loit

ed a

nd

op

pre

ssed

.

We

can

see

th

e ex

ten

t to

wh

ich

th

is s

oci

ety

of

com

pet

itio

n

and

vio

len

ce f

aces

an

y e

ven

t as

if

it w

ere

a w

ar. E

ven

in

th

e

����1��1�1�����ð1��1����1���������¢1��

1�����1��1�������ð1�4���1���1

do

min

atio

n. �1�������1���1�����1��������ð1�����1���1����ð1

���1����1����1���1����1��1����1�1 ��ï1A

nd

it

is n

ot

fou

gh

t

wit

h g

un

s, t

ank

s an

d p

atro

l car

s as

th

e st

ates

of

the

wo

rld

are

do

ing

. W

e m

ust

tak

e it

on

wh

ole

, to

get

her

an

d s

tro

ng

, an

d

����1��1���

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wh

ich

we

are

bei

ng

su

bje

cted

.

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1 ��1��1��1�����ï1

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men

t, t

he

nu

mb

er o

f w

om

en m

urd

ered

in

th

eir

ho

mes

by

]3��1�������1��1����1 

�1���������1���1���

�����1��1�����������

1

Inte

rnat

ion

alis

ts: A

gai

nst

the

Pan

dem

ic o

f C

apit

al: S

oci

al R

evo

luti

on

!

thei

r h

usb

and

s o

r co

mp

anio

ns

beg

an t

o s

um

up

. B

ut

ther

e

���1���

¢1�

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�����1����1���1����������1��1

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case

s o

f d

epre

ssio

n a

nd

wo

rsen

ing

of

men

tal h

ealt

h, i

mp

ose

d

��������ð1������� ����ð1���1��������1����1�������

���1������1

on

ch

ild

ren

.

So

, w

ha

t fu

rth

er

wo

rsen

s th

e l

ivin

g c

on

dit

ion

s o

f th

e

pro

leta

ria

ns

all

ov

er t

he

wo

rld

is

no

t ju

st a

vir

us,

bu

t th

e

�����1�������1�¢1�����1������ð1�������

���ð1���������ð1���1

crim

inal

izat

ion

of

dir

ect

hu

man

rel

atio

nsh

ips

and

th

eref

ore

nec

essa

rily

bo

dil

y r

elat

ion

s, o

pen

rep

ress

ion

an

d m

ilit

ariz

a-

tio

n. B

ruta

l co

nd

itio

ns

that

, “in

th

e fa

ce o

f th

e h

orr

or

of

the

������ð1�������1��

�����1��1���1������ð1��1���1������¢����ð1��1

pro

leta

rian

nei

gh

bo

rho

od

s, i

n h

osp

ital

s, p

riso

ns,

psy

chia

tric

ho

spit

als

and

ref

ug

ee c

amp

s. A

ll t

his

is

add

ed t

o t

he

un

em-

plo

ym

ent,

th

e d

ebts

an

d t

he

mis

ery

th

at

in t

he

sho

rt t

erm

beg

ins

to e

xp

lod

e, s

ho

win

g t

hat

th

e re

med

y a

gg

rav

ates

th

e

dis

ease

.

���1�����1��1�������1���������1��1���1�����1����1�������1

���1����������1��1���1���������1����1����1����1��1���1�����ï1

Th

is n

ot

on

ly w

eak

ens

us

emo

tio

nal

ly, b

ut

also

lea

ves

us

at

the

mer

cy o

f th

e st

ran

ge

com

pan

y o

f v

ario

us

tech

no

log

ical

dev

ices

. S

cree

ns,

tac

tile

or

no

t, t

hat

bo

mb

ard

us

wit

h t

hei

r

info

rmat

ion

ov

erlo

ad a

nd

th

at a

ct a

s m

edia

tors

bet

wee

n u

s

and

th

e w

orl

d, k

eep

ing

us

in t

ou

ch o

nly

th

rou

gh

vir

tual

ity

.

���1���������¢1��1�������

���1�����1��1��1��¢�����1�¡����-

tio

n a

nd

th

eref

ore

als

o t

o g

rad

ual

psy

cho

log

ical

ex

hau

stio

n.

Lik

ewis

e, t

he

un

cert

ain

ty a

bo

ut

the

futu

re a

nd

th

e d

om

inan

t

pan

ic e

xh

aust

us

emo

tio

nal

ly, w

hic

h a

lso

pro

du

ces

ph

ysi

cal

exh

au

stio

n.

It s

ho

uld

be

rem

emb

ered

th

at

in t

he

wa

rs o

f

rece

nt

dec

ades

th

e p

ost

–war

dea

d, t

he

sick

an

d t

he

suic

idal

,

do

ub

le t

he

nu

mb

er o

f th

ose

fal

len

in

co

nfr

on

tati

on

.

bri

ck a

nd

mo

rtar

in

fras

tru

ctu

re —

bri

dg

es, r

oad

s, a

nd

ch

eap

����������¢1���1����������ï�

Fa

ced

wit

h s

uch

a l

evel

of

imp

ov

eris

hm

ent

of

the

min

i-

mu

m c

on

dit

ion

s o

f su

rviv

al a

rou

nd

th

e w

orl

d, a

dd

ed t

o t

he

wo

rsen

ing

cu

rren

t si

tuat

ion

, th

e p

rop

osa

l to

ref

orm

th

e S

tate

,

its

inst

itu

tio

ns,

its

po

lici

es, w

ith

th

e b

ann

er o

f p

ub

lic

hea

lth

at t

he

hea

d,

is r

ein

forc

ed.

We

mu

st r

emem

ber

th

at i

t is

th

e

Sta

te t

ha

t is

su

bje

ct t

o e

con

om

ic d

evel

op

men

t a

nd

no

t th

e

oth

er w

ay

aro

un

d. ���1����1������1���1����1 ���1���¢1��1

�����1�����1 ���1��1��1� ���1� �¢1����1����1 ����ï

“We

are

at

wa

r”

[3

See

La

Ov

eja

Neg

ra N

o. 6

8: H

erid

as i

nte

rnac

ion

ales

\3

See

La

Ov

eja

Neg

ra N

o.

66:

En

tie

mp

o d

e re

vu

elta

s: C

hil

e y

Ecu

ador

“Th

e C

OV

ID–1

9 p

and

emic

is

a cr

isis

un

lik

e an

y o

ther

.

It l

oo

ks

lik

e a

wa

r, a

nd

in

ma

ny

wa

ys

it i

s. P

eop

le

are

dy

ing

. Hea

lth

pro

fess

ion

als

are

on

th

e fr

on

t li

nes

.

Th

ose

wo

rkin

g i

n e

ssen

tial

ser

vic

es, f

oo

d d

istr

ibu

tio

n,

del

iver

y s

erv

ices

an

d p

ub

lic

sup

pli

es a

re w

ork

ing

��������1��1�������1�����1��

����ï1���1����1�����1���1

���1������1��������ñ1�����1�������1���1���

���

��1 ��1

���1�������

1��1�����1�����ð1�

�����1��1����������1����¢1

to p

rod

uct

ion

.

In

a w

ar,

ma

ssiv

e sp

end

ing

on

arm

s st

imu

late

s

eco

no

mic

act

ivit

y a

nd

ess

enti

al

serv

ices

are

gu

ara

n-

teed

by

sp

ecia

l p

rov

isio

ns.

In

th

is c

risi

s, t

hin

gs

are

mo

re c

om

pli

cate

d, a

lth

ou

gh

a c

om

mo

n f

eatu

re i

s th

e

���������1����1��1���1������1�������ï1ûE

con

omic

pol

icie

s

for

the

war

ag

ain

st C

OV

ID–

19,

fro

m t

he

IMF

blo

g o

n

Lat

in A

mer

ican

eco

no

mic

iss

ues

)

���1���������1���������1�������1���1����1� �1���1�������1

��1���������1����¢ï�1����1 

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1��1�����1

����������1���1���1����ï1���1���1��1 ��ð�1����1���������1

Em

man

uel

Mac

ron

in a

sp

eech

to

th

e F

ren

ch p

eop

le in

wh

ich

he

def

end

ed n

ati

on

al

un

ity

. T

he

sam

e p

resi

den

t w

ho

ha

s

����1���

�������1���1��������1��1���1�¢���� 1�����ð�1�������1

peo

ple

cri

pp

led

an

d m

uti

late

d i

n t

he

wak

e o

f h

is n

on

–let

hal

rep

ress

ion

.5 P

edro

San

chez

, th

e S

pan

ish

so

cial

ist

pre

sid

ent,

soli

cite

d a

his

tori

c m

ob

iliz

atio

n o

f re

sou

rces

fro

m t

he

Eu

ro-

pea

n U

nio

n i

n o

rder

to

co

nfr

on

t th

e co

ron

av

iru

s w

ith

th

e

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than

op

enly

dec

lari

ng

war

on

th

e p

op

ula

tio

n,

as S

ebas

tian

Piñ

era

did

las

t y

ear

in C

hil

e.6

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wh

o c

ho

se n

ot

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ran

t p

aid

ch

ild

care

lea

ve

to e

mp

loy

ees

of

Sw

iss

Med

ical

, o

ne

of

his

co

mp

anie

s, s

aid

: “W

e ar

e le

ad-

ing

act

ors

bu

t w

e a

re n

ot

dir

ecto

rs o

f th

e th

eatr

e. T

his

is

a

 ��ï�1���1��1�����

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that

we’

re g

oin

g t

o g

ive

him

ev

ery

thin

g.

Ev

ery

thin

g t

hat

is

nee

ded

. Bu

t w

e h

ave

to w

ork

to

get

her

, th

is i

s a

war

, we

hav

e

��1 

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So

me

bo

urg

eois

ref

er t

o a

nd

mak

e u

se o

f th

e ex

cep

tio

nal

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wag

es,

oth

ers

pre

fer

to o

pen

ly r

eco

gn

ize

the

clas

s w

ar a

nd

po

int

ou

t th

eir

alli

es.

UN

Sec

reta

ry G

ener

al A

nto

nio

Gu

terr

es s

aid

th

e co

ron

avi-

rus

pan

dem

ic “

is t

he

mo

st c

om

pli

cate

d c

risi

s th

e w

orl

d h

as

7

of

susp

end

ed r

easo

n a

nd

no

w h

as

on

ly o

ne

issu

e to

bu

sy

them

self

wit

h,

to p

anic

an

d t

o w

ait

for

the

Sta

te’s

so

luti

on

.

“Th

is h

as b

een

go

ing

on

fo

r a

few

day

s n

ow

, it

wo

uld

see

m

tha

t th

ey a

re t

ak

ing

ad

va

nta

ge

of

the

pre

sid

enti

al

dec

ree

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said

a l

oca

l re

sid

ent

of

Ram

ayn

(S

anta

Fe)

wh

o p

refe

rred

to

pro

tect

his

id

enti

ty.

������

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mil

lio

ns

of

citi

zen

s ra

ise

the

call

to

sta

y a

t h

om

e, w

ith

in

sult

s

if n

eed

ed, s

nit

chin

g a

nd

en

do

rsin

g t

he

acti

on

s o

f S

tate

sec

u-

rity

fo

rces

, w

ho

hav

e b

een

see

n t

o b

e em

bo

lden

ed t

o a

bu

se,

bu

lly

an

d r

epre

ss n

eig

hb

ors

in

th

e st

reet

s. T

hey

are

afr

aid

to c

om

e in

to c

on

tact

, to

in

fect

eac

h o

ther

.

Th

e c

om

me

mo

rati

on

of

the

19

76

co

up

d’é

tat

inv

olv

ed

thre

ats

of

a s

tate

of

sieg

e b

y C

apta

in B

eto.

On

24

Ma

rch

,

the

Arg

en

tin

e S

tate

ce

leb

rate

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ith

mo

re t

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n 1

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pe

op

le h

eld

in

de

ten

tio

n i

n j

ust

th

e f

irst

th

ree

da

ys

of

the

emer

gen

cy m

easu

res

pu

t in

to e

ffec

t b

y t

he

Nee

d a

nd

Urg

ency

Dec

ree

29

7/2

02

0,

an

d w

ith

dea

ths

tha

t en

sued

in

the

rio

ts a

t th

e p

riso

ns

of

Co

ron

da

an

d L

as

Flo

res

(Sa

nta

Fe

), w

hic

h f

oll

ow

ed

in

th

e w

ak

e o

f th

e p

riso

ne

rs’

fea

rs

of

catc

hin

g t

he

vir

us

fro

m p

riso

n g

ua

rds,

wh

ich

co

uld

Th

ere

are

no

“p

osh

pe

op

le”,

th

ere

are

so

cia

l cla

sse

s

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at

the

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e ti

me

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ira

de,

arr

ives

to

tel

l u

s th

at

it i

s a

dis

ease

of

chet

os

(or

cuic

os,

pit

uco

s, o

r p

ijo

s d

epen

din

g

on

th

e co

un

try

) th

at i

s sp

read

by

tra

vel

lin

g a

rou

nd

th

e

wo

rld

on

ho

lid

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cial

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ss is

th

us

red

uce

d t

o t

he

per

son

al t

aste

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f a

sect

or

of

soci

ety

an

d a

lrea

dy

see

ms

to b

e a

sta

te o

f m

ind

ra

ther

th

an

a m

ate

ria

l co

nd

itio

n

of

ex

iste

nce

. A

lth

ou

gh

to

da

y i

t se

em

s to

be f

rom

a

ver

y d

ista

nt

pas

t, u

nti

l a

mo

nth

ag

o t

he

gan

g o

f ru

gb

y

pla

yer

s th

at h

ad b

eate

n F

ern

and

o B

áez

So

sa t

o d

eath

in

a n

igh

tclu

b i

n B

uen

os

Air

es w

as a

lmo

st t

he

on

ly n

ews

circ

ula

tin

g i

n t

he

med

ia. T

her

e ar

e te

n p

eop

le c

har

ged

wit

h t

he

kil

lin

g I

t is

a s

tory

wh

ere

the

go

od

gu

ys

are

go

od

an

d t

he

bad

gu

ys

are

bad

. Fer

nan

do

was

an

arg

en-

tin

ian

-bo

rn c

hil

d o

f im

mig

ran

ts,

fro

m a

wo

rkin

g c

lass

fam

ily

. An

d t

he

rug

by

pla

yer

s w

ere

un

ple

asan

t, r

acis

t

an

d f

rom

wh

at

is c

on

sid

ered

th

e u

pp

er m

idd

le c

lass

.

Th

ere

are

tho

se w

ho

hav

e w

ante

d t

o s

ee s

om

e fo

rm o

f

cla

ssis

m i

n t

his

. An

d t

her

e m

ay

be

som

eth

ing

, b

ut

as

wit

h t

ho

se w

ho

co

me

fro

m o

uts

ide

the

cou

ntr

y,

it i

s a

soci

olo

gic

al c

lass

ism

.

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th

e o

ther

han

d,

it i

s a

clas

sism

th

at o

rbit

s

aro

un

d w

ha

t in

Arg

enti

na

is

con

sid

ered

th

e m

idd

le

cla

ss.

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en t

he

raci

sm o

f th

e ru

gb

iers

is

po

inte

d o

ut

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mm

edia

tely

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inte

d o

ut,

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t it

is

the

cla

ssis

m o

f

yo

un

g p

eop

le w

ho

do

no

t co

me

fro

m t

he

hig

hes

t b

ou

r-

geo

isie

an

d w

e d

o n

ot

even

kn

ow

if

they

co

me

fro

m t

he

bo

urg

eois

ie, i

t is

th

e cl

assi

sm o

f so

me

chet

os.

Fo

r th

eir

par

t, F

ern

and

o’s

fam

ily

is

no

t p

oo

r o

r m

arg

inal

eit

her

,

lik

e th

e m

ajo

rity

of

yo

un

g p

eop

le w

ho

are

mu

rder

ed i

n

this

co

un

try

, m

ost

ly a

t th

e h

and

s o

f th

e st

ate

secu

rity

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they

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rely

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art

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pit

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t cl

ass

and

no

t to

rep

eat

slo

ga

ns

tha

t a

pp

eal

to t

he

mo

ral

sen

se,

pre

cise

ly J

ud

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ian

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ap

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do

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ind

of

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ety

we

liv

e in

. An

d w

e w

ill

end

up

see

ing

th

e ch

eto

on

th

e o

ne

ha

nd

an

d t

he

pa

up

er o

n t

he

oth

er, w

ith

ou

t

an

y k

ind

of

mo

de o

f p

rod

uct

ion

an

d r

ep

rod

uct

ion

.

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at’

s w

hy

th

ere

are

th

ose

wh

o t

hin

k o

ur

rule

rs a

re

no

t ch

eto

s, b

ut

that

th

ey a

re w

ith

th

e p

eop

le. T

he

easy

crit

icis

m o

f ch

arac

ters

lik

e M

acri

or

Bu

llri

ch o

f th

e p

ast

go

ver

nm

ent,

or

the

crit

icis

m o

f v

iole

nt

an

d i

rres

po

n-

sib

le c

het

os,

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es t

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e to

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ow

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g,

po

or

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lth

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ita

ry c

on

dit

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pp

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the

go

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ent,

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ot

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as a

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pt

rem

ind

er t

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tes

are

ther

e to

pro

tect

th

eir

citi

zen

s. (

…)

tha

t w

ith

ou

t th

e S

tate

“y

ou

wo

uld

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at

each

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ha

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eral

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at t

her

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no

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is i

s a

n e

xce

pti

on

al

mo

men

t, w

e d

o

no

t h

av

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ll i

nto

th

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lse

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, an

eco

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eois

ie t

hin

ks

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in i

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19.

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ati

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ost

po

wer

ful w

eap

on

: H

ealt

h”

Pu

blic

He

alt

h s

ecr

eta

ry o

f th

e N

ati

on

9

Pu

bli

c h

ea

lth

an

d w

ork

forc

e

Z3

Ex

trac

ted

fro

m t

he

sect

ion

Cie

nci

a y

En

ferm

edad

, in

Cu

ad-

ern

os

de

Neg

ació

n N

o. 8

: Crí

tica

de

la r

azón

cap

ital

ista

.

At

a m

om

ent

wh

en i

t is

po

liti

call

y i

nco

rrec

t to

un

rese

rved

ly

def

end

pro

gre

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the

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asp

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ore

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nes

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even

if

bru

tal

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ents

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als

o t

he

imm

edia

te o

nes

.

Fo

r in

stit

uti

on

al

med

icin

e, t

he

sick

per

son

is

a p

ass

ive

elem

ent,

a p

ati

ent

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m t

he

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tin

pat

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rece

ived

at

the

ho

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ike

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rok

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ach

ine

that

nee

ds

an

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urs

e o

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oth

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ise,

th

e co

nd

i-

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fro

m t

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uld

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as

med

icin

e fu

nct

ion

s li

ke

the

bes

t a

lib

i fo

r sc

ien

ce

and

pro

gre

ss, s

o p

ub

lic

hea

lth

do

es i

n d

efen

se o

f th

e S

tate

.

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exh

aust

ing

sh

ifts

in

th

e fa

ce o

f th

e p

and

emic

, wit

h s

carc

e

reso

urc

es a

nd

min

imal

saf

ety

co

nd

itio

ns.

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even

if

it w

ants

to

sel

l u

s th

e o

pp

osi

te.

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en w

e ar

e to

ld t

hat

life

is t

he

nu

mb

er o

ne

pri

ori

ty, s

kep

-

tics

wo

nd

er w

hat

life

th

ey a

re t

alk

ing

ab

ou

t. S

pec

iali

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oft

en

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exp

ecta

ncy

in

ord

er t

o s

ing

pra

ise

to c

apit

alis

t d

evel

op

men

t.

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his

cas

e, o

ver

th

e la

st w

eek

s th

ey h

ave

bee

n h

amm

erin

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asp

ect

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e n

um

ber

of

sick

peo

ple

, th

e n

um

ber

of

dea

d p

eop

le a

nd

of

tho

se w

ho

hav

e re

cov

ered

fro

m t

he

coro

na

vir

us.

Th

ese

nu

mb

ers

say

no

thin

g a

bo

ut

the

liv

ing

con

dit

ion

s o

f th

e p

role

tari

an c

lass

, ho

w w

e w

ere

bef

ore

an

d

ho

w w

e w

ill

be

afte

r th

e p

and

emic

is

ov

er. ��1���1���������1

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fact

th

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un

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th

e re

ign

of

Ca

pit

al,

th

e v

ast

ma

jori

ty

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f co

urs

e w

e ar

e fa

cin

g t

his

rea

lity

an

d i

n f

act

ou

r p

rese

nt

is t

he

pro

du

ct o

f su

cces

siv

e d

efea

ts o

f o

ur

clas

s

agai

nst

th

e o

nsl

aug

hts

of

Cap

ital

. Bu

t as

lo

ng

as

we

hav

e to

sell

ou

rsel

ves

in e

xch

ang

e fo

r a

sala

ry t

o li

ve,

hea

lth

pra

ctic

es

can

no

t es

cap

e fr

om

th

e lo

gic

of

per

form

ance

, ad

dre

ssin

g t

he

sym

pto

m a

nd

no

t th

e ca

use

, se

ekin

g t

o p

rolo

ng

ou

r u

sefu

l

life

, ta

kin

g c

are

of

the

lab

or

forc

e in

th

e sa

me

wa

y a

s a

ny

oth

er p

rod

uct

ion

in

pu

t.

On

ce a

ga

in s

log

an

s a

re h

eard

fro

m t

he

left

su

ch a

s “

ou

r

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pre

cise

ly t

ha

t th

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eft

do

es

no

t a

spir

e t

o g

o f

urt

her

tha

n

dis

pu

tin

g t

he

val

ue

of

ou

r la

bo

ur

forc

e, w

hen

th

e re

al i

ssu

e

is t

ha

t n

oth

ing

in

lif

e sh

ou

ld h

av

e a

pri

ce t

ag

! T

he

dis

ma

n-

tlin

g o

f th

e h

ealt

h c

are

sy

stem

du

rin

g t

he

last

dec

ad

es i

s

use

d t

o b

om

bar

d u

s w

ith

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Cri

tici

sms

of

the

hea

lth

sy

stem

s o

f co

un

trie

s su

ch a

s th

e

Un

ited

Sta

tes

or

the

Un

ited

Kin

gd

om

, as

wel

l as

th

eir

lib

eral

rhet

ori

c th

at

is r

epli

cate

d i

n c

ha

ract

ers

such

as

Bo

lso

na

ro,

are

gu

ided

by

a f

erv

en

t st

ati

sm,

wh

ere

th

e c

oro

na

vir

us

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ov

er h

ow

to

ru

n t

he

Sta

te.

Def

ence

s a

re e

ven

cir

cula

tin

g

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dis

ease

, o

n t

he

gro

un

ds

tha

t it

is

“n

ot

yet

fu

lly

ca

pit

ali

st

“.

Th

e co

nst

ruct

ion

of

a g

ian

t h

osp

ita

l in

10

da

ys

spea

ks

of

a c

ou

ntr

y’s

sh

ock

ing

pro

du

ctiv

e ca

pa

city

, n

ot

its

con

cern

for

hea

lth

. In

fa

ct,

the

curr

ent

situ

ati

on

see

ms

to e

nd

up

bei

ng

an

op

po

rtu

nit

y f

or

Ch

ina

to

str

eng

then

its

eco

no

mic

po

siti

on

in

th

e w

orl

d m

ark

et.

Ch

ua

ng

’s a

rtic

le w

arn

s u

s th

at

the

spre

ad

of

the

coro

na-

vir

us

“can

t b

e u

nd

erst

oo

d w

ith

ou

t ta

kin

g i

nto

acc

ou

nt

the

wa

ys

in w

hic

h C

hin

as

last

few

dec

ad

es o

f d

evel

op

men

t in

an

d t

hro

ug

h t

he

glo

ba

l ca

pit

ali

st s

yst

em h

as

mo

lded

th

e

cou

ntr

y’s

hea

lth

car

e sy

stem

an

d t

he

stat

e o

f p

ub

lic

hea

lth

mo

re g

ener

ally

. (…

) th

e co

ron

avir

us

was

ori

gin

ally

ab

le t

o

tak

e h

old

an

d s

pre

ad r

apid

ly b

ecau

se o

f a

gen

eral

deg

rad

a-

tio

n o

f b

asic

hea

lth

care

am

on

g t

he

po

pu

lati

on

at

larg

e. B

ut

pre

cise

ly b

eca

use

th

is d

egra

da

tio

n h

as

tak

en p

lace

in

th

e

mid

st o

f sp

ecta

cula

r ec

on

om

ic g

row

th, i

t h

as b

een

ob

scu

red

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Th

e re

alit

y,

ho

wev

er,

is t

hat

ex

pen

dit

ure

s o

n p

ub

lic

go

od

s

lik

e h

ealt

h c

are

an

d e

du

cati

on

in

Ch

ina

rem

ain

ex

trem

ely

low

, w

hil

e m

ost

pu

bli

c sp

end

ing

has

bee

n d

irec

ted

to

war

d