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# Published by Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden MA 02148, USA. Two generations, two strategies: The fate of bare English-origin nouns in Ukrainian 1 Svitlana Budzhak-Jones Shana Poplack University of Ottawa ABSTRACT The status of lone nouns of one language in discourse of another is often ambiguous, since they typically provide few indications of their language membership. Making use of the facts of linguistic variability in each of Ukrainian and English, we examine the quantitative conditioning of such forms in bilingual performance data. Results yield a synchronic portrait of the integrated loanword, even when it bears no surface indication of that integration, is neither recurrent nor widespread, and has no history of attestation or other status in the language. Distinguishing the languages involved in the contact situation (Canada) as produced by the first generation (G 1 ) or the second generation (G 2 ), further reveals that G 1 speakers incorporate borrowed items ± nonce or established ± into recipient language discourse by applying to them the fine details of their native language constraints on linguistic variability. In contrast, G 2 speakers' treatment of English-origin nouns coincides neither with their own treatment of Ukrainian nouns nor with G 1 speakers' treatment of Ukrainian or English-origin nouns. KEYWORDS: Language contact, code-switching, borrowing, variation, bilingualism 1. INTRODUCTION The categorization of intrasentential incorporations in one language into discourse otherwise of another is often ambiguous. This is especially true of lone lexical items, since it is difficult to discern their language membership, and hence their status as code-switches, here defined as sentence elements generated by the grammar of their lexifier language, or loanwords, elements integrated into the grammar of a recipient language. This problem is perhaps the most contentious in the current literature on code-switching, and is at the root of the controversies currently raging over the applicability of any of the plethora of Journal of Sociolinguistics 1/2, 1997: 225-258

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