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Telecommunications BusinessTelecommunications BusinessLaw and Law and Pro-competitive PoliciesPro-competitive Policies
Info Communication Policy WorkshopInfo Communication Policy WorkshopAugust 8, 2003August 8, 2003
Tomoyuki TANUMADeputy Director
International Policy Division,Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs,
Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT), JAPAN
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Deployment of CompetitionDeployment of CompetitionDispute Settlement CommissionDispute Settlement Commission
ADSL and Competition Measures ADSL and Competition MeasuresNew Regulatory Framework in the era of New Regulatory Framework in the era of
Broadband Broadband
ReferenceReference
ContentsContents
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Deployment of Deployment of
CompetitionCompetition
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4
ro-competitive Policies in the Telecommunications Field inro-competitive Policies in the Telecommunications Field in Japan Japan
Competition and regulation
Range of regulation
Progress in
competition
1985 1995 2000
Nationwideestablishment of telecommunicationnetwork
Fostering NewCommon Carrierscompanies .
Establishingcompetition rules .
Public monopoly policy Managed competition policy Free competition policy
Policyissues
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5
To quickly build telecommunications networks nationwide(through intensivecapital investment).
To ensure technological uniformity (Telecommunications market had beenregarded as naturally monopolized market).To offer public service (ensuring universal service and fair use)
Public Monopoly Policy (~1985)Public Monopoly Policy (~1985)
(1952)
NTT Public Corp. built and maintained telecommunications networks.Business operations and government administration were not separated.
Two major objectives were achieved (no backlog left and automatic switchingestablished nationwide). Technological innovation The monopolistic nature was diluted. Higher, more diverse demand The limitations of the public corporation
business were recognized.
Ministry of Telecommunications NTT Public Corp. (Domestic) & KDD(Intl)
Justifications for Public Monopoly
Background of Privatization and the Introduction of Competition Policies
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6
Management Competition Policy (1985~1995)Management Competition Policy (1985~1995)
- Competition between the elephant and the ant
- Reliance on the NTT regional networks = unique market structure
- Entry management ~ adjusting for supply and demand (preventing excessivecompetition)
- Price management ~ tariff regulation (ensuring price competitiveness of NCC companies)- Connection management ~ connection interface (disclosing NTTinformation)
- Support policies for NCCs in financial and tax-related fields
Policy issues ensuring fair competition between NTT andNCCs (new common carriers)
Competition management policies
Fostering of NCCs
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Holding company
Data company
West regionalcompany
Free Competition Policy (1995) ~ Restructuring of Free Competition Policy (1995) ~ Restructuring of NTT NTT
- Promotion of fair competition (equal footing with new carriers)- Finding an appropriate business scale, efficiency of business
- Reinforcing international competitiveness
Aim of NTT restructuring
Mobile
Communications
company
internet companyLong-distanceinternational company
East regionalcompany
Software company
Format of NTT Restructuring
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Free Competition Policy(1995~) DeregulationFree Competition Policy(1995~) Deregulation
Easing entry regulations - Abolition of supply and demand adjustment (1997)
- Abolition of foreign ownership regulation (1998)
Easing tariff regulations - Approval system notification system (1998)
- price-capping system (applied to NTT regional telephone tariffs)(2000)
Easing of equipment regulations - Equipment ownership principle Approval for IRU (indefeasible of
users)(1997) making circuitspossible to resale (2000)
Progress in competition transition in policy from managedcompetition to free competition
Revision of the Telecommunications Business Law (2001)
Introduction of frameworks for wholesale telecommunications services
Expansion of the scope of business of NTT East/NTT West
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Free Competition Policies(1995Free Competition Policies(1995 ) Fair ) Fair Competition rulesCompetition rules
Establishment of transparent rules related to market structurepromotion of free competition below these rules
Interconnection rules - Interconnection orders and duty for carries to consent to connections
(1997) - Stipulation of NTT regional network connection tariffs and connection
conditions (approval system) (1997)
- Introduction of long-run incremental cost (LRIC) system forcalculating connection tariffs (2000) Telephone number rules
- Carrier pre-subscription (2001) - Number portability (2001)
Revision of the Telecommunications Business Law (2001)
Preparation of asymmetric regulations Preparation of a legal scheme pertaining to universal service
Set up of the Telecommunications Business Dispute SettlementCommission
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IPNetwork
Long distance/
international carriers Network
Conceptual figure of interconnectionConceptual figure of interconnection
NTTsBuilding
MainDistributionFrame
IPEquipment
NTT East / WestsNetwork
A PrefectureA Prefecture
Tandem Switch (ZC) 4.78Yen/3min
Local Switch (GC) 4.50Yen/3min
Point of interface
NTT East / Wests Network
Interconnectioncharges
Interconnectioncharges
B PrefectureB Prefecture
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Development of Competition Policies1 Diversification of services2 Reduction of charge3 Ensuring liability and security
Development of Competition Policies1 Diversification of services2 Reduction of charge3 Ensuring liability and security
Universal Fund Universal Fund
Pre-selection (Myline )Number portability
Pre-selection (MylineNumber portability NTT reorganization NTT reorganization
Asymmetric
Regulations prohibition of practices
Approval of new business
Asymmetric
Regulations prohibition of practices
Approval of new business
Competition Policies by the Telecommunications BusinessCompetition Policies by the Telecommunications BusinessLawLaw
and other Measuresand other Measures
InterconnectionRulesInterconnectionRules
DeregulationDeregulation
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms
Dispute Settlement Mechanisms
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Dispute Settlement Dispute Settlement
CommissionCommission
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Telecommunications Business DisputeTelecommunications Business DisputeSettlement CommissionSettlement Commission
Telecommunication Business Law (Revision in 2001) established
Telecommunications Business Dispute Settlement Commission
Special Body for settling dispute over issues such as interconnectionbetween telecommunication carriers.
Inside of MPHPT, but Independent of the department in charge of issuing permits and approvals
Consists of five commissioners appointed by the Minister, MPHPT withthe consent of both the House of Representatives and Councillors
Secretariat under the Commissions direct control
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Telecommunication Business Dispute Settlement Telecommunication Business Dispute Settlement Commission FunctionsCommission Functions
When one telecommunications carrier requests the conclusion of an agreement for interconnections, and the other carriers declines to negotiate or no negotiation are arranged, the first carrier can request to the Commission to mediate the
matter Mediation and ArbitrationMediation and Arbitration
Both mediation and arbitration are expected to be useful in settling disputesbetween telecommunications carriers fairly, simply and promptly.
Inquiry and ReportInquiry and Report The Minister of MPHPT shall inquire the Commission before making administrative
dispositions, such as orders or arbitrations concerning interconnection of
telecommunications facilities.The Commission will deliberate the matters and submit a report to the Minister.
RecommendationRecommendation The Commission is able to make recommendations on new competition rules
to the Minister of MPHPT based on knowledge gained in dealing with actualdisputes.
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Telecommunicationscarrier Telecommunicationscarrier Minister for Public
Management, HomeAffairs, Posts and
Telecommunications
Minister for PublicManagement, HomeAffairs, Posts and
Telecommunications
TelecommunicationsBusiness Dispute
Settlement Commission
TelecommunicationsBusiness Dispute
Settlement Commission
Adjudication
Request,mediation,arbitration
Request,adjudication Inquiry
Report
Request,directive
Mediation
Arbitration
Deliberations
Dispute arisingamong
telecommunications carriers
Directive tocommence
negotiations
Telecommunication Business DisputeTelecommunication Business DisputeSettlement Commission FunctionsSettlement Commission Functions
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ADSL and ADSL and
Competition MeasuresCompetition Measures
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0
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
4 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
7 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
8 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
9 9 - 3 9 9 - 6 9 9 - 9 9 9 - 1 2 0 0 - 3 0 0 - 6 0 0 - 9 0 0 - 1 2 0 1 - 3 0 1 - 6 0 1 - 9 0 1 - 1 2 0 2 - 3 0 2 - 6 0 2 - 9 0 2 - 1 2 0 3 - 3 0 3
020,00040,00060,00080,000
100,000120,000140,000160,000180,000200,000220,000240,000260,000280,000300,000320,000340,000360,000380,000400,000420,000
0 0- 9 0 0- 1 2 0 1- 3 0 1- 6 0 1- 9 0 1- 1 2 0 2- 3 02 - 6 0 2- 9 0 2- 1 2 0 3- 3
Optic Fiber(FTTH)Optic Fiber(FTTH)for general users
Subscribers458,293Operators 13(End-Jun. 2003)
WirelessWireless Subscribers 34,000 Operators 21
(End-May. 2003)
Subscribers 8,257,118
(End-Jun.2003)Operators 44
(End-Jun. 2003)
Subscribers 8,257,118
(End-Jun.2003)Operators 44
(End-Jun. 2003)
Cable Internet Cable Internet Subscribers
2,224,000 Operators 301
(End-Jun. 2003)
Cable Internet Cable Internet Subscribers
2,224,000 Operators 301
(End-Jun. 2003)
00- 1201- 0301- 06 01- 09 01- 12 02- 0302- 06 02- 09 02- 12 03- 0
FTTH 500 1400 3500 9,300 26,400 68,600114,608206,189305,38Wireless 450 900 1,100 2,400 4,200 8,000 18,500 25,000 30,000 33,00
34,000
2,224,000
8,257,118
99- 03 99- 06 99- 09 99- 12 00- 03 00- 06 00- 09 00- 12 01- 03 01- 06 01- 09 01- 12 02- 03 02- 06 02- 09 02-12 03- 03 03- 06
DSL 211 1,235 2,537 9,723 70,655 291,333 650,796 1,524,3482,378,7953,300,926 4,233,2165,645,7287,023,039 8,257,118
CATV 32,000 66,000 92,000 154,000 216,000 329,000 463,000 625,000 784,000 967,000 1,151,0001,303,000 1,456,000 1,626,0001,800,0001,954,0002,069,000 2,224,000
458,293
Growth in Broadband Internet AccessGrowth in Broadband Internet Access
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Japan
NTTOthers
about60%
about 40%
Korea
KT
about 75%
about25%
Others
US
RBOCs
about90%
Othersabout10%
UK
BT
Others
about93%
about 7%
Germany
DT
Others
about 97%
about3%
Market Share of DSL Service ProvidersMarket Share of DSL Service Providers
Source: MPHPT
Source: OFTELADSLFactsheet Sep2002
Source: RegTPAnnual Report2001
Source: FCC Data on High-Speed Services for InternetAccess
Source: MIC 2002Korean Internet WhitePaper
ADSL A k i i i b ibADSL A t k i i ti b ib
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GCswitch
MDFsplitter
House A
DSLAM
router
ADSLModem
Telephone office
ADSL A company
Unbundling of subscriber line
House B
ADSLModem
ADSL B company
Internet
PSTN
router
DSLAM
ISP A ISP B
Co-location inTelephone office
ADSL Access network using existing subscriber ADSL Access network using existing subscriber facility facility
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Co-location refers to the installation of equipment necessary forinterconnections by interconnection carriers in buildings or other propertyowned by telecommunications carriers setting up category I designatedcommunications facilities.
The following rules have been established in order to facilitate matters forinterconnection carriers making co-location arrangements.
(1) Information must be posted regarding available space and the like
(September 2000).
(2) Procedures are established for interconnection carriers ownconstruction
and maintenance activities (September 2000).
Co-locationCo-location
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NTT East: 168/month NTT East: 168/month NTT West: 176/month NTT West: 176/month
NTT East: 2.62 NTT East: 2.627
\139/month\139/month
NTT West: 2.75 NTT West: 2.751
NTT East: 5,213/month NTT East: 5,213/month NTT West: 5,221/month NTT West: 5,221/month
NTT East: 1,829/month NTT East: 1,829/month NTT West: 1,950/month NTT West: 1,950/month
unbundling refers to divide the telecommunications facilities that make
up networks into segments and providing only those facilities necessary tothe carriers making interconnections.
Rules established for unbundling related to subscriber lines
(September 2000 )
Rules established for unbundling related to optical-fiber equipment
(April 2001)
Reference: Fiscal 2002
interconnection charges
Reference: Fiscal 2002
interconnection charges
unbundlingunbundling
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New Regulatory New Regulatory Framework in the era of Framework in the era of
Broadband Broadband
Ch i N k SCh i N k S
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InternetConventional PSTN
Calling party Called party
Voice-centric communicationsVoice-centric communications
Broadband (large capacity) platforms enables
simultaneous transmission of large volume of information,such as video, sound, data, etc.
Broadband (large capacity) platforms enables
simultaneous transmission of large volume of information,such as video, sound, data, etc.
Wireless Wireless
Fiber-optic
DSL
Fiber-optic
DSL CATV
Tokyo Osaka
router
Changes in Network StructureChanges in Network Structure
Long-distancecommunications network
Toll switch
Regionalcommunications network
Regionalcommunicatio
ns network
Local switch
The Internet is anetwork thattransmitinformation, bydividing theinformation to aunit of datasuitable fortransmissionwithout settingtransmissionroutes.
CATV
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Change to IP Network Change to IP Network
1. Fee1. Fee Metered Rate Flat RateFlat Rate
(traffic sensitive for time length and distance) 2. Access to Connection2. Access to Connection Dial-Up Always-ConnectedAlways-Connected 3. Service3. Service Voice, Fax (Individual services)
Integration of Voice, Data, Image and VideoIntegration of Voice, Data, Image and Video4. Speed, Volume4. Sp eed, Volume
Narrowband BroadbandBroadband UltraUltraBroadbandBroadband(54K or 64K) (8M,12M, 20M ) (100M )
5. Diversity of Connection Combination5. Diversity of Connection Combination Wire or Wireless Wire and WirelessWire and Wireless
(terrestrial and satellite)All copyrights reserved (MPHPT)
O li f R i i f h T l i iO li f R i i f h T l i i
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25
possible either to install owninfrastructure and/or to utilizeinfrastructure owned by others
Type-2 businessType-2 business telecom businesstelecom business
taking advantage of networks owned
by Type-1 businesses
Provision of services
Provision of services
current business categories new regime
network infrastructure
Provision of service
Provision of service
Provisionof service
Provisionof service
network infrastructure
network infrastructure
New regime corresponding
To transition from telephone-agetoIP-age
Outline of Revision of the TelecommunicationsOutline of Revision of the TelecommunicationsBusiness LawBusiness Law(plan in 2003)(plan in 2003)
Type-1 businessType-1 business
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26
1. Abolition of permission system for market entry anddiscontinuance of services by Type 1 Telecom.Business
2. Abolition of tariff regulations for non-dominantcarriers
3. Abolition of ex-ante regulations for non-dominantcarriers with regard to interconnections, such asprior notification of interconnection agreements
4. Maintenance of asymmetrical regulations for dominant carriers
5. Abolition of distinction between Type 1 and Type 2
Telecommunications business
The revision of TelecommunicationsThe revision of TelecommunicationsBusiness Law (Summary)Business Law (Summary)
h C f 1 d 2Th C f T 1 d T 2
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27
Emergence of type 1 carriersproviding services
with very limited scaleCATV operators (290 companies)Wireless LAN operatorsOtemachi access operators
The Concept of Type 1 and Type2The Concept of Type 1 and Type2carrierscarriersand the change of Market situationand the change of Market situation
As of 1985
Carriers establishing circuit facilities by themselves
Large Telephone Company Examples (as of March 1986)
NTT, KDD, Japan-Telecom and others (7 companies)Mainly providing PSTN (Telephone) service
Recenttrends
Type 1 Telecommunications Carriers
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28
Carriers borrowing circuit facilities from other carries
Mainly providing value-added services such asdata services to meet individual corporate needs
Emergence of type 2 carriersproviding services
To large number of public usersISP servicesIP-Telephone ServicesADSL Services
Value-added Service Provider As of1985
Recent
trends
Type 2 Telecommunications Carriers
Competition in the same service market has significantly progressed
l f kR l f S i 1 M k E
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29
Rules for Services 1. Market Entry Rules for Services 1. Market Entry
Current Scheme
Revised Scheme
Type 1 Carriers(installing circuit facilities)
Special Type 2carriers
General Type 2carriers
Carriers installinglarge-scale circuit facilities Other carriers
Enabling all carriers to develop business swiftly,
catching emerging business chance and meeting users needs.
PermissionNotification
to the Minister Registration
Registration Notification to the Minister
Resul
t
R l f S i 2R l f S i 2
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30
Type 1 Carriers Type 2 Carriers
Ensure users to be notified and to enable toswitch to other operators smoothly
Protection of user interestsNo rules for user protection
Notification to Users
+ Ex post Notification to the Minister
ALL Carriers
Rules for Services 2.Rules for Services 2. Suspension and discontinuation of Suspension and discontinuation of
business business
Establish rules for user protection at suspension and discontinuation
of business for all carriers
Result
Current Scheme
Revised Scheme
Permission Ex post Notification
R les for Ser ices 3Rules for Services 3
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31
Special Type 2 General Type 2
Services provided by dominant carriesinstalling so-called bottle-necked equipment Others
Uniform Charge
Accountability of important matters to users
Obligation to process complaints swiftly and properly
It sets scheme for appeal from users and business improvement order and so on.
Notification of the tariff for universal services is required; basic charge, local call,emergency call etc.Current regulatory scheme on dominant carriers is maintained.Scheme for appeal from users and business improvement order are maintained to
protect users.
Rules for Services 3.Rules for Services 3. Charges and other terms and Charges and other terms and
conditions conditions
Current Scheme
Contract tariff Contract tariff
Uniform Charge Relative contract possible
Securing Contract tariff Relative contract possible
Promote variable services to meet user needs, and enhance user protection
Resul t
Revised Scheme
Type 1
R l f I f t t 1 Ri ht fR l f I f t t 1 Right f
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All Type 1 Carriers (installing circuit facilities)
Which do not requirePerquisite
Which requires Rights-of-Way
Rules for Infrastructure 1. Rights of Rules for Infrastructure 1. Rights of Way Way
Rights-of-Way
Carriers installing circuit facilitiesEntry through Registration or Notification
Usage of public utility tunnelsUsage of public water wheninstalling undersea cablesSetting rights of use onproperty of othersSpeedy permission tooccupy road
ExamplesCATV operatorsSatellite operators etc.
Current Scheme
Revised Scheme
Rights-of-Way
Permission to market entry
Certificationof business
Enabling smooth deployment of infrastructureby giving rights-of-way to carriers at their requests
Resul t
Rules for Infrastructure 2Rules for Infrastructure 2
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33
Rules for Infrastructure 2.Rules for Infrastructure 2. Technical Standards, Interconnection Technical Standards, Interconnection
Technical standards to assure security and confidence are required continuously.
Assure end-to-end essential communications, by establishing rules for essentialcommunications between carriers.
Ex-ante regulation for transaction among carriers are abandoned, except forinterconnection to bottle-necked facilities.For disputes among carriers, Dispute Settlement Scheme and order for businessimprovement are available
Rules for security and confidence of network
Rules for interconnection
Rules for essential communications
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34
Terms and conditions of communications service
contract
1. Charge: xxx yen2. Terms and
conditions: 3. Responsibilities of
the provider anduser :
4. Treatment uponsuspension of service:
Provision of information on servicecontent to users upon conclusion of a
contract
Prior publication on market exit (legal requirement)
Provision of sufficient information on service contentwhen making a contract (legal requirement)
Strengthening Consumer ProtectionStrengthening Consumer Protection
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ReferenceReference
11 Expanding the number of telecommunications carExpanding the number of telecommunications car
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36
11 Expanding the number of telecommunications car Expanding the number of telecommunications car
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
1985 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
General Type- II carriers Special Type- II carriers Type- I carrier
Type-I telecommunications carrier :413
*of these, CATV business operators:303)Special Type=II carriers :115General Type-II carriers :10,789 Total :11,317
As of April 1, 2003
Type-I telecommunications carrier :413
*of these, CATV business operators:303)Special Type=II carriers :115General Type-II carriers :10,789 Total :11,317
As of April 1, 2003
Type-I telecommunication carriers:7Special Type-II carriers :9
General Type-II carriers :200 total :216
As of April 1, 1986
Type-I telecommunication carriers:7Special Type-II carriers :9
General Type-II carriers :200 total :216As of April 1, 1986
(as of the end of the year
(
fR f 2 f h l kS f h T l i i M k
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37
20020402 NTT East and West Regional NetworksNumber of NTT East and West regional network subscriber lines =74,887,000*
99% of total number of subscriber lines
NTT East and West Regional NetworksNumber of NTT East and West regional network subscriber lines =74,887,000*
99% of total number of subscriber lines
NCCLong-distance
networks
NCCLong-distance
networks
NCC mobilecommunications
NCC mobilecommunications
NCC regionalcommunications
network
NCC regionalcommunications
network
KDDI, JapanTelecom, JSAT(satellite-based
KDDI(au)J-PHONE
Type 2Telecommunications
networks
Type 2Telecommunications
networks
Nifty,ADSL-based
Electric power related,CATV-based
New Common Carrier reviation for the type 1 telecommunication carriers that have entered the market since the telecommunications system regulation of AprilAs of April 1st 2003, there are 413 such companies, providing a variety of services such as telephone, leased line and mobile telephonees. *For all of the services(telephone, ISDN, leased line etc.) provided by NTT East and West, 64kbps is counted as one line.
NTT Communicationslong-distance networkNTT Communicationslong-distance network
NTT DoCoMomobile communications
network
NTT DoCoMomobile communications
networkNTT DataNTT Data
NTT GroupNTT Group
Ref.2Ref.2 Structure of the Telecommunications Market Structure of the Telecommunications Market
connectionnegotiation
connectionnegotiation
connectionnegotiation
connectionnegotiation
NCCNCC
R f 4R f 4 R d i f l i i iR d ti f t l i ti i
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0
100
200
300
400
500
Long-distance call (Tokyo-Osaka)Long-distance call (Tokyo-Osaka)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
KDDI 85.4.1 KDDI 96.11.23 98.1296.11
International call (Japan-U.S.A.) International call (Japan-U.S.A.)
260
70
0
100
200
300
400
93.3.25
20,00
15,00
10,00
5,00 100
200
300
400
NTT93.3.25
NTT93.3.25
NTT 900.12.1
J -PHONE1 99.6.1
0
3 minutes, daytime,weekdays)
Ref.4Ref.4 Reduction of telecommunications serviceReduction of telecommunications servicechargescharges
Local callLocal call
98.1.7
(3 minutes, daytime,weekdays)
\9\10
5
10
NTT Nov., 17, 1976TTNet Jan., 7, 1998
QTNet April 1, 1999
Jan., 10,2001
May 1, 2001
\9
\8.7
\8.5
\8.4
NTT East \9TTNet \8.7
NTT East andWestKDDI,JT,NTT-C\8.5TTNet,QTNet\8.4
25%
15%
Note: On March 25,1993, the 800MHz digital cellular phone service started.
NTT DoCoMo reduced the basic change to 4 500 yen (including a fee call allowance
TTNet March 1, 2001 , NTT-C KDDI JT March 1,2001Fusion April 1, 2001 , HEISEI DEN DEN Dec., 2001 MEDIA Jan., 2002 , C&WIDC April 21, 2002
Cellular phone 800Mhz digitalsystem
Cellular phone 800Mhz digitalsystem
(3 minutes, daytime,weekdays)
\400
0
TTNet\54
C&WIDC\18
Fusion,HEISEI DEN DENMEDIA\20 NTT-C,JT
KDDI \80
Basic fee\17,000
Call rate(Cellular phonefixed phone,Intra-prefectural)
KDD \450(Nov.,23, 1996)JT \440(Dec.,20, 1996)
C&W IDC \440(Dec.,20, 1996)
MCIWCJ \150(Dec.,1,1998)JT \180(Oct.,1,1999)C&W IDC \180(Oct.,5,1999)KDDI \180(Nov.,1,1999)TTNet \132(Nov.,1,1999)DTJ \75(Dec.,10,2000)
NTT-COM \160(April 3,2000)Fusion \45(Sep.,1,2001)MEDIA \45(Jan.,30,2002)HEISEI DEN DEN \45(Feb.,1,2002)
75%
73%
95
\4,300
TTNet,QTNet \9
NTT July 21, 1983
\1,530
KDD April 1,1985
Dec.,2000 NTT DoCoMoMar.,25,1993
J-PhoneJun.,1,1999
NTT DoCoMo and nineother companiesDec.,1,2000
NTT DoCoMoMar.,25,1993
9096%
\8.2
\7.5
MEDIA Jan., 30, 2002HEISEI DEN DEN Feb., 12002
MEDIA \8.2HEISEI DEN DEN\7.5
Nov.,1996
\260
\70