ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy...

i

ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h

ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@

mx.= l%u kHdh iy Ndú;h

lu,d ,shkf.a

m%ldYkh

f*%âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka

2012

ii

lu,d ,shkf.a

t*a'B'tia' m%ldYk wxl 93

l¾;Df.a wjirh fkdue;sj Wmqgd .ekSu ;ykï'

,shkf.a lu,d 2012

úµq;a ;emE, ( [email protected]

Y%S ,xld cd;sl mqia;ld, uKav,h - m%ldY.; iqÑlrK o;a;

,shkf.a lu,d

ia;%S mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudk o @•

foaYmd,k úµdj•

ia;%S wOHhk•

ISBN 978-955-1282-01-1

m%ldYh (

f*%âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka

fkd' 4" wevïia wejkshq" fld<U 4'

ÿrl:k wxlh ( 011-2502710

msgq ieleiau yd ljrh (

YIsl .=K;s,l

uqøKh (

iS$i lekaä ´*afiÜ m%skag¾ia

947" fmardfoKsh mdr" uykqjr'

081-2389880

iii


mgqk

msgq wxlh

fmrjok iv

ye|skaùu vii

1

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jQ 01

cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl wjOdkh

2

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh( cd;Hka;r yd 13

cd;sl ;;a;ajh

3

mx.= l%u kHdh( ia;%S-mqreI iudk foaYmd,k 18

mqrjeis nj

4

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u yd fjk;a 65

Wml%u Ndú;h( úfoia w;aoelSï

5

Y%S ,xldj i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh 152

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh 184

iv

lu,d ,shkf.a

fmrjok

Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu

iïnkaOjQ l;sldj;" miq.sh oYl foll muK ld,h ;siafia

ia;%S jHdmdrfha kdhsldjka" jD;a;slhka" úoaj;=ka" iólaIlhska yd

isú,a ixúOdk ls%hdldÍka w;r ckms%h;ajhg m;aù we;' uE;l

isg th fmdÿ ck;dj w;r idlÉPdjg n`ÿka jk ud;Dldjla

njgo m;a fjñka ;sfí' tfiau" úúO ,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï wruqfKka úúO ls%hdldrlï

ixúOdkh lsÍuo isÿfjñka mj;S' iduh yd hymd,kh i|yd jQ

ldka;dfjda ixúOdkh úiska 2007 isg 2011 olajd uOHu m<d; ;=<"

wod< wruqKq fmroeß lrf.k ls%hdldrlï rdYshla ixúOdkh

lrk ,oS' tu ld,h ;=<oS Y%S ,xldfõ úúO m%foaYj, ck;dj

iu`. fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka meje;ajQ idlÉPdj,oS wjfndaO

jQfha ,dxlsl fmdÿ ck;dj;a" m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k kdhlhskq;a

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfha jeo.;alu fmrg jvd hï ;rulska

fyda jgyd f.k we;s njhs' tfy;a" ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a Ndú;

lrk mx.= l%u ms<sn| iuyr mqoa.,hka wid we;;a" mx.= l%u

ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhla fndfyda mqoa.,hkag ;ju;a fkdue;s

neõ fuu ld,h ;=<oS wmg jegyqKs' ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh

i|yd úêu;a yd WmdhYS,s ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh fldg id¾:l

m%;sM, oskd.ekSug kï Pkaoodhlhdg" Pkao wfmalaIlhdg"

ksfhdað;hdg fukau foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg;a wod< mßmd,k

ks,Odßkag;a ta ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' tu

oekqu j¾Okh lsÍu iduh yd hy md,kh i|yd jQ ldka;dfjda

ixúOdkfha uqLH wruqKls'

fuu wruqK idlaId;a lr.ekSfï ,d f*âßÉ BnÜ

iaá*agqkaa wdh;kh wmj fufyhjñka fuu lD;sh iïmdokh

lsÍug kka whqßka odhl úh' tu fkduiqre iyfhda.h w;sYhskau

v


w.h lrñ' f*âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka wdh;kfha fkajdisl ksfhdað;

fkdard ,ka.kandy¾ uy;añh iy mßmd,k ks,Odßks frdaysKS

mSßia uy;añh we;=¨ ld¾h uKav,h ksrka;rfhka wmj

Wkkaÿ lrñka" ñ;%YS,sj lghq;= lsÍu fuu lD;sh iïmdokhg

fnfyúka myiqjla úh' ta ish¨ fokdgu uf.a f.!rjkSh

ia;+;sh mqolrñ' fuu lD;sh ,sùug moku jegqfka ud 2004-

05 j¾Ij, *q,an%hsÜ wê YsIH;aj ,dNshl= f,i fjdIsxgka ã'

iS' ys wußldkq úYaj úoHd,fha mYapd;a wdpd¾h Wmdê wOHhk

lghq;=j, ksr;jk wjêfhaoSh' taldldÍ wOHhk osúfhka u|lg

úrduhla ,ndoS" fun`ÿ l¾;jHhlg is; tl`. lsÍug bvm%ia:d

i,id ÿka fld<U *q,an%hsÜ fldñifï wOHlaIl ;siai ch;s,l

uy;aud we;=¿ ld¾h uKav,hgo fnfyúka ia;+;sjka; fjñ'

tu ld,h ;=<oS *q,an%hsÜ wê-YsIH;ajOdßkaf.a wOHhk iólaIK

lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lrñka" wod< f;dr;=re iemhQ uydpd¾h

lefrd,ska t,shÜ jo fifkyiska isysm;a lrñ'

fï i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re imhd .ekSfïoS úúO whqßka

iydh oelajQ kj os,a,s f*âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka wdh;kfha oïhka;s

Y%SOrka yd ukaOù l=,afY%aIa;%d" uy;aókago" wod< ,sms f,aLk

imhd ÿka wußldkq úYaj úoHd,fha mqia;ld, ld¾h uKav,hgo"

m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka

iólaIK lghq;= j, ksr;j isáoaoS kka whqßka Wmldr l<

tu úYaj úoHd,fha uydpd¾h úoHdud,S iurisxyg o fnfyúka

ia;+;sjka; fjñ'

fuu lD;sfha uq,a msgm; lshjd úúO ixfYdaOk yd woyia

bosßm;a fldg ixialrKh lrÿka uydpd¾h isßud lsßnuqfKago"

fidaÿm;a ksjerÈ lrÿka ldka;s .uf.a uy;añhg o" fuys mß.Kl

h;=re ,shkh lrÿka y¾IKS y,shoao fukúhgo fnfyúka

ia;+;sjka; fjñ'

vi

lu,d ,shkf.a

uf.a wOHhk lghq;=j,oS kka whqßka iyfhda.h olajk

uEKshkao" oshKsjreka Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduqfldg tfy;a tys

wjik fkdÿgq mshdKkao isysm;a lrkafka yomsß f.!rjfhks'

wúfõlS osúhg úúO whqßka iydh fok zzkkaod fijkZZ yd

zzi|isßZZ mjq,a j, fidhqre fidhqßhkaf.a ienE f,ka.;=luo

w.h lrñ'

fun`ÿ ld¾hhlg ld,h yd Y%uh lemlsÍfïoS uf.ka

w;miqjk mjqf,a j.lSï Ndrf.k ksn|j uf.a osúhg w;aje,la

jk wfYdal;a" taldldÍ wOHhk osúfhka ud uqojd i;=g yd

fifkyi /f.k tk cfka;s%;a wdorfhka isysm;a lrñ'

lu,d ,shkf.a

fcHIaG uydpd¾h

foaYmd,k úoHd wxYh

fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,h

fmardfoKsh'

[email protected]

vii


ye|skaùu

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;siafia f,dj fndfyda rgj,;a Y%S

,xldfõ;a ia;%Ska wOHdmkh" Y%u n,ldfha iyNd.s;ajh" m%cd

ixj¾Ok ls%hdldrlï yd fi!LH ;;ajh hkdos wxYj,ska ie,lsh

hq;= ch.%yK w;am;a lrf.k we;' 1890 jkúg f,dj lsisÿ rgl

ia;%Skag i¾jck Pkao n,h ysñù fkd;snqko" 1994 jkúg f,dj

rgj,a w;ßka 96] l ia;%Skag tu jru ysñ ù ;snqKs (Ramirez; et.al, 1997)' 2000 oYlfha § b;sß rgj,a o ia;%Skag i¾jck

Pkao n,h ysñ l<y' 2003 ´udkh" 2005 l=fõgh" 2006 lgd¾

iy tlai;a wrdì tñf¾Üia ys ia;%Skag tu jru ysñúh' fuu

ch.%yKh;a iu`. fndfyda rgj, ia;%S Pkaoodhlhskaf.a m%;sY;h

tlaflda mqreIhskag jvd jeäfhka fyda ke;skï mqreIhkaf.a

m%;sY;h ;rugu j¾Okh ùu miq.sh oYlh ;=< m%ldYs;

iqúfYaIS ch.%yKhls (http://www.idea.int/vt/survey/by-gender.cfm)'

tfy;a fuu ch.%yK ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

yd kdhl;ajh ie,lsh hq;= wdldrhlska j¾Okh lsÍug odhl

ù we;af;a f,dj rgj,a 30 la muK jQ iq¿ ixLHdjloSh' iuyr

ixj¾ê;" w¾O ixj¾ê; fukau ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj,skq;a

m%ldY jkafka foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka mj;sk ia;%S-

mqreI ysoei ;ju;a ta wdldrfhkau mj;sk njhs' tksid f,dalfha

cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhkays ia;%S ksfhdackfha fmdÿ m%;sY;h

;ju;a 19] la jeks my< w.hl mj;S (http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm)' fuh kQ;k f.da,Sh m%Yakhla njg m;aj we;s

w;r" ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu hk lreK

f,dal ia;%S jHdmdr m%uqL;djh ,ndfok uQ,sl wruqKqj,ska tlla

njgo m;aù ;sfí' taksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd foaYmd,kh"

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh yd m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh

yd mqrjeisnj iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy hymd,kh jeks

viii

lu,d ,shkf.a

f;aud j;auka ckms%h f.da,Sh ixl,am njg m;aù we;' tfiau

tu f;aud ia;%S wOHhk" foaYmd,k úoHdj yd iudc úoHdj hk

úIhkays flakaø njg o m;aù we;'

fuu mßirh ;=< ia;S% ksfhdackfha j¾Okh

iïnkaOfhka" 1995 fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõoS m%ldYhg

m;al< tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ls%hdldÍ jevie,eiafukq;a" m%uqL;djh

,nd ÿks' fuu cd;Hka;r wjOdkfha m%;sM,hla f,i fndfyda

rgj, wdKavq yd foaYmd,k mlaI úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh

i|yd úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oS' óg fmroS mjd

ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a fndfyduhl foaYmd,k mlaI úiska

fï iïnkaOfhka fmruqK f.k iafõÉPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd

oS ;snqKs' 1990 ueo .Kkaj,oS iuyr ngysr hqfrdamd rgj,a

jk c¾uksh" m%xYh" fn,aðhu yd ì%;dkH jeks rgj, we;eï

foaYmd,k mlaI;a ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a wkq.ukh l<y'

jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjkalsÍfï l%uh fuu hqfrdamd

rgj,g;a fmr isg iuyr wdishdkq rgj,a úiska wdrïN lrk

,oS' 1956 oS mlsia;dkh ia;%Ska i|yd iq¿ ixLHdjlska fyda wdik

fjkal< w;r" 1970 oS nx.,dfoaYh th wkq.ukh lf<ah' 1993

oS bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla u.ska m<d;a

md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs'

fkamd,fha 2008 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkao ia;%Ska i|yd

wdik fjka flßKs' thg wu;rj" bkaÿkSishdj" we*a.ksia:dkh"

ms,smSkh yd Ökh ^m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd& jeks rgj,ao

kS;Hdkql+,j mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oS ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh flf¾

wjOdkh fhduqlr ;sfí'

1990 .Kka uq, isg ,;ska wußldkq rdcH 14 l wdKavq

úiska jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%u fukau" tu rgj, iuyr mlaI

úiska iafõÉPd mx.= l%uo y`ÿkajd fokq ,eîh' 1900 .Kkaj,

ix


ueo yd 2000 uq, ld,h ;=<oS mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfï m%jK;djh

wms%ldkq l,dmfhkao m%ldYhg m;a úh' úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a-

hqold,Sk jd;djrK iys; rgj,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k l%uj,g

mßj¾;kh ùfïoS kj wdKavql%u jHjia:d u.ska mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd

oSu fï rgj, iqúfYaIS ,laIKhla úh' ol=Kq wms%ldj" rejkavdj"

W.kavdj yd brdlh jeks rgj,a jHjia:dkql+, fyda iafõÉPd

mx.= l%u u.ska oYlhla jeks fláld,hla ;=,oS m%udKd;aul

fukau .=Kd;auljo ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka hï

hï ch.%yK ysñlr.;a rgj,a f,i ie,lsh yelsh'

fldfidfjda" fn,rEia" lilia;dka yd l¾.sia;dka jeks

kef.kysr hqfrdamd rgj¨;a m%cd;ka;%ShlrKh;a iu`. ia;%Ska

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd úúO Wml%u y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí' kuq;a

fï iEu rglau wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ta whqßkau oskdf.k fkdue;'

iuyr rgj,a tu rgj, mj;sk foaYmd,k yd iudc ikao¾Nhkag

fnfyúka fhda.H mßos fuu Wml%u y`ÿkajd oSu ksid id¾:l

m%;sM, w;alrf.k we;' WodyrK f,i ialekaäfkaúhdkq

rgj, mj;sk iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k mßirh u; tu

rgj, fndfyduhla mlaI y`ÿkajd ÿka iafõÉPd mx.= l%uj,ska

wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskdf.k we;' kuq;a tu rgj,g fjkiajQ

foaYmd,k l%u" foaYmd,k ixialD;Ska yd iudc ikao¾Nhka iys;

rgj,a iafõÉPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkak;a ta whqßkau id¾:l fõ

hhs wfmalaId l< fkdyelsh' ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh wruqKq

lr.;a mx.=l%u yd fjk;a Wmdhud¾. Ndú;h iïnkaOfhka ta ta

rgj, iqúfYaIS w;aoelSï ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul úYaf,aIK m%udKj;a

whqßka ;ju;a isÿù fkdue;' ia;%S wOHhk yd foaYmd,k úoHd

úIhka ;=<oS mjd ;ju;a mx.= l%u kHdh ixlS¾K kHdhla f,i

ie,fla' ta iïnkaO jQ l;sldj; f.da,Sh jYfhka ckms%h whqßka

jHdma; jqjo" th újdohg n`ÿka jQ l;sldj;la ù ;sfí' fï ksid

mx.= l%u kHdh" mx.= l%u j¾.SlrKh" mx.= l%uj, we;s jdis

iy wjdisiy.; ;;ajhka" úúO rgj,a mx.= l%u oskd .ekSug

x

lu,d ,shkf.a

Ndú; l< Wml%u yd tajdhska id¾:l m%;sM, ,nd.;a wdldrh

fyda thg n,mE fya;= iy mx.= l%u iuyr rgj,oS wid¾:l

ùug n,mE fya;= hkdosh ms<sn|j ;=,kd;aulj wOHhkh lsÍu

f.da,Sh wjYH;djhla ù we;'

fndfyda rgj,g iudkj hñka Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Skao

fi!LH" wOHdmkh" /lshd hk wxY j,ska yd fmdÿ lghq;=j,g

iyNd.súu iïnkaOfhka" uE; oYl foll muK ld,h ;=<oS

úfYaI ch.%yK ysñlrf.k we;' tfy;a tu ch.%yK Tjqkaf.a

foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha j¾Okh i|yd iq¿ jYfhka fyda

odhl;ajhla olajd fkdue;s ùu Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska uqyqK oS we;s

úYd, .eg¿jla fukau m%n, wNsfhda.hls' ì%;dkH hg;a úð;j

mej;s rgj,a w;ßka m%:ufhkau i¾jck Pkao n,h ̂1931& oskd.;a

,dxlsl ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k ksfhdackh lsisÿ

ue;sjrKhloS 6] lg jvd jeä ù ke;' m<d;a md,k wdh;k

uÜgfïoS tu m%;sY;h 2] l olajdj;a j¾Okh ù fkdue;'

1970 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg fuu .eg¿j úi|Su i|yd m%Odk

,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk yd ta iïnkaO Wkkaÿj olajk mqoa.,hska

.Kkdjla rdcHhg yd foaYmd,k mlaI j,g úúO whqßka

n,mEï l<o" ta lsisu m%h;akhla fuf;la id¾:l ù fkdue;'

ue;sjrK l%u ixfYdaOkh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug 2003 m;al<

md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍï ldrl iNdjgo ia;%S ixúOdk" jks;d lghq;=

wud;HxYfhao iydfhka ia;%S ksfhdackhg wod< fhdackd bosßm;a

lf<ah' bkamiqj m<d;a md,k wdh;k m%;sixúOdkh ms<sn| fidhd

ne,Sug m;al< md¾,sfïka;= lñgqjgo wjia:d .KkdjloSA tn`ÿ

fhdackd yd woyia bosßm;a lf<ah' 2011 oS mx.=l%uhla y`ÿkajd

oSu iïnkaO fhdackdj,shla <ud yd ldka;d wNsjDoaêh ms<sn|

weu;sjrhd úiska leìkÜ uKav,hg bosßm;a l<o" th m%;sfCIam

úh' 2012 Tlaf;dan¾ ui§ Y%S ,xld md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu;

lre .kq ,enQ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdack l%u ixfYdaOk

mK;g 25] l kdu fhdackd m%;sY;hla wka;¾.; lrjd .ekSug

xi


l< W;aidyhka o wid¾:l úh' tu mK;ska m%ldY ù we;af;a

m,d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g bÈßm;a lrk kdufhdackdj,;a 25]

la ;reKhska yd ldka;djka úh yels nj muKs'

;jo miq.sh oYl fol ;=<§ ia;%S ixúOdk .Kkdjla

úúO idlÉPd" iïuka;%K yd yuqùïj,oS fuu .eg¿j ms<sn|

foaYmd,k mlaI kdhlhska oekqj;a fldg" ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lsÍug wod< mshjr .kakd f,i b,a,Sï bÈßm;a lr we;'

tfy;a ta lsisÿ b,a,Sulg Y%S ,dxlsl rdcH fyda lsisÿ foaYmd,k

mlaIhla fuf;la hym;a m%;spdrhla olajd fkdue;'

fuu mßirh ;=< Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk;a" ia;%Syq;a"

fmdÿfõ isú,a iudch;a furg m%cd;ka;%jdohg" hymd,khg"

ia;%Skaf.a mqrjeisNdjhg" ;sridr ixj¾Okhg yd ;sridr iduhg

Rcqj n,mdk .eg¿jla jQ wju ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn| .eg¿j

úi|d .ekSug oeä lemùulska" úêu;aj yd tlai;aj lghq;=

l<hq;= ld,h t<U we;' fuu ld¾h id¾:l lr .ekSug kï

wod, ish¨u md¾Yjhka mx.= l%u kHdh iu. iudkd;au;djh"

m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ksfhdackh yd hymd,kh jeks ixl,am ne|S

we;s wdldrh ms<sn| meyeos,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu w;HjYHh'

tfyhska ia;%Skag muKla fkdj ish¨u Pkaoodhlhskag"

foaYmd,k kdhlhskag" ls%hdldßkag" isú,a ixúOdk kdhlhskag"

mßmd,lhskag fukau fmdÿ ck;djg;a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh

i|yd Ndú;d l<yels mx.=l%u yd fjk;a Wml%u ms<sn| meyeos,s

wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu ld,Sk wjYH;djhls'

tn`ÿ f;dr;=re /.;a foaYSh niska ,shejqk fmd;m; Y%S

,xldj ;=< úr,h' tfyhska tu wvqj msrùu i|yd fuu lD;sfhka

hï odhl;ajhla ,efí hhs úYajdi lrñ'

xii

lu,d ,shkf.a

1


1

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jQ

cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl wjOdkh

foaYmd,k ksfhdackh we;=¿ wfkl=;a ish¨u foaYmd,k

lghq;=j,g iyNd.s ùu i|yd jk whs;sjdislï cd;Hka;r udkj

whs;sjdislï m%ldYk yd m%{ma;s u.ska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu

iudkj ysñlr oS we;' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska m%ldYhg

m;alrkq ,enQ 1948 úYaj udkj whs;sjdislï m%ldYkfha 2 jeks

j.ka;shg wkqj tys wka;¾.; ish¨u whs;sjdislï ia;%S-mqreI

Ndjh u; úfYaIhla fkdue;sj iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu iudkj

Wreu fõ' tu m%ldYkfha 21^1& j.ka;shg wkqj

zzfl<skau fyda ksoyiaj f;dard .;a ksfhdað;hska u.ska

;u rfÜ rchg iyNd.s ùug iEu mqoa.,hl=gu whs;sh

we;' ^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úYaj

m%ldYkh" 1948; 21: 1).

1966" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska m%ldYhg m;alrkq

,enQ isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl

iïuq;sfha 25 jeks j.ka;sfhkao" lsisÿ m%fNaohlska f;drj

yd widOdrK iSud lsÍïj,ska f;drj foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha

whs;sh ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag ysñlr oS we;' thg wkqj

zzuyck lghq;= úIfhys ,d fl<skau fyda ksoyiaj f;dard

.kq ,nk ksfhdað;hska u.ska iyNd.s ùug;ksoyia yd iudk Pkaofhka isÿl< hq;=jQo" f;dark

2

lu,d ,shkf.a

;eke;a;kaf.a ksoyia leue;a; m%ldY lsÍu iy;sl

flfrñka ryia Pkaofhka meje;aúh hq;=jqo" ks¾jHdc

jdr ue;sjrKj,oS" Pkaoh oSug iy f;dard .kq ,eîug;ZZ ishü mqoa.,hkag iudk whs;shla we;' ̂tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl

iïuq;sh; 1966" 25( w" wd&

1981" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Skag tfrys ishü wdldr

fjkialï msgqoelSfï iïuq;sfha II fldgfia 7 jeks

j.ka;sfhkao my; i|yka wdldrfhka ksfhdackh yd

fjk;a foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï i|yd ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh

;yjqre lr we;'

zzmqreIhka yd iudkj ia;%Skago"

^w& ish¨ Pkao úuiSïj,oS iy cku; úpdrKj,oS Pkaoh

m%ldY lsÍug iy ck;d Pkaofhka ksfhdað;hska f;dard

.kakd wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug"

^wd& rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhys ,d iyNd.s ùug" rdcH

ks,;, fynùug" rdcH md,kfha ish¨ uÜgïj, fmdÿ

ld¾hkays ksr;ùug iudk whs;sjdislï iy;sl lrkq

we;ZZ ^tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Skag tfrys ish¨ wdldr

fjkialï ÿre lsÍfï iïuq;sh îSfvda iïuq;sh& 1979" ^7(

w" wd&

1990 uq, isg fmdÿ ls%hdldrlïj,oS ;SrK .ekSug

ia;%Ska iyNd.s úhhq;=h hk ixjdoh ms<sn| cd;Hka;rh ;=<

jeä wjOdkhla fhduq úh' tksid tu lreK tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkfha jeä wjOdkhg o fhduqúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i"

1995 fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ldka;d iïfï,kfhaoS ieliqk fnhsðx

3


ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiaugo fuu lreK wka;¾.; flßKs' 1995

iema;eïn¾ uioS" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha idudðl rgj,a

189 la úiska fuu jev ie,eiau talÉPkaofhka wkqu; lrk

,oS' tu ie,eiafï G j.ka;sfhka m%Odk wruqKq 2 la m%ldY fõ'

tajd kï

zzn, jHQyhka1 yd ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%Skaf.a

mQ¾K iyNd.S;ajh iy iudk m%fõYh ;yjqre lsÍu;a"

;SrK .ekSu yd kdhl;ajh .ekSug ia;%Skag iyNd.S ùu

i|yd yelshd j¾Okhg wod< mshjr .ekSu;ahZZ (United Nations, 1995, Section G).

fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiaug wkqj

zz;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%Skaf.a iudk iyNd.s;ajh

m%cd;ka;%jdoh fyda idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| b,a,Sula muKla

fkdfõ' th ia;%Skaf.a wdYdjka yd jqjukdjkag ksis

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd jk w;HjYH fldkafoaishlsZZ

(tu( 181 j.ka;sh).

;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka

fuu ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiau cd;Hka;rhg oeäf,i n,mE w;r"

rgj,a .Kkdjl ia;%S ixúOdk th id¾:l whqßka l%shd;aul

lf<ah (Krook, 2004; Dahlerup, 2006)' iuyr cd;Hka;r yd

l,dmSh ixúOdko fï iïnkaOfhka jeä wjOdkhla fhduql<

w;r ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd wod< wkqmd;

l%u tu ixúOdk j, idudðl rgj,g ks¾foaY lf<ah'

1' fmdÿ wdh;kj," by< isg my< olajd ;k;=re" n,h yd ld¾hka

ixúOdk.; ù we;s wdldrh fyda wdh;ksl jHQyh

4

lu,d ,shkf.a

tn÷ ixúOdk w;ßka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;S%ka i|yd jk

ixj¾Ok wruqo, (UN Development Fund for Women - UNIFEM) fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association) wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh (Inter-Parliamentary Union - IPU), hqfrdamd ix.uh (European Union - EU)" wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.s;dj i|yd jQ hqfrdamd ixúOdkh

(Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe-OSCE) iy m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ue;sjrK iydh i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r

wdh;kh (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance - IDEA) hk ixúOdk m%Odk fõ (Dahlerup, 2003) '

iSfvda m%{ma;sh w;aika l< rgj,a tu rgj, ia;%Skaf.a

;;a;ajh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iSfvda lñgqjg kS;Hdkql+, jd¾;d

bÈßm;a lsÍfïoS" fuu cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,ska ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka f,dj mqrd fnod yeß f;dr;=re

fnfyúka m%fhdackhg .;ay' tfiau" fnhsðx ls%hdldß jev

ie,eiafï ks¾foaY ls%hd;aul lsÍu iïnkaOfhka" ksõfhda¾lays

meje;ajQ fnhsðx +5 iuq¿jg jd¾;d iemhSfïoS;a ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka fuu rgj,a úfYaI wjOdkhla

fhduq lf<ah' fuu jd¾;d iïmdokh iQodkï lsÍu i|yd ueks,d

ys 2000 oS meje;ajQ foaYmd,k kdhsldjkaf.a f.da,Sh iquq¿fõoS"

jHjia:dms; wkqmd; l%uhla ls%hd;aul lrk f,i Tjqyq iuia;

f,dalfhkau b,a,d isáhy'

wka;¾-md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh (IPU) o md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka jeo.;a fufyhla

bgq lf<ah' 1994 oS tu ix.uh foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï j,oS

ia;%S-mqreI iyNd.s;ajfha wiudk;ajh ;=rka lsÍu i|yd ls%hdldß

jev ie,eiaula iïmdokh lf<ah' f,dal md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S

ksfhdackh iïnkaO f;dr;=re uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH u.ska

5


fnodyeÍu wdrïN lf<ah' fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiafï yd

IPU ie,eiafï wod< j.ka;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu iïnkaO f;dr;=re

wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.uhg bosßm;a lrk f,io tu ixúOdkh

cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=j,ska b,a,d isáfhah'

fmdÿ rdcH uKav,Sh md¾,sfïka;= ixúOdkh (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association) úiska tys idudðl

rgj, md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a tl;=jla ia:dms; lrkq

,eîh' tho fmdÿ rdcH uKav,fha idudðl rdcHj, yd f,dalh

mqrd ;sfnk md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï

wjYH;djh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah (Sawer, 2000)'

óg wu;rj tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Ska i|yd jk ixj¾Ok

wruqo, (UNIFEM), ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a" ´iafÜ%,shdj yd

kjiS,ka;h jeks rgj,a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd wod<

ls%hdldrlïj,g" úfYaIfhkau wdishd *eismsla yd wms%ldkq

rgj,g m%;smdok ,ndoSuo" ta iïnkaOj cd;Hka;r wjOdkh

j¾Okhg n,mEï lf<ah' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i l,dmSh

ixúOdk" tkï cd;sl ldka;d ljqkais,h (National Council of Women), foaYmd,kfha ia;%Ska iïnkaOjQ wdishd-meismsla

flakaøh (Centre for Asia-Pacific Women in Politics - CAPWIP), kS;sh yd ixj¾Okh iïnkaO wdishd-meismsla ldka;dfjda (Asia-Pacific Women, Law and Development - APWLD), uqia,sï

rgj, md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a ixúOdkh (Organization of Women Parlimentarians from Muslim Countries), f.da,Sh

ls%hdldrlï i|yd jQ md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;fhda (Parlimentarians for Global Action) iy ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k n,.ekaùu i|yd

jQ ol=Kq wdishdkq cd,h (South Asian Network for Political Empowerment of Women) jeks ixúOdk ìys úh (Karam, 1998)' fuu l,dmSh ixúOdk úúO rgj, cd;sl ia;%S ixúOdkj,g

6

lu,d ,shkf.a

wod< f;dr;=re ,ndoSu yd tu rgj, ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lr .ekSug wod, rdcHj,g n,mEï lrk f,i Wkkaÿ

lrùu u.ska jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lf<ah' tys m%;sm,hla f,i

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu yd wkqmd; l%uhl

wjYH;djh ms<sn| l;sldj; fndfyda rgj, cd;sl uÜgfï§

jHdma; úh' fuu cd;Hka;r wjOdkh yd n,mEï ksid" ia;%S-

mqreI iudcNdùh wkqmd; l%uh ms<sn| fndfyda rgj,a ;=< fmrg

jvd jeä oekqj;a njla we;súh' iuyr rgj,§ thg lsishï ms<s.

ekSula yd kS;Hdkql+, njlao ,enqKs'

2000 oS tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,h úiska

iïu; lrkq ,enQ 1325 fhdackdj,sh u.ska .egqï je<elaùu iy

ksrdlrKh lsÍfïoS yd iduh f.dvke`.SfïoS" ia;%S-mqreI iudk

iyNd.S;ajh yd mQ¾K jYfhka tu lghq;=j,g iïnkaOùfï

jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrkq ,eìKs' tfiau" tu.ska .egqï

je<elaùu iy iu:hlg m;alsÍu iïnkaOfhka ;Skaÿ .ekSfïoS

ia;%Skaf.a N+ñldj j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djho wjOdrKh

flßKs'

1325 fhdackdj,sh úiska wdrlaIl uKav,h" tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a uyf,alï" idudðl rgj,a yd wfkl=;a ish¨u

md¾Yjhkag tlsfklg iïnkaO jQ wxY 4 la ms<sn|j ls%hd;aul

ùug ks¾foaY lrkq ,en ;sfí' thska m<uq ks¾foaYh jkafka

zzidu ls%hdodufha;a" Bg wod< ish¨ wjia:djkaysoS;a"

md,k ;ka;%fha;a úfYaIfhka ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,g

ldka;djkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh ;yjqre lsÍuhsZZ (tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh 1325 fhdackdj,sh, 2000: 2)

7


Y%S ,xldfõ wjOdkh

Y%S ,xldfõ 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 12 ̂ 2& j.ka;sfhka

ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre flf¾' thg wkqj ia;%S-mqreI

,sx.sl;ajh u; lsisu mqrjeishl=g fjkialula l< fkdyels

w;r" ish¨u uq,sl whs;sjdislï ia;%S-mqreI fNaohlska f;drj

N=la;s ú|Sug yelsh' ia;%shg;a mqreIhdg fukau is;Sfï" woyia

m%ldY lsÍfï" iduldój ixúOdkh ùfï" foaYmd,k mlaI" rdcH

fkdjk ixúOdk" iud.ï yd jD;a;Sh iñ;sj,g iïnkaO ùfï

yd tu lghq;= j, ksr; ùfï whs;sh ysñfõ' ;jo" Pkaoh oSu"

ksfhdackh" ue;sjrK lghq;=" rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh iy tajd

ls%hd;aul lsÍug iyNd.S ùu yd kS;sh bosßfha iudkj ie,lSu

wdoS whs;sjdislïo ,dxlsl ia;%S - mqreI fomCIhgu ysñh'

Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska" orejka yd fjkia jQ yelshd we;a;kaf.a

wNsjDoaêh wruqKq lrf.k iïmdokh lrkq ,nk lsisÿ úfYaI

kS;shla" m%;sm;a;shla" m%;smdokhla fyda úOdhl ls%hdldrlula" 12

^2& j.ka;sfhka oelafjk iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;sh ksid ;ykug

,la fkdlfrk nj 12^4& j.ka;sfhka m%ldY flf¾ ^Y%S ,xld

m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudcjdoS ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj" 1978&'

fuhg wu;rj cd;Hka;r jYfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

1948 úYaj udkj ysñlï m%ldYkh" 1966 isú,a yd foaYmd,k

whs;sjdislï ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iïuq;sh" 1981 ia;%Skag tfrys

jQ ish¨u wdldrfha fjkialï ÿrelsÍfï iïuq;sh yd 2002

ixl%uKsl fiajlhska yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudðlhskaf.a

whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;sh jeks iïuq;s rdYshla rch ms<sf.k

fyda w;aika lr ;sfí' tajd u.ska o Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%shf.a foaYmd,k

whs;sjdislï we;=¿ wfkl=;a whs;sjdislï kS;Hdkql+,j ;yjqre

lr ;sfí'

8

lu,d ,shkf.a

foaYmd,k" iudc" wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl hk ish¨

fCIa;%hkaysoS ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi" mqreIhkag

iudk whqßka ia;%Skag whs;sjdislï yd ksoyi ysñlr oS lghq;=

lsÍu WÑ; nj" 1993 ldka;d m%{ma;sh m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu u.ska

Y%S ,dxlsl rch ms<sf.k we;' ldka;d m%{ma;sfha I fldgfia 2^1&

j.ka;sfha ^w&" ^wd& yd ^we& j.ka;sj,g wkqj ,dxlsl ia;%Skag

ish¨u ue;sjrKj,oS Pkaoh oSug fukau f;aÍ m;aùug;a"

cd;sl" m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh Pkao úuiSïj, kdufhdackd j,oS

idOdrK ksfhdackhla ,eîug;a" rcfha m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍfïoS

iy ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS iyNd.S ùug;a" rdcH uÜgfï ish¨

uyck fufyjr bgqlsÍug;a mqreIhkag iudk jq whs;sjdislï

ysñ ù we;' tfiau ldka;d m%{ma;sfha 2 (ii) j.ka;sfhka jD;a;Sh

iñ;s iy foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iïnkaO ixúOdk yd ix.ïj,

ia;%S iyNd.S;ajh Y%S ,dxlsl rch úiska jeä oshqKq l<hq;=

njo ms<sf.k we;' ;jo" tu fldgfiau 3 jeks j.ka;sfhka

cd;Hka;r uÜgfïoS rch ksfhdackh lsÍfï yd cd;Hka;r

ixúOdk yd lghq;= j, oS mqreI mlaIh yd iudk mokula u;"

lsisÿ fjkialulska f;drj iyNd.s ùfï wjia:d ia;%Skag iy;sl

lrfokq msKsi rch WÑ; mshjr .;hq;= nj m%ldY flf¾

^ldka;d m%{ma;sh - Y%S ,xld&" 1993&'2

1995 oS jks;d lghq;= wud;HxYh úiska ms<sfh, lrk

,o zzY%S ,xldfõ ldka;djka ms<sn| cd;sl ls%hdldÍ ie,eiau ia;%S-

mqreI iudkd;au;djh foigZZ hk jev ms<sfj,go ia;%Skaf.a

foaYmd,k iyNd.S;ajh yd ;SrK .ekSu ms<sn| lreK wka;¾.;

flßKs'

2 1993" Y%S ,xld ldka;d m%{ma;sh yqfola leìkÜ m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkhla

muKs' th ldka;d ysñlï mK; kñka ixfYdaOkh fldg md¾,sfïka;=j

u.ska iïu; lr.ekSug wjia:d ;=kloS W;aidy .;a;o fuf;la tu

m%h;akh id¾:l ù fkdue;'

9


2008 oS tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk (United Nations Development Programme - UNDP) iu`. jks;d lghq;=

wud;HxYh tlaù ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh yd ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lsÍfï jevigykla osh;a lf<ah' foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh

i|yd ia;%Skaj oekqj;a lsÍu" mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu" udOH jevigyka

meje;aùu" ,xldfõ foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh

iïnkaOfhka wOHhk jd¾;djla iïmdokh lsÍu yd foaYmd,k

ls%hdldrlïj, ksr; ùfïoS ia;%Ska uqyqK fok wNsfhda. y`ÿkd

.ekSu jeks oE tu jevigykg wka;¾.; úh'

1990 oYlfha w.Nd.fha isg cd;sl ldka;d lñgqj;a"

m%Odk ia;%S ixúOdk lsysmhl=;a ia;%S ksfhdackh i|yd mx.=jla

fjkalrjd .ekSfï b,a,Su rchg bosßm;a lrñka isà' ia;%S

ksfhdackh iïnkaO lreKo we;=<;a ldka;d m%{ma;sh ldka;d

ysñlï mK;la f,i iïmdokh fldg" md¾,sfïka;=fjka kS;shla

f,i iïu; lr fok f,i;a" cd;sl ldka;d fldñiu ia:dms;

lrk f,i;a 1994 isg fï olajd b,a,d isà' 2012 cQks udifhaoS o

jks;d lghq;= wud;HxYh yd cd;sl ldka;d lñgqj kej;;a tu

mK; ilid wod< weu;sjrhd u.ska leìkÜ uKav, /iaùug

bosßm;a l<o" th kej;;a m%;slafIam úh' 2000 oYlfha uq, isgu

ue;sjrK m%;sixialrK ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= úfYaI ldrl iNdj

bosßfha wjia:d lSmhloS woyia olajñka" ue;sjrK kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjkalrk f,io b,a,d

isáfhah' kuq;a 2011 yd 2012 jirj,§ m<d;a md,k wdh;k

wd{d mK; ixfYdaOkh lsÍu i|yd md¾,sfïka;=jg bosßm;a

l< mK;go tu lreK we;=<;a fldg fkd;sìKs'

Y%S ,dxlsl rdcH hdka;%Kh ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

iïnkaOfhka fumuKlska fyda lghq;= lsÍug wjOdkh fhduq

lf<a 1990 .Kkaj, isgh' ta i|yd wksjd¾fhkau cd;Hka;r

10

lu,d ,shkf.a

wjOdkh yd n,mEï bjy,a úh' thg wu;rj" ia;%Skaf.a

foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaOj Y%S ,dxlsl rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdk" úoaj;=ka yd iólaIlhska úúO wOHhk lsÍu" fmd;a yd

m;s%ld m%ldYkh" iïuka;%K" ixjdo yd jevuq¿ meje;aùu;a 1970

w. Nd.fha muK isg hï ;rulska fyda wdrïN jqKs'

1970 muK isg ia;%S wOHhk yd ls%hdldrlï iïnkaO m%Odk

rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk lSmhla tl;=fjka uy ue;sjrKj,g fmr

foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lrñka ia;%Skag jeä kdu fhdackd

m%udKhla ,ndfok f,i b,a,d isáfhah' tys m%;sM,hla f,i Y%S

,xld ksoyia mlaIh ̂ YS%','ks'm'& we;=¿ iu.s fmruqK iNd.h iy

tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh ^t'cd'm'& ish ue;sjrK m%ldYkj,ska ia;%S-

mqreI fomlaIhgu iudk whs;sjdislï yd bv m%ia:d ,ndfok

neõ wjOdrKh lf<ah'

1977 tu mlaI fol;a" tlai;a jdudxYsl fmruqK;a ia;%Skaf.a

m%Yak ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrk neõ wjOdrKh lf<ah'

bkamiq meje;ajQ iEu uy ue;sjrK yd ckdêm;sjrKhloSu

Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI muKla fkdj l=vd mCI;a

ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak flf¾ úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlrk njg ish

ue;sjrK m%;sm;a;s m%ldYk u.ska fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 2004 isg

m%Odk foaYmd,l mlaI fol m<d;a md,k ksfhdackfhaoS ia;%S

m%;sY;h jeä lsÍug mshjr .kakd njg ue;sjrK m%ldYkj,ska

fmdfrdkaÿ úh' 2004 uy ue;sjrKfhaoS bosßm;a flreKq uyskao

Ñka;k m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkfhka o m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k

wdh;k i|yd bosßm;a flfrk kdufhdackd j,ska hg;a msßfika

25] la ia;%Ska fjkqfjka fjka lsÍug fmdfrdkaÿ úh'

úfYaIfhkau m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùug

wfmalaIs; m%cd kdhsldjkaf.a oekqu yd kdhl;aj j¾Okh i|yd

11


jks;d lghq;= wud;HxYh fukau ,dxlsl iuyr rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdk;a jevigyka meje;aùuo 1990 ueo .Kka isg werôKs'

uq,a ld,fhaoS ia;%S wOHhk flakaøh" Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kh"

cd;sl idu uKav,h" ldka;dj yd udOH iduQyslh"

ckjd¾.sl wOHhk ms<sn| cd;Hka;r flakaøh" i¾fjdaoh" ia;%S

wOHhk yd m¾fhaIK flakaøh" ia;%S wOHhk yd f;dr;=re

flakaøh" wef.%dud¾Ü" j¾.jdohg iy il,dldr fjkiafldg

ie,lSï j,g tfrys cd;Hka;r jHdmdrh (International Movement Against All forms of Discrimination and Racism - IMDAR), isxy, ldka;dNsjDoaê ixúOdkh" ,laìfï uõjre iy

oshKsfhda iy cd;sl m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdh;kh jeks cd;sl uÜgfï

ixúOdk úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaO wOHhk yd oekqj;a

lsÍfï jevigyka ixúOdkh lrkq ,eîh' 2000 oYlfha ueo

.Kka jk úg tn`ÿ ls%hdldrlï m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgug

hï ;rulska fyda jHdma; ùula werôKs' fuysoS nÿ,a, - ldka;d

ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh yd iudc" wd¾Ól iy mdßißl ixj¾Ok

ixúOdkh (Social Economic and Environmental Development Organization - SEEDO)" nq;a;, - W!j fj,a,iai f.dú ldka;d

ixúOdkh" l=reKE., - ia;%S iïm;a uOHia:dkh" ;s%l=Kdu,fha

- ú¨;= ixúOdkh" .d,a, - osßhg iúhla ldka;d ixúOdkh"

uykqjr - úl,am ixj¾Ok flakaøh" iduh iy hymd,kh

i|yd jQ ldka;dfjda iy hqoaOfhka úm;g m;a ldka;dfjda jeks

m%dfoaYSh ixúOdk úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaO

jevigyka osia;%slal yd m%dfoaYSh iNd uÜgñka ixúOdkh lrkq

,eìKs'

;jo" ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka

Wkkaÿjla olajk m%Odk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk lSmhla

yd úoaj;=ka tlaj 1990 wjidk Nd.fha isgu rdcH m%;sm;a;s

iïmdolhskag n,mEï lf<ah' ia;%S m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkhla iïmdokh

12

lu,d ,shkf.a

fldg th m%Odk foaYmd,k mlaI j,g bosßm;a lsÍug;a" 2000

isg wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdolhskag n,mEï lsÍu u.ska ia;%S

ksfhdackh i|yd lsishï wkqmd;hla jHjia:dkql+,j fjka

lrjd .ekSug;a Tjqyq W;aidy l<y'

2003 oS fï iïnkaOfhka Wkkaÿjla olajk ls%hdldßkshka

md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK m%;sixialrK f;aÍï lñgqjgo wkqmd;

l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj bosßm;a lf<ah' 2004 oS m%dfoaYSh iNd

i|yd 33'3] wkqmd;hla ia;%Skag ,ndoSu ms<sn|j wOHhkh

lsÍug leìkÜ Wm lñgqjla m;a flßKs' kuq;a thska lsisÿ

úêu;a ks¾foaYhla bosßm;a jQfha ke;' m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK

ixfYdaOkh ms<sn| md¾,sfïka;= f;aÍï lñgqjgo cd;sl ldka;d

lñgqj" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd úoaj;=ka ,sÅ;j fukau

jdÑljo fuu wkqmd; l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj úúO wjia:dj,oS

bosßm;a lf<ah' ish¿u md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßgkaf.ka iukaú;

md¾,sfïka;== ldka;d fldalih u.skao tu fhdackdj wod<

lñgqjg bosßm;a lf<ah' tfy;a fï olajd ta iïnkaOfhka lsisÿ

Okd;aul m%;spdrhla wdKavqfjka ,eî ke;' md¾,sfïka;= ldka;d

fldalih fuu fhdackdj md¾,sfïka;=jg bosßm;a lsÍug 2012 §

W;aidy l<o tho id¾:l fkdùh'

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu iïnkaOfhka

Wkkaÿjla olajk ia;%S ixúOdk yd úoaj;=ka .Kkdjla úiska

fï whqßka oekqj;a lsÍï" mqyqKq lsÍï" Pkao wfmalaIsldjkag

iydh oelaùï" n,mEï lsÍï yd iajdëk wfmalaIl lKavdhï

f,i ue;sjrK j,g bosßm;a ùï wdosh lrf.k hkq ,enqjo"

fuf;la lsisÿ foaYmd,k mlaIhla úiska iafõÉPd mx.= l%uhla

y\qkajd §ug fyda Y%S ,dxlsl wdKavqj úiska kS;Hdkql+,j ia;%Ska

ksfhdackh i|yd wkqmd;hla fjkalsÍug fyda fjk;a lsisÿ

m%.;sYS,s mshjrla .ekSug lghq;= lr fkdue;'

13


2

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh(

cd;Hka;r yd cd;sl ;;a;ajh

wka;¾ cd¾,sfïka;= ix.uh úiska (Inter-Parliamentary Union, March, 2012) rgj,a 189 la weiqßka lrk ,o wOHhkhlg

wkqj" iuia; f,dalfhau jHjia:dodhlhkays ^uKav, foflau&

ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 2012 jkúg 19'6] ls' my< uKav,-

j, tu m%;sY;h 19'9] la yd by< uKav,j, 18'2] la fõ' miq-

.sh oYl lSmh ;=<oSu f,dal md¾,sfïka;= j, ia;%S ksfhdackfha

j¾Okhla m%ldY jqj;a th b;d fyñka isÿjkakls' 1945 oS tu

m%;sY;h 2'6] la jQ w;r 1965 - 8'7]" 1975 - 10'7]" 1985 - 12'4]"

1995 - 10'4]" 2005 - 15'6]" 2010 - 19'1] la yd 2012 - 19'6] ls'

l,dmSh jYfhka .;aúg ia;%S ksfhdackfha úYd, mr;rhla

oelsh yelsh' fkda¾äla rgj, th 42'0] ls' W;=re yd ol=Kq

wußldkq l,dmfha 22'7]" fkda¾äla rgj,a yer wfkla hqfrdamd

rgj, 20'9]" wms%ldkq rgj, 19'8]" wdishdfõ 18'8]" *eismsla

rgj, 12'4] yd wrdì rgj, 11'7] ls ^j.=j( 1&'

oekg f,dalfha md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackfha by<u

m%;sY;h oskdf.k we;af;a rejkavdj jk w;r th 56'3] ls'

wekafvdard 50'0]" lshqndj 45'2]" iaùvkh 44'7]" ISfi,aia 43'8]"

mska,ka;h 42'5]" ol=Kq wms%ldj 42'3]" fko¾,ka;h 40'71] yd

kslr.=jd 40'2] hkdoS jYfhka tu m%;sY;h 40] lg jeä w.hla

oskdf.k we;s rgj,a kjhlg muK iSud fõ' rgj,a 21 la

39] - 30] w;r m%;sY;hla oskdf.k we;' whsia,ka;h 39'7]"

14

lu,d ,shkf.a

fkda¾fõ 39'6]" fudieïìla 39'2]" fvkaud¾la 39'1]" fldiagßld

38'6]" wekaf.da,d 38'2] yd fn,aðhu 38'0] jk w;r fuu

mrdifha mj;sk tlu ol=Kq wdishd;sl rg fkamd,h muKs'

^33'2] - 2008 wms%fh,a&' “Critical Mass”3 kñka ye|skafjk rdcH

m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh yd wdKavqlrK ls%hdj,sfhaoS m%udKj;a

n,mEula lsÍug wjYH m%;sY;h f,i ie,flk 33'3]" 2012

jk úg oskdf.k we;af;a rgj,a 22 la muKs' kuq;a rgj,a 30

la 30'5] lg by< m%;sY;hla ,ndf.k we;' ia;%S ksfhdackh

29-20] w;r w.hl mj;sk rgj,a 46 ls' we*a.ksia:dkh 27'7]

iy mlsia:dkh 22'5] hk ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a folo ta w;r

fõ' 20] g jvd wvq tfy;a 10] g jeä m%;sY;hla oskdf.k

we;s rgj,a 67 ls' nx.,dfoaYh 19'7] yd bkaoshdj 11'0]" tu

mrdih ;=<g wh;a fõ' 10] g wvq yd 5] g jeä w.hla .kakd

rgj,a 24 ls' tu mrdifha wjidk m%;sY;h tkï 5'8] l w.hl

,xldj ia:dk.; ù ;sfí' rgj,a 12 l md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%Ska

ksfhdackh fkdfõ ^j.=j( 2&'

ol=Kq wdishd;sl l,dmfha rgj,a w;ßka fkamd,h ̂rgj,a

189 w;ßka& 20 jeks ia:dkh;a" we*a.ksia:dkh 33 jeks ia:dkh;a"

mlsia:dkh 53" nx.,dfoaYh 65" bkaoshdj 106" ud,osjhsk 129 yd

Y%S ,xldj 130 jeks ia:dkh;a ysñlr f.k we;' ol=Kq wdishdkq

rgj,a w;ßka Y%S ,xldj iudc ixj¾Ok o¾Ylj,ska by<u

w.hla fndfyda wxYj,oS oskdf.k we;' Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Skaf.a

idlaIr;djh ^91]&" oaú;Sh mdie,aj, .eyeKq <uhs 53]" úYaj

úoHd, 62]" Y%u odhl;ajh ^36]& yd ia;%Skaf.a idudkH wdhq

3 Critical Mass theory hk kHdh vDv v,remaf.a wOHhkj,ska y`ÿkajd oS

;sfí' ;SrK .kakd wdh;khl hï ckfldgila ksisf,i ksfhdackh

ùug kï wju jYfhka 33] lj;a ksfhdackhla ;sìh hq;= neõ thska

m%ldY flf¾' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a yd ;j;a rgj,a /il ;SrK

.kakd wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh tu ;SrKj,g n,mdk wdldrh

ms<sn| úêu;a úYaf,aIK lsÍu ;=<ska v,rema fuu kHdh bÈßm;a lr

;sfí' (Dahrerup, 2006)'

15


ld,h ^jir 73& wdoS jYfhka fõ' ;jo ,xldfõ mßmd,k

fCIa;%h ;=<o ia;%S iyNd.s;ajh j¾Okh fjñka mj;S' oekg

wud;HxY iaÓr f,alïjßhka 6 fofkl= yd osia;s%la f,alïjßhka

6 fofkl=o fiajfha ksr; ù isà' m%dfoaYSh f,alïjßhkaf.ka

24] la muK ia;%Syq fj;s' m%Odk w.% úksYaphldr yd kS;sm;s Oqr

o ia;%Syq fydnj;s' ,dxlsl ia;s%h iudc yd wd¾Ól jYfhka tn`ÿ

úúO ch.%yK ysñlrf.k ;snqKo wef.a" foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

b;du;a my< w.hl mj;S'

f,dj m<d;a md,k wdKavq ;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaO

o;a; úêu;a f,i tla/ia fldg fkdue;' tfy;a fkda¾äla

rgj, yd W;=re wußldfõ o;a;j,g wkqj m<d;a md,k wdh;k

;=< 40-30] l m%udKhla ia;%Ska ksfhdackh fõ' ud,osjhsk yd

Y%S ,xldj yer wfkla ish¨u ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj, m<d;a

md,k wdh;k ;=< ia;%Ska 30-35] w;r m%udKhla ksfhdackh fõ

(Raman, 2006)'

Y%S ,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k

ksfhdackh 1948 ksoyi ,eîfï isg fï olajdu lsisÿ wjia:djl

6'5] blaujd f.dia ke;' 1977 oS th 6'5] jQ w;r" t;eka isg 2012

olajdu tu m%;sY;h 5'8] yd 4'0] w;r mrdihl mj;S'

ol=Kq wdishdfõ rgj,a w;=ßka m%:ufhkau i¾jck Pkao

n,h oskd.ekSug 1931 oS Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska iu;a úh' tfiau

f,djg m%:u w.ue;sksh ìyslsÍfï f.!rjho ,xldjg ysñ fõ'

tfy;a 1931 oS rdcH uka;%K iNdjg ksfhdackh jQfha tla ia;%shls'

1936 oS ;j;a ia;%shla rdcH uka;%K iNdjg f;aÍ m;aúh' tjlg

mej;s rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 3'7]

ls' 1931 isg jir 80 l os.=l,la .;ù" úúO wxYj,ska ia;%Skaf.a

;;a;ajfha j¾Okhla isÿfjñka ;snqKo" 2012 oS;a tu m%;sY;h

16

lu,d ,shkf.a

5'8] l mej;Su WNf;dafldaál m%Yakhls ^j.=j( 3&'

Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh

fuhg;a jvd wvq w.hl mj;S' 2008$2009 ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,j,g

wkqj m<d;a iNdj, ia;%S ksfhdackh 4'8] ls ^j.=j( 4&' 2006

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj, m%;sM, wkqj uyk.r iNdj, ia;%S

ksfhdackh 3'0] la" k.r iNd 3'4] la yd m%dfoaYSh iNd 1'6] la

fõ' 2011 ue;sjrK m%;sM, wkqj iuia; m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,

ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 1'93] ls ^j.=j( 5&'

fï whqßka Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

wju uÜgul mej;Sug úúO iudc" ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól" ufkda

Ndjd;aul fukau foaYmd,k idOlo n,mEï lrhs' mS;D uQ,sl

iudc wdl,am" ia;%Skag iudcfhka mjrd oS we;s iïm%odhsl

.Dyia: N+ñld" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh iudcdkqfhdack ls%hdj,sh"

ia;%Skag we;s wvq ksoyi yd iuyr wd.ñl w¾:l;k yd ;yxÑ

wdosh;a iudc yd ixialD;sl ndOl w;ßka uQ,sl fõ' mqreIhkag

idfmalaIj fndfyda ia;%Ska wd¾Ól jYfhka wvq iajdëk;ajhla

oeÍu" kQ;k Y%S ,dxlsl ue;sjrKj,g úhoï lsÍu i|yd wjYHjk

wdldrfha uqo,a iïNdrhla tl;= lr.ekSug fmdÿfõ ia;%Skag

wmyiq ùu yd hï hï j;alï we;s ia;%Skag mjd mjqf,a jeäuy,a

mqreIhkaf.a wjirhlska f;drj tajd ue;sjrK jHdmdrj,g

fhoùug fkdyelsùu wdosho ia;%Skaf.a wju foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

flfrys n,mdk ndOl fõ' ;jo" fndfyda wjia:dj,oS ia;%Ska

fmdÿ lghq;=j, fhoSu kqiqÿiqh" Tjqkag kdhl;aj yelshd

fkdue;" Tjqka mjqf,a j.lSïj,g jeä m%uqL;djhla oshhq;=h

hkdoS u;su;dka;ro ia;%Skaf.a is;ai;ka ;=<uka me<moshï ù

we;' tn`ÿ ufkdauQ,sl ndOl;a Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

wju lsÍug m%Odk ndOdjla ù ;sfí' uE;loS lrk ,o wOHhk

.Kkdjlg wkqj ia;%Skaf.a wvq foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg n,mdk

17


uQ,slu fya;=j ù we;af;a ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,nd oSfïoS

foaYmd,k mlaI mqreIhkag iudk whqßka ia;%Skag fkdie,lSuhs'

kQ;k Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,k l%uh ;=< foaYmd,k ksfhdað;hl=

ùu hkak b;d flá l,lska fmdfydi;a ùu i|yd we;s fyd|u

Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i ie,fla' Y%S ,dxlsl iudc yd wd¾Ól

fCIa;%j,oS fukau foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhaoS;a mqreI uQ,sl mßirhla

;=< tu wdodhï bmhSfï ud¾.hg wj;S¾K ùfï jru ysñlr

.kafka mqreIhkah' úfYaI wjia:djloS yereKq úg mqreIhka

Tjqkaf.a {d;s" ys;j;a fyda fjk;a iudc in|;d Ndú; fldg

kdufhdackd ,nd.ekSfïoS jeä jdis w;alr .kS' ia;%Ska ;SrK

.kakd uÜgïj, ksfhdackh ùfï jeo.;alu yd wjYH;djh

ms<sn|j mlaIj, ;SrK .kakd whj¨kag fukau Pkaoodhlhska

fndfyda fokdg;a meyeos,s wjfndaOhla fkdùu;a" mlaIj,

wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdohla fkdùu;a" Pkao fldÜGdY uÜgfï

mlaI ixúOdhlhskaf.a wksis n,mEu;a tn`ÿ ;;ajhla we;s ùug

uQ,sl jYfhka n,md ;sfí (Kiribamune, 1994, 1999; Kodikara, 2009; ,shkf.a" 1998; 2011; Liyanage, 1996, 1999)'

18

lu,d ,shkf.a

3

mx.= l%u kHdh( ia;%S-mqreI iudk foaYmd,k mqrjeis nj

ia;%S-mqreI iudk foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla i|yd mx.= l%u

y`ÿkajd oSu uE; ld,fhaoS iq,Nj olakg ,efí' kuq;a uQ,sl lreKq

folla ksid th ixlS¾K fukau újdod;aul ixjdohla njg

m;aù ;sfí' mx.= l%uh foi iuyreka n,kafka jHQyd;aul ndOl

ksid idOdrK n, ;r`.hlg bosßm;a ùug ft;sydislju iudk

bv m%ia:d fkd,enqKq" ke;skï tu ;r`.fhka fldka flreKq

iudc lKavdhulg idOdrK;ajh i|yd ,ndfok jkaoshla

jYfhks' ;j;a wh mx.= l%uh i,lkq ,nkafka iudkd;au;djh

yd idOdrK;ajh hk m%cd;ka;%jdoS ixl,am W,a,x>kh lsÍula

yd tla iudc lKavdhulg fjkiaj fyda úfYaIfldg ie,lSula

f,isks'

úúO rgj, mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSu iy tksid ,enqKq m%;sM,

ms<sn| hï m%udKhlska fyda wOHhk flÍ we;af;a b;du;a w,am

jYfhks' tksid mx.= l%u kHdh m%cd;ka;%jdoh" mqrjeisnj"

ksfhdack l%u" iudkd;au;djh" idOdrK;ajh" hymd,kh yd

;sridr ixj¾Okh jeks ixl,am iu`. Rcqju ne|S we;s nj

iudcfha nyq;rhla wjfndaO lrf.k fkdue;' úfYaIfhkau

Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, foaYmd,k mlaI kdhlhska" ck;d

ksfhdað;hska" rdcH m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrkakka yd ls%hd;aul

lrkakka" isú,a iudc ls%hdldÍka yd Pkao odhlhskaf.ka

nyq;rhlg ;ju;a ta ms<sn| meyeos,s fyda m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla

fkdue;' thg uQ,sl fya;=j jkafka mx.= l%u ms<sn| idlÉPdfõoS

19


m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh" udkj whs;sjdislï

yd foaYmd,k mx.= l%u w;r we;s kHdhd;aul in|;djh ms<sn|

iudch wju wjOdkhla fhduqlr ;sîuhs'

mx.= l%uhla hkq l=ulao@

mx.= l%uhla fyda wkqmd; l%uhla hkq lsishï foaYmd,k

wdh;khl" lñgqjl fyda /lshd fCIa;%hl" wvqfjka ksfhdackh

jk ck lKavdhulg jeä ksfhdackhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd fjka

lrfokq ,nk mx.=jls' ke;skï m%;sY;hls' ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k

ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kakd Wml%uhla f,i

jHjia:dkql+,j fyda ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska fyda foaYmd,k mlaI

iafõÉPdfjka fjka lrk mx.= l%u ms<sn| l;sldjl kQ;k

foaYmd,k úoHd yd ia;%S wOHhkj, jeo.;a ud;Dldjla ù

;sfí' kuq;a mx.= l%uh ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd muKla

fkdj ;reK ksfhdackh" my;a hhs iïu; l=," iq¿ ck j¾.

ksfhdackh wdoshgo Ndú; flf¾' tfiau .=re" fyos jeks

/lshd fCIa;%j,g mqreIhka lsishï wkqmd;hla n|jd .;hq;=

hhs wkqmd;hla kshu lrk wjia:do ;sfí'

foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g fyda /lshdj,g f;dard .ekSfïoS

kshu lrk wkqmd; $ mx.= l%ufhka nr ;nkafka f;aÍ m;ajk

mqoa.,hdg fkdj n|jd .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh yiqrejk mqoa.,hkagh'

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk

mx.= l%ufha uQ,sl wruqKq jkafka foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g

jeäfhka ia;%Ska n|jd .ekSu iy foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhaoS ia;%Ska

yqol,d fkdfõh hkak wjOdrKh lsÍuhs' ia;%Ska foaYmd,k

wdh;kj,g ksfhdackh ùfïoS n,mdk .eg¿ wju jk;dla"

;djld,sl mshjrla jYfhka mx.= l%uh Ndú;d flf¾'

20

lu,d ,shkf.a

iuyr kq;k rgj, ia;%S-mqreI uOHia: mx.= l%uo Ndú;

flf¾' tysoS ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau wvq ksfhdackh ksjeros lsÍu

uQ,sl wruqK fõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka ia;%Ska fyda mqreIhka

f.ka wju jYfhka 40] la j;a ksfhdackh ùu w;HjYHh neõ

fuu l%ufha§ wjOdrKh flf¾'

mqreI ksfhdackh wju jk /lshd fCIa;%j, wksjd¾fhka

mqreIhka i|yd wkqmd;hla fjka lsÍuo isÿflf¾' WodyrKhla

f,i m%d:ñl mdie,aj, .=rejreka" fyoshka" we`.¿ï lïy,a

fiajlhska yd bf,lafg%dksla NdKav yd mß>kl wu;r fldgia

ksmojkakka w;r ia;%Skaf.a m%;sY;h b;d by< w.hla .kakd

wjia:dj, mqreIhka n|jd .ekSug mx.=jla Ndú;d lrhs'

foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS mqreIhkaf.a m%;sY;h j¾Okh lsÍu

i|yd mx.= l%uh Ndú;d lrk wjia:d b;d úr,h' WodyrK

jYfhka fvkaud¾lfha iudcjdoS ck;d mlaIh mqreIhka i|yd

mx.=jla kshu lr ;sfí (Dahlerup, 1998).

mx.= l%u( kHdhd;aul úYaf,aIKh

m%cd;ka;%jdoh" ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh (equality)" iuidOdrK;ajh (equity)" udkj whs;sjdislï" mqrjeisnj"

foaYmd,k ksfhdackh" hymd,kh" ;sridr iduh yd ;sridr

ixj¾Okh hk iEu foaYmd,k yd iudc ixl,amhlau ia;%Skaf.a

foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï úfYaIfhkau ;SrK .ekSfïoS ksfhdackh

i|yd wehg we;s whs;shg Rcqju iïnkaOh' fïjd kHdhd;aul

jYfhka bosßm;a ù we;af;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh uOHia:

(Gender neutral) ixl,am f,ih' kuq;a m%dfhda.sl jYfhka

tu ixl,am mqreI flakaøSh ke;skï mqreIhkag mlaImd;S tajd

njg m;a ù we;' tfia ke;skï tu ixl,am mqreI w¾:l;kj,g

wkqj úia;r lsÍu ksid ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh hkakg

21


wjOdkh fhduq lr ke;' tlaflda thg wvq wjOdkhla fhduqlr

we;'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh

foaYmd,k l%uhla f,i ie,l+ úg m%cd;ka;%jdoh

hkafkka zzck;djf.a md,khZZ hk woyi w¾: .ekafõ' fuys

zzck;djZZ hkafkka yef`.kafka mqreIhka muKla fkdfõ'

ia;%Skao wksjd¾fhkau ck;djf.ka ke;skï rgl ck.yKfhka

wvla fyda thg jvd jeä fõ' fcdaka iS,s (John Seeley) g

wkqj zzm%cd;ka;%jdohZZ hkq ishü fokdg mx.=ldrlula we;s

wdKavqjls' tu mx.=ldrhska ishü fokdg iudk mqrjeisnj"

iudk whs;sjdislï" iudk ksoyi" iudk wkkH;djh"

iudk iïm;a yd bvm%ia:d ,eîu m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl wx.

,laIKhls' tajd iïnkaOfhka ia;%S-mqreI ,sx.sl;ajh" ck j¾.h"

j¾Kh" wd.u fyda NdIdj wdoS oE u; fjkialula l< fkdyels

ùu m%cd;ka;%jdoh iïnkaO kHdfha w;HjYH isoaOdka;hls

(Johari, 1999)' tfyhska ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavq l%uhl oS

tys mx.=lrejka jk ishü ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag iudk whqßka

tys md,khg iyNd.S ùfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h' ia;%S-mqreI

fomd¾Yjhgu tn`ÿ iudk mx.=ldrlula fkd,efí kï th

wiïmQ¾K m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavql%uhls'

rdcH

rdcH ms<sn| w¾:l;kfhaoS wdKavqj" N+ñh fukau

iajdêm;H yd ck.yKh;a tys w;HjYH wx. f,i ie,fla'

ishü m%cd;ka;%jdoS rgj, wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj

iajdêm;H ysñ jkafka trg ck;djghs' ck.yKh hkq hï

rgl iaÓrj ^mdrïmßlj fyda ,shdmosxÑ ùfuka& mosxÑ ù isák

22

lu,d ,shkf.a

ck;djhs' tu zzck;djZZ hk lKavdhugo wksjd¾fhkau ia;%S-

mqreI fomd¾Yjhu wh;a fõ' kQ;k ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdoS

wdKavq l%uj, ck;d iajdêm;H i¾j ck Pkaoh u.ska" ksoyia

yd iajdëk jQ ue;sjrKhloS f;dard .kakd uyck ksfhdað;hskag

mejf¾' tu ksfhdað;hska Tjqkag mejrE iajdêm;H Ndú; fldg

ck;dj fjkqfjka lsishï ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjlg rg md,kh lrhs'

fuu kHdhkag wkqj iajdêm;H ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu ysñh'

tfia ;u iajdêm;H Ndú; fldg uyck ksfhdað;hska f;dard

.ekSug fukau" ksfhdackh ùug;a ia;%S-mqreI fomd¾Yjhgu

iudk whs;shla ysñfõ'

kQ;k iudc yd foaYmd,k kHdhkaysoS mqrjeishd hkafkka

ir, wre;ska yef`.kafka kS;Hdkql+,j lsishï rdcHhl

idudðlhl= ùu hkakhs' fuu kS;suh idudðl;ajh ia;%S fyda mqreI

jYfhka fnoSulg ,lafldg ke;' f,dj Ôj;a jk ishü ia;%Ska

yd mqreIhkag fuu mqrjeisNdjh hïlsis rdcHhla ;=< ,eî ;sfí

îrKd.;hska" ñksia fj<|dug n`ÿka jkakka yd kS;Hdkql+,

fkdjk ixl%uKslhska wdoSka yer&' tfyhska ishü mqrjeishkag

,sx. fNaohlska f;drj" wod< rfÜ isú,a" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd

iudc whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú|Sug kS;sfhka jrula ,efí' tfiau

tu rfÜ foaYmd,k m%cdfõ il%Sh ls%hdlrefjla ùugo" ia;%S-mqreI

fomlaIhgu iudk whs;shla ysñfõ' foaYmd,k mlaI" ue;sjrK

lghq;=" Pkaoh oSu" ksfhdackh ùu" wdKavqjg n,mEï lsÍu yd

úfõpkh lsÍu wdoS ls%hdldrlïj,g il%Shj iyNd.S ùugo tu

fomlaIhgu whs;sh ,efí ^Whkaf.dv" 2010&'

zzfoaYmd,k ksfhdackhZZ hkakg tla ir, wre;la

osh fkdyels jqj;a fmdÿfõ thska woyia jkafka zziuia;

mqrjeishkaf.a fyda thska fldgilf.a ke;skï nyq;rhlf.a

wdl,am" m%uqL;djhka" wdYdjka yd jqjukdjka fmdÿ wkque;shlska"

23


mqrjeishka fjkqfjka bosßm;a jk l=vd lKavdhula úiska

wdKavqfõ ls%hdldrlï njg m;a lsÍuhZZ(Encyclopedia of Democracy, 1995)' ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS u;hg wkqj ishü

mqrjeishkag ia;%S-mqreI fNaohlska f;drj i¾jck Pkao n,h

ysñfõ' Tjqkag ksoyia yd idOdrK ue;sjrKhloS leu;s ia;%S

fyda mqreI ksfhdað;hl= ;uka fjkqfjka f;dard .ekSug whs;shla

;sfí (Ball, 1993)'

iudkd;au;djh RKd;aul yd Okd;aul iudkd;au;djh

f,i j¾.SlrKhlg ,la flf¾' RKd;aul iudkd;au;djh

hkafkka w¾:l;kh jkafka zz,sx.sl;ajh" wd.u" udkj j¾Kh"

j¾.h" NdIdj" l=,h" mx;sh yd fjk;a tn`ÿ fnoSula u;" lsis÷

wdldrhl fjkialula l< fkdyelshZZ hkakhs (Laski, 1951)' kuq;a tys Okd;aul w¾:l;khg wkqj zzishü ñksiqkag

iudk ksoyi yd bv m%ia:djka ysñh' tfy;a tlsfkldf.a mqoa.,

wjYH;d fyda ixj¾Okh i|yd fjkia jQ jqjukdjka mj;sk ksid"

ta wkqj fjkia jQ bv m%ia:d ,ndoSu o iudkd;au;djhZZ f,i

ie,fla (Benn and Peters, 1965)' WodyrK f,i mqreIhkaf.a yd

ia;%Skaf.a ixj¾Okh i|yd wjYH iEu ksoyila yd bv m%ia:djlau

iudk fkdfõ' Tjqkaf.a YdÍßl fyda iudÔh wjYH;d u; tajd

fjkia úh yelsh' tn`ÿ wjia:dj,oS tu fjkia jQ wjYH;djh

ie,ls,a,g f.k bv m%ia:d yd iïm;a wdosh ,ndosh hq;=h'

fuh iu idOdrK;ajh kñka o ye|skafõ' ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag

iuidOdrK whqßka fkdi,ld iudkd;au;djh oskd.;

fkdyelsh' tn`ÿ iudkd;au;djh yd iu idOdrK;ajfhka f;dr

iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS fkdfõ'

udkj whs;sjdislï kHdhg wkqj ishü ia;%Ska yd

mqreIhskag iudc" ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï

iudkj ysñfõ' ´kEu ñksia Ôúhl=g ish meje;au" mqoa.,

24

lu,d ,shkf.a

ixj¾Okh" wkkH;djh wdrlaId lr .ekSu yd ksoyi N=la;s

ú|Su i|yd udkj whs;sjdislï w;HjYH fõ (Cranston, 1973)' fndfyda rgj, wdKavq l%u jHjia:d u.ska fuu udkj whs;sjdislï

;yjqre lr we;' ish¨u iudc" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól whs;sjdislï

fmdÿ yd úYaùh jk w;r" tla whs;sjdislula ;fjlla fjkqfjka

fkdi,ld yeÍug fyda W,a,x>kh lsÍug fkdyelsh' WodyrK

f,i ia;%Ska ùu ksid Pkaoh oSfï whs;sh ysñfldg" ksfhdackh

i|yd we;s whs;sh fkdi,ld yeÍu udkj whs;sjdislï kHdhg

wkqj l< yelalla fkdfõ' hï iudchl tfia lghq;= lrkafka

kï tu iudc j, m%cd;ka;%jdoh wiïmQ¾Kh'

hy md,kh hk ixl,amho ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh"

udkj whs;sjdislï yd il%Sh iyNd.S;ajh iu`. Rcqju iïnkaO

fõ' md,kh hkafkka ir,j woyia jkafka rdcH lghq;=

ksisf,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍuhs' kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh;a"

tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍu;a thg wh;a fõ' ñksidf.a iudc" wd¾Ól

yd foaYmd,k Ôú;h .=Kd;aul w;ska jvd;a j¾Okh lsÍug

wjYH" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ;yjqre lrk ,o udkj ysñlï

yd wfkl=;a fldkafoais ck;djg ,ndoSu md,kh hkafkka

yef`.k mq¿,a w¾:h fõ' ta wkqj hy md,kh hkafkka woyia

jkafka rdcH lghq;= b;d fyd|ska l<ukdlrKh lsÍu jk

w;r" úêu;aj ixúOdkh l< md,k wdh;k yryd" b;d iM,

whqßka ck;djf.a fN!;sl" iudc fukau udkisl hym;

ie,iSuhs (Panandiker, 2000)' zzhy md,khZZ hk ixl,amfha

w;HjYH wx. ,laIK w;r" iudkd;au;djh" udkj whs;sjdislï

wdrlaIdj yd iyNd.s;aj l%ufõoh úfYaI fõ' rgla hy md,kh

oskd .ekSug kï wksjd¾fhkau ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhg iudkj

ie,lSu" iudk whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú|Sug bv m%ia:d ,ndoSu yd

rdcH fukau isú,a iudc ls%hdldrlï i|yd iudkj iyNd.s

ùfï yelshdj ,ndoSu w;HjYH fõ' lsishï rgla Pkaoh m%ldY

25


lsÍu jeks m%d:ñl foaYmd,k l¾;jHhlg ia;%Skag bvlv ,nd

oS" ksfhdackh i|yd bv m%ia:d i,id fkdfokafka kï tu rgg

hy md,kh oskd .ekSug fkdyels fõ'

;sridr ixj¾Okh i|yd ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau il%Sh

iyNd.S;ajh w;HjYH jk w;r" iudc yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha

b,lal oskd .ekSfïoS tu.ska mßj¾;kSh fjkilg u`. mEfoa

(Karl, 1995)' fuu iyNd.S;ajh hkafkka wre;a .ekafjkafka

ixj¾Ok wjYH;d y`ÿkd .ekSu" m%uqL;d fm< .eiaùu" wod<

ie,iqï iïmdokh" ls%hd;aul lsÍu" ksÍlaIKh" we.hSu

yd m%;s,dN N=la;s ú|Su hk ishü uÜgïj,oS ia;%S-mqreI

fomlaIfhau iyNd.S;ajhhs' ixj¾Ok ls%hdodufhaoS jeo.;a ;SrK

fndfyduhla .kq ,nkafka;a" úfYaIfhkau iïm;a fnod fokq

,nkafka;a foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh úisks' tfyhska ck.yKfhka

wvla jQ ia;%Ska foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ksfhdackh ùfuka iuia;

iudcfhau ixj¾Okhla isÿfõ' ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sfhka 50] la jQ

ia;%Ska wE;a lr ;eìu cd;sl Y%uh wmf;a heùulao fõ' ia;%Skaf.a

Ôú;j, j¾Okh i|yd wod< ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS jeä

ia;S%ka m%udKhla ksfhdackh ùfuka iu;=,s; ixj¾Okhlgo

u`. mEfoa (Moser, 1993; Young 1993)'

1995" fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõoS ia;%S-mqreI iudk

ksfhdackh ms<sn| woyi ms<s.ksñka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh

uQ,m%jdylrKh (Gender Mainstreaming) ms<sn| tl`.;djh

m%ldYhg m;aúh' ta wkqj ´kEu kS;shla" m%;sm;a;shla fyda jev

ms<sfj,la ie,iqï lsÍfïoS;a" ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS;a" ksÍlaIKh

lsÍu yd we.hSfïoS;a ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ishü uÜgïj,oS

iyNd.s lr .ekSu fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiafuka ;jÿrg;a

wjOdrKh lf<ah' cd;sl muKla fkdj" cd;Hka;r ;SrK

.ekSïj,oS;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wd¾Ól yd iudc ljqkais,h úiskao 1997 oS

ms<s.kq ,eîh' iudcfha ishü ñksiqkaf.a wjYH;d ie,ls,a,g

26

lu,d ,shkf.a

.ekSu yd tu.ska ia;%Skaf.a woyia" w;aoelSï" jqjukdjka yd

m%uqL;djkago wjOdkh fhduq fldg Tjqkaf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajfha

j¾Okhla l<yels nj fuysoS wjOdrKh flßKs (King, 2001)'

.egqï l<uKdlrkh yd iduh ia:dms; lsÍfïoS;a ia;%S-

mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;aùu yd wod< ls%hdldrlïj,g

iyNd.s ùug ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh cd;Hka;rj ms<sf.k ;sfí'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%Skaf.a iu j¾Okh i|yd jQ tallfha

úfYaI{ jd¾;dj iy 2000 t'cd' 1325 fhdackdj,sh u.skao tu

whs;sh ;yjqre lr ;sfí (UNDAW and PRIO, 1996; UN 1325 Resolution, 2000)'

fï whqßka m%cd;ka;%jdohg iïnkaO ish¨u ixl,am

j,ska ;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%S-mqreI iyNd.s;ajh wjOdrKh

flfrk w;r" tajd Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ fndfyda rgj,a cd;Hka;r

fukau cd;sl kS;s u.skao ;yjqre lr ;sfí' ia;%Ska ;SrK

.kakd uÜgïj,oS m%udKj;aj ksfhdackh ùu hkak ienE

m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iudkd;au;djh" iu idOdrK;ajh" hy

md,kh" ;sridr ixj¾Okh yd iduh hk oE oskd.ekSfïoS;a

w;HjYH idOlhka jk neõ fuhska meyeos,s fõ' ;SrK .ekSfï

ls%hdj,shg yd kS;s iy m%;sm;a;s j,g oefkk n,mEula lsÍug

´kEu ck lKavdhula wju jYfhka 33] - 35] w;r m%udKhl

ksfhdackhla úhhq;= njg zCritical Mass Theory” kHdfhka

fmkajd oS we;' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh oskd.;a rgj,a w;ßka

by<skau isák iaùvkh" fkda¾fõ" fko¾,ka;h yd mska,ka;h

jeks ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a" tn`ÿ m%udKj;a ia;%S ksfhdackhla

u.ska ia;S%kaf.a Ôjk ;;ajfha úYd, j¾Okhla ,enQ rgj,g

fyd|u WodyrK fõ (Dahlerup, 1988). 1995 oS rgj,a 174 l

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixj¾Okh ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla l<

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m%.;s jd¾;djg wkqj

zzfoaYmd,k ls%hdj,sfhaoS ia;%Skaf.a n,mEu w¾:j;ah

27


hkak ;yjqre lsÍug kï" foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S

ksfhdackh 30] la j;a úhhq;=h hkak ;SrKd;aul

idOlhla f,i ie,lsh yelshZZ ^Wmqgd .;af;a Chusnul: 2003&'

mx.= l%uhla wjYH jkafka wehs@

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh mx.= l%uhla wjYH jkafka wehs@

hk idlÉPdfõoS jeo.;a lreKq lSmhla flf¾ wjOdkh fhduq

l< yelsh' iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s (equal policies) hkafkys

w¾:h zziudk bv m%ia:dZZ (equal opportunities) hkafkka

zziudk m%;sM,ZZ (equality of results) fyda zzm%;sM, j, iudk

njZZ hk fjkig ,la lsÍu mx.= l%ufhka w¾: .ekafjk

nj *s,smaia yd hxf.a woyihs (lshjkak, Phillips, 1995 iy Young, 1990)' zziudk ksfhdackhZZ (equal representation) iy zzidOdrK ksfhdackhZZ (fair representation) m%cd;ka;%jdoS

foaYmd,k l%uhl w;HjYH wx. ,laIK f,i ie,fla' kuq;a

zziudk ksfhdackhZZ hk isoaOdka;fha iudk nj yd idOdrK nj

ms<s.kakd fyda w.h lrk m%cd;ka;%jdoSka" ia;%S yd mqreI iudk

ksfhdackh ms<sn| b,a,Sï bosßm;a fjoaoS thg úreoaO fõ' thska

yef`.kafka iudk ksfhdackh hk isoaOdka;h Tjqka ms<s.;a;o"

iïm%odhsl wdl,am u; mokïj ia;%Ska foaYmd,kh jeks fmdÿ

lghq;a;lg iqÿiq fkdfõh hk u;hg wkqj mqreIhska lghq;=

lrk njhs' ta ksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh mx.= l%uh ia;%SjdoS

kHdhkaysoS muKla fkdj" m%cd;ka;%jdoS kHdfhaoS o uQ,sl jk

lreKls' ia;%S ksfhdackh jeo.;a jkafka ukao hkak idlÉPd

l<hq;= jkafka fuu miqìu ;=<hs'

1990 .Kkaj, isg" ;SrK .kakd ish¨u uÜgïj,oS

ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;=h hk ixjdoh foaYmd,kSlrKh ùu

28

lu,d ,shkf.a

werôks' ta iu. ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| ;¾l

.Kkdjla ia;%SjdoS foaYmd,k yd iudc úoHd{hska úiska bosßm;a

lrkq ,eìKs' wEka *s,smaiag (Ann Phillips) wkqj ia;%S-mqreI

fomlaIhgu ysñ iudk whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ;¾lh ke;skï

idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| ;¾lh fïjd w;ßka m%uqL fõ (Phillips, 1995)' foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg we;s iudk whs;sh tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a isú,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ms<sn| iïuq;sfha 25

jeks j.ka;sfhkq;a" ia;S%kag tfrys ish¨u wdldrfha fjkialï

ÿre lsÍfï iïuq;sfha 7 jeks j.ka;sfhkq;a ;yjqre lr ;sfí'

fuu ;¾lfhka wjOdrKh lrkafka fmdÿ lghq;= j,g ia;%Ska

iyNd.S lr .ekSfuka tajdfha fjkila isÿfõh hk woyi

fkdfõ' thska wjOdrKh lrkafka ia;%S-mqreI fomCIhgu

iudk whs;Ska" iudk yelshd yd olaI;d we;s w;r Tjqkag

iudk bvm%ia:d yd iïm;a ysñúh hq;=h hkakhs' tfyhska ia;%Ska

foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ksfhdackh fkdùu Rcq fyda jl% whqßka

Tjqkaj fjkilg ,la lsÍfï m%;sM,hls hk woyi thska m%ldY

flf¾ (Sawer, 2000)' iEu rglu ck.yKfhka wvla ia;%Ska

jk w;r" ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofhaoS tu wv fkdi,ld yeßh

fkdyelsh' ia;%Ska jqjo" mqreIhka jqjo" ck.yKfhka 50] la

ksfhdackh fkdjk ;ekl ienE m%cd;ka;%jdohla ;sìh fkdyels

neõ fuu ;¾lfhka wjOdrKh flf¾'

Wmfhda.s;djh ms<sn| ;¾lfhka wjOdrKh lrkafka

;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj we;s" úúO w;a±lSï we;s" úúO oDIaÀkag

wkqj hï lreKl úúO me;slvhka ±lsh yels ia;%S-mqreI

fomCIhu tu ls%hdj,shg iyNd.S ùfuka jvd;a M,odhS ;SrK

.; yels njhs' foaYmd,k mlaIj, idudðlhskaf.a muKla

fkdj" idudðldjkaf.ao iyNd.S;ajh ;=<ska mCIhg fukau rgg

u kj fmkqula" kj oelaula" kj jHdmD;s yd kj m%;sm;a;s wdosh

ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj we;s nj fuysoS ;¾l flf¾ (Sawer, 1999)'

29


ixfla;d;aul ;¾lh yrydo ia;%S ksfhdackhg mlaI

woyia lSmhla wjOdrKh flf¾' ia;%Ska ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,

ksfhdackh ùu tu ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ao" fjk;a fmdÿ ia;%Skaf.a

o ;;ajh j¾Okh ùug n,mdhs' ck lKavdhula f,i ia;%Skaf.a

ms<s.ekSu" wkkH;djh yd ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Tjqkaf.a

ksfhdackh wjYH neõ fuhska wjOdrKh flf¾' ia;%Skaf.a

wfmalaIdjka" m%;sm;a;s fyda jHdmD;sj,g mßj¾;kh lsÍugo

tu.ska bv ,efí' ;jo" ia;%Ska foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ksfhdackh

ùfuka tu wdh;kj, kS;Hdkql+, nj ke;skï iqcd; nj m%ldY

flf¾' tfiau iïm%odhslj foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlï j, we;s

r¿" m%pKavldÍ" ;r`.ldÍ yd ¥Is; iajNdjh ia;%Ska m%udKj;a

ixLHdjla thg we;=<;a lr .ekSfuka hï mßj¾;khlg ,la

fõ (Mansbridge, 1999)' úfYaIfhka ngysr hqfrdamd rgj,

foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;kj, mej;s mqreI uQ,sl jHQyh"

kS;sÍ;s" myiqlï" yeisÍï yd wdl,am hï ;rulska fjkilg

,la lsÍug ia;%S ksfhdað;hskag yels ù ;sfí (Lovenduski and Karam, 2002)'

fm<Uùfï ;¾lh fyda wdo¾Y wdlD;s iemhSu ms<sn|

;¾lho ixfla;d;aul ;¾lh yd iïnkaO fõ' iïm%odhslj

ia;%Skag .DydY%s; jifï;a" mqreIhkag fmdÿ jifï;a lghq;=

mjrd oS ;snqK ;;a;ajhloS" ia;%Ska foaYmd,k lghq;=j, kshe,Su

;=<ska zzia;%Skag;a fmdÿ lghq;= l< yelshZZ hk wdo¾Yh iudchg

,nd osh yelsh' ta u.ska B,`. mrmqf¾ ia;%Skag wdo¾Y wdlD;s

fukau .=reyrelï yd Wmfoia fokakkao (Mentors) ks¾udKh

fõ' ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhka ,efnk jvd jeo.;au

m%;sM,h fuh neõ nfr,af.a woyihs (Burrell, 1994)' ;jo"

ia;S%ka mqreIhkag jvd iyfhda.Sj yd talu;slj foaYmd,k ;SrK

.ekSug fm<öu u.ska jvd;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS kdhl;aj wdlD;s

30

lu,d ,shkf.a

iudchg y`ÿkajd oshyelsh hk lreKo fuu ;¾lhg iïnkaO

flf¾' zztalu;sl;ajh i|yd ia;%Ska olajk Wkkaÿj yd leue;a;

Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k osúfhka oshyels jeo.;au wdo¾Yh iy

úYd,u odhl;ajhZZ neõ í,ela yd *s,smaia (Black and Phillips, 2000) ngysr ´iafÜ%,shdfõ uka;%Sjßhka 39 fofkla weiqßka

lrk ,o wOHhkhlska fmkajd oS ;sfí'

ksfhdackh fyda wdYdjka ms<sn| ;¾lh o fï iïnkaOfhka

bosßm;a ù we;s jvd;a m%uqL ;¾lhls' ia;%Skag n,mdk lreKq

ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug;a" ia;%Skaf.a ;;a;ajh

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wod< kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd jev ms<sfj,j,a

iïmdokhg;a ia;%S ksfhdað;hskag jeä yelshdjla we;s nj

wOHhk rdYshlska fmkajd oS we; (Dodson and Carroll, 1991; Carrol, 1994; Thomas, 1994; Tamerius, 1995 and Flammang, 1997).

ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh ùu ksid ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;j,g Rcqj iïnkaO lreKq ms<sn|

kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg;a" tu m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍug

wod< wdh;k ks¾udKhg;a" ;j ;j;a ia;%Ska foaYmd,khg n|jd

.ekSug;a jeä yelshdj;a ,enqKq neõ v,rema f.a wOHhk j,ska

fmkajd oS ;sfí (Dahlerup, 1988)' fuu foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=<

ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a m%udKh ixLHdfjka jeäj;au" foaYmd,k

N+ñld ms<sn| Tjqka ;=< mej;s iïm%odhsl wdl,am fjkilg

,lajQ nj;a" tksid foaYmd,k lghq;= j, kshe,Su fmrg jvd

myiq jQ nj;a lefrd,af.a wOHhk j,ska fmkajd fohs (Carroll, 2000)' ;jo" ia;%S foaYmd,lhska ms<sn| iudcfha mej;s wdl,am

j, hï wdldr Okd;aul fjkila isÿ jQ neõ ;j;a wOHhkhlska

fmkajd fohs (Karvonen and Selle, 1995).

31


Ôj úoHd;aulj fukau iudc úoHd;aulj;a ia;%Ska yd

mqreIhkaf.a iuyr jqjukdjka yd wdYdjka fjkiajk ksid

ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ;SrK .kakd uÜgï j,oS ksfhdackh

úhhq;= neõ fuu ;¾lfhka lshefõ' íafÜ%,shdkq fifkÜ

uKav,h weiqßka lrk ,o wOHhkhlska fmkajd oS we;af;a"

ia;%Skag jvd;a Rcqj iïnkaO lreKq îudk jegqma" m%iQ;s ksjdvq"

.Dyia: m%pKav;ajhg tfrys ùu& ms<sn| tys ksfhdað;jrekag

jvd mia .=Khlska ksfhdað;jßhka lreKq oelaùug bosßm;a

jk njhs ^Williamson, 2000)' tfiau ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh

iudcdkqfhdackh ksid;a" weh r`.mdk iajNdúl N+ñld ksid;a

ia;%Skaf.a w;a±lSï o mqreIhkag jvd fjkiah' tfyhska wod<

lreKq ms<sn| ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIh n,kafka oDIaÀ fldaK

follsks' fï wiudk wdYdjka" wfmaCIdjka yd w;aoelSï wdosh

;SrK .kakd ishü uÜgïj,§ ksfhdackh ùu ienE ksfhdack

m%cd;ka;%jdohlg w;HjYHh'

foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKh wkqj

tys n,mEu r|d mj;sk nj idudkH u;hhs' kuq;a vDv v,rema

^1988& jeks ia;%SjdoS foaYmd,k úoHd{hska mjikafka “Critical Mass” ke;skï ;SrK .ekSug n,mEï l< yels ;rï m%udKhla

^30-35]& ia;%Ska ksfhdackh jqjfyd;a muKla ia;%Skaf.a Ôjk

;;ajfhys fõ.j;a j¾Okhla isÿjk njhs' kuq;a idudkHfhka

tla ia;%shla hï wdh;khla ;=< ksfhdackh jqj;a" tysoS;a

mqreIhkaf.a yeisÍu hï fjkilg ,lafjk njo weh fmkajd

fohs'

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| jk kQ;k ixjdofhaoS" ixj¾Okh;a

iu`. ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ks¾udKh fõh hk woyi

ms<sfkd.kS' kuq;a iudc" wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k ixj¾Okh i|yd

ia;%Skag ksoyi ,nd§u ke;skï ia;%Skaf.a úuqla;sh iy ia;%Ska

32

lu,d ,shkf.a

ish¨u uÜgïj, fmdÿ lghq;=j,oS il%Shj iyNd.s ùu w;HjYH

idOl f,i i,lhs' fmdÿ lghq;= j,ska ia;%Skaj wE;a lsÍu" wrdì

rgj, foaYmd,k ixj¾Okhla isÿ fkdùug n,mdk tla uQ,sl

fya;=jla f,i tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sfha udkj

ixj¾Ok jd¾;dfjka fmkajd fohs (UNDP, 2003)' mYapd;a-hqO

jd;djrKhka mj;sk rgj, fyda m%cd;ka;%jdoh lrd mßj¾;kh

jk iuyr wrdì rgj, muKla fkdj fjk;a l,dm j,

ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj,;a ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,g ia;%Skaj

iyNd.s lr .ekSfuka m%cd;ka;%jdofha j¾Okhla úhyels nj

fcdaYma iy ia,sfudaúlaia (Joseph and Slymovics, 2001) fmkajd

fohs'

mx.= l%uhg mlaI yd úmlaI ;¾l

m%cd;ka;%jdoh" iudkd;au;djh" iu idOdrK;ajh yd

ld¾hCIu nj hk m%fõY yryd mx.= l%uh we.hSulg ,la l<

yelsh' kHdhd;aulj thg mlaIj ;¾l bosßm;a lrkakka woyia

lSmhla bosßm;a lr ;sfí' tajd kï

• mx.= l%ufhka lsisu ck lKavdhula fjkilg ,la

lsÍula fyda jeä jdis iy.; ;;ajhlg m;a lsÍula isÿ

fkdfõ' mrïmrd .Kkdjla foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhka wE;a

lrk ,o ia;%Ska jeks ck lKavdhula bosßfha we;s ndOl

bj;a lsÍula thska isÿfõ' tu.ska m%udKd;aulj fukau

.=Kd;aulj fmrg jvd jeä ia;%S ksfhdackhla isÿfõ'

• foaYmd,k wdh;khla fyda ;SrK .kakd lñgqjl tla

ia;%shla isàfuka weh yqfola ixfla;hla njg m;afõ'

mqreI flakaøSh wdh;k ;=< mqreIhka .Kkdjla bosßfha

ia;%Skaf.a wjYH;d j,g wkqj lreKq bosßm;a lsÍug ;rï

33


bvlvla wehg fkd,efí' kuq;a mx.=jla wkqu; lsÍfuka

jeä ixLHdjla ia;%Ska ksfhdackh jqjfyd;a tfia yqol,d

fkdù" udkislj mSvdjg m;a fkdù wod< lreKq bosßm;a

lsÍfï yelshdjla Tjqkag ,efí'

• ksfhdack m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl wx.hla jQ foaYmd,k

ksfhdackhg we;s iu whs;sh fï u.ska ;yjqre fõ' tys

m%;sM,hla f,i wod< foaYmd,k l%uhg kS;Hdkql+,

njla ,efí' rdcHhl kS;Hdkql+, mqrjeisfhla f,i

ia;%shg we;s idudðl;;ajh o thska ;yjqre fõ' tfiau

th ia;%S-mqreI fomCIfhau m%idohgo ,la fõ'

• iyNd.S m%cd;ka;%jdofhaoS zzienE iyNd.s;ajhZZ hkak

kHdhd;aulj mqreIhskag muKla iSud lr fkdue;'

rgl ;SrK .ekSu yd tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS" ish¨u

uÜgïj,oS ck.yKfhka wvla jk ia;%Ska wksjd¾fhkau

Tjqkaf.a jqjukdjka" wfmalaIdjka yd wdYdjka ksfhdackh

l< hq;=h'

• id¾:l m%cd;ka;%jdohla i|yd ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu th

;uka úiska" ;uka i|yd lrkq ,nk md,khla (ownership - ;ukaf.a ysñlu& hk ye`.Sfuka lghq;= l< hq;=h'

md,khg we;s ysñlu ;=<ska ìysjk ;Dma;su;a mqrjeishka

isàu tn`ÿ m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudchl id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk

uQ,sl wx.hls' mqreIhka muKla ks¾udKh lrk kS;s"

m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka yryd ia;%Skag tn`ÿ ;Dma;shla

fyda zz;ukaf.a md,khlahZZ hk ye`.Su we;s fkdfõ'

fomlaIhu tla ù ;SrK .;fyd;a ;Dma;sh muKla fkdj"

fomlaIhu tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS iudk WoafHda.hlska"

j.lSulska yd lemùulska lghq;= lsÍugo fm<fò' túg

fjk;a md¾Yj fj; jro fkdmgjd" tajdfha m%;s,dN fyda

34

lu,d ,shkf.a

m%;súmdl N=la;s ú|Sug o fomlaIhgu yelsfõ'

• úúO wdh;kj, ;SrK .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk mqyqKqj"

w;aoelSï" wOHdmk iqÿiqlï" ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj"

olaI;d fukau kdhl;aj ,laIKo iuyr mqreIhkag

fukau ia;%Skago ;sfí' kuq;a mqreI flakaøSh foaYmd,k

wdh;kj,ska tn`ÿ olaI;d we;s ia;%Ska neyer lr ;sîfuka

ck.yKfhka 50] l ksfhdað;hskaf.a odhl;ajh cd;sl

ixj¾Okhg fkd,eî hhs' ta ksid ;sridr ixj¾Okhla

i|yd kï ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ;SrK .ekSfïoS odhl

lr.; hq;=h'

• ia;S%ka yd mqreIhka w;r ÔjúoHd;aulj fukau" Tjqka

,lajk fjkia jQ iudcdkqfhdack ls%hdj,Ska ksid iudc

úoHd;auljo fjkialï ;sfí' ta wkqj pß; ,laIK"

yeisÍï rgd yd wdl,am wdosh mjd fï fomlaIh ;=<

wNHka;ÍlrKh flfrkafka wiudk whqßks' tfyhska

Tjqkaf.a iuyr w;aoelSïo fjkiah' ia;%S-mqreI

fomlaIfhau fuu wiudk w;aoelSï" wdl,am yd woyia

wdosh ;SrK .ekSfïoS ksfhdackh ùfuka jvd;a iu;=,s;

;SrKhlg t<ôh yelsh'

• foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ksfhdackh

ùu ksid foaYmd,kh jeks mqreI uQ,sl fCIa;%hl mj;sk

r¿" ;r`.ldÍ" m%pKavldÍ yd ¥Is; iajNdjh fjkilg

,laùugo bv ;sfí' zzms<sl=,a iy.; foaYmd,khZZ hkak

ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,oS zziqNidOk foaYmd,khZZ

ke;skï zzck;djg ys;j;aZZ (people friendly) foaYmd,kh

njg mßj¾;kh ùug 30] lg jvd ia;%Ska ksfhdackh

ùu n,md ;sfí (Dahlerup, 1998)' tn`ÿ ;;ajhloS

35


foaYmd,kh flf¾ ck;dj ;=< we;s RKd;aul wdl,amo

hï ;rulska fyda fjkilg ,lafõ'

• iïm%odhsl iudcj, mej;s iudc yd wd¾Ól mßirhka u;

.DydY%s; fyda fm!oa.,sl jifï ish¨ ld¾hka ia;%shf.a

j.lSï f,i;a" fmdÿ jifï ld¾hka mqreIhdf.a j.lSï

f,i;a oeä fnoSulg ,la lr ;snqKs (Millett, 1972)' tfyhska" ia;%sh ys;du;du foaYmd,kfhka wE;alr ;snqKs

(Pateman, 1988)' kuq;a kQ;k iudcj, tu oDV fnÿu

úYd, fjkilg ,la ù we;' kQ;k iudcfha ia;%Ska fmdÿ

fCIa;%h ;=<" úfYaIfhkau wd¾Ól yd iudc lghq;= j,oS

jeo.;a N+ñldjla r`.mdhs' tfia kï fmdÿ fCIa;%hg wh;a

foaYmd,k lghq;=j,go il%Shj iyNd.S ùfï whs;sh"

yelshdj fukau wjYH;djho ld,Sk wjYH;djhla njg

m;aù we;' ia;%shf.a odhl;ajh mjqf,ka msg iudc" wd¾Ól

yd ixialD;sl hk fmdÿ fCIa;%j, j¾Okhg úYd,

n,mEula lrk kQ;k ;;ajh ;=<" foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhka

muKla weh neyer lr ;eîu m%cd;ka;%jdofha j¾Okhg

muKla fkdj" rfÜ iuia; ixj¾Okhgo úYd, ndOdjla

fõ'

• foaYmd,k mlaIhl fyda jHdmdrhl kdhl;ajh .;a

mqreIfhl=f.a yosis wNdjh fyda thska bj;a ùu jeks

lreKloS" tu ysoei msrùug tu mqreIhdf.a mjqf,a

ia;%shl f;dard .ekSu fndfyda úg isÿfõ' úfYaIfhkau

fuh ol=Kq wdishdjg fmdÿ lreKls' fuu ia;%shg tu

foaYmd,k jHdmdrh lvd fkdjeà bosßhg f.k hdfï

úYd, j.lSula mejf¾' tn`ÿ úfYaI wjia:dj,oS muKla

fkdj" idudkH wjia:dj,oS;a iuyr mqreIhkag iudkj

36

lu,d ,shkf.a

fyda mqreIhkag;a jvd olaI wdldrfhka foaYmd,k

jHdmdr bosßhg f.khdfï yelshdj iuyr ia;%Skago

we;' kdhl;aj .=Kdx. yd yelshd mqreIhdg muKla iSud

fkdfõ (Bond, 2007)' fomlaIhgu wh;a mqoa.,hka w;ßka

kdhlhska ks¾udKh fõ' biau;= fõ' kuq;a kdhlhska

f,i biau;= jQ ia;%Ska ue;sjrKj,g kdufhdackd

b,aÆ úg foaYmd,k mlaI j, wdik ixúOdhlhskaf.a

iïm%odhsl wdl,am ksid fyda tn`ÿ ia;%Ska mqreIhskag jvd

ckms%h fõhehs Tjqka ;=< we;s ìh ksid fndfyda úg tu

wjia:dj ia;%Skag ,nd fkdfoa' fuu .eg¨j úi|Sug kï

wksjd¾fhkau ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka i|yd kS;Hdkql+,j

mx.=jla fjka lsÍu w;HjYHh'

• mqreIhkag idfmalaIj ia;%Skag foaYmd,k lghq;= ms<sn|

we;s w;aoelSï" foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh iu`. we;s in|;d

yd foaYmd,k m%pdrl jHdmdr jeks lghq;= ixúOdkhg

we;s yelshdjka wdosh wvq fyda fjkia úh yelsh' mrïmrd

.Kkdjla ;siafia Tjqkaj .DydY%s; fCIa;%hg fldgqlr

;sîu yd mqreIhkag jvd fjkia whqßka iudcdkqfhdackhg

,lalsÍu thg uQ,sl fya;=jhs' kuq;a ;djld,sl mshjrla

f,i mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oS ia;%Skag foaYmd,khg

we;=,aùfï jru ,nd ÿkfyd;a lsishï ld,mßÉfPaohla

;=<oS" Tjqkago wod< w;aoelSï yd olaI;d j¾Okh lr

.ekSug;a foaYmd,k in|;d f.dvk`.d .ekSug;a

yelsfõ' tys m%;sM,hla f,i m%udKd;aulj muKla

fkdj .=Kd;auljo ia;%S-mqreI iu;=,s; ksfhdackhlg

u`. mEfoa'

• kQ;k mrmqf¾ ia;%Ska tn`ÿ kdhl;ajhlska lghq;= l<fyd;a

B,`. mrmqf¾ oshKsjrekaf.a kdhl;aj j¾Okh flfrys

37


tu wdo¾Yh úYd, jYfhka Okd;aul n,mEula lrhs'

th ia;%Ska ms<sn|j iudch ;=< mej;s iïm%odhsl wdl,am

yd w.;s.dó ye`.Sïj, (stereotypes) fjkila i|ydo

n,mdhs' ta u.ska ia;%Skaf.a is;a i;ka ;=<u ;uka ms<sn|j

me<moshï ù mej;s RKd;aul wdl,amo fjkilg

,lafõ' tfiau kQ;k mrmqf¾ foaYmd,k kdhsldjkag

ish w;aoelSï yryd wkd.; mrmqr i|yd lKsIaGhskaj

fm<Uùug;a" Tjqkag .=re yrelï yd Wmfoia ,ndoSug;a

yelshdj ,efí'

mx.= l%uhlg tfrysjo ;¾l .Kkdjla bosßm;a fõ'

• m%cd;ka;%jdoS kHdfha m%Odk uQ,O¾uhla jQ iudkd;au;djh

hk isoaOdka;hg mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSfuka ydks isÿfõ'

th ia;S%kag ,ndfok úfYaI jrm%idohla ksid zziudk

bvm%ia:d yd iudk ;r`.hZZ hk woyig mx.= l%uh

mgyeks fõ'

• m%cd;ka;%jdohg wkqj ish¨u Pkaoodhlhskag iajdëkj

;u Pkaoh mdúÉÑ lsÍfï whs;sh ysñfõ' kuq;a

ue;sjrKhloS ia;%Skag wdik fjka lsÍu u.ska ia;s%hlg

Pkaoh ,nd fokakehs Pkaoodhlhd fj; jl% n,mEula

t,a, fõ' th iudk ksfhdackh hk isoaOdka;hg mgyeks

fõ'

• fndfyda Pkaoodhlhska ue;sjrKhloS Pkao wfmalaIlhdf.a

ia;%S-mqreI njg jvd" kdhl;aj ,laIK" olaI;d" iudc

in|;d yd yelshdjka ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs'

tn`ÿ ;;ajhloS" mx.= l%uhlska ia;%S-mqreI ,sx.sl;ajhg

m%uqL;ajh oSu u.ska wfkl=;a idOl fkdi,ld yeÍula

38

lu,d ,shkf.a

isÿfõ' túg jvd;a fyd|u wfmalaIlhd f;dard .ekSfï

ls%hdj,shg ndOdjla isÿfõ' tlaflda tys§ jvd;au iqÿiq

wfmalaIlhd mfilg ;,a¨ ù hdug bv ;sfí'

• ia;%S ,sx.sl;ajh ksid hï ;SrK .kakd wdh;khlg

ksfhdackh ùfï jrula kS;Hdkql+,j ,ndÿkfyd;a"

thska tu ksfhdað;hd wj;lafiarejlg ke;skï ;SrK

.kakd m%Odk m%jdyfhka (main steram) mfilg ;,a¨ ù

hdfï m%jK;djhla we;s ùug bv ;sfí' tla me;a;lska

wfkla ksfhdað;hskag idfmalaIj tn`ÿ ksfhdað;hskag

;SrK .ekSfï ld¾hg il%Sh whqßka iyNd.S ùfï yelshdj

fyda olaI;djh fkdue;s ùug bv we;' wfkla me;af;ka

mx.= l%uhla ksid f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;hska olaI;d yd

yelshdjka u; f;aÍ m;a fkdùh hk wdl,amh wod<

wdh;k j, wfkla ksfhdað;hska ;=< biau;=ùu ksid

m%Odk ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,ska Tjqkaj fldkaùfï

bvlvlao we;'

• mlaI we;=¿ fjk;a foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=< mdrïmßlju

mqreIhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu ksid Tjqka jrm%ido N=la;s

ú|sk ;;ajhl isà' kuq;a tajdg m%fõY ùug ia;%Skag

kS;Hdkql+, jrula ,ndoSfuka mqreIhka ;=< ia;%Ska flf¾

wukdmhla we;sùfï iïNdú;djh we;sfõ' mqreIhkag

ysñù ;snQ bvm%ia:d" iïm;a yd jrm%ido wysñ fõh hk ìh

fyda ;¾ckh we;sùfuka fomlaIh w;r .egqï we;sùug

mjd bvlv ;sfí' úfYaIfhka mx.= l%uhla hgf;a

ia;%Skag ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ndoSfïoS" ta fjkqfjka

fuf;la mqreIhkag ,ndÿka kdufhdackd m%udKfhka

hï fldgila lmd yeÍug fyda m%;slafIam lsÍug isÿ fõ'

tn`ÿ ;;ajhloS mlaI wNHka;r .egqï mjd Woa.; ùug

39


bv ;sfí'

kuq;a fuu ;¾lj,g ia;%SjdoS foaYmd,k yd iudc

úoHd{hska úiska úúO m%;s;¾l bosßm;a lrkq ,en ;sfí'

iudkd;au;djh hk ixl,amhg wkqj ish¨u mqoa.,hska yd ck

lKavdhïj,g iudk ksoyi yd whs;sh kS;Hdkql+,j muKla

,nd oSfuka iudk m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug fkdyels neõ Tjqkaf.a

u;hhs' ienE iudkd;au;djh oskd .ekSu i|yd m%dfhda.sl

jYfhka iudk bvm%ia:d yd iïm;a o ,ndosh hq;=h' iudch

úiska mdrïmßlju ia;%Skaj .Dyia: fCIa;%hg iSudlr ;eîfuka

Tjqkaj wiudk ;;ajhlg m;alrkq ,en ;sfí' tksid Tjqkag

mqreIhka iu`. iudk foaYmd,k ;r`.hlg m%fõY ùu i|yd

iudk bvm%ia:d ysñ fkdfõ' tfiau iudk iïm;a yd yelshdjka

o Tjqkag fkdue;' m%;sM,j, ienE iudkd;au;djhla we;slr

.ekSug kï fï iEu wxYhlskau ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIh iudk

;;ajhlg f.k wd hq;=h' ta i|yd m%fõYhla f,i os.=l,la

wjdis iy.;j isá lKavdhug" tkï ia;%Skag ;djld,sl

jYfhka lsishï ;,a¨jla ,nd osh hq;=h' oS¾> ld,hla ;siafia

m%Odk m%jdyfhka mfilg ;,a¨ ù isá lKavdhula i|yd

;djld,slj lrkq ,nk tu fm<Uùu ia;%Skag úfYaI jrm%idohla

fyda mqreIhskaf.a whs;Ska Wÿrd .ekSula jkafka ke;' ia;%Skaj

foaYmd,k fCIa;%fhka bj;alr oud" mqreIhska iyuq,skau th

Tjqkag muKla whs;s fCIa;%hla njg m;alrf.k ;sîfuka

b;sydih mqrdu ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï úfYaIfhka ksfhdackhg

we;s whs;sh mqreIhska úiska Wÿrd .ekSula lrkq ,enqKs' tu

ft;sydisl je/oao" jevjiï iudc rgdfjka Tíng .sh kQ;k

,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS iudc rgdjka ;=< ;jÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k

hdug wjYH fkdfõ' ia;%S-mqreI fnÿulska f;drj fm!oa.,sl -

fmdÿ fCIa;% foflau ld¾hhkag ls%hdYS,sj iyNd.sjk ck;djg"

,sx.slj fyda fjk;a fNaohlska f;drj ish¨u foaYmd,k

40

lu,d ,shkf.a

ls%hdldrlïj,g iyNd.s ùfïoS;a iudk bv m%ia:d wksjd¾fhkau

,ndosh hq;=h'

foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjkalr oSu

fndfyda rgj,oS" ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg Pkao fldÜGdY

udrejk wdldrfhka isÿflf¾' WodyrK f,i bkaoshdfõ

mxpdh;s m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, 33'3] la ia;%Skag wdik fjka

lsÍu tla Pkao fldÜGdYhlg iSud fkdfõ' ue;sjrKfhka

ue;sjrKhg ia;%S Pkao fldÜGdY udre fõ' túg jrla ia;%Skag

fjkajQ wdikh B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikhla ke;skï

ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu bosßm;a úhyels wdikhla njg kï

flf¾' fuysoS ia;%shla ksfhdackh jQ fldÜGdYfhka B,`.

ue;sjrKfhaoS mqreIfhla ksfhdackh ùug wksjd¾fhkau bvla

,efí' ck.yKfhka wvla jk ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu túg

ienE ksfhdackhlg bvlv ,efí' tfiau mqreIhska w;ßka

fyd|u wfmalaIlhd f;aÍug fï;dla l,a Pkaoodhlhdg ysñj

;snQ wjia:dj ta whqßkau ia;%Ska w;ßka jvd;a fyd|u wfmalaIsldj

f;dard .ekSug Ndú; lsÍug bv ,efí' th ia;%shla f;dard

.ekSu i|yd Pkaoodhlhl=f.a leue;a; n,y;aldrfhka Wÿrd

.ekSula f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh' ia;%Ska m%udKj;a ixLHdjlg

kdufhdackd ,nd fkdoS" Tjqka ys;du;du ;r`.fhka bj;a fldg"

mqreI wfmalaIlhska muKla ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a lsÍfuka

wo fndfyda rgj,§ isÿjkafkao mqreIhl=g Pkaoh oSu i|yd

Pkaoodhlhdg n,lsÍuls'

ia;%Skag fmrg jvd kdufhdackd ,ndoSfuka foaYmd,k

mlaI ;=< .egqï we;súh yelafla tajdfha wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdohla

fkd;sîu;a" ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh yd fomlaIfhau wjYH;d

ms<sn| m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla mlaI ls%hdldÍkag fkd;sîu;a

ksidh' mqreIhkaf.ka muKla iukaú; jQ" Tjqka muKla

41


odhl;ajh olajk mlaI f,dj lsisÿ iudchl fkdue;' ish¨u

foaYmd,k mlaIj, idudðlhska" ls%hdldÍka" wdOdrlrejka yd

Pkaoodhlhska w;r wksjd¾fhkau ia;%Syqo fj;s' ìï uÜgfï

isg by< uÜgï olajd ish¨u ;SrK .ekSïj,os tu ia;%Skq;a

iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu i|yd kj m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSug isÿfõ

kï th mlaI jHqyfha we;s ÿ¾j,;djhls' ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoS

mlaIhla kï ia;%S-mqreI idudðlhska ieuf.au ksfhdað;hska

;SrK .ekSfïoS iyNd.s lr.; hq;= nj;a" th mlaIhl w;HjYH

wx. ,laIKhla nj;a mdlaIslhskag wjfndaO lr osh hq;=h' úúO

fya;= ksid mlaI ;=< tn`ÿ wx. ,laIK wdrïNfha isg fkdjQfha

kï" tu mlaI kQ;k ,snr,a iudchg .e,fmk mßos ixfYdaOkh

lr .ekSu mlaI kdhl;ajh fukau" idudðl;ajfhao Ndr¥r

j.lSuls' tfyhska mlaIfha wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s u.ska ia;%S-

mqreI fomlaIhgu ;SrK .ekSug iyNd.s úhyels jk whqßka

tys jHQyh fjkia l< hq;=h' ta i|yd mlaIh ;=< iudkd;au;d

m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSu w;HjYH fõ' tfia m%cd;ka;%jdoS m%;sm;a;s

wkq.ukh lsÍfuka" mlaI fmrg jvd ck;djg ióm" ck;d

m%idoh oskd.;a" ia;%S-mqreI ysff;IS (gender - friendly) ;;ajhg

m;aùug we;s bvlv jeäh' wksjd¾fhkau ue;sjrK ;r`.j,oS"

tn`ÿ mlaIj,g jeä jdis w;alr .ekSfï yelshdjo we;'

mx.= l%u Ndú;d fldg f;dard .kakd ia;%Ska foaYmd,kfha

m%Odk m%fõYfhka bj;a ùfï yelshdj we;af;a uQ,sl lreKq

folla ksidh' m<uqjekak" tu ksfhdað;jßhkag ;SrK .kakd

uÜgfïoS ilS%hj lghq;= lsÍug m%udKj;a yelshdjla fkd;sîuhs'

fojekak" Tjqka iu`. tlg lghq;= lrk mqreIhska ta i|yd wjYH

mßirh wehg ,nd fkdoSuhs' ienE ksfhdackhla i|yd fuu

ndOl folu u`.yrjd .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' mx.= l%uh yqfola

kS;shla f,i Ndú; l<hq;= ksid ´kEu ia;s%hl ksfhdackh

i|yd bosßm;a lsÍfuka tys uQ,sl wruqK bgqfkdfõ' ;SrK

42

lu,d ,shkf.a

.kakd uÜgïj,oS M,odhS whqßka lghq;= l< yels ia;%Ska ta i|yd

f;dard .ekSfuka by; i|yka lrk ,o ndOl u`. yrjd .;

yelsh' tfiau iuyr wjia:dj,oS mqreIhkag idfmalaIj" fjkiajQ

wdldrhlska ls%hdlrk ia;s%hla foi" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh flf¾

ixfõoS m%fõYhlska n,d fomlaIhu iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍuo

mx.= l%uhla id¾:l lr.ekSug w;HjYH idOlhla fõ' fuysoS

tfia lghq;= lsÍfï jeo.;alu ms<sn| mqreIhkag oekqj;a njla

yd fyd| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h' Tjqka kùk úhhq;=h' tfia

jqjfyd;a fuu ndOl u`. yrjd f.k mx.= l%uhla u.ska ienE

iy iu;=,s; ksfhdackhla oskd.; yelsh'

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jk mx.= l%uh úiska

iudkd;au;djh hkak tla ixl,amhlska ;j;a ixl,amhlg

udre lsÍula lrkq ,nhs' ke;skï iïNdjH ixl,amhlska

kùk ixl,amhlg udre lrhs' iïNdjH ,snr,ajdohg wkqj

zziudkd;au;djhZZ hkq zziudk bv m%ia:dZZ fyda zz;r`.ldÍ

iudkd;au;djhZZ hk woyia .eíjQ ixl,amhls' ia;%Ska i|yd jQ

ndOd úêu;aj ÿre lsÍu" ke;skï Tjqkag i¾jck Pkao n,h

,nd oSu" fuu iudkd;au;djh oskd .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;a

nj;a" th oskd .ekSfï ld¾h mqoa.,slj ia;%shg mejfrk nj;a

,snr,ajdoSkaf.a u;h úh'

kuq;a miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;siafia ia;%SjdoSka ;¾l

lrkafka fufia úêu;aj ndOl ÿre lsÍfuka muKla ienE

iudkd;au;djh oskd.; fkdyels njhs' ia;%Skaj Rcqju

fjkialï j,g ,laùu;a" ixlS¾K jQ yd ie`.jqKq ndOl /

il n,mEula ksid ia;%shg iudk foaYmd,k ksfhdackhla

oskd.ekSug fkdyels ù we;s nj Tjqkaf.a woyihs' tksid mx.=

l%uh fyda fjk;a idOkSh ls%hdldrlï (positive actions) u.ska

zzm%;sM,j, iudkd;au;djhZZ (equality of results) oskd .;hq;=

43


nj ia;%SjdoSkaf.a ;¾lhhs' iudkd;au;djh iïnkaO fojeks

ixl,amh f,i ie,flk fuu ia;%SjdoS w¾:l;kh" miq.sh

oYl lSmh ;=<oS' ienE iudkd;au;djh i|yd jvd;a wod< tlla

f,i ckms%h fjñka mj;S' fuu ixl,amfhka ir,j m%ldY

jkafka yqfola úêu;a iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s u.ska muKla ienE

iudkd;au;djh oskd .; fkdyelsh' iudk m%;sM, oskd .ekSu

i|yd kï mx.= l%uh jeks jkaos f.ùfï Wml%u y`ÿkajd osh

hq;=h hkakhs (Dahlerup, 1988)' tkï mrïmrd .Kkla ;siafia

foaYmd,k lghq;=j,§ fjkilg ,lajqk ia;%Ska" ta i|yd ;,a¨

lsÍug ;djld,sl úfYaI mshjr y÷kajd Èh hq;= njhs'

mx.= l%u j¾.SlrKh

f,dj rgj,a 97 la muK ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha

j¾Okh i|yd jQ mx.= l%u Ndú; lsÍu uE; oYl lsysmh ;=<oS

wdrïN lr we;' tu mx.= l%u ;=ka wdldr j¾.SlrKhlg hg;a

l< yelsh' tajd kï

i. md¾,sfïka;=j fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha wdik j,ska

lsishï wkqmd;hla kS;Hdkql+,j ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍfï

l%uh (System of Reserved Seats)fï hgf;a ksYaÑ; Pkao fldÜGdY ixLHdjla ke;skï

wdikj,ska lsishï wkqmd;hla ue;sjrK kS;s fyda wdKavql%u

jHjia:dj u.ska ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrhs' tu wkqmd;fhka

m%ldYs; ksfhdað;jßhka ixLHdj Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSu fyda

m;a lsÍu isÿflf¾'

ii. jHjia:dms; mx.= l%uh (Legislative quotas)ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a jk ish¨u foaYmd,k mlaIj,

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska fyda hï foaYmd,k wdh;khlg

f;aÍ m;ajk ksfhdað;hskaf.ka lsishï m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd

44

lu,d ,shkf.a

fjkalsÍu fï hgf;a isÿfõ' ue;sjrK kS;s fyda rfÜ wdKavql%u

jHjia:d kS;sfhka fuu m%;sY;h ia:dms; l< yelsh'

iii. iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh fyda foaYmd,k mlaI mx.= l%uh

(Voluntary quotas or Political party quotas)foaYmd,k mlaIj, jHjia:d u.ska fyda mlaI kS;s

u.ska fyda mlaIj,g n|jd .ekSu i|yd jk ls%hdms<sfj;a u.ska

ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,g iy mlaI ks,OdÍ u`vq,a,g

lsishï ia;%S-mqreI wkqmd;hla we;=<;a úhhq;= hhs kshu lsÍu

fuysoS isÿfõ (Norris: n.d)'

i. jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjkalsÍfï l%uh

oekg f,dj rgj,a 13 la cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=fõ my<

uKav,h i|yd jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjka lsÍfï l%uh

wkq.ukh lrhs' fudfrdlafldaj" fcda¾odkh" nx.,dfoaYh"

mlsia:dkh" fndiaÜjdkd" ;dhsjdka" f,fidaf;da iy gexidkshdj

ta w;r fõ' m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,ska bkaoshdfõ 33'3]" tß;s%hd

30]" f,fidaf;da 30]" rejkavd 30]" ol=Kq wms%ldj 50]" gexidkshd

25]" W.kavd 33]" mlsia:dkh 17'6] yd ms,smSkh 33] l wdik

ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍula tu rgj, wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska

fyda ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska y`ÿkajd oS we; ^j.= wxl( 6&'

fuu m%;sm;a;sh u.ska foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;khg

f;aÍ m;aúh hq;= ia;%Skaf.a wju ixLHdjla kS;Hdkql+,j iy;sl

flf¾' fuysoS ia;%Ska i|yd lsishï m%;sY;hla fjkalrk Pkao

fldÜGdY" ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg udre flf¾' fufia

ia;S%ka i|yd fjka fkdl< wdik fmdÿ wdik f,i ie,flk

w;r" tajdhska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a úh

yelsh'

45


fuu l%uh hgf;a iuyr rgj, jl% Pkao l%uhlska uyck

ksfhdað;jßhka f;darhs' WodyrK jYfhka md¾,sfïka;=jg

Pkaofhka f;dard.;a fmdÿ ksfhdað;hska úiska fjkal< wdik

i|yd ia;%Skaj f;dard .kq ,efí' ;j;a rgj, fjk;a uyck

ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kakd whqßkau fuu wdik i|yd;a idudkH

ue;sjrKhloS ia;%Skaj f;dard .kS' ;j;a rgj, w.ue;s úiska

fyda w.ue;sf.a Wmfoia msg kdñl úOdhlh úiska fyda wod<

mlaIfha kdhlhd úiska fjka l< wdik i|yd ksfhdað;jßhka

f;dard m;alrkq ,nhs'

ksfhdað; wdh;khl isáh hq;= ia;%Skaf.a wju m%;sY;h

fuu l%uh hgf;a kS;Hdkql+, ms<s.ekSulg ,laùu tys we;s

úYd,u jdishhs' tfy;a hï foaYmd,k mlaIhl kdhlhd fyda

w.ue;sjrhd m;a lrk ksfhdað;jßhla m%cd;ka;%jdoSj f;dard

.ekqfka ke; hk wj;lafiarejg fyda fpdaokdjg ,laùugo

fuysoS bv ;sfí' tfiau wod< ksfhdað;jßh ck;dj ksfhdackh

lsÍu fjkqjg ;uka m;al< kdhlhdf.a wjYH;d wkqj lghq;=

lsÍfï iïNdú;djho fuysoS biau;= ùug bv ;sfí' ;jo" wdKavq

mlaIfha Yla;sh ;yjqre lr .ekSug fufia f;dard m;alrk

ksfhdað;jßhka Ndú; lsÍfï bvlvo ;sfí' udkj whs;Ska

ksisf,i N=la;s ú|Sfï bvlv wvq" úOdhlh fj; n,;,

flakaø.; lr.kakd foaYmd,k l%uj, úOdhlfha wjYH;d

i|yd fuu ksfhdað;jßhka fhdod .ekSfï bvlv jeäh'

tfyhska fjkal< wdik i|yd ksfhdað;jßhka m;a lsÍfïoS"

hï uÜgulg iajdëkj lghq;= l< yels" mlaI kdhlhdf.a

w;fld¿jla ù yqfola ta fjkqfjka muKla fmkS fkdisák

ia;%Skaj f;dard .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a fuu

mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu wiSre fõ'

46

lu,d ,shkf.a

ii. jHjia:dms; mx.= l%uh

md¾,sfïka;= fyda m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhlg bosßm;a

jk wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=j,ska fyda tu wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajk

ksfhdað;hska w;=ßka ia;%Ska i|yd wju wkqmd;hla kS;sfhka

ksYaph lsÍu fuu l%ufhka isÿfõ' fuu wkqmd;h fjka lsÍuo

md¾,sfïka;= kS;shla fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka isÿflf¾'

ia;%Ska i|yd muKla fkdj iq¿ ck lKavdhï" ;reKhska yd

my;a hhs iïu; l=, wdosh ksfhdackh i|ydo fuu mx.= l%uh

Ndú; fõ' fn,aðhu" m%xYh yd b;d,sh jeks iuyr hqfrdamd

rgj,;a fmare" wd¾ckaákdj" fulaisfldaj" fjksishq,dj"

fnd,Súhd yd n%iS,h jeks ,;ska weußldkq rgj,a /il;a ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd fuu l%uh Ndú;d flf¾ ^j.= wxl(

7&' md¾,sfïka;= lñgq yd WmfoaYl lñgqj, ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh i|ydo mska,ka;h yd fkda¾fõ jeks rgj,a fuu mx.=

l%uh fhdod .kS'

fuu Wml%ufha id¾:l;ajhg n,mdk lreKq lSmhls' tajd

kï foaYmd,k mlaI bosßm;a lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= újD;

o ke;skï wdjD; o" ue;sjrK wfmalaIl wfmalaIsldjka iudk

wdldrfhka kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j ;=< fm<.iajhso" ke;skï

,ehsia;=fõ my< fkdjeo.;a ia:dkhl wfmalaIsldjka ia:dk.;

lrhso" hï mlaIhla mx.= l%u kS;shg wkqj kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=

ilia fkdl<fyd;a ta i|yd ,efnk o`vqju l=ulao@ hkdosh ta

w;ßka uQ,sl fõ'

iii. iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh

foaYmd,k mlaI j, jHjia:dj u.ska fyda mlaI kS;sÍ;s

u.ska fyda iïm%odhla f,i ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= j,ska

lsishï m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu fuu l%ufhka isÿfõ'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd ue;sjrK iydh i|yd cd;Hka;r wdh;kh

47


(International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assiistance) úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o ia;%Ska i|yd jk mx.= l%uj, f,dal

o;a; tl;=jg (Global Database of Quotas for Women) wkqj

oekg rgj,a 73 l foaYmd,k mlaI 163 la úiska fuu iafõÉPd

mx.= l%uh Ndú; lrkq ,efí (http://www.idea.int/gender/updated_quota.cfm). ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a" ngysr hqfrdamh

yd iuyr ,;ska weußldkq rgj, iafõÉPd mx.= l%u Ndú;

lrhs' kuq;a tajd ls%hd;aul jkafka úúO whqßks' kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j, mqreIfhla" ia;s%hla jYfhka iudkj ia;%S$mqreI

wfmalaIlhska wkqms<sfj,ska ia:dk.; lrk l%uh Zip l%uh

(Zipper System) f,i y`ÿkajhs' fuu l%ufhaoS ue;sjrKfhka

miqj kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ wfmalaIlhska ia:dk .;l<

wkqms<sfj, fjkia lsÍu ;ykï fõ' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,

mlaI /ila úiska Ndú;d lrkq ,nk fuu l%uh jvd;a M,odhs

l%uhla f,i ie,fla' kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= j, my< ia:dkhl

ia;%Ska ia:dk.; lsÍfuka isÿjk wjdish fuysoS u`. yef¾'

tfiau fuu l%uh Ndú;fhaoS hï wfmalaIlhl=g kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=fõ ,ndoS ;snQ ia:dkh ue;sjrKfhka miqj mlaI

kdhl;ajfha leue;a; u; udre l< fkdyelsfõ' ;jo" ia;%S-

mqreI fomlaIhu ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ù ck;d Pkaofhka f;aÍ

m;ajk ksid tu ksfhdað;jßhka wj;lafiarejg ,laùfï bvlv

yd mlaI kdhlhdf.a w;fld¿jla njg m;a ùfï iïNdú;djho

wvqh' tla Pkao fldÜGdYhlska mqreIfhla yd ia;s%hla jYfhka

ksfhdað;hska fofofkla f;dard .ekSfï ksjqka l%uho (Twinned System) iuyr rgj, Ndú; fõ' ;j;a iuyr rgj, mlaI

^mska,ka;h" fkda¾fõ& kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ 60] lg jvd

mqreIhka we;=<;a fkdúh hq;=h hkqfjka kshu lr we;' túg

wksjd¾fhkau b;sß 40] ia;%Ska úhhq;=h' ;j;a rgj, mlaI

úiska" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhka ljr mlaIhlaj;a kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=fjka 60] fkdblauúh hq;= njg ;SrKh lr ;sfí' th

48

lu,d ,shkf.a

ia;%S-mqreI uOHia: mx.= l%uh (Gender-neutral quotas) f,i

y`ÿkajhs'

by; i|yka l< ;=ka wdldr mx.= l%uj,ska l%u folla

iuyr rgj,a Ndú;d lrhs' ;j;a iuyrla tla l%uhla Ndú;d

lrhs' ia;%Ska i|yd jk mx.= l%ufha f,dal o;a; tl;=jg wkqj

f,dj rgj,a 97 l fuu mx.= l%u tlla fyda folla Ndú;d

fõ' thska rgj,a 13 l" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkau ksfhdað;

wdh;kj, wdikj,ska lsishï mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalr

we;' rgj,a 37 la ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska jHjia:dms; mx.= l%u

y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí' rgj,a 73 l mlaI jHjia:d fyda ue;sjrK kS;s

u.ska mx.= l%uh ia:dms; fldg we;' fuu rgj,a 97 ka 20] l

ia;%Ska i|yd kS;sfhka wdik fjkalr ;sfí' 38] l f;aÍ m;ajk

ksfhdað;hska fyda kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska mx.=jla ia;%Skag

fjkalr ;sfí' 61] l kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska mx.=jla mlaI

jHjia:d fyda m%;sm;a;s u.ska ia;%Skag fjkalr oS ;sfí (Pande and Ford, 2011) ^igyk(1 n,kak&'

49


igy

k( 1

f,dj

Ndú

;d jk

mx.

= l%u

mx.

= l%u

j¾.

SlrK

h

úi

a;rh

y`ÿk

ajd ÿk

a mok

u ^w

dKav

q

l%u

jHji

a:dj

" ue;

sjrK

kS;

s" m

laI

m%;

sm;

a;s f

yda

kS;

s&

wfm

alaI

s; m

%;sM,$w

Nsfh

da.

foaY

md,

k

ksfhdað

;

wdh

;k

fha

wdi

k

fjk

alsÍu( hï

wdi

k

m%;sY;hl

a

ia;%Sk

a i|yd

fjk

a lsÍu

ue;

sjrK

fhaoS

ish¨

wdi

kj,sk

a lsishï m

%;sY;hl

a

ia;%S w

fmal

aIl

hsk

a i|yd

muK

la f

jk

a lsÍu' tu

wdi

kj,sk

a ia;%Sk

a muK

la

ksfhdað

;hsk

a f,i w

od<

wdh

;k

hg f

;aÍ m

;afõ' túg

tu w

dik

j, P

kaoo

dhl

hsk

ag

Pk

aoh o

sh y

elafl

a ia;%Sk

ag

muK

s'

k

uq;a f

uu w

dik

ue;

sjrK

fhk

a ue;

sjrK

hg

fjk

ia l

< y

el'

fuu m

x.=j f

jk

a

lsÍu w

dKavql

%u

jHjia:dj

fyda

ue;

sjrK

kS;s u

`.sk

a

isÿ

fl

f¾' ish¨u

ml

aI i

a;%Sk

a i|yd

fjk

al< w

dik

j,g

ia;%S w

fmal

aIl

hsk

af.a

kï m

uK

la w

e;=<;a

kdu

fhdac

kd bosß

m;a

l< h

q;=h'

fuu k

S;sh i

sh¨ m

laIj,g

fmdÿ

fõ' th k

sis f

,i

ls%hd;

aul

l<fyd;

a ia;%S

ksfhdac

kfha i

xLHd;

aul

j¾Ok

hl

a isÿf

õ' k

uq;a

ia;%Sk

ag m

uK

la P

kaoh

fok

f,i P

kaoo

dhl

hdg

n,l

sÍul

a fï l

%uh u

`.sk

a

isÿf

õ h

hs t

hg t

frysj

fpdao

kd k

ef`.

a" ia;%Sk

ag

fjk

al< w

dik

hg"

mqreI

hk

ag P

kao

50

lu,d ,shkf.a

wfmal

aIl

hsk

a f,i

bosß

m;aùu ;

yk

ï l

sÍu

iudk

whs;sjdi

slï

W,a,x>

khl

a f,io

ie,

fl

a' k

uq;a w

fk

la

wdi

kj,sk

a ksfhdac

kh j

k

nyq;rh

ksiel

ju

mqreI

hk

a ùu k

sid hï

wdh

;k

hl

iuia;

ksfhdac

kfhaoS

th

mqreI

hk

ag w

jdi

s iy.;j

n, f

kdm

dhs' ia;%Sk

ag j

rla

fjk

a l< w

dik

h B

,`.

ue;

sjrK

fhaoS

ia;%S-m

qreI

fom

laIhg f

mdÿ

wdi

khl

a

lsÍf

uk

a fuu w

jdi

sh u

`.

yef

¾'

51


wdi

k f

jk

a

lsÍu - l

sishï

wdi

k

ixL

Hdj

lsk

a

ia;%S-m

qreI

ksfhdað

;hsk

a

fof

ofk

la

Pk

aofhk

a

f;dar

d .ek

Su

fuysoS

Pk

aoodh

lhdg

Pk

ao 2

la y

sñfõ' tajd tl

a

wfmal

aIl

hl

= yd

wfmal

aIsl

djl

fjk

qfjk

a

mdú

ÉÑ l

< h

q;=h' fuysoS

jeä

u

Pk

ao ,nd .;a m

qreI

hd yd

ia;s%h k

sfhdað

;hsk

a f,i

f;dar

d m;a f

lf¾'

ue;

sjrK

kS;sfhk

a

fuu w

dik

fjk

a

fl

f¾'

fjk

alrk

,o

wdi

kj,

ia;%S-m

qreI

iudk

ksfhdac

khl

a we;

s ùfuk

a

iuia; k

sfhdac

khg

n,mEu

la i

sÿfõ' tfyhsk

a

ksfhdac

khg w

e;s i

u

whs;sh ;

yqjre

fõ' k

uq;a

hï w

dik

hl

ia;%Sk

a w;ßk

a

jeä

u P

kao

,nd.

;a

wfmal

aIsl

djg j

vd jeä

Pk

ao ,nd .;a

wfmal

aIl

fhl

= isáhfyd;

a

th n

yq;r

leu

e;a; h

k

ixl

,amhg m

gyek

s hhs

iuyre

;¾l

lr;

s' tfy;a

ia;%Sk

a mdr

ïmßl

ju

wjdi

siy.; ;

;ajhl

g m

;a

ù i

sàu k

sid Tjqk

aj t

hsk

a

uqoj

d .ek

Sug f

un`ÿ

;dj

ld,

sl k

S;s w

jYH f

õ'

52

lu,d ,shkf.a

k

sYaÑ; w

dik

ixL

Hdj

la

fjk

a lsÍu(

mrdð

;hk

a

w;ßk

a fyda

jeä

u P

kao

,en

Q

wfmal

aIsl

djk

a

ixL

Hdj

f;dar

d

.ek

Su

foaY

md,

k k

sfhdað

;

wdh

;k

fha w

dik

20

la

ia;%Sk

ag f

jk

a lf<a k

ï t

u

ixL

Hdj

mqreI

hk

ag j

vd jeä

Pk

ao ,en

Q fyda fk

d,en

Q

wfmaCI

lhsk

a w;ßk

a f;aÍu'

fuysoS

ia;%Sk

a i|yd wdi

k

fjk

a fk

fl

frk

w;r

foaY

md,

k w

dh;k

;=<

ksfhdað

;jßhk

a fumuK

ixL

Hdj

la i

sáh h

q;=h h

k

wjuh k

shu f

lf¾' f

uysoS

ish¨u w

dik

j,sk

a jeä

u P

kao

,en

Q ia;%Sk

a w;=ßk

a 20

f;dar

d

.ef

ka' iuyr ú

g t

fia f

;aÍ

m;ajqk

ia;%Sk

ag j

vd jeä

Pk

ao

,nd .;a m

qreI

hk

a hï h

ï

wdi

kj, i

sáho

Tjqk

aj f

;dar

d

fk

d.ef

ka'

wdK

avql

%u j

Hjia:dj

fyda ue;

sjrK

kS;sfhk

a ia:dm

s;

fl

f¾'

fuu l

%ufhk

a ia;%S

ksfhdac

kfha i

xLHd;

aul

j¾Ok

hl

a isÿf

õ' k

uq;a

nyq;r l

eue;

a; f

kdi

,l

d

yef

¾ h

k f

pdao

kdj

thg

tfrysjo

kef

`.a'

53


wdi

k f

jk

a

lsÍu(

ksfhdað

;jßh

ka j

l%

Pk

aohl

a u`.

ska

f;dar

d .ek

Su

fyda m;a l

sÍu

hï f

oaYmd,

k w

dh;k

hl

ksfhdac

kfhk

a ksYaÑ;

m%;sY;hl

a ia;%Sk

a i|y

d fjk

a

lr

Tjqk

aj j

l% P

kao

l%uhl

ska

f;aÍu' Wod

( jHjia:do

dhl

hg

Pk

aofhk

a f;dar

d .k

akd

ksfhdað

;hsk

af.a j

eä

Pk

aofhk

a f;aÍu

" k

e;sk

ï

ia;%Sk

af.a k

ï w

e;=<;a" l

,sk

a

iïmdo

s; ú

fYaI f

lá

,eh

sia;=jl

ska c

kdê

m;sjrh

d

fyda k

dñl

úOdh

lh ú

isk

a

ksfhdað

;jßh

ka f

;dar

d m;a

lr.

kq ,

eîu

wdK

avql

%u j

Hjia:dj

fyda ue;

sjrK

kS;s

u`.

ska i

a:dm

s; f

lf¾'

ksfhdað

;jßh

ka

ixL

Hdj

yd Tjqk

a

f;dar

d .k

akd fyda

m;al

rk w

dldr

h;a"

m;a l

sÍfï n

,h y

sñ

mqoa.

,hd fyda

uK

av,h m

s<sn|j

;a

kS;sfhk

a ksYaÑ;j

m%l

dY f

lf¾'

fuu l

%ufhk

a ia;%S

ksfhdac

kfha j

¾Ok

hl

a

wk

sjd¾

fhk

au i

sÿfõ' k

uq;a

fuu k

sfhdað

;jßh

ka

ien

úk

au i

a;%Sk

af.a

wjYH;d k

sfhdac

kh

lrh

so" k

e;sk

ï m

laIh

fyda Tjqk

aj m

;a l

rk

mqoa.

,hdf

.a w

;fl

d¿ n

jg

m;afõo

hk

.eg

¨j f

uysoS

u;=fõ' ;jo" m

laIh f

yda

wod

< m

qoa.,hdg

iïnk

aO

m%N+ i

a;%Sk

a m;aùug w

e;s

bvl

v o

fuys§

jeä

h'

tfiau j

l% w

hqßk

a f;dar

d

.;a f

yda m;al

< i

a;%Sk

a

ksid fuu

ksfhdað

;jßh

kaj

wj;l

afiarej

g ,

laùugo

bv ;

sfí

54

lu,d ,shkf.a

ue;

sjrK

kdu

fhdac

kd

,eh

sia;=j,sk

a

lsishï

wk

qmd;

hl

a

ia;%Sk

a i|yd

fjk

alsÍu$k

ï

we;

=<;a l

sÍfï

wk

qms<sfj,l

a

kshu

fk

dlsÍu

iEu

foaY

md,

k m

laIhl

skau

ue;

sjrK

hg b

osßm;a l

rk

kdu

fhdac

kd ,eh

sia;=j,g

ia;%Sk

a ksYaÑ; w

kqmd;

hl

a

we;

=<;a l

<hq;= h

hs k

shu

lsÍu' k

uq;a t

u i

a;%Sk

af.a k

ï

kdu

fhdac

kd ,eh

sia;=fõ l

jr

whqßk

a ia:dk

.; l

< h

q;=o"

fyda tu i

a:dk

.; l

sÍfï

wk

qms<sfj, m

s<sn|j f

yda l

sisÿ

kshuhl

a tu k

S;sfhk

a m%l

dY

fk

dfõ' fuysoS

újD;

kdu

fhdac

kd ,eh

sia;= l

%uh

Ndú

; f

lf¾'

ue;

sjrK

kS;s u

`.sk

a

ish¨u m

laIj,g

n,mdk

kS;shl

a f,i

fuu k

shuh i

a:dm

s;

l< y

elsh' tfiau

ml

aI w

NHk

a;r

m%;sm;a;s u

`.sk

ao wod

<

ml

aIh i

|yd tn`ÿ

kshuhl

a mek

úh

yel

sh' ;jo" m

laI

;SrK

hl

a u;

iïm%od

hl

a f,io

fuu l

%uh w

kq.uk

h

l< y

elsh'

fuu l

%uhg w

kqj

ue;

sjrK

fhaoS

tl

u

wdi

khg i

a;%S-m

qreI

fom

laIhgu b

osßm;a ú

h

yel

sh' tysoS

iïm%od

hsl

fya;= k

sid mqreI

hk

ag

idf

mal

aIj" ia;%Sk

a wjdi

s iy.; ;

;ajhl

isák

fyhsk

a ia;%Sk

af.a

ch.ek

Sfï i

ïNdú

;dj

h

wvqúh y

elsh' tfyhsk

a ia;%Sk

af.a k

sfhdac

kh

j¾Ok

h i

|yd fuu

l%ufhk

a isÿj

k n

,mEu

wvqh' k

uq;a w

vq j

Yfhk

a ue;

sjrK

hg b

osßm;a ù

fï

wjia:dj

fyda ia;%Sk

ag

,eî

u k

sid Tjqk

ag ,

efnk

foaY

md,

k w

;aoe

lSï

os.=l

d,Sk

j M

,od

hS ú

h

yel

sh'

55


ue;

sjrK

kdu

fhdac

kd

,eh

sia;=j,sk

a

lsishï

wk

qmd;

hl

a

ia;%Sk

a i|y

d

fjk

a lsÍu -

ia;%S-m

qreI

kï

we;

=<;a ú

hhq;=

wk

qms<sfj,

ms<sn|

kS;sfhk

a

m%l

dY ù

u

foaY

md,

k m

laI ú

isk

a bosß

m;a

lrk

q ,nk

kdu

fhdac

kd

,eh

sia;=j, m

qreI

fhl

a-ia;s%hl

a-

mqreI

fhl

a hk

wk

qms<sfj,g

50] n

e.sk

a ia;%S-m

qreI

fom

laIhgu f

nfok

whqßk

a

fuysoS

kï w

e;=<;a f

lf¾'

fuh z

ippe

r yd z

ebra

l%u

f,io

y`ÿk

ajhs' ;jo" k

du

fhdac

kd ,eh

sia;=j,sk

a 30]

la

fjk

a lsÍuo

l< y

elsh' tysoS

,eh

sia;=fõ ;

=kajek

akd"

yhjek

akd"

kjjek

akd ia;s%hl

a

úhhq;=hs k

shu f

lfrk

wjia:do

;sfí' k

dufhdac

kd

,eh

sia;=fõ k

ï i

a:dk

.; l

<

wk

qms<sfj, u

e;sjrK

fhk

a

miqj f

jk

ia l

< f

kdy

elsh'

fuh w

djD;

kdu

fhdac

kd

,eh

sia;= f

,i y

e|sk

afõ'

ue;

sjrK

kS;s f

yda

ml

aI w

NHk

a;r

m%;sm;a;s u

`.sk

a fuu

l%uh y

`ÿk

ajd osh

yel

sh' ml

aI

iïm%od

hl

a f,io

fuu l

%uh N

dú; l

<

yel

sh'

wdi

k f

jk

a lsÍu

yd

iioo

aoS fuu l

%uh i

xlS¾K

núk

a wvqh' ia;%S-m

qreI

fom

laIhgu i

udk

bvm%ia:dj

la

kdu

fhdac

kdj

,sk

a ,ef

nk

ksid tl

sfk

ldf

.a y

elshd

wk

qj P

kao

oskd .ek

Sug

bv ,

efí' k

dufhdac

kd

,eh

sia;=fõ k

ï

ue;

sjrK

fhk

a miqj

fjk

ia l

sÍfï y

elshdj

fk

due;

s ksid ú

jD;

,eh

sia;= l

%uhg j

vd ia;%Sk

a

ksfhdac

kh ù

fï

iïNdú

;dj

h j

eäh'

56

lu,d ,shkf.a

ia;%S ksfhdackh jvd;a M,odhS ùug n,mdk idOl

mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSfuka muKla M,odhS ia;%S

ksfhdackhla fõ hhs wfmalaId l< fkdyelsh' ia;%S ksfhdackh

yryd" ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh jk whqßka ienE fjkila

we;s lsÍu i|yd mx.= l%uhg wu;r fjk;a idOl .Kkdjlao

n,mdhs' foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;kh ls%hd;aul jk foaYmd,k

ikao¾Nh" f;aÍ m;ajk ia;%Ska ixLHdj" tu ia;%Skaf.a iajNdjh iy

foaYmd,k n, ;r`.hg wod< kS;sÍ;s" iïm%odhka" jHjydrhka"

wúêu;a ls%hdldrlï" tu wdh;k ls%hd;aul jk wdldrh iy

foaYmd,k l%uh ms<sn| iudcfha mj;sk wdl,am" wfmalaId"

idrO¾u yd úYajdi wdosh fï w;ßka m%Odk fõ' ;jo" ksfhdað;

wdh;k ;=< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrk ls%hdj,sh" Y%uh

fnfok wdldrh" wdh;k jHQyh yd OQrdj,Ska" úkh" wNHka;r

in|;d" mj;sk iïm;a yd ia;%Ska i|yd jk myiqlï wdosho ia;%S

ksfhdackh M,odhS ùug n,mdhs'

ia;%S ksfhdackh u.ska ia;%Skaf.a;a" foaYmd,k wdh;kj,;a"

rfÜ;a mj;sk ;;ajfha fjkila wfmalaId lrkafka kï

ksfhdað;jßhka fuu idOl ish,a,u ms<sn| ukdj wOHhkh

fldg tajd ms<sn| fyd|ska oekqj;a úh hq;=h' tfiau tu

wdh;kj,g wod< kS;s" m%;sm;a;s" jHjydrhka yd iïm%odhka

wdosh ksis whqßka Ndú; l< hq;=h' tfiau wjYH wjia:dj,oS

tajd fjkia l< hq;=h' tn÷ fjkila we;s lsÍu i|yd i;r

wdldrhl Wml%u Ndú; l< yelsh'

mx.= l%uhla u.ska ia;%Ska m%udKj;a ixLHdjla ;SrK

.kakd wdh;kj,g ksfhdackh ùfuka m%udKd;aul fjkila

isÿù wdh;kfha jHQyd;aul fjkila muKla isÿfõ' th

.=Kd;aul fjkila njg m;a lsÍug wjYH kï fï i;rdldr

57


Wml%uo wksjd¾fhkau Ndú;d l< hq;=h' (Lovenduski and Karam, 1998)4

i. wdh;kd;aul $ ls%hdmámdàkays fjkialï

ksfhdað; wdh;kh ;=< jvd;a ia;%S ysff;IS (women-friendly) iajNdjhla" ke;skï tn`ÿ mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug

wod< mshjr .ekSu fuysoS l< hq;=fõ' fmdÿfõ foaYmd,k

wdh;kj, iajNdjh mqreI flakaøSh fõ' th fjkia lsÍu

w;HjYHh' wdh;kfha úúO ls%hdmámdàkag ia;%Skaj wka;¾

.%yKh lr.ekSu i|yd úúO úêu;a fukau wúêu;a Wml%uo

Ndú; l< hq;=h' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh flf¾ wdh;kfha

ish¨u ksfhdað;hska ;=< ixfõoS njla we;s lsÍu i|yd jk

mqyqKq jevigyka ls%hd;aul lsÍuo w;HjYHh' úYaùh jYfhka

ia;%Ska tla fmdÿ lKavdhula fkdjk nj;a" ck j¾.h" j¾Kh"

l=,h" wd.u" jhi" mx;sh yd YdÍßl yelshdjka u; Tjqka

w;ro mqreIhkag iudk whqßka fjkialï mj;sk nj;a" wod<

wdh;kfha ksfhdað;hskag wjfndaO ùug ;rï m%udKj;a ixfõoS

njla Tjqka ;=< cks; l< hq;=h'

ii. ksfhdackfha fjki

mx.= l%ufhka ksfhdackh i|yd m%fõYh ,o ia;%Skaj

Wkkaÿ lsÍu" fcaHIaG ksfhdað;hska u.ska .=reyrelï yd Wmfoia

,ndoSu" ue;sjrK kS;s fjkia fldg ;r`.fhaoS iudk bvlv

,ndoSfï ;;ajhka ks¾udKh lsÍu yd ksfhdað; wdh;k ;=<g

ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh wruqKq lr.;a kS;s fr.=,dis y`ÿkajd

oSu wdosh yryd ia;%S ksfhdackh wdrlaId lsÍug" ;yjqre lsÍug

yd jHdma; lsÍug wod< lghq;= l< hq;=h' ;jo" md¾,sfïka;=

ia:djr lñgq yd Wm lñgq iy mlaIj, lD;HdêldÍ uKav,"

4 fuu mßÉfPaofha wka;¾.; lreKqj,g uQ,sl jYfhka mokï jQfha

Lovenduski yd Karam, (1998) f.a woyiah'

58

lu,d ,shkf.a

mlaI l%shdldß lñgq ke;skï mCI fldali (caucus) jeks

oE i|yd ia;%Skaj f;dard .ekSfukao fuu fjkig u`. mEfoa'

md¾,sfïka;=j fyda fjk;a ksfhdað; wdh;khlg f;areKq ia;%Ska

fjku ixiohla msysgqjd" tu.ska ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okhg yd

ksfhdackh jeä lsÍug wod< lghq;= lsÍu;a" wfkHdkH jYfhka

Wmldr lrñka Tjqkaf.a lghq;= id¾:l lr.ekSug úúO Wml%u

Ndú;d lsÍu;a fuysoS jeo.;a fõ'

iii. ksuejqï i|yd n,mEufuhska woyia jkafka ksfhdað; wdh;kj,ska iïmdokh

lrk kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ia;%SlrKhlg ,la lsÍuhs' WodyrK

jYfhka jHjia:dodhlfhka fi!LH m%;sm;a;shla iïmdokh

lrkafka kï ia;%S-mqreI wjYH;d u; th ieliSu" tys m%;s,dN

fomd¾Yjhgu ,efnk wdldrfhka ie,iqï lsÍu yd th

ls%hd;aul lsÍug fomd¾Yjhu iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu jeks oE i|yd

ksfhdað;jßhka n,mEï l< hq;=h' Tjqka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh

flf¾ jvd ixfõoSj fjk;a ksfhdað;hskao fmd<Ujd f.k ia;%S-

mqreI iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s wdrïN lsÍug" wka wh bosßm;a

lrk mK;aj,g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh wka;¾.; lsÍug yd

mqreI uQ,sl m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsÍug uQ,sl;ajh .; hq;=h' wod<

wdh;kj, kHdh m;%" yd jev ie,iqï ;=<g ia;%Skag iïnkaO

lreKq we;=,;a lsÍug" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau wjYH;d wkqj

whjeh iïmdokhg yd iïm;a iunrj fjka lsÍug fuu

ksfhdað;jßhka n,mEï l< hq;=h' tu kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s wdosh

ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fõoehs ksÍlaIKh lsÍug;a" tajd we.hSulg

,lafldg ÿ¾j,;d u`. yrjd .ekSug;a ksfhdað;jßhka uQ,sl;ajh

.; hq;=h' kS;s iïmdokh" whjeh lrKh yd mßmd,kh hkdosh

ia;%S-ysff;IS úhhq;= nj Tjqka wjOdrKh l< hq;=h' mx.= l%uhla

hgf;a f;dard .kakd ksfhdað;jßhka tfia lghq;= fkdl<fyd;a

wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul fjki isÿfkdfõ'

59


iv. l;sldjf;a fjkifoaYmd,kh ms<sn| l;sldj;" ksfhdað; wdh;kh fyda

mlaIh ;=< fukau thska msg;;a fjkilg ,lal< hq;=h' ta i|yd

ksfhdað;jßhkag úYd, j.lSula mejf¾' ksfhdað; wdh;kfha

úkh" ikaksfõokh" Ndú;d lrk NdIdj yd yeisfrk wdldrh

wdosfhys mqreI flakaøSh ;;ajhka fjkia lsÍug ksfhdað;jßhka

lghq;= l<hq;=h' ;¾ckh" m%pKav;ajh" ¥IKh jeks foaYmd,khg

Rcqj iïnkaO oE fjkqjg ia;%Ska" <uqka" mSvdjg m;ajQjka wdoSkaf.a

wjYH;d" iqNidOkh yd fjk;a ld,Sk iudc yd wd¾Ól m%Yak

ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrñka foaYmd,kh ms<sn| ck;dj ;=<

we;s RKd;aul wdl,am fjkilg ,la lsÍug ksfhdað;jßhka

lghq;= l< hq;=fõ' md¾,sfïka;= ieisjdrj, woyia oelaùu"

mK;a bosßm;a lsÍu" whjeh" újdohg iyNd.S ùu yd ldrl

iNd lñgqj,g odhl ùu jeks lghq;=j,oS ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak yd

wjYH;d ms<sn| iuia; wdh;kfhau wjOdkh oskd .ekSugo

Tjqka lghq;= l< hq;=h' ksfhdað; wdh;kfhka mßndysr m%isoaO

foaYk" idlÉPd" wdrdê; W;aij yd udOH jevigyka wdosfhaoS;a

ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak úi|Su i|yd foaYmd,kh ;=< ia;%Skau ksfhdackh

ùfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsÍu w;HjYHh' ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k

kdhl;ajh yd yelshd ms<sn| ck;dj oekqj;a lrùug fukau

ia;%S iyNd.s;ajfhka foaYmd,kfha lsishï Okd;aul fjkila

isÿfõ hhs idlaIs iys;j fmkajd oSug ksfhdað;jßhka mshjr

.; hq;=h' ta yryd zzfoaYmd,khZZ fukau zzia;%S iyNd.s;ajhZZ

ms<sn| jk ixjdo fyda l;sldj, l%ñl fjkilg u`. mEfoa'

th hï iudchl ia;S%kaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okhg muKla fkdj

foaYmd,kh ms<sn| ck;dj ;=< we;s RKd;aul wdl,am yd mlaI

foaYmd,kfha ¥Is;" ;r`.ldÍ iy zzms<sl=,a iy.;ZZ iajNdjh hï

fjkilg ,la lsÍugo ksielju fya;=N+; jkq we; ^igyk( 2

yd 3 n,kak&'

60

lu,d ,shkf.a

igy

k( 2

ia;

%Skaf.

a ien

E k

sfhdac

kh

g n

,m

dk i

dOl

i. wdh

;k

d;aul

yd

ls%hdm

ámdà

kaf.a f

jk

i

ia;%S-m

qreI

iudc

Ndj

h m

s<sn| o

ekqj;a l

sÍï y

ryd k

sfhdað

;

wdh

;k

h j

vd;

a ia;%S-y

sff;IS ;

;ajhl

g m

;a l

sÍu'

ii.

ksfhdac

kfha f

jk

i

ksfhdað

;jßhk

af.a m

%fõYh j

vd;

a ;yjqre l

sÍu y

d jHdm

a; l

sÍu -

ksfhdað

;jßhk

a Wk

kaÿ

lsÍu" ;k

;=re ,nd oSu

" ue;

sjrK

m%pdr

Khg W

ml

dr l

sÍu" idO

drK

ue;

sjrK

kS;s y

`ÿk

ajd oSu

" ia;%S-

mqreI

iudk

d;au;d k

S;s y

d m%;sm;a;s y

`ÿk

ajd oSu

iii.

ksuej

qu i

|yd n,mEu

k

S;s y

d m%;sm;a;s i

ïmdo

kh i

a;%Sl

rK

h l

sÍu-i

a;%Sk

af.a m

%Yak

yd

wjYH;d ms<sn| w

jOdk

h f

hdu

q lsÍu

iv.

l;sl

dj $

ixj

doh

ia;%S m

%fõYhl

ska f

oaYmd,

kh f

oi n

e,Su - i

a;%S i

yNd.

S;ajh m

s<sn|

ck

;d wdl

,am f

jk

il

g ,

la l

sÍusg l

ghq;= l

sÍu

uQ,dY

%h(

Love

ndus

ki a

nd K

aram

, 199

8

61


igy

k( 2

ia;

%Skaf.

a ien

E k

sfhdac

kh

g n

,m

dk i

dOl

i. wdh

;k

d;aul

yd

ls%hdm

ámdà

kaf.a f

jk

i

ia;%S-m

qreI

iudc

Ndj

h m

s<sn| o

ekqj;a l

sÍï y

ryd k

sfhdað

;

wdh

;k

h j

vd;

a ia;%S-y

sff;IS ;

;ajhl

g m

;a l

sÍu'

ii.

ksfhdac

kfha f

jk

i

ksfhdað

;jßhk

af.a m

%fõYh j

vd;

a ;yjqre l

sÍu y

d jHdm

a; l

sÍu -

ksfhdað

;jßhk

a Wk

kaÿ

lsÍu" ;k

;=re ,nd oSu

" ue;

sjrK

m%pdr

Khg W

ml

dr l

sÍu" idO

drK

ue;

sjrK

kS;s y

`ÿk

ajd oSu

" ia;%S-

mqreI

iudk

d;au;d k

S;s y

d m%;sm;a;s y

`ÿk

ajd oSu

iii.

ksuej

qu i

|yd n,mEu

k

S;s y

d m%;sm;a;s i

ïmdo

kh i

a;%Sl

rK

h l

sÍu-i

a;%Sk

af.a m

%Yak

yd

wjYH;d ms<sn| w

jOdk

h f

hdu

q lsÍu

iv.

l;sl

dj $

ixj

doh

ia;%S m

%fõYhl

ska f

oaYmd,

kh f

oi n

e,Su - i

a;%S i

yNd.

S;ajh m

s<sn|

ck

;d wdl

,am f

jk

il

g ,

la l

sÍusg l

ghq;= l

sÍu

uQ,dY

%h(

Love

ndus

ki a

nd K

aram

, 199

8

igy

k( 3

ksfh

dack

h y

ry

d i

a;%Sk

ag l

<y

els n

,m

Eu

w

dh;

kd;

aul

$ls%h

dmámdà

ka y

d k

sfhdac

kfh

a fjk

i

ksuej

qï i

|y

d n

,m

Eu i

y l

;sl

dj;

kS;

s fr.

=,di

s

iïm%odh

ka w

doS o

E

bf.

k .

ekSu $

tajd ms<sn| f

yd|

wjfndaO

hl

a ,nd

.ek

Su

fmry

qre

yd mqy

qKq j

evigy

kaj,g i

yN

d.s

ùu ^k

sfhdað

; w

dh;

kfha k

S;s f

r.

=,di

s"

iïm%odh

ka" mK

;a b

osßm;

a lsÍu" idl

ÉPdj

,g

iy

Nd.

s ùu w

dos o

E&

m%isoaO f

oaY

k" M,odh

S ik

aksfõok

h" ;

SrK

.k

akk

ag n

,mEï

lsÍu" oek

qj;

a lsÍu w

dosh

ms<sn| b

f.

kSu

ia;

S% ixú

Odk

iu`.

in|;

d $

cd,

.;

ùu

fcaHI

aGhsk

af.

ka W

mfoia" .

=rey

rel

ï ,

nd

.ek

Su

udO

H y

eisrùfï w

jfndaO

h ,

nd .

ekSu

ia;

%Ska h

ul

a foi n

,k

wdl

drh y

d

ia;

S%kaf.

a m%Y

ak y

d fmdÿ

m%Y

ak w

;r

we;

s fjk

i y

e|sk

.ek

Su

udO

H" c

d;sl

yd cd;

Hka;

r i

xúOdk

iu`.

in|;

d

foaY

md,

k l

;sl

dj,g ,

sx.fN

aoh y

d

ia;

%S-mqreI

iudc

Ndj

h i

ïnk

aO l

reK

q

wk

a;¾.

; l

sÍu

úúO l

ñgq ;

=< ^whjeh

" wdr

laIl

wdo

S&

ia;

%S ksfhdac

kh

foaY

md,

k j

Yfhk

a t;

rï j

eo.

;a

fk

dfõ h

hs i

uy

re

i,l

k l

ñgqj,

^ldk

a;d l

ghq;

=" <ud" .

%du i

xj¾Ok

wdo

S& we;

s iudÔ

h j

eo.

;al

u

wjOdr

Kh l

sÍu

62

lu,d ,shkf.a

kS;

s fr.

=,di

s

Ndú

;h

k

sfhdað

; w

dh;

k f

yda ml

aI ;

=<g i

a;%Sk

ao

f;

dard m;

alsÍu" ia;

s%hl

g P

kaoh o

Sfï

jeo

.;

alu w

jOdr

Kh l

sÍu

m%Odk

;k

;=rej

, i

a;%Sk

a fk

disàu m

s<sn|

wjOdk

h f

hdu

q lsÍu

l

ñgqj, l

d¾hk

ag j

eä o

dhl

;ajh

ia;

%S lghq;

= ms<sn| w

ud;

HxY

" y

d cd;

sl l

ñgq

jek

s wdh

;k

msy

sgqùug n

,mEï

lsÍu - i

a;%S-

mqreI

iudk

d;au;

djh o

skd .

ekSug w

od<

;k

;=re

y`ÿk

ajd oSu

hï h

ï w

dh;

kj, j

HQyhk

a fjk

ia l

sÍu

u.

ska i

a;%Sk

a tajdg

we;

=,;

a lr .

ekSu

idl

ÉPd" j

do ú

jdo

j,oS i

;=re

ú,dY

hl

ska

fk

dj" m%cd;

ka;

%jdo

Sj y

d ;

¾l

dkql

+,j w

od<

lreK

jvd;

a ta;

a;= .

ekaúh y

els w

hqßk

a

bosßm;

a lsÍfï m

qyqK

qj $

yel

shdj

,nd .

ekSu

wdh

;k

fha k

Hdh m

;%" jev

ms<sfj,a y

d

my

iql

ï w

dosh i

a;%S-m

qreI

foml

aIfhau

wjY

H;dj

,g .

e,fmk

whqßk

a

iel

iSug n

,mEï

lsÍu'

^Wod( /

iaùu m

j;

ajk

ld,

h" ia;

%Skag

wjY

H my

iql

ï" iïm;

a wdo

sh&

ia;

%Skaf.

a m%Y

ak m

s<sn| c

k;

d woy

ia

úuiSu - w

dKavqj f

yda fjk

;a ;

SrK

.k

akd uÜgïj,oS t

u w

oy

ia b

osßm;

a

lrñk

a ia;

%Skaf.

a m%Y

ak ú

i|Sug w

od<

kS;

s$m%;

sm;

a;s y

`ÿk

ajd oSug u

Q,sl

;ajh

.ek

Su'

ia;

%Ska w

kq.

%y o

lajk

mK

;a f

jk

qfjk

a

lreK

q bosßm;

a lsÍu y

d tu

idl

ÉPdj

,g i

l%Sh f

,i i

yN

d.s ù

u'

tn`ÿ m

K;

a bosßm;

a lroaoS t

ajdg

wod<

f;

dr;

=re k

sfhdað

;jrek

ago b

osßm;

a

lr T

jqk

a iu`.

in|;

d

f.

dvk

e`.Su$m

K;

a iïu;

lr .

ekSfïoS

Tjqk

af.

a iy

dh ,

nd.

ekSu

ia;

%Ska u

qyqqK

q fok

fmdÿ

m%Y

ak ^,sx.

sl

63


kS;

s fr.

=,di

s

Ndú

;h

k

sfhdað

; w

dh;

k f

yda ml

aI ;

=<g i

a;%Sk

ao

f;

dard m;

alsÍu" ia;

s%hl

g P

kaoh o

Sfï

jeo

.;

alu w

jOdr

Kh l

sÍu

m%Odk

;k

;=rej

, i

a;%Sk

a fk

disàu m

s<sn|

wjOdk

h f

hdu

q lsÍu

l

ñgqj, l

d¾hk

ag j

eä o

dhl

;ajh

ia;

%S lghq;

= ms<sn| w

ud;

HxY

" y

d cd;

sl l

ñgq

jek

s wdh

;k

msy

sgqùug n

,mEï

lsÍu - i

a;%S-

mqreI

iudk

d;au;

djh o

skd .

ekSug w

od<

;k

;=re

y`ÿk

ajd oSu

hï h

ï w

dh;

kj, j

HQyhk

a fjk

ia l

sÍu

u.

ska i

a;%Sk

a tajdg

we;

=,;

a lr .

ekSu

idl

ÉPd" j

do ú

jdo

j,oS i

;=re

ú,dY

hl

ska

fk

dj" m%cd;

ka;

%jdo

Sj y

d ;

¾l

dkql

+,j w

od<

lreK

jvd;

a ta;

a;= .

ekaúh y

els w

hqßk

a

bosßm;

a lsÍfï m

qyqK

qj $

yel

shdj

,nd .

ekSu

wdh

;k

fha k

Hdh m

;%" jev

ms<sfj,a y

d

my

iql

ï w

dosh i

a;%S-m

qreI

foml

aIfhau

wjY

H;dj

,g .

e,fmk

whqßk

a

iel

iSug n

,mEï

lsÍu'

^Wod( /

iaùu m

j;

ajk

ld,

h" ia;

%Skag

wjY

H my

iql

ï" iïm;

a wdo

sh&

ia;

%Skaf.

a m%Y

ak m

s<sn| c

k;

d woy

ia

úuiSu - w

dKavqj f

yda fjk

;a ;

SrK

.k

akd uÜgïj,oS t

u w

oy

ia b

osßm;

a

lrñk

a ia;

%Skaf.

a m%Y

ak ú

i|Sug w

od<

kS;

s$m%;

sm;

a;s y

`ÿk

ajd oSug u

Q,sl

;ajh

.ek

Su'

ia;

%Ska w

kq.

%y o

lajk

mK

;a f

jk

qfjk

a

lreK

q bosßm;

a lsÍu y

d tu

idl

ÉPdj

,g i

l%Sh f

,i i

yN

d.s ù

u'

tn`ÿ m

K;

a bosßm;

a lroaoS t

ajdg

wod<

f;

dr;

=re k

sfhdað

;jrek

ago b

osßm;

a

lr T

jqk

a iu`.

in|;

d

f.

dvk

e`.Su$m

K;

a iïu;

lr .

ekSfïoS

Tjqk

af.

a iy

dh ,

nd.

ekSu

ia;

%Ska u

qyqqK

q fok

fmdÿ

m%Y

ak ^,sx.

sl

w;

jr" .

Dyia: m

%pK

av;

ajh& y

d

ksfhdað

; w

dh;

k ;

=< i

a;%Sk

ag u

qyqK

oSug i

sÿjk

m%Y

ak w

dosh m

s<sn| u

dOH

yry

d fmdÿ

ck

;dj

oek

qj;

a lsÍu

kS;

s fr.

=,di

s

fjk

ia l

sÍu

ml

aIfha ;

SrK

.k

akd uÜgïj,g m

qoa.

,hk

a

f;

aÍfï y

d ue;

sjrK

kdu

fhdac

kd ,ndo

Sfï

kS;

s fr.

=,di

s$iïm%odh

ka f

jk

ia l

sÍu

ml

aIh$k

sfhdað

; w

dh;

kh ;

=< ú

úO l

ñgq

ksfhdac

kh i

|y

d ia;

%S-mqreI

m%;

sY;

hl

a kshu

lr .

ekSu

wdh

;k

h ;

=< i

a;%Sk

af.

a ixi

ohl

a msy

sgqùu

^ml

aI" ck

j¾.

wdo

S fN

ao f

kd;

ld ia;

%Skag

fmdÿ

lreK

qj,oS l

ghq;

= lsÍu i

|y

d&

ia;

%S-mqreI

iudk

d;au;

djh w

ruqK

q fl

dgf.

k

iïmdo

s; k

S;s$m

%;sm;

a;s l

s%hd;

aul

lsÍug y

d

ksÍl

aIK

hg c

d;sl

hdk

a;%K

hl

a msy

sgqùu - t

a

u.

ska r

dcHh

g$m

laIhg w

e;s j

.l

Su ;

yjqre

lsÍu - t

ajdf

ha m

%.;

sh$ÿ

¾j,;

d iïnk

aOfhk

a

jk

jd¾

;d wdh

;k

hg b

osßm;

a lsÍu -

;

SrK

.k

akd uÜgïj,oS j

vd;

a il

%Sh y

d

M,odh

S odh

l;

ajhl

a ia;

%Skaf.

ka ,

nd

.ek

Sug w

od<

mqy

qKq j

evigy

ka i

|y

d

iïm;

a ,nd oSu ^Wod( k

dhl

;aj m

qyqK

q

wel

vñ" ue;

sjrK

j,oS k

jl

ia;

%Skag

wdO

dr" jeä

mqr i

a;%Sk

ag k

dufhdac

kd oS

we;

s ml

aIj,g ú

úO i

ydh

ka ,

nd oSu& -

ml

aIh f

yda wdh

;k

h ;

=< t

n`ÿ

ls%hdl

drl

ï i

|y

d jd¾

Isl

whjef

hk

a

hï m

%;sY

;hl

a fjk

a lsÍu

ia;

%S ixú

Odk

yd ia;

%S jHd

mdr

j,

iy

dho ,

ndf

.k

" ia;

%Ska m

s<sn| w

e;s

RK

d;aul

wdl

,am f

jk

ia l

sÍug

lghq;

= lsÍu ^Wod( i

a;%Sk

a yqfol

a

.Dy

Kshk

a muK

la f

kdj

" l

d¾hCI

u y

d

M,odh

S foaY

md,

k{

hsk

a yd k

dhl

hsk

ao

64

lu,d ,shkf.a

újdo

hg .

ekSu - t

a i|y

d wdh

;k

kHd

h

m;

%fha b

vl

a fjk

a lrjd .

ekSu

wdh

;k

fha i

dlÉPd" j

do ú

jdo

j,oS l

reK

q

bosßm;

a lsÍug k

sfhdað

;jßhk

ag b

vm%ia:d

^ld,

h f

jk

a lr o

Su& ,nd oSu y

d ta i

|y

d

fm<Uùu

jk

nj f

mk

ajd oSu& - tu.

ska i

a;%Sk

a

iïnk

aOfhk

a jk

tal

dlD;

s yd m%;

srEm

fjk

ia l

sÍu

ia;

%S ,sx.

sl;

ajh zzm

y;

aZZ h

hs i

e,l

Su

fy

da m%;

sfCI

am l

sÍu f

jk

qjg zz;

ud

ia;

s%hl

ùu i

;=gg$w

dvïnrhgZZ

lreK

la n

eõ w

jOdr

Kh l

sÍu -

mqreI

fhl

= f,i y

eisÍug k

e;sk

ï

mqreI

hk

a wk

qlrK

hg W

;aidy

fk

dlsÍu

- ia;

s%hl

f,i l

ghq;

= lsÍu

ia;

%Skaf.

a ;;

ajh j

¾Ok

hg w

od<

oef

jk

m%Y

ak ^os<s`ÿl

u" ú/

lshdj

" wj;

eka

jQjk

a iy

ueo

fmros.

fiaúl

djk

a uqy

qK

fok

m%Y

ak w

dosh& úi|Sug w

od<

kS;

s$m%;

sm;

a;s i

ïmdo

khg j

eä

wjOdk

h f

hdu

q lsÍu

uQ,

dY%h

( Lo

vend

uski

and

Kar

am, 1

998

65


újdo

hg .

ekSu - t

a i|y

d wdh

;k

kHd

h

m;

%fha b

vl

a fjk

a lrjd .

ekSu

wdh

;k

fha i

dlÉPd" j

do ú

jdo

j,oS l

reK

q

bosßm;

a lsÍug k

sfhdað

;jßhk

ag b

vm%ia:d

^ld,

h f

jk

a lr o

Su& ,nd oSu y

d ta i

|y

d

fm<Uùu

jk

nj f

mk

ajd oSu& - tu.

ska i

a;%Sk

a

iïnk

aOfhk

a jk

tal

dlD;

s yd m%;

srEm

fjk

ia l

sÍu

ia;

%S ,sx.

sl;

ajh zzm

y;

aZZ h

hs i

e,l

Su

fy

da m%;

sfCI

am l

sÍu f

jk

qjg zz;

ud

ia;

s%hl

ùu i

;=gg$w

dvïnrhgZZ

lreK

la n

eõ w

jOdr

Kh l

sÍu -

mqreI

fhl

= f,i y

eisÍug k

e;sk

ï

mqreI

hk

a wk

qlrK

hg W

;aidy

fk

dlsÍu

- ia;

s%hl

f,i l

ghq;

= lsÍu

ia;

%Skaf.

a ;;

ajh j

¾Ok

hg w

od<

oef

jk

m%Y

ak ^os<s`ÿl

u" ú/

lshdj

" wj;

eka

jQjk

a iy

ueo

fmros.

fiaúl

djk

a uqy

qK

fok

m%Y

ak w

dosh& úi|Sug w

od<

kS;

s$m%;

sm;

a;s i

ïmdo

khg j

eä

wjOdk

h f

hdu

q lsÍu

uQ,

dY%h

( Lo

vend

uski

and

Kar

am, 1

998

4

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u yd fjk;a

Wml%u Ndú;h( úfoia w;aoelSï

oekg f,dj rgj,a 97 la muK ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh

i|yd mx.= l%u yd fjk;a Wml%u Ndú;d lrhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i

fndfyduhla rgj, ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul

fjkila isÿ ù ;sfí' fuu mßÉfPaofhaoS hqfrdamdj yd iuyr

ixj¾ê; rgj,a" wdishd *eismsla rgj,a" ,;ska wußldkq" wms%ldkq

yd wrdì rgj,a mx.= l%u iy fjk;a Wml%u Ndú; lrk wdldrh

yd tajdfha n,mEu" wfmalaIs; wruqKq lrd hdfïoS uqyqK fok

.eg¿" wNsfhda. iy úfYaIfhka mx.= l%u oskd .ekSu i|yd

Ndú; l< úúO Wml%u ms<sn|j idlÉPd flf¾'

mx.= l%u yd fjk;a Wml%u Ndú;h iïnkaO w;aoelSï

ráka rgg fjkiah' kuq;a N+f.da,Sh l,dm wkqj" nyq;rhla

rgj,a Ndú;d lrk mx.= l%uj, hï wdldr iudk njla osiafõ'

l,dm wkqj foaYmd,k l%uj, b;sydifha mj;sk iudklï"

foaYmd,k l%uj, mj;sk iudk ,laIK yd tu l,dmfha tla

rgla mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd ÿka miq th ;j;a rgla wkqlrKh

lsÍu jeks oE thg fya;= úh yelsh'

mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï mqfrda.dóka f,i ie,flkafka

fkda¾äla rgj,ah' 1975 oS fkda¾fõys iudcjdoS jfï mlaIh

(Scocialist Left Party)" kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 40] laj;a

ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;=h hk wNHka;r m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oSu

tys wdrïNhhs' thska miq fkda¾fõys fjk;a mlaI;a" fvkaud¾la

66

lu,d ,shkf.a

yd iaùvkfha iuyr mlaI;a fuu m%;sm;a;shu wkq.ukh

lf<ah' kuq;a tys m%;sM,hla f,i fuu rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackfha

/äl,a fjkila iefKlska isÿ fkdùh' ia;%S ksfhdackh l%ñlj

25] muK olajd j¾Okh jQ miq iuyr fkd¾äla rgj,a ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u m%;sm;a;s kS;sfhka ;yjqre

lf<ah (Ballington and Binda, 2005)'

fndfyduhla ngysr hqfrdamd rgj,a" lekvdj yd

´iafÜ%,shdj mlaI m%;sm;a;s u.ska iafõpPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd

oS ;sfí' kef.kysr hqfrdamd rgj,a mx.= l%u Ndú; lrkafka

wvqfjks' kuq;a fpla ckrch yd yxf.aßhdjo iafõpPd mx.= l%u

Ndú;d lrhs'

,;ska wußldkq rgj,a 1990 .Kka uq, isg mx.= l%u ms<sn|

jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs' nyq;rhla ,;ska wußldkq rgj,a

y`ÿkajd oS we;af;a kS;Hdkql+,j kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= j,ska

ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjka lsÍfï l%uhhs' 1991 oS wd¾ckaákdj

fuu l%uh m%:ufhkau y`ÿkajd ÿks' bkamiq fulaisfldaj

^1996&" fmare ^1997&" mekud ^1997&" fnd,Súhd ^1997&" n%iS,h

^1997& yd fjksishq,d ^1998& wdoS jYfhka rgj,a 10 la muK

mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿks' fuu rgj,a fndfyduhl 1980 .Kkaj,oS

m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k l%u ia:dms; ùu" tu foaYmd,k jHdmdr

yryd ia;%S ixúOdk $ jHdmdr biau;= ùu iy tajdg fjk;a isú,a

whs;sjdislï jHdmdr j, iydh ,eîu" mx.= l%uh oskd .ekSfï

ls%hdj,shg jeä myiqlula iemhSh (Ballington, 2003)'

miq.sh oYlh ;=< wms%ldkq rgj,a .Kkdjlao úúO mx.=

l%u y`ÿkajd ÿks' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ" wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih"

trg m%:u mYapd;a-wemd¾;Sâ m%cd;ka;%jdoS ue;sjrKfhaoS"

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah'

67


tu.ska iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï l,dmSh mqfrda.dóhd

njg ol=Kq wms%ldj m;a úh (Ballington, 2004)' W.kavdj 1986

oS jHjia:dkql+,j ia;%Ska i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wdik fjkalsÍu

y`ÿkajd oSfuka tu l,dmh ;=<oS m%uqL;ajh .;af;ah' bkamiq

iuyr kef.kysr wms%ldkq rgj,ao ^äðnqÜ" tß;s%hd" fidaud,shd

iy iQvdka& tu m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lf<ah'

ueofmros. rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn| wjOdkh

fjk;a l,dmj,g idfmalaIj wvq jqj;a" Bðma;=j yd fcda¾odkh

ia;%Ska i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wdik j,ska mx.=jla fjkalr oS we;'

BY%dh,fha foaYmd,k mlaI iafõpPd mx.= l%uh Ndú;d lrhs

(International IDEA Reports, 2007)'

wdishdkq l,dmh ;=<" úfYaIfhkau ol=Kq wdishd;sl

rgj, m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska ia;%Skag mx.=jla

fjka lsÍu fmdÿ fohla ù we;' bkaoshdj" mlsia:dkh" fkamd,h"

nx.,dfoaYh yd we*a.ksia:dkh thg ksoiqka fõ' cd;sl ue;sjrK

i|yd jk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Skag mx.=jla fjkalsÍu

bkaÿkSishdj" ms,smSkh yd fkamd,h jeks rgj, ls%hd;aul fõ

(International IDEA, 2002)'

hqfrdamd yd ngysr ixj¾ê; rgj, w;aoelSï

ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS f,dj by<u m%;sY;h

oskdf.k we;af;a ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,ah' ta w;ßkq;a iaùvkh

uE;la jk;=reu f,dj jeäu m%udKhla ia;%Ska md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<

ksfhdackh lrk rg njg m;a ù ;sìKs' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a

fuu ;;ajh oskdf.k we;af;a mx.= l%uh ksid njg fmdÿ u;hla

;sfí (Phillips, 1995)' kuq;a lsisÿ mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSug fmr

1970 .Kkaj, isg tu rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okhla isÿjQ

68

lu,d ,shkf.a

w;r" th 1980 oYlfha uq, fjoaoS 20-30] w;r m%;sY;hl mej;s

nj;a" bka miqj ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, iuyr foaYmd,k mlaI

iafõpPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿka nj;a" ;j;a u;hlska m%ldY fõ

(Dahlerup, 1988, 1998, 2003 and 2006; Dahlerup and Friedenvall, 2003)' iaùvkfha ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh jQfha mx.= l%u ksid

fkdj fjk;a idOkSh m%;sm;a;s yd ls%hdldrlï (Affirmative actions) ksid nj ;j;a u;hlska m%ldY fõ (Caul, 2001)'

tfyhska 1970 .Kkaj, isg iaùvkh wkq.ukh l<

tu ls%hdldrlï ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍu jvd;a m%fhdackj;ah'

1970 oS iaùvka md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh 14] la jQ w;r"

tys j¾Okh wdrïN jQfha 1970 .Kkaj, isgh' 1988 oS tu

m%;sY;h 38] lg;a" 2000 .Kkaj,oS 43] lg;a" 2012 oS 48] lg;a

l%ñlj j¾Okh ù ;sfí' thg n,mE fya;= .Kkdjla jk w;r"

wdh;kd;aul" iudc-wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl idOl f,i tajd

j¾. flf¾' ue;sjrK l%uh" Pkao fldÜGdYj, N+ñ m%udKh"

mlaI kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, úfYaI ,laIK" mlaI ú{dkh yd

mlaI kS;s fr.=,dis fuhska m<uq .Khg .efka' ia;%Skaf.a Y%u

odhl;ajh" wOHdmk uÜgï by< hdu iy iudc iqNidOk l%uh

hk oE iudc-wd¾Ól idOl w;ßka uQ,sl fõ' f;jeks .Khg

wh;a jkafka wkd.ñl foaYmd,k mlaI" wd.ñl n,mEï ksid

ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag iudkj ie,lSu yd ia;%Ska iïnkaOfhka

iaùvka iudcfha mj;sk wdl,am yd idrO¾uhs' ia;%S ksfhdackh

i|yd foaYmd,k mlaI olajk leue;a; yd m%;sm;a;s fuu idOl

w;ßka m%uqL fõ (Fridenvall, 2003)'

iaùvka foaYmd,k mlaI 1970 .Kkaj, isgu" ia;%Skaf.a

ksfhdackfha wjYH;djh wjfndaO lr.;a w;r" ia;%S ksfhdackh

wju ùu iudc yd foaYmd,k .eg¿jla nj;a" th úi|Sug mshjr

.;hq;= nj;a ms<s.;s' 1980 .Kka jk;=re iaùvka mlaI mx.= l%u

69


Ndú;d lf<a ke;' kuq;a ia;%S ksfhdackfha b,lal y\qkd f.k"

tajd m%ldY fldg ia;%Skag jeä kdufhdackd oSfï m%;sm;a;sh

wkq.ukh lf<ah' úfYaIfhkau olaIsKdxYsl yd uOHia:

mlaIj, wruqKq yd b,lal ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg úYd,

n,mEula lf<ah' 1972 oS ,snr,a mlaIh" tys wNHka;r lñgqj,

ia;%Ska iy mqreIhka wju jYfhka 40] laj;a ksfhdackh úhhq;=h

hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1974 oS" tla ue;sjrK kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=jlg" wju jYfhka tla ia;s%hlaj;a ^Pkaoh ch .ekSfï

iïNdú;djh we;s wdikhlg& wka;¾.; úhhq;=h hk ;SrKhg

t<ôKs' 1988 oS ,snr,a mlaIh mlaI m%;sm;a;shla f,i zipper l%uh5 y`ÿkajd ÿka w;r kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ m<uqjekakd

mqreIfhla yd fojekakd ia;s%hl jYfhka ,ehsia;=fjka wvla

mqreIhkag;a b;sß wv ia;%Skag;a fjka lsÍu wdrïN lf<ah'

1987 ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,g wju jYfhka 40] laj;a ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka

wka;¾.; l< hq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks'

iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" 1970 .Kkaj,oS ia;%S

ksfhdackfha wruqKq yd wNsm%dhkao" 1980 .Kkaj,oS tys b,lalo

m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah' 1994 oS tu mlaIh zipper l%uh ke;skï

iSn%d (zebra) l%uh6 y`ÿkajd ÿks' ta wkqj iEu kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=jlu m<uq kug mqreIfhla yd fojeks kug ia;s%hla

jYfhka wka;¾.; úhhq;= w;r kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, zzia;%S-

mqreI iudk ksfhdackhZZ hk m%;sm;a;sh m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah'

5 zipper l%uh f,i ye|skafjkafka we`ÿï yd nE.a wdoshg fhdok Isma

tfla ^.dxpqj& tlla yer tlla f,i fhdod we;s wkq fldgiaj,g

iudk wdldrhlska kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jg ia;s%hla yd mqreIfhla

jYfhka kï we;=<;a lsÍfï l%uhhs'

6 zebra l%uh f,i ye|skafjkafka iSn%df.a ifuys we;s l¨ yd ly

bßj,g iudk whqßka kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,g ia;s%hla yd mqreIfhla

jYfhka tla kula yer wksla ku we;=<;a lsÍfï l%uhhs'

70

lu,d ,shkf.a

1981 oS .%Ska mlaIh;a (Green Party) 1987 oS jdudxYsl

mlaIh;a (Left Party) mlaI wNHka;r lñgq i|yd wju jYfhka

40] laj;a ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd

ÿks' 1987 oS .%Ska mlaIh ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= i|ydo

tu l%uh Ndú; lf<ah' 1989 oS .%Ska mlaIh;a" 1997 oS jdudxYsl

mlaIh;a tu m%;sY;h 50] olajd jeä lf<ah'

iaùvka foaYmd,k mlaI y`ÿkajd ÿka fuu wNHka;r

m%;sm;a;s j,g wu;rj" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd wruqKq

lr.;a b,lal lrd hdug fjk;a wdldrfha Wml%uo Ndú;d

lf<ah' WodyrK jYfhka iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" ia;%Skag

fjkia fldg ie,lSfï fya;=j ksid mlaI ;=<;a" cd;sl yd m<d;a

md,k ksfhdað; wdh;k ;=<;a m%udKj;a ia;%S ksfhdackhla

fkdue; hk .eg¿j jeo.;a iudc yd foaYmd,k .eg¿jlah

hk lreK 1970 uq, .Kkaj,oS wjfndaO lr .;af;ah' bkamiq

1972 oS tu .eg¿jg ms<shï fiùfï ld¾h wdrïN lf<ah' mlaI

ljqkais,h fuysoS m%ldY lf<a ia;%S-mqreI ksfhdackfha fjkig

uQ,sl fya;=j zziïm%odhsl wdl,am yd idrO¾uZZ jk njhs' ta ksid

kdufhdackd uKav, yd wod< ls%hdms<sfj;a iïnkaOfhka ia;%S-

mqreI uOHia: (Gender-neutral) m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu mlaIh

úiska wdrïN lrk ,oS' fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka úúO wOHhk

iólaIK lsÍug iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh úfYaIfhkau

ia;%SjdoSkaj fm<U jQ w;r" Tjqka 1970-80 oYlj,oS tu wOHhk

u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg wod< úúO ks¾foaY bosßm;a

lf<ah' ta wkqj iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" cd;sl fukau

cd;Hka;r ckms%h;djho wruqKq lrf.k" mlaI m%;sm;a;s yd

ue;sjrK m%ldYk yryd ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla

fhduq lf<ah'

71


1993 oS iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh fï iïnkaOfhka

blauKska lghq;= l<hq;= wxY 3 la m%ldYhg m;a lf<ah' tajd

kï ia;%S-mqreI jegqma wiudk;d ;=rka lsÍu" ia;%Skag tfrys

,sx.sl m%pKav;ajh ;=rka lsÍu yd mlaIh ;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lsÍuhs' ta iïnkaOfhka bosßm;a l< jd¾;dfõ§ mCIh

m%ldY lf<aa zzmjq," jevlrk ia:dkh yd foaYmd,kh wdoS

ish¨u iudc fCIa;%j,oS mqreIhkag idfmalaIj ia;%Ska wj m%Odk

;;ajhl isà' fuh wyïfnka isÿjQjla fkdfõ' mqreI uQ,sl

iudch ks¾udKh lsÍug m%Odk jYfhka odhl ù we;af;a ia;%Ska

yd mqreIhka w;r wiudk f,i n,h fnoS ;sîuhsZZhkqfjks

^Wmqgd .;af;a Fridenvall, 2003)' ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhg iudk

foaYmd,k whs;sjdislï ysñ jqj;a" foaYmd,khg we;s leue;a;"

Wkkaÿj" yelshdjka" w;aoelSï" bv m%ia:d yd iïm;a wdosh w;ska

ia;%Ska yd mqreIhska w;r úYd, fjkila we;s neõo" ta flfrys

mlaIfha wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;= neõo" tu jd¾;dfjka ;jÿrg;a

wjOdrKh flßKs'

fuhg iuld,Skj ia;%S mlaIhla msysgqjd n,mEï lsÍfï

;¾ckhgo iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIhg uqyqK oSug isÿúh'

iaùvkfha ia;%SjdoS ixúOdk cd,hla jQ iafgdlska jHdmdrhg Woõ

lsÍfï jHdmdrh (support stockings movement) fï wjia:dfõoS

fmruqK .;s' iaùvka mlaI 1994 md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd ksis mshjr fkd.;fyd;a fjku ia;%S

mlaIhla msysgqjd tu ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a jk njg tu jHdmdrh

;¾ckh lf<ah' úfYaIfhkau fuh iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh

ms<sn|j ia;%Ska ;=< mej;s úYajdih ì| jeàula f,i y`ÿkd .;a

w;r" ia;%Skaf.a odhl;ajfhka f;drj mlaIhg ch.%yKh l<

fkdyels njo mlaIh wjfndaO lr .;s' fï jkúg .%Ska mlaIh

yd ,snr,a mlaIh zipper l%uh y`ÿkajd oS ;snQ w;r" ia;%S jHdmdrh

fkdkj;ajdu tn`ÿ m%;sm;a;shla i|yd n,mEï lf<ah' fuu

72

lu,d ,shkf.a

mßirh ;=< zzia;%Skaf.a odhl;ajh wysñùu hk ;¾ckh yd ìhZZ

ksid iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIfha fldx.%ihg zipper l%uh hk

m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oSug isÿúh' kuq;a uQ,sl lreKq 3la ksid zzmx.=

l%uhZZ hk moh Ndú; lsÍfuka mlaIh is;d u;du je<l=ks' m<uq

fya;=j jQfha ia;%Skaj wj;lafiarejg ,lafõ hhs Wml,amkh

lsÍuhs' fojeks lreK jQfha m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,sl ,laIKhla

jQ iy iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIfha m%Odk m%;sm;a;shla jQ ia;%S-

mqreI iudkd;au;djh hkak flf¾ fuf;la mlaIh wjOdkh

fhduq fkdlf<ah hk wmjdofhka .e,ùug ;snQ wjYH;djhhs'

f;jekak jQfha kdufhdackd j,ska zzmx.=jlaZZ ia;%Skag fjka lsÍu

i|yd kj m%;sm;a;shla y`ÿkajd oSfuka" mqreIhskag fjkia f,i

fyda wiudk f,i ie,lSh hk u;h jHdma; ùu je<elaùfï

wNsm%dhhs' fuysoS iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh wjOdrKh lf<a"

iïm%odhsl fya;= ksid ue;sjrK ;r`.fhaoS ia;%Skag uqyqKq oSug

úhyels ndOd ;=rka lsÍug jHQyd;aul$wdh;kd;aul jkaoshla

jYfhka zipper l%uh y`ÿkajd fok njhs' fï wkqj iaùvkfha

iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh;a" .%Ska mlaIh yd ls%ia;shdks

m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh;a md¾,sfïka;=" m%dfoaYSh yd m<d;a md,k

fukau hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;=" ue;sjrKh i|yd;a zipper l%uh

y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí'

iaùvka fldkai¾fjáõ mlaIfha ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh 1970

.Kkaj, uq, isg foaYmd,kfhaoS ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu

ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lf<ah' mlaIfha ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d

m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn|jo fuu f*vf¾Ikh úiska m%Yak lrk ,o

w;r" th oskd .ekSug n,mdk úYd,u ndOlh foaYmd,k

wdh;kj, ia;%Ska m%udKj;a whqßka ksfhdackh fkdùu neõ

fmkajd ÿks' fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh wjia:d

.KkdjloS úúO fhdackdo mlaIhg bosßm;a lf<ah' 1975 oS tn`ÿ

fhdackdjla bosßm;a lrñka" mlaIfha ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,nd

73


.ekSug Wmldr lsÍfï iy kdufhdackd ,nd.;a ia;%Skaj mqyqKq

lsÍfï uOHia:dkhla f,i lghq;= lsÍug fuu ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh

wjir b,a,d isáfhah' kuq;a ta i|yd ;ju;a ksis ld,h meñK

ke;s nj mjiñka mlaIh tu fhdackdj m%;sfCIam lf<ah' fï

whqßka mlaIh yd ia;%S f*vf¾Ikh w;r yg.;a wr.,h" 1990

.Kka olajdu fkdlvjd mej;=ks' fuu ;;ajh" mlaIfha ia;%Ska

yd mqreIhka fjku kHdh m;% u; jev lsÍug;a" mlaIfha ckms%h

nj yd ia;%S Pkao wvqùug;a" mlaIh ms<sn|j Pkaoodhlhska ;=<

mej;s m%;srEmh hï uÜgulska ì| jeàug;a n,mEï lf<ah

(Dahlerup, 1986)' fuu mßirh ;=<" fldkai¾fjáõ mlaIhg

kùk yd m%.;sYS,s mlaIhla nj m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï iy Pkaoodhl

wdl¾IKh oskd .ekSfï wjYH;djh mek ke.=Ks' fï ksid mx.=

l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu fjkqjg" mlaIh úfYaIfhkau m<d;a md,k

uÜgfïoS ia;%Skag fmrg jvd jeäfhka kdufhdackd ,ndoSug;a"

mlaI yd md¾,sfïka;= lñgqj, ia;%S ksfhdackh jeälsÍug;a"

foaYmd,k mqyqKqj yd ue;sjrK wdOdr jeks oE ia;%Skag

,ndoSug;a ;SrKh lf<ah' fldkai¾fjáõ mlaIh ksfhdackh

lrk md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhkaf.a m%;sY;h iaúvkays wfkla

mlaIj,g idfmalaIj my< uÜgul mej;sh;a" tys m<d;a md,k

wdh;k ;=< yd mlaI wNHka;r lñgqj, ia;%S ksfhdackh by<

uÜgul mj;S (Ingelhart and Norris, 2003)'

c¾uksfha my< uKav,hg ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kafka

ñY% ksfhdack l%uhlska jk w;r" thska wvla Pkaoodhl fldÜGdY

l%uhla mokï lrf.ko" b;sß wv ,ehsia;= l%uhg wkqjo f;dard

.kS' fuu ñY% Pkao l%uh ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okhg Rcqj

n,mdk neõ fmdÿ u;hhs (Norris, n.d)' c¾uksfha m%Odk mlaI

mfyka ;=kla" tajdfha wNHka;r m%;sm;a;sj,g wkqj kdufhdackd

j,ska 40-50] w;r m%udKhla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalr ;sfí' iudc

jHdmdrhla f,i mej;s mßir jHdmdrh" 1980 oS .%Ska mlaIh f,i

74

lu,d ,shkf.a

ia:dms; ùfïoS zipper l%uh u.ska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu 50]

ne.ska kdufhdackd oSfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1988 oS iudc

m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh ishü mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=rej,ska 1$3

la ia;%Ska úhhq;= neõ ;SrKh lf<ah' 1994 isg" mlaIfha ishü

;k;=rej,ska 40] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= neõ ;SrKh

lf<ah'

1996 oS ls%ia;shdks äfudl%ála mlaIh quorum l%uh

fyj;a ishü mlaI ;k;=re yd kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska

30] ia;%Skag fjka lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' ngysr

yd kef.kysr c¾uksh tlai;a jQ miqj kef.kysr c¾uka

fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh zipper l%uh yryd ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu

50] ne.ska kdufhdackd fjkalsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks'

kuq;a nefõßhdkq fidhqßhkaf.a mlaIh ̂ Bavarian Sister’s Party& yd oCIsKdxYsl mlaIh fuu m%;sm;a;s m%;slafIam lrhs' 2009

ue;sjrK m%;sM, j,g wkqj c¾uka cd;sl jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S

ksfhdackh 32'9] ls'

oekg c¾uksfha jeäu ia;%Ska m%udKhla jHjia:dodhlh

;=< ksfhdackh lrkafka .%Ska mlaIhhs ̂57]&' ls%ia;shdks äfudl%ála

mlaIfha cd;sl ksfhdackh 19'5] ls' iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIfha

35] ls' c¾uksfha m%Odk mlaI kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 40-50]

w;r m%udKhla ia;%Skag ,ndoSug ;SrKh l<o" fndfyda mlaI tu

uQ,sl b,lal lrd ;ju;a ,`.d ù fkdue;' jHQyd;aul fjkialï

lrkq ,enqjo" iudÔh fjkialï ta yd iudka;rj isÿ fkdùu

thg uQ,sl fya;=jhs (IPU, 1997)'

ì%;dkHfha f,an¾ mlaIh 1980 oS" mlaI ;k;=rej,ska mx.=jla

ia;%Skag fjka lsÍug tl`. úh' md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhaoS b;d

iq¿ m%;sY;hla" tkï wju jYfhka kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;=jlg

75


tla ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a úhhq;= hehs ;SrKh lf<ah' 1993 oS

úY%du hk uka;%Sjrekaf.a wiqkaj,ska wvla ia;%Skag fjkalsÍug;a"

f,an¾ mdlaIsl wfmalaIsldjka iuia:h w;=ßka f;dard.kq ,enQ

ia;%Skaf.ka iukaú; flá ,ehsia;=jla (short list) weiqßka kdu

fhdackd ,ehsia;= ieliSug;a ;SrKh flßKs' fuys m%;sM,hla

f,i" 1992-97 w;r ld,fhaoS ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=fõ f,an¾

uka;%Sjßhkaf.a ixLHdj fo.=Khla úh' tfy;a fuu m%;sm;a;shg

tfrysj wd kS;suh wNsfhda. ksid miqj th w;aysgqùug isÿúh

(Norris and Lovenduski, 1995)'

iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;=j yd fõ,aia wefiïì,sh i|yd jQ

m%:u ue;sjrKfhaoS f,an¾ mlaIh zzksjqka l%uhZZ (twinned system) y`ÿkajd ÿks' ta wkqj tla wdikhlg ióm ;j;a wdikhla iu`.

wdik folla noaO flf¾' tysoS Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao folla ysñjk

w;r jeäu Pkao ,enQ wfmalaIlhd yd wfmalaIsldj ksfhdað;hska

f,i f;dard .efka' fuu wdh;k folu w¨;ska msysgjQ ksid

m%:u jHjia:dfjkau tfia ia;%S-mqreI iudk m%;sm;a;shla y`ÿkajd

oSu fnfyúka myiqjla úh' fuu l%ufha m%;sM,hla f,i"

iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;=jg f,an¾ mlaI ksfhdað;hska w;=ßka

ia;%Ska 48] lao" fõ,aia wefiïì,shg 54] lao f;aÍ m;ajqks' 2000

uehs uioS ,kavka k.r iNd ue;sjrKfhaoS o fuu l%uh Ndú;

l< w;r" tysoS 44] ksfhdað;jßhka f;aÍ m;aúh'

ì%;dkHh ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIho kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,ska wju jYfhka 1$3 l ne.ska ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag

fjkalr ;sfí' b;sßh fmdÿ kdufhdackd f,i ie,fla'

m%xYfha 1982 oS mej;s iudcjdoS wdKavqj m<d;a md,k

ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 25] ia;%Skag fjka flfrk

kS;shla iïu; lf<ah' kuq;a tu.ska iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre

76

lu,d ,shkf.a

lsÍu i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia:dms; uQ,sl whs;sjdislï

ms<sn| j.ka;sh W,a,x>kh fõ hhs m%ldY lrñka' wdKavql%u

jHjia:d ljqkais,hg fm;aiula bosßm;a flßks' bkamiq th

wj,x.= flßks'

kuq;a 1999 oS ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh lrñka"

ksfhdackh i|yd ia;%Ska yd mqreIhkag we;s iu whs;sh ;yjqre

flfrk wdldrfha kS;shla iïu; lf<ah' 2007 ue;sjrK

m%;sM, j,g wkqj m%xY jHjia:dodhlfha my< uKav,fha ia;%S

ksfhdackh 18'9] ls' fojeks uKav,fha 22'2] ls' 1999 kS;shg

wkqj m%dfoaYSh" m<d;a md,k fukau hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;=

ue;sjrKh i|yd;a ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre jk

whqßka kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= ieliSug ;SrKh flßks' fuu

kS;shg wkqj iïmdokh fkdl< kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam

fõ' hï mlaIhla kS;shg msgqmd cd;sl ue;sjrKj,g tn`ÿ kdu

fhdackd bosßm;a l<fyd;a" tu mlaIhg uqo,ska jkaoshla f.ùfï

o`vqjug hg;aùug isÿfõ' ia;%S-mqreI kdufhdackd ixLHdjka w;r

mr;rh úYd, kï" tu mr;rfhka wvlg iudk m%udKhla rch

u.ska mlaIhg ,ndfok m%;smdokj,ska lmd yef¾' fuu l%ufha

m%;sM,hla f,i" 2001 ud¾;= m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhka 25] l

mej;s ia;%S ksfhdackh 47] olajd j¾Okh úh' kuq;a 2002 cQks

cd;sl ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h j¾Okh jQfha

1'4] lska muKs' thg uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha ;ks uka;%S wdik i|yd

wfmalaIsldjka f;aÍfïoS" ch.ekSfï iïNdú;h wvq wdik j,g

ia;%Ska bosßm;a lsÍuhs' tfiau" ia;%S-mqreI kdufhdackd iudk

ke;s kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= bosßm;a l< mlaI j,g kS;sfhka

kshu l< wdldrhg o`vqjï ,nd fkd§u o tu thg n,mEfõh'

kS;shg wkqj ia;%S-mqreI wiudk;ajh 100] fõ kï" ke;skï

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ mqreIhska muKla we;=<;a kï mCIhg

,efnk rdcH m%;smdokj,ska 50] la lmd yef¾' kuq;a

77


m%dfhda.sl jYfhka tu o`vqju m%udKj;a fkdùh' ukao" tla

ia;%shlgj;a kdufhdackd ,nd fkdÿka mlaIj,go 50] lska

rdcH wdOdr ysñùu ksihs'

1985 oS lekvdfõ kj m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" f*vr,a

ue;sjrKj,oS kdufhdackdj,ska 50] la ia;%Skag ,ndoSug ;SrKh

lf<ah' mlaIfha ishü úOdhl ;k;=rej,ska yd mlaI lñgq j,

idudðl;ajfhkao 50] la ia;%Ska úhhq;= nj wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s

u.ska ;Skaÿ lf<ah' mlaIfha iNdm;s yd Wm iNdm;s ;k;=reo

ia;%shla yd mqreIfhla w;r fnosh hq;= njg ;SrKh úh'

fn,aðhu" 1994 uehs ue;sjrK mK; iïu; lrñka lsisu

ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jl 2$3 lg jvd mqreIhka fyda

ia;%Ska we;=<;a fkdúh hq;= neõ ;SrKh lf<ah' tu kS;sfhka

ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIh i|ydu kdu fhdackdj,ska ,eìhhq;= wju

m%;sY;h kshu flßKs' 1999 hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKfhaoS

o" fn,aðhu fuu kS;sh Ndú; l< w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i

18'5] laj mej;s ia;%S ksfhdackh 23'3] olajd j¾Okh úh'

íafÜ%,shdfõo jdudxYsl mlaI ia;%Ska i|yd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd

ÿkS' kuq;a" olaIsKdxYsl mlaI thg fjkiaj hñka kdhl;aj

mqyqKqj yd ue;sjrK Wmfoia oSu jeks ia;%Skaf.a mqoa.,sl;ajh

yd ne`ÿkq .eg¿ úi|Su wruqKq lr.;a Wml%u Ndú;d lrhs'

jdudxYsl u;jdo w.hk mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn| .eg¿j

mlaI ixúOdk jHQyfha m%Yakhla f,i i,lk w;r thg kS;suh

fyda m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka úi`ÿï oSug jeäfhka fm<fò' 1994 oS

íafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaIh" tys md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh

2002 jk úg 35] úhhq;= hhs b,lal lr .;s' lïlre mlaI

kdhsldjla jQ lduka f,darkaia m%uqL ls%hdldÍ ia;%Ska" iudkd;au;d

yd Wmfhda.S;d ;¾l bosßm;a lrñka" ia;%Ska ksfhdackh i|yd

ia;%Skaju f;dard m;alr .;hq;= njg fuysoS wjOdrKh lf<ah'

78

lu,d ,shkf.a

1995 oS lïlre mlaIfha laùkaia,ka; YdLdfõ ls%hdldßkshka

lKavdhula ́ iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S mlaIh (Australian Women’s Party) msysgqjd ta yryd fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka mlaIhg n,mEï

lf<ah' lïlre mlaIfha ysgmq m%dka; w.ue;sjßhka fofofkla

wußldfõ tñ,s ,ehsia;=jg (EMILY’s List) iudk wdh;khla

msysgqjd" tu.ska m%cd;ka;%jdohg mlaI wfmalaIsldjkag ue;sjrK

lghq;= i|yd m%;smdok yd fjk;a wdOdr ,ndoSu wdrïN lf<ah'

tu wfmalaIsldjka ch.;fyd;a" ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak úi|Su i|yd

lghq;= lrk njg fmdfrdkaÿ jQ m%ldYko Tjqkaf.ka ,nd

.;s' tfiau" fuu tñ,s wdh;kh ch.;a ia;%Ska iu`. ksrka;r

in|;d mj;ajñka" ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh i|yd wod< kS;s yd

m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg o Tjqka fmd<Ujhs'

;jo" 1981 oS msysgjQ ́ iafÜ%,shdkq f*vr,a md¾,sfïka;=fõ

lïlre mlaI ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh ms<sn| lñgqj (Federal Parliamentary Labour Party Status of Women Committee) úiska ia;%Skag wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu ksÍlaIKh

lf<ah' md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S l%shdldß lñgqjo ^fldalih& ta yd

iudk N+ñldjla r`. mdñka" mlaI fNaohlska f;drj tu m%;sm;a;s

j,ska id¾:l m%;sM, oskd .ekSug úúO whqßka n,mEï lf<ah'

´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S jHdmdr" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd Ndú;

l< Wml%u rdYshls' tajd w;ßka" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg

wod< úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqùu" tu.ska fuu .eg¨j ms<sn|

ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu" m%:u fm< mqrjeishka jYfhka ia;%Skag

we;s foaYmd,k j.lSï ms<sn| wjfndaO lroSu" ta i|yd Tjqkaj

fm<Uùu" fuu .eg¿j úi|Su i|yd mlaI kdhlhskag n,mEï

lsÍu" wOHhk iólaIK lr jd¾;d yd ks¾foaY mlaIhg bosßm;a

lsÍu" ia;%Skag foaYmd,k kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,ndoSu" ue;sjrK

m%pdrKh i|yd uqo,a yd fjk;a iïm;a u.ska Wmldr lsÍu" iy

Tjqka ch.;a miq ia;%SjdoS woyia w.h lrk kdhsldjka yd cd,.;

79


fldg ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍfï wruqKq u; ieliqKq

kHdh m;% yd jevms<sfj,j,a Tjqka ,jd ls%hd;aul lrùu wdosh

jvd;a iM, Wml%u jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh'

lïlre mlaIfha uQ,sl;ajfhka muKla fkdj ́ iafÜ%,shdkq

ia;%SjdoS jHdmdrh mokï fldgf.ko" fun`ÿ n,mEï lKavdhï

f.dv ke`.=Ks' ia;%S ue;sjrK WoafoaYk ^n,mEï& lKavdhu

(Women’s Electoral Lobby) thg fyd|u WodyrKhls' fuu

lKavdhu ia;%S-mqreI ksfhdackfha wiudk nj hk .eg¿j

ms<sn|" íafÜ%,shdkq foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdhl;ajhg we;s

oekqu yd th úi|Sug Tjqka ;=< we;s leue;a; yd Wkkaÿj

ms<sn|j ;=,kd;aulj wOHhk fldg wod< jd¾;d mlaI j,g

iemhSh' tu.ska lïlre mlaIh jeks mlaI fuu m%Yakh úi|Sug

idfmalaIj jeä Wkkaÿjla olajk neõ o;a; iys;j fmkajd ÿks'

íafÜ%,shdkq m%Odk mlaI w;ßka lïlre mlaIfha ia;%S ksfhdackh

by< m%;sY;hla oskd .ekSu úfYaI;ajhla f,i wjOdrKh l<

fuu lKavdhu ta iïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a m%.;sYS,S mshjr

.kakd f,i b,a,ñka mlaIhg n,mEï lf<ah' tla me;a;lska

th mlaIfha jdishg fya;= úh' wksla me;af;ka mlaIh ta ksid

ia;%Skaf.a .eg¿jg jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍugo fm<UqKs' 1972

íafÜ%,shdkq cd;sl ue;sjrKfhaoS fuu WoafoaYk lKavdhu

bosßm;a l< zzia;%S m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| kHdh m;%hZZ" trg mlaIj,g

úfYaIfhkau lïlre mlaIhg úYd, n,mEula t,a, l< w;r"

thska fndfyduhla m%;sm;a;s" ue;sjrKfhka miqj ls%hd;aul

lsÍugo iuyr mlaI fm<UqKs' íafÜ%,shdkq uka;%Sjßhka

fndfyduhlao ia;%Ska yd iïnkaO m%Yak md¾,sfïka;=jg bosßm;a

lrñka" tajd ms<sn| y`vla k`.ñka" wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s

iïmdokh wdrïN lf<ah' tfiau Tjqka uka;S%jrekaj oekqj;a

fldg" hï hï wjia:dj,oS Tjqkaf.a iyfhda.ho wod< mK;a

iïu; lsÍu i|yd ,nd.;s (Sawer, 2000; Bean, 1991)'

80

lu,d ,shkf.a

´iafÜ%,shdkq uka;%Sjßhka w;=ßka ia;%Skaf.a m%Yak úi|Sug

jeäu odhl;ajhla oelajQjkag zzw¾ks iïudkhZZ (Ernie Award) jeks oE" jd¾Islj ixúOdkh flfrk iïudk Wf<,loS m%odkh

lsÍu u.skao Tjqkaf.a jeä iydh ,nd.ekSug fm<Uùula lf<ah

(Sawer and Simms, 1993; Whip, 1991)'

fï wdldrfhka l%shd;aul jQ úúO l%shdldrlï yd

n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i ´iafÜ%,shdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackh hï

m%udKhlska j¾Okh ù ;sfí' 2010 wf.daia;= ui jk úg cd;sl

md¾,sfïka;=fõ m%:u uKav,h ;=< ia;%Ska 24'7] l o" fojeks

uKav,h ;=< 37'9] l o m%;sY;hla ksfhdackh úh (www.ipu.org/wmn-e/c/assif.htm) '

wdishd meis*sla rgj, w;aoelSï

wdishd meis*sla l,dmh ;=< ia;%Syq cd;sl foaYmd,khg

jvd m<d;a md,k foaYmd,kfhaoS il%Sh N+ñldjla r`.md;s'

(UNICEF, 2006)' wdishdkq l,dmh ;=< mx.= l%uh u.ska ia;%Skaf.a

ksfhdackfha" úfYaIfhkau m<d;a md,k uÜgfïoS m%udKd;aul

fukau .=Kd;aul j¾Okh jeäfhkau oskdf.k we;s rg f,i

bkaoshdj ie,fla (Pande and Ford, 2011; Singh, 2005)' mx.= l%uh

ms<sn| bkaoshdkq l;sldjf;a b;sydih 1920 .Kka olajd osjhhs'

ì%;dkH wêrdcHjdoSkag tfrysj ixúOdkh jQ bkaoshdkq cd;sl

jHdmdrh ;=<ska" bkaoshdkq ia;%Skag foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS

mx.=jla wjYHhhs hk woyi m%:ufhkau bosßm;a úh' kuq;a

i¾jck Pkaoh yd ksfhdackfha iu whs;sh oskd.ekSu i|yd

ia;S%ka m%uqL;ajh ÿka ksid mx.= l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj mfilg

;,a¨ úh' ;jo my;a hhs iïu; f.da;% yd l=,j,g md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdackfhka mx.=jla fjkal< hq;=h hk idlÉPdjo ksoyiska

miq jHdma; úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" 1950 bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u

81


jHjia:dj u.ska tu ck lKavdhï i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wdikj,ska

mx.=jla kshu lsÍfï ld¾hg m%uqL;ajh ÿks (Raman, 2002)'

ia;%S ksfhdackh i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh ms<sn|

l;sldj; kej; biau;= jkafka 1974 bkaoshdkq ia;%Skaf.a

;;ajh ms<sn| fidhd ne,Sug m;al< lñgqfõ jd¾;dj bosßm;a

ùu;a iu`.h' bkaoshdkq m%dka; wdKavqj, iy uOHu wdKavq

md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha wvq ùula" miq.sh 25 jir ;=<

isÿù we;s nj fuu jd¾;dfjka fmkajd ÿks' ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh

j¾Okh lsÍu fukau" .%dóh m%foaYj, ixj¾Okh o wruqKq

lrf.k" foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wju jYfhka 1$3

laj;a ia;%S ksfhdackhla we;s lsÍu i|yd bkaoshdkq rch mshjr

.;hq;= nj fuu jd¾;dfjka ks¾foaY lf<ah' tu ks¾foaYh;a

iu`. bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh yd isú,a ixúOdk" wju jYfhka

m<d;a md,k uÜgfïoSj;a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd

mx.=jla fjka lrjd .ekSu w;HjYH hk u;h oeäj wjOdrKh

lsÍug mgka .;ay' ia;%S ksfhdackfha wvq nj hk m%Yakh ms<sn|j

mlaI kdhlhska" md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;hska yd ck;dj oekqj;a

lsÍug ia;%S ixúOdk úiska úúO ls%hdud¾. wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'

/iaùï" idlÉPd" úfYaI foaYk" wOHhk jd¾;d bosßm;a lsÍu"

/<s yd fm<md,s meje;aùu" ldgqka yd Ñ;% m%o¾Yk ixúOdkh

lsÍu kdgH yd isxÿ wdosh u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu yd ;SrK

.kakkag n,mEï lsÍu i|yd ,sms" fm;aiï yd ixfoaY heùu

wdosh tu ls%hdud¾. w;=ßka jvd;a wdl¾IKSh úh' WodyrK

jYfhka flar< ia;%Ska" tlu fõ,djloS l¿ idßj,ska ieriS"

l=vd lKavdhï f,i úúO k.r yd .ïj, fm<md,s yd /iaùï

mj;ajd n,mEï lsÍu jeks oE fnfyúka M,odhS ls%hdldrlï úh

(Agrawal, 2006; Subramanian and Thomas, 2001)'

82

lu,d ,shkf.a

fuu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i" 1993 wdKavql%u jHjia:d

ixfYdaOkhlska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.= l%uhla ia:dms; flßKs' kuq;a

thg fmro" bkaoshdfõ m%dka; foll m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,

mx.= l%uh Ndú; flßKs' 1984 oS uyd rdIag% m%dka;h m<d;a

md,k wdh;kj, ksfhdackfhka 30] la ia;%Skag fjka lf<ah'

bkamiqj l¾kdgl m%dka;h úiskao 25] la fjka lrk ,oS'

th iuia; bkaoshdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okhg m%udKj;a

n,mEula fkdl<o" mx.= l%uhla b,a,Su i|yd fjk;a m%dka; j,

ia;%Skag thska hï fm<Uùula isÿúh' úfYaIfhka m<d;a md,k

wdh;k uÜgfïoS ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh w;HjYH nj;a" ta

i|yd 30] l mx.=jla fjkal< hq;= njg;a" 1974 ia;%Ska ms<sn|

lñgq jd¾;dfjka ks¾foaY lr ;sìKs' 1988-2000" ia;%Ska i|yd

jQ cd;sl ie,eiafukao" ish¨u uyck ksfhdað; wdh;kj,

ksfhdackfhka 30] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l<hq;= nj m%ldY úh'

kuq;a ia;%S ixúOdk m<d;a md,k uÜgfï ia;%S ksfhdackhg

m%uqL;ajh oshhq;= nj wjOdrKh l<y (CWDS, 1995)'

1970 ueo Nd.fha isg 1990 .Kka olajdu" bkaoshdkq

ia;%S ixúOdk fkdlvjd mlaI kdhlhska yd md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdað;jrekag n,mEï lf<ah' tjlg w.ue;sj isá rÔõ .dkaê

yd fldx.%ia mlaIh;a" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka nyq;rhl=;a

fuu lreK flf¾ úfYaI wjOdkhla oelaùu 1993 oS mx.=

l%uhla oskd .ekSug n,mE uQ,sl fya;=jla úh (Rai, 1995)' 1992 oS wdKavql%u jHjia:djg 73 jeks ixfYdaOkh bosßm;a fldg"

tu.ska mxpdh;srdca m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska

i|yd fjka lsÍu" bkaoshdkq ia;%Ska oskd.;a úYd, ch.%yKhla

úh' kuq;a 1995" 97 yd 2011 hk wjia:d ;=kloS" md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdackfhka ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjkalrjd .ekSug wod<

mK;a jHjia:dodhlhg bosßm;a l<o" fuf;la th id¾:l ù

fkdue;'

83


bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 73 jeks ixfYdaOkh

^1992& u.ska y`ÿkajd ÿka n,h úuOH.; lsÍu ms<sn| jQ kS;s

1993 oS ls%hd;aul ùu wdrïN úh' jvd;a Yla;su;aj yd fõ.j;aj

bosßhg hk .ï uÜgfï m%cd;ka;%jdohla bkaoshdj ;=< ks¾udKh

lsÍu fuu ixfYdaOkfha uQ,sl wruqKla úh' m%dfoaYSh ck;djg"

;ukaf.a .ï ixj¾Okh lr.ekSug jeä n,hla ,ndoSu" .fï

ixj¾Ok lghq;= j,oS Tjqkaf.a il%Sh iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSu

iy mßmd,kh .u olajd úuOH.; lsÍu jeks wruqKqo ta msgqmi

;sìKs' iuia:hla f,i .;a l< foaYmd,k ;SrK .ekSïj,oS"

.%dóh ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajh ,nd fkd.ekSu hk ÿ¾j,;djh

u`. yßñka" .ï uÜgfï mßmd,k ls%hdj,shg ia;%Ska yd my;a

hhs iïu; ck lKavdhïj, iyNd.S;ajh ,nd.ekSu fuu

ixfYdaOkfha uQ,slu wruqK úh (Jain, 1996)' fuu 73 jeks

ixfYdaOkfha m%Odk wka;¾.;hka jQfha(

i. ishü mxpdh;S rdca wdh;kj, ôsia;s%la" ;Æla (Taluk) yd

.ï uÜgfï .%du mxpdh;s" mxpdh;s iñ;s yd osia;s%la mxpdh;s

(Zilla Panchayati) wdikj,ska 1$3 la ^33'3]& ia;%Ska i|yd

fjka lsÍu

ii. my;a hhs iïu; l=, yd f.da;% i|yd fjka l< wdik 1$3

kao" ia;%Skag 1$3 wdik fjka lsÍu

iii. ishü uÜgfï mxpdh;s rdca wdh;kj, iNdm;sjrekaf.ka

1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu

hk oEhs'

iuia: ia;%Skaf.ka muKla fkdj" my;a hhs iïu;

l=, yd f.da;% j, ia;%Skaf.kao 1$3 lg fkdwvq ksfhdackhla

m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ;sìh hq;= neõ fuu wdKavql%u jHjia:d

ixfYdaOkfhka meyeos,sju m%ldY lf<ah' kuq;a m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj, iNdm;s ;k;=rej,ska wvqu jYfhka 1$3 la fmdÿfõ

84

lu,d ,shkf.a

iuia: ia;%Skaf.ka ksfhdackh úhhq;= neõ jHjia:dfõ 243 D^4&

j.ka;sfhka m%ldY flßks' iNdm;s ;k;=re i|yd my;a hhs

iïu; l=, fyda f.da;% j, ia;%Skag mx.=jla fjkalr fkd;sìKs'

m<d;a md,k wdh;khl ia;%Ska fjkqfjka fjka lrk wdik

ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg udre l<hq;= fõ' ta wkqj jrla

ia;%Skag fjkal< wdikhla B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikhla

f,i kï flf¾' iNdm;s ;k;=re ia;%Skag fjkalsÍu mxpdh;s rdca

wdh;kfhka wdh;khg jßka jr udre fõ' úfYaIfhkau ia;%Ska

i|yd fjkal< wdik udre lsÍfuka wfmalaId lf<a" tu fjkal<

wdikfhka wdOqksl wfmalaIsldjlg ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug

wjia:dj ,ndoSuhs' tla fjka l< wdikhlska m%:u jrg f;aÍ

m;ajk ia;%shla fyda ia;%Ska B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikhlska

ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùu i|yd miqìu thska ielfia' túg tu

ia;%shg fkdlvjd ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùfï bv m%ia:dj ,efíú

hhs fuhska wfmalaId flßKs' ia;%Skag fjkalrk wdikh B,`.

ue;sjrKfhaoS fjk;a wdikhlg udreùfuka" tu bv m%ia:dj

fjk;a wdikhl kjl ia;s%hl fyda ia;%Skag ,efí' fï whqßka

tlu wdikhlska fkdj" ia;%Ska i|yd jßka jr fjka lrk

wdik .Kkdjla u.ska ia;%Ska úYd, ixLHdjlg ue;sjrKfhka

f;aÍ m;aùug os.=ld,Skj bv ,efí (Buch, 2001)'

bkaoshdfõ fuu wdik fjkalsÍfï l%ufha hï hï ÿ¾j,;d

we;;a" ia;%Skaf.a m<d;a md,k ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul yd

.=Kd;aul j¾Okhlg th u. mdod we;' jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka

miqj" 2000 oS meje;ajQ fojeks m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfha m%;sM,

j,g wkqj" 2001 jk úg .%du mxpdh;ays 31'37]" mxpdh;a iñ;s

20'71] yd osia;s%la mxpdh;ays 31'80] la ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úh' kuq;a

fuu ;;ajh m%dka; wkqj fjkia úh' l¾kdgl m%dka;fha .%du

mxpdh;a j, ia;%S ksfhdackh 43'79]" flar< 37'81]" uksmQ¾ 37'2]"

f.dajd 36'53] yd Tßiaidys 35'27] la úh' mxpdh;s iñ;s j, ia;%S

85


ksfhdackfhkao l¾kdgl ^41'21]&" wdkaød m%foaY ^37'01]&" flar<

^36'39]&" Tßiaid ^35'5]& yd uOH m%foaY ^34'84]& by< m%;sY;hla

oskd.;s' osia;s%la mxpdh;a wdh;kj,ska jeäu m%;sY;hla oskd

.;af;a udksmQ¾ ^36'7]& o" l¾kdgl ^36'45]&" ;ñ,akdvq ^34'72]&"

flar< ^34'67]&" ;s%mqr ^34'29]& yd ngysr fnx.d,h ^34'19]& hk

m%dka;hs'

2000 w. jk úg bkaoSh m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S

ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh úh' ñ,shk 5 l

muK ia;%Ska m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKhg 2010-2011 w;roS bosßm;a

jQ w;r oekg ñ,shk 1'3 la muK ^uq¨ ksfhdað;hska ñ,shk 3'3

la muK& ksfhdað;jßhka f,i f;aÍ m;a ù isà' 1993 jHjia:d

ixfYdaOkhg fmr bkaoshdkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S

ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 4'5] la úh' th 2010 jk úg 33-48] w;r

m%udKhlg j¾Okh ù ;sfí (Singh, 2001)'

bkaoshdkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh ùfuka .ï uÜgfï foaYmd,kh;a" ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;;a"

úfYaIfhkau .%dóh m%foaY;a" hï .=Kd;aul fjkilg ,lajQ

neõ úúO wOHhk u.ska fmkajd os ;sfí' foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

i|yd ia;%Skag we;s whs;sh fmrg jvd jeäfhka ;yjqre ùu" ia;%Ska

foaYmd,k jYfhka n,.ekaùu" .ï uÜgfïoS fmrg jvd ia;%Skag

f.!rjkSh ;;ajhla ysñùu yd ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh yd

ksoyi u; mokï jQ iudc idOdrK;ajh hï m%udKhlska oskd

.ekSu .eñ ia;%Ska ,o úYd, ch.%yK f,i ie,fla (Gaur, Rana and Gaur, 2005)'

1993 m<d;a md,k jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha m%;sM,hla

f,i" fndfyda ia;%Ska úfYaIfhkau rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j,o

wdOdrfhka foaYmd,k kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,eîu yd foaYmd,khg

86

lu,d ,shkf.a

wj;S¾K ùu ksid fuf;la .ï uÜgfï foaYmd,kfha mej;s

mqreI flakaøSh n, jHQyfha hïlsis fjkila lsÍug Tjqkag

yelsù ;sfí' mxpdh;S rdca ksfhdað;jßhka" tu wdh;kj,

ls%hdldß;ajhg jeo.;a n,mEula l< nj;a" jeisls<s" <sx" .%dóh

mdrj,a ieoSu" m%d:ñl mdie,aj,g .=rejreka m;a lsÍu" iqrdie,a

jeiSu" ia;%Skag bvï mjrd oSu yd .%dóh ikSmdrlaIl fiajd

iemhSu jeks lghq;=j,g Tjqka m%uqL;ajh ÿka nj;a fl!Islaf.a

wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs (Kaushik, 2006)' m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj, iNdm;sjßhka mdkSh c, m%Yakh" m%d:ñl wOHdmkh"

or ms<sn| .eg¿j" ikSmdrlaIl .eg¿" orejkaf.a fmdaIKh" wvq

wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a ksjdi m%Yakh" u;aøjH ksjdrKh yd ,sx.sl

w;jr jeks lreKq ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug mgka

.;a neõ w.%jd,af.a wOHhkj,ska o fmkajd os ;sfí' fuu m%Yak

úi|Sug iNdm;sjßhka lghq;= lsÍfïoS tu wdh;kj, wfkla

ksfhdað;jßhka Tjqkag oelajQ iydh .%dóh m%foaYj, ixj¾Okhg

muKla fkdj mlaI foaYmd,kfha mej;s RKd;aul .;s ,laIK

j, hï fjkila i|ydo n,mEï l< neõ w.%jd,af.a woyihs

(Agrawal, 2005)'

ia;%Ska úYd, ixLHdjlg .ï uÜgfï foaYmd,k ;SrK

.ekSfï bvm%ia:dj ,nd oSfuka" .fï md,kfha .=Kd;aul

fjkila isÿùu" 1993 jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfha jeo.;au m%;sM,h

f,i ;j;a wOHhkhlska yqjd oelafõ (Singh, 2005)' .ï uÜgfï

mej;s mqreI uQ,sl n, jHQyh yd n, in|;d ksid ia;%Ska u;

mej;s iudc" wd¾Ól yd udkisl mSvkh hï ;rulska fjkilg

,la lsÍugo fuu ixfYdaOk ksid yels úh (Agrawal, Mayank and Agrawal, 2005)' ia;%Skag iudcfhka ysñlr oS ;sfnk

mjq,g iïnkaO N+ñld fjkilg ,la l< yels nj bkaoshdkq

mxpdh;s rdca ksfhdað;jßhka fmkajd oS we;s w;r" Tjqkaf.ka

fndfyduhla ia;%Ska mqreI uQ,sl foaYmd,k fCIa;%hg ßx.d we;s

87


nj iy id¾:l ;SrK .kakka yd mßmd,lhska ù we;s njo"

bkaoshdkq wOHhkj,ska fmkajd oS ;sfí (Saxena, 2005)' id¾:l

yd M,odhS kdhsldjka" fmrg jvd jeä wd;au úYajdihla iys;j

ks¾udKYS,sj yd ffO¾hu;aj" wdo¾Yu;a f,i wfkla ia;%Skag

bosßhg taug u`. mdod we;s nj;a" ia;%Skag Tjqkaf.a Yla;Ska yd

yelshdjka wjfndaO lr.ekSfï wjia:dj fï ksid ,eî we;s

nj;a" ;jÿrg;a tu wOHhkfhka fmkajd ÿks' mxpdh;s rdca

wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka bkaoshdfõ ;reK

mrmqf¾ .eyeKq orejkag wdo¾Y wdlD;s imhd we;s nj ;j;a

wOHhkhlska fmkajd oS ;sfí (Manju Devi, 2005)' fndfyda

ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a kdhl;ajh" id¾:l;ajh yd Yla;sh

bkaÈhdfõ .eyeKq orejkaj wOHdmk lghq;=j,g fhduqlsÍfï§

yd Tjqkaf.a kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lr.ekSfï§ jeä fm<Uùula

we;s lsÍug fya;= ù we;s nj;a thska fmkajd fohs'

fuu Okd;aul m%;sM, oskd.ekSfïoS" úfYaIfhkau

bkaoshdkq rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj,ska bgql< fufyh úYd,

n,mEula lf<ah' 1993 jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka miqj ia;%Skag

kdhl;aj mqyqKqj yd foaYmd,k oekqu ,ndoSu" mlaI kdhlhska

yd uyck ksfhdað;jreka iu`. idlÉPd meje;aùu iy Tjqkag

n,mEï lsÍu" Pkaoodhlhska oekqj;a lsÍu" ia;%Skaj Wkkaÿ fldg

wfmalaIsldjka f,i bosßm;a lrùu" ue;sjrK m%pdrl lghq;=j,g

Wmfoia yd wdOdr oSu iy Tjqka mxpdh;s rdca wdh;kj,g f;aÍ

m;ajqkq miq tu wdh;kj, mßmd,kh ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍu yd

tu lghq;= lrf.k hdfïoS Wmfoia ,nd oSu jeks fufyhka tajd

w;ßka jvd;a jeo.;a fõ (Agrawal, 2006)'

ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh j¾Okh ùu ksid fun`ÿ

id¾:l;ajhka m%ldY jqjo" bkaoshdkq mxpdh;S rdca wdh;kj,ska

yd ia;%Ska ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfuka wfmalaIs; ish¨ wruqKq

88

lu,d ,shkf.a

bgqjQjd hhs hful=g lsj fkdyelsh' úfYaIfhkau .%dóh

ia;%Skaf.a fkdoekqj;alu" úêu;a wOHdmkhla fkd,eîu" wvq

wd;au úYajdih" m%pKavldÍ foaYmd,k ixialD;sh" ia;%Ska uqyqKq

fok wkdrlaIs; ;;ajh" wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d yd ;jÿrg;a uq,a nei

f.k we;s mqreI flakaøSh wdh;k jHQyh wdoS lreKq thg fya;=

ù ;sfí' fndfyduhla mxpdh;s rdca ksfhdað;jßhka" ;ju;a

Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, fyda mlaIj, mqreIhkaf.a wjYH;dj,g wkqj

lghq;= lsÍu iy Tjqkaf.a md,khg k;=ùu" wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul

fjki oskd.ekSug we;s úYd,u ndOlh neõ w.%jd,af.a woyihs'

(Agrawal, 2005)'

mx.= l%uh mlsia;dkhg w¨;a fohla fkdfõ' trg 1956"

1962" 1970" 1973 iy 1985 wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,ska m%dka; fukau

cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska o ia;%Skag

mx.=jla fjkalr ;snqKs' kuq;a th b;d iq¿ m%;sY;hla jQ w;r 5]

isg 10] olajd m%udKhla úh' fjka l< wdikj,ska ksfhdað;jßhka

f;dark ,oafoa" tu ksfhdað; wdh;kj,g ue;sjrKfhka f;dard

.;a uka;%Sjreka úisks' tfyhska th jl% Pkao l%uhla úh' 1985

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka kshu lrk ,o wdik fjkalsÍu 1988

oS kj;d oeñKs' 1997 ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh wju

jQ w;r m<d;a iNdj, m%;sY;h 4]" fifkÜ uKav,h 2] yd

cd;sl wefiïì,sh ^uKav,h& 4] jYfhka úh' m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj,ska fjkal< m%;sY;h tlsfklg fjkia jQ w;r th 5]

isg 12] olajd mrdihl mej;=Ks' 1993 ue;sjrKfha m%;sM, wkqj

m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh 10] la úh' fï ksid

ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl jHdmdrhla wdrïN fldg m%udKj;a ixLHdjlska

wdik fjka lrjd .ekSug n,mEï lsÍu mlsia;dkq ia;%Ska úiska

wdrïN lrk ,oS'

fuu mßirh ;=<" mlsia;dk rch" iudk" ksoyia yd

il%Sh foaYmd,k iyNd.S;ajhla oskd .ekSu i|yd ia;%Ska ork

89


W;aidyh yd lemùu ms<sn| cd;sl jd¾;d lSmhloSu wjOdrKh

lf<ah' 1997 oS ia;%Ska ms<sn| fidhd ne,Su i|yd m;alrk ,o

fldñIka jd¾;dfõ;a (Report of the Commission of Inquiry for Women)" 1998 ls%hdldrlï i|yd jQ cd;sl ie,eiafï;a (National Plan for Action)" 2002 ia;%Skaf.a j¾Okh yd n,.ekaùu i|yd

jQ cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfha;a (National Policy for Development and Empowerment of Women) ta ms<sn|j i|yka úh' 2001 iïu;

lrk ,o n,h fnoSu ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sfhka cd;sl yd

m<d;a md,k ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 33] la ia;%Ska

i|yd fjka fldg" Tjqkaj taldnoaO wdikj,ska Rcq Pkaofhka

f;dard .ekSu wdrïN lf<ah (NRB, 2006; Anjum, 2001; Bari, 2001)'

2000 oS mlsia;dk ñ,sgß wdKavqj n,h úuOH.; lsÍfï

ie,eiaula ls%hd;aul lf<ah' fuu ie,eiafuka osia;s%lal"

f;is,a (Tesil) yd hqkshka (Union) ljqkais,j, ksfhdackfhka

33] la ia;%Skag fjka lf<ah' hqkshka ljqkais,h yer wfkla

ljqkais, fofla fjkal< wdikj,g ia;%Ska f;dard .;af;a jl%

Pkao l%uhlsks' hqkshka ljqkais,hg ue;sjrKfhka f;dard .;a

ksfhdað;hskaf.ka iukaú; Pkaoodhl úoHd,hla u.ska fuu

ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .efka'

ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l< wdikj,ska muKla fkdj fmdÿ

wdikj,skao Tjqkag ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a úh yelsh' ngysr

m%dka;fha wka;jdoS wd.ñl lKavdhïj, n,mEu ksid tu

m%dka;fhaoS 2002 oS meje;ajQ ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug ia;%Skag

fkdyels úh' tksid wdik 650 lg ia;%Ska f;aÍ m;a fkdjqks'

kuq;a ia;%Skag fjkal< iuia; wdikj,ska wdik 40"049 ka

36"187 lg ksfhdað;jßhka f;aÍ m;ajqks'

90

lu,d ,shkf.a

fuu mx.= l%uh ksid ia;%Ska úYd, ixLHdjlg m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj, foaYmd,khg iyNd.s ùug yelsúh' uqo,a" fjk;a

iïm;a yd m%pKav;ajh u; mokï jQ foaYmd,k ksfhdackh"

mlsia;dkh ;=< iuia;hla jYfhka" foaYmd,khg iïnkaO m%N+

mjq,aj, mqreIhkag iSud ù ;sìKs' kuq;a tn`ÿ mokula ke;s

.eñ" kQ.;a yd my;a hhs iïu; ck fldgiaj, ia;%Skag mjd

ksfhdackh ùug yelshdjla ,eîu fuu mx.= l%ufha jeo.;au

m%;sM,h úh' tfiau" ;reK ia;%Ska m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd m<d;a

md,k foaYmd,kh flf¾ úYajdihlska thg wj;S¾K ùuo

fuhska ,o ;j;a m%;sM,hls' f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka

57] la jhi wjq( 45 g wvqùu ksid ;reK ia;%Ska" úfYaIfhkau

.%dóh yd m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,kfha fjkila lsÍug bosßm;a ùu

jeo.;a lreKls' tfiau tu ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka 73'7] la

.DyKshka ùfuka m%ldY jQfha ia;s%hg mejÍ ;snqk m%ckk ld¾h

yd .Dyia: N+ñldfjka weh hï ;rulg fyda wE;a ù fmdÿ

fCIa;%fha lghq;=j,g bosßm;a ùug olajk ,eoshdjhs' iudc

fjkila i|yd tacka;jreka jYfhka bosßm;aùug .eñ ia;%Ska

;=< we;s leue;a;o thska m%ldY úh'

kuq;a fuu ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka 53] la idlaIr;djh

fkdue;s wh ùu ksid ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfhka wfmalaIs;

wruqKq m%dfhda.sl jYfhka bgqlr .ekSfïoS wNsfhda. t,a,

úh' Tjqkag foaYmd,k oekqu yd w;aoelSï fkdue;s ùuo thg

n,mE ;j;a ndOdjla úh' m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g m%udKj;a

m%;smdok fkdue;sùu ksid fuu ksfhdað;jßhkag u`. úhoï

yd ld¾hd, fyda fjk;a myiqlï lsisjlao fkd,eìKs' Tjqkag

wjYH mqyqKq lsÍï ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug mlsia;dk wdKavqj

wOHhk iólaIK yd idlÉPd meje;ajqjo" Tjqkag m%udKj;a

mqyqKqjla o fkd,eìKs' fndfyda ksfhdað;jßhka bosßm;a l<

ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s i|yd m%;smdok fjka fkdl< ksid tajdo

91


yßyeá ls%hd;aul l< fkdyels úh (Reyes, 2003) '

wdik fjkalsÍug n,mEï l< ia;%S cd;sl jHdmdrh"

2001 oS kej; Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhla wrUd cd;sl uÜgfï

ksfhdað; wdh;kj,skao 33] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrk f,i

b,a,d isáfhah (Aurat Foundation, 2001)' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i"

mlsia;dka foaYmd,k mlaI 11 la m%dka; yd cd;sl ue;sjrKj,oS

kdufhdackdj,ska 30] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍug leue;a;

m< l<y' oS¾> idlÉPd yd jdo újdoj,ska miqj" mlsia;dkfha

cd;sl kej; f.dv ke`.Sfï ìhqfrdaj (National Reconstruction Bureau) fifkÜ uKav,fha wdik 100 ka 17 la ^17]& iy cd;sl

wefiïì,sfha wdik 342 ka 60 la ̂ 18]& ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah'

kuq;a 1998 isg ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjkalsÍfï cd;sl jHdmdrh"

33] l mx.=jla ms<sn|j lrk ,o b,a,Su yd 2001 oS ia;%Ska yd

ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wud;HxYh iu. ia;%S ixúOdk úiska lrk ,o

idlÉPd hkdosh cd;sl kej; f.dvke`.Sfï ìhqfrdaj fkdi,ld

yer we;s njg úúO fpdaokd t,a, úh'

j;auka mlsia;dkfha cd;sl wefiïì,shg ksfhdað;jßhka

60 la f;dard .kafka iudkqmd;sl ue;sjrK l%uh u;h' tla tla

mlaIhg ,enqKq Pkao m%udKh wkqj ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< wdik

fnod yef¾' kuq;a mlsia;dk ia;%S ixúOdkj,ska fndfyduhla fuu

l%uh wkqu; fkdlrhs' trg foaYmd,k mlaI mqreI uQ,sl jHQyhla

u; lghq;= lrk ksid fufia f;dark ksfhdað;jßhka yqfola

mlaIfha w;fld¿ jk nj;a" Tjqkag ia;%Skaj ksfhdackh lsÍfï

ksoyi yd bvm%ia:dj ysñ fkdjk nj;a fuu ixúOdkj, u;hhs'

;jo" foaYmd,k wdh;k ;=<oS fojeks .Kfha ksfhdað;hska f,i

ia;%Skaj ie,flk ksid Tjqkag ;SrK .ekSu i|yd we;s n,ho

idfmalaIj wvq nj fuu ixúOdk fmkajd fohs' mlsia;dkfha

úYd, Pkao fldÜGdY fyda idudkH m%udKfha Pkao fldÜGdY

92

lu,d ,shkf.a

folla tlafldg" úfYaI Pkao fldÜGdY ks¾udKh lrta u.ska

ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjka lrk f,i fuu ixúOdk b,a,d isà' tu

wdikj,g kdufhdackd bosßm;a lsÍfïoS ia;%Skaf.a ,ehsia;=jla

yd fmdÿ wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=jla bosßm;a úhhq;= njo" thska

wfmalaIsldjl yd wfmalaIlhl= f;dard .ekSug Pkaoodhlhdg

yelsjk whqßka ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= njo" ia;%S

ixúOdk j, woyihs' tu wdikj, Pkaoodhlhskag Pkao 2 la

ysñfldg tajdhska tla Pkaohla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< wdikfha

wfmalaIsldjl yd wfkl fmdÿ ,ehsia;=fõ wfmalaIlhl=

fjkqfjka Ndú;d lsÍu fhda.H nj Tjqka fmkajd fohs' (Bari, 2002)'

mlsia;dkfha 2008 ue;sjrKfhka miq cd;sl

jHjia:dodhlfha m%:u uKav,fha ia;%S ksfhdackh 22'5] ls'

fojeks uKav,fha tu m%;sY;h 16'3] la fõ' m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj, th 27-32] w;r m%udKhlg j¾Okh úh (www.ipu.org/wmn-c/classif.htm)' mx.= l%ufhka wdik 39"964 la ia;%Skag

fjkal< w;r thska 36"105 lska ia;%Ska f;dard m;alr .eKqks

(Alam, 2004; Yazdani, 2003)' mx.= l%uh ksid trg iEu uÜgulu

foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj j¾Okhla isÿ jQ

nj wOHhk /ilska fmkajd oS ;sfí (Reyes, 2002; Naz, 2001; Alam, 2004; Yazdani, 2002, 2003; CIET, 2004)'

2002 oS m%cd;ka;%jdoh iy ue;sjrK wdOdr i|yd

jQ cd;Hka;r wdh;kfha (IDEA) uQ,sl;ajfhka lrk ,o

wOHhkhlska fmkajd ÿkafka mlsia;dkh ;=< ienE iy mQ¾K

ia;%S yd mqreI iudkd;au;djhla foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhaoS we;s

lsÍug kï mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSu muKla m%udKj;a fkdjk

njhs' jHQyd;aul fjkialï u.ska w¾:j;a yd ienE fjkila

lsÍug kï wdl,amuh fjkila fukau" ia;%Skaf.a Odß;d j¾Okho

93


ta yd iu.dój isÿúh hq;= nj tu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs'

ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu" wju jYfhka 33] laj;a ia;%Ska

ksfhdackh jqjfyd;a tu.ska foaYmd,k wdh;kj, yd tajdfhaoS

.kakd ;SrKj, fjkila l< yels nj iy ksfhdackh yd fjk;a

foaYmd,k ls%hdldrlïj,g il%Shj iyNd.sùu i|yd ia;%Skago

whs;sjdislï ysñjk nj hkdosh ms<sn|j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug

cd;sl jYfhka mq¿,a oekqj;a lsÍfï jHdmdrhla wdrïN l<hq;=

nj fuu wOHhkfhka ks¾foaY lrhs' tfukau woshr ;=kloS

ia;%Skaf.a Odß;d j¾Okh l<hq;= njo thska fmkajd fohs' m%:u

fm< mqrjeishka f,i ia;%Skaf.a Pkaoh Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn|j;a"

Pkao wfmalaIsldjka f,i ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùu ms<sn|j;a"

f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka f,i id¾:lj lghq;= lsÍug;a

wod< mqyqKqj ia;%Skag ,ndosh hq;= nj;a thska fhdackd flf¾'

úfYaIfhkau ;reK ia;%Skag fuu mqyqKqj ,ndoSu jvd;a M,odhS

neõ fuu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs'

ia;%S ksfhdackfha ixLHd;aul j¾Okh ksid ia;%Skaf.a

Ôú;j, isÿjk .=Kd;aul j¾Okh ms<sn|j iy foaYmd,k

wdh;kj, iajNdjh" jHQyhka" ;k;=re" ;SrK" iïm%odhka yd

tajdg wod< kS;sÍ;s yd kHdh m;% wdosh iudc ys;ldó iy

ia;%S ys;ldó whqßka fjkiajk wdldrh ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a

wOHhkh fldg wod< f;dr;=re iudcfha úúO fldÜGdY w;r

fnodyeÍfuka jvd;a fyd| .=Kd;aul m%;sM, w;am;a lr.;

yelsnjo tu wOHhkfhka fmkajd fohs (Reyes, 2003)'

wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul m%;sM, ta whqßkau ,eî ke;;a

mlsia;dkfha ia;%S ksfhdackh m%udKd;aulj j¾Okh ùug

úfYaIfhkau trg ia;%S ixúOdkj, n,mEu fnfyúka fya;=

úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh (UNDP)" wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j (ADB) iy lefkaähdkq cd;Hka;r

94

lu,d ,shkf.a

ixj¾Ok wdOdr (CIDA) jeks cd;Hka;r wdh;kj, fm<Uùu

yd wdOdr cd;sl isú,a yd ia;%S ixúOdkj, ls%hdldß;ajhg Rcqj

n,md ;sfí (Jabeen and Jadoon, 2009)' mlsia;dk m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka wfmalaIs; wdldrfha

mqyqKqjla Tjqkag fkd,enqK;a" rdcH wdh;k" iuyr foaYmd,k

mlaI yd isú,a ixúOdk úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ck;dj

oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka yd mqyqKq jevuq¿o hï m%udKhlg

fuu j¾Okhg n,mEï lf<ah (CIET, 2004; Aurat Foundation, 2001)' tfy;a j;auka ^2012& mlsia;dk wdKavqj m<d;a md,k

wdh;k úiqrejd yer" wod< ue;sjrK wúksYaÑ; f,i l,aoud

;sîu ksid" mej;s mx.= l%uh mjd oekg wl%Sh ù ;sfí'

nx.,dfoaYfha ^1972& wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka cd;sl

md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 315 ka 15 la ia;%Skag fjkalr oS ;sìKs'

1976 jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhlska th wdik 30 olajd jeälr jir

10 l ld,hlg muKla tu kS;sh iSud flßKs' fuu wdik

30 g" ksfhdað;jßhkaj f;dard .ekqfka jl% Pkao l%uhlsks'

ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdikj,ska Rcq Pkaofhka f;dard .;a

ksfhdað;hskaf.ka ieos Pkaoodhl úoHd,hla u.ska" fuu fjka

l< wdik i|yd ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .eKsks' fuu wdik

fjkalsÍfï kS;sh ls%hd;aul ùu 1987 oS wjika úh'

fuu mßirh ;=< ia;%S ixúOdk;a" ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn|

Wkkaÿjla olajk ia;%Syq;a idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" ,sms yd fm;aiï

wdosh u.ska wdKavqjg n,mEï lrñka nx.,dfoaYfha mßmd,k

tall 64 g tla ksfhdað;jßh ne.ska m;alsÍu i|yd wdik

fjkalrk f,i b,a,d isáhy' ;jo" tu ksfhdað;jßhka Rcq

Pkaofhka f;dard .kakd f,io" tu.ska foaYmd,kfha m%Odk

m%jdyhg m%fõY ùug ia;%Skag bvm%ia:d i,id fok f,io Tjqyq

b,a,d isáhy' iuyr ia;%S ixúOdk foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska b,a,d

95


isáfha ue;sjrKj, kdufhdackd j,ska 10-20] w;r m%udKhla

ia;%Skag ,ndfok f,ihs' tu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i" 1990

jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla u.ska kej; wdik fjkalsÍu jir 10

la i|yd oS¾> flßKs' 1991 yd 2001 ue;sjrK w;r;=r ld,fhaoS

nx.,dfoaYfha m%Odk ia;%S ixúOdk 20 la muK uys,d m¾Ioa

ixúOdkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka mx.= l%uhla oskd .ekSu i|yd

jvd;a úêu;aj yd Yla;su;aj n,mEï l<y' ia;%S ksfhdackfha

wjYH;djh ms<sn| idlÉPd" foaYk" m%isoaO újdo yd iïuka;%K

wdosh u.ska Tjqyq ck;dj oekqj;a l<y' tfiau" wdKavqjg"

foaYmd,k mlaI j,g yd fuu m%Yakh ms<sn| ixfõoS md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdað;jrekag fkdlvjd n,mEï lsÍuo Tjqyq lrf.k .shy'

;jo" úfrdaO;d jHdmdr" uyck /<s yd ñksia oïje,a ixúOdkh

lrñka m%Odk ud¾. wìhi§ Tjqyq úúO ls%hdldrlï ixúOdkh

l<y (Chowdhury, 2001)'

kuq;a fjka lrk ,o wdikj,ska f;aÍ m;ajqk

ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka fndfyduhla fokd Rcq Pkao l%uh

b,a,d isàug tl`. fkdjQy' Tjqka m%ldY lf<a ue;sjrKhla

meje;aùfïoS ia;%Ska w;ru mjd wkjYH .egqï yd m%pKavldÍ

ls%hd isÿùug bvlv we;s nj;a" ue;sjrK i|yd úYd, úhoula

oeÍug ia;%Skag yelshdjla fkdue;s nj;ah' tfyhska jl% Pkao

l%uhlska ksfhdað;jßhka f;aÍu jvd;a iqÿiq nj Tjqkaf.a woyi

úh'

nx.,dfoaYfha m%:u ue;sjrKfhaoSu ^1973& ia;%Skag wdik

fjka lr ;sîu ksid" ia;%Skaj ksfhdað;hska f,i f;aÍ m;aùug

kï tn`ÿ jHjia:dkql+, m%;sm;a;shla w;HjYHfhkau ;sìh

hq;=h hk wdl,amh trg iudch ;=< ia:dms; úh' ta ksid" fmdÿ

wdik j,ska ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIfhau wfmalaIlhskag ue;sjrKhg

bosßm;a ùfï kS;Hdkql+, whs;sh we;;a" tajd ;jÿrg;a

96

lu,d ,shkf.a

mqreIhkaf.a taldêldrhla fyda mqreIhkag wh;a fohla muKla

f,i i,lkq ,eìks' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" tu wdikj,ska ia;%Skag

kdufhdackd ,nd fkdÿks' ;jo" f;aÍ m;ajqk ksfhdað;jßhka

i|yd nx.,dfoaY md¾,sfuka;=fõ fjku wdik meKùu ksid

Tjqka yqol,d ;;ajhlgo m;aúh (Chowdhury, 1994)'

kuq;a fuu wdik fjkalsÍu ksid oYl 3 l ld,h ;=<oS"

b;d fyñka jqj;a 2'5] la mej;s md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh 19'7]

^2008& olajd j¾Okh ù ;sfí (www.ipu.org/wmn-c/classif.htm)' tfiau f;aÍ m;ajqKq ksfhdað;jßhka jeäfokd md¾,sfïka;=j

;=< kdhl;aj ;k;=re ,nd.ekSu" ldrl iNdj, idudðlhska

f,i lghq;= lsÍu yd Tjqkaf.a Pkao fldÜGdYj, ixj¾Okhg

úfYaIfhkau ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okhg wod< jHdmD;s

i|yd m%;smdok ,nd .ekSu jeks oE yryd lsishï .=Kd;aul

j¾Okhlgo odhl ù ;sfí' fuu ksfhdað;jßhka w;=ßka ál

fofkl= cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,kfhaoS jeo.;a N+ñld r`.mdk

;;ajhlgo m;aúh' WodyrK jYfhka tla uka;%Sjßhla mqoa.,sl

uka;%S mK;la bosßm;a fldg" md¾,sfïka;= wdikj,ska" leìkÜ

wud;H OQrj,ska" mlaI kdufhdackd j,ska" jHjia:dodhl ldrl

iNd idudðl;ajfhka" fY%aIaGdêlrK úksYaph lrejkaf.ka"

ue;sjrK fldñifï iy rdcH fiajd fldñifï idudðlhska

f.ka 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrk f,i b,a,d isáfhah

(Chowdhury, 2002)' fï mK;ska jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhla b,a,d

isáh;a md¾,sfïka;=fõ nyq;r wkque;sh thg fkd,enqKs'

tfy;a th bosßm;a lsÍfuka md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<;a" thska msg;;a

fuu m%Yakh ms<sn| hï oekqj;a njla j¾Okh ùug u`. mEÿKs'

md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhka ùug fmr iudc lghq;=j, ksr;ù

kdhl;ajh f.dvk`.d .;a ia;%Ska iq¨ ixLHdjla leìkÜ weu;s

OQr ysñlr .ekSuo tn`ÿ ;j;a Okd;aul m%;sM,hls'

97


1993 oS nx.,dfoaY md¾,sfïka;=j úfYaI mK;la iïu;

fldg" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wdik j,ska 25] la ia;%Ska i|yd

fjka lf<ah' ta i|yd Rcq Pkao l%ufhka ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard

.ekSug ;SrKh flßKs' tu m%;sm;a;shg wkqj m%:u ue;sjrKh

1997 oS meje;ajQ w;r" fjkal< wdikj,ska ia;%Ska 12"828 fofkla

f;aÍ m;aúh'

nx.,dfoaYfha cd;sl uÜgfï foaYmd,k wdh;kj,

ia;%S ksfhdackh hï ;rulska ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh jqj;a"

thska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ta whqßkau ,eî fkdue;s neõ wOHhk

lSmhlska fmkajd oS ;sfí' foaYmd,k n,h yd ia;%S-mqreI

iudcNdjh w;r we;s in|;djh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhlska

hqla;j" ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjka lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oS

fkdue;s nj;a" zzia;%S ksfhdackhZZ hkak yqfola ixfla;d;aul

ksfhdackhlg iSud ù we;s nj;a tu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs'

;jo" tu m%;sm;a;sh hgf;a f;areKq ia;%Skaj cd;sl foaYmd,kfha

m%Odk m%fõYhg we;=<;a lr .ekSug wod< mshjr fkd.ekSu

ksid Tjqka yqol,d ;;ajhlg m;aúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i"

ckaoodhlhd Tjqkaf.ka wfmaCId l< N+ñld foaYmd,k ;SrK

.kakd wdh;kj,oS ksisf,i r`. oelaùug fkdyels úh' tfiau"

nx.,dfoaY ia;%S jHdmdrhg fuu m%Yakh iïnkaOfhka lghq;=

lsÍug md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhka" foaYmd,k mlaI yd fjk;a

isú,a ixúOdk iu`. ióm in|;d fyda fmruqKla f.dvk`.d

.ekSug yels fkdùu;a ÿ¾j,;djhla úh' ta ksid nx.,dfoaY

mx.= l%uh cd;sl uÜgfïoS ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka wfmalaId l<

wruqKq bgq fkdjQ neõ fp!oaÍf.a wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs

(Chowdhary, 2002; 2001)'

kuq;a nx.,dfoaYfha m<d;a md,k wdh;j, ia;%Skaf.a

ksfhdackh j¾Okh ùu ksid ia;S%kaf.a ;;ajfhys hï .=Kd;aul

j¾Okhla isÿjQ neõ tu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs' m<d;a md,k

98

lu,d ,shkf.a

uÜgfïoS" foaYmd,k n,h yd iïm;a ,nd .ekSfïoS ia;%Skag hï

m%fõYhla ,enqkq nj;a" foaYmd,kfha mS;DuQ,sl iajNdjh hï

;rulska fjkia lsÍug yels jQ nj;a" foaYmd,kh hkq ia;%S Ôú;

j,g Rcqj iïnkaO jQ ls%hdldrlula f,i ie,lsh hq;=h hk

wdl,am fjkilg uq, msrek nj;a tu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd

fohs' ;jo" ia;%Skaf.a iïm%odhsl .Dyia: N+ñld yd tajd ms<sn|

oerE wdl,amj, hï fjkilg uq, msÍula yd ia;%Skago fmdÿ

lghq;=j,oS kdhl;ajh .; yelsh hk wd;au úYajdih f.dv

ke.Sula thska isÿjQ neõo fuu wOHhkj,ska fmkajd fohs'

mdrïmßlju fjkialïj,g yd mSvdj,g ,lajQ ck lKavdhul

ksfhdað;hskag yqfola jHjia:dodhlhg m%fõY ùug bv ,ndoSu

hk wruqKg jvd" ia;%Skag ienE m%cd;ka;%jdoS ksfhdackhla

,ndoSu" tu.ska iudk mqrjeisnj yd udkj whs;sjdislï N=la;s

ú|Sug bvm%ia:d ,ndoSu yd hy md,kh ia:dms; lsÍu hk wruqKq

fmroeß lrf.k fuu m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul l<hq;= neõ tu

wOHhkj,ska ks¾foaY flf¾ (Chowdhury, 2002; 2001)'

fkamd, wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj 1990 isg ish¨u

mlaI cd;sl ue;sjrKj,g bÈßm;a lrk kdufhdackdj,ska 5]

l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l<hq;= úh' kuq;a fkamd,fha;a

2000 oYlh olajdu cd;sl foaYmd,k wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh

b;d wju uÜgul mej;sks' 1995 oS tu m%;sY;h 3'41] yd 1999 oS

5'08] la úh' kuq;a 1997 m<d;a md,k iajhx md,k mK; u.ska

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg mshjrla .eKqks' thg wkqj iEu .%du

ixj¾Ok lñgqjlu tla wiqkla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs' tys

m%;sM,hla f,i" 1997 m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Ska 40"000

la tkï 30] l muK m%;sY;hla m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g

f;aÍ m;ajqks' 2000 oYlfha uq, isg fkamd,fha ud´jdoSka

rdcHh;ajhg tfrysùu yd ikakoaO ler<s jHdma; lsÍu ksid

ue;sjrK úêu;aj fkdmeje;aúKs' fkamd, rch ler<slrejka

99


yd tl`.;djhlg meñK 2007 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:djla

y`ÿkajd ÿks' tu jHjia:djg ia;%S-mqreI iudk ksfhdackhla

i|yd jk mx.= l%uhla wka;¾.; l<hq;= njg iudcfha úúO

mqoa.,hska yd ixúOdkj,ska b,a,Sï bosßm;a úh' fuhg wkqj"

fkamd, wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hg wju jYfhka

1$3 la ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;= hhs ;SrKh úh' ^2008 wdKavql%u

jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hg f;dard.;a ksfhdað;hska 575 ka

191 la ia;%Ska úh' ;j;a ia;%Ska 6 fofkla cd;sl ,ehsia;=fõ

ksfhdað;hska 25 fokd w;ßka" leìkÜ uKav,h úiska m;a lrk

,oS'& 2007 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ir, nyq;r l%uh

yd iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh ñY% Pkao l%uhla fkamd,hg

y`ÿkajd ÿks' fkamd,h N+f.da,Sh jYfhka fldÜGdY 240 lg fnod

iEu fldÜGdYhlskau tla ksfhdað;fhl= ir, nyq;r l%uhg

wkqj;a" ;j;a ksfhdað;hska 335 fofkl= iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack

l%uhg wkqj;a f;dard .ekSug ;SrKh flßKs (IDEA, 2008)' 2007 ue;sjrK mKf;a j.ka;s 7^4& g wkqj Ndrldr wdKavqfõ

md¾,sfïka;=j ksfhdað;hska 601 lska iukaú; úhhq;= nj;a"

thska 240 la N+f.da,Sh l,dm wkqj ir, nyq;r Pkaofhkq;a"

335 la iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj;a" ;j;a 26 la cd;sl

,ehsia;=fjka leìkÜ uKav,h m;a lsÍu u.skq;a ksfhdackh ùug

kshu úh' tys j.ka;s 7^3& ka kshu jQfha" ish¨u mlaI bosßm;a

lrk iudkqmd;sl ue;sjrK kdufhdackd wdjD; ,ehsia;= úhhq;=

nj;a" tu ,ehsia;=j,ska 50] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= nj;ah'

hï mlaIhla fuu úêúOdkh wkq.ukh fkdl<fyd;a 50] g

jvd jeä jk mqreIhska fyda ia;%Skaf.a kï ,ehsia;=fjka bj;a

fldg wod< kS;shg wkqj th ilia lsÍug ue;sjrK fldñiug

n,h ,efí'

fkamd, Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dj hgf;a" ñY%

ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj m%:u ue;sjrKh 2008 wms%fh,a ui oS

100

lu,d ,shkf.a

meje;aúh' fuu ue;sjrKfhaoS f;dard .eKqk jHjia:dodhlh"

fkamd,hg kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd

jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,hla f,i lghq;= lsÍug kshu úh'

tysoS ir, nyq;r l%uh Ndú;d l< wdik 240 ka 30 ^12'5]& la

ia;%Ska oskd .;s' iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh Ndú; l< wdik 335

ka 161 ^48'05]& lska ia;%Ska f;aÍ m;aúh' leìkÜ uKav,h úiska

cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka m;alrk ,o ksfhdað;hska 26 fokd w;ßka

ia;%Ska 6 fofkl= m;a flßKs' ta wkqj jHjia:dodhlfha ke;skï

jHjia:d iïmdol uKav,fha iuia; ksfhdað;hska ixLHdj jQ

601 ka" ia;%Ska 197 la ksfhdackh fõ' tys m%;sY;h 32'8] la jQ w;r

tu ksfhdað;jßhka úúO mx;s" l=, yd m%foaY ksfhdackh lsÍu

úfYaI;ajhls' fuu m%;sM, fkamd, ue;sjrK b;sydifha iudk

ksfhdackh i<l=Kq lsÍfï wdrïNhla úh' fuu ue;sjrKfhaoS"

ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,ndoSug jdudxYsl mlaI jeä Wkkaÿjla

oelajQ w;r" iuyr ia;%Ska mqreI wfmalaIlhskag jvd úYd,

Pkao nyq;rhlska ch .ekSu iqúfYaIS úh' WodyrK jYfhka

fkamd, ud´jdoSkaf.a tlai;a fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh (Unified Communist Party of Nepal Maoist) iy fkamd, fldx.%ifhka

(Nepali Congress) f.d¾ld (Gorkha) Pkao fldÜGdYhg bosßm;a

jqkq wfmalaIsldjkag jeäu Pkao m%udKh oskd.; yelsúh'

fojkqjg jeä Pkao ,nd.;a wfmalaIlhdg jvd 30"000 la muK

jeäfhka fuu wfmalaIsldjkag Pkao ysñùu úfYaI;ajhla úh'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lsÍfï uQ,sl wä;d,u f,i iïmdokh

flreKq fkamd, Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia;%Ska i|yd

mx.= l%uhla fjkalr oSfuka fkamd, cd;sl ue;sjrK b;sydifha

m%:u jrg ia;%S ksfhdackh 32'8] olajd j¾Okh ùu iqúfYaIS

lreKls' kuq;a fkamd,fha iïm%odhsl foaYmd,k mlaIj,

kdhl;ajfha wdl,am" mS;DuQ,sl iudc yd ixialD;sl idOl"

.Dyia: fCIa;%h ;=< ia;%Skag mejfrk N+ñld iy foaYmd,k

;SrK .ekSï i|yd ia;%Skag we;s wvq w;aoelSï wdosh ksid fuu

101


f;dard .;a ksfhdað;jßhka jeä fokdg Tjqka wfmalaId l<

N+ñld r`.mEug we;s yelshdj iSñ; ù ;sfí' tu ksfhdað;jßhka

fofofkla uE;loS m%ldY lf<a zzia;%Ska yqfola ixfla;d;aul

ksfhdackhlg iSud ù we;s nj;a" iïm%odhsl mqreI foaYmd,k

kdhl;ajh ia;%Skag iajdëkj woyia m%ldY lsÍug bvlv ,nd

fkdfok nj;a" foaYmd,k ksfhdað; wdh;k ;=< mjd fuu

mqreIhkaf.a wdêm;Hhg Tjqka k;= ù we;s nj;ahZZ' ia;%S ksfhdackh

m%udKd;aulj j¾Okh jQ muKska .=Kd;aul fjkila isÿ ùu

wfmalaId l< fkdyels nj;a" iïm%odhsl wdl,amj, yd mqreI

uQ,sl foaYmd,k ixialD;sfha fjkila ùug" kS;s iïu; lrk

ld,hg jvd os.= ld,hla .;jk nj;a Tjqyq fmkajd ÿkay'7

we*a.ksia:dkho mYapd;a-hqO jd;djrKh ;=< iïmdokh

l< wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu

i|yd jk mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd ÿks' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325

fhdackdj,sh ^2000& m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfuka miqj" ;SrK .kakd

uÜgïj,oS ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jk úfYaI úêúOdk

kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g wka;¾.; lrk f,i" úfYaIfhkau

mYapd;a-hqold,Sk jd;djrKh iys; rgj,ska cd;Hka;r ixúOdk

yd m%cdj b,a,d isáhy' ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd b,a,d

isák foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdkj,g iyfhda.h oelaùug fyda Ndrldr

wdKavqj,g n,mEï lsÍug fï ksid tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh

we;=¿ cd;Hka;r ixúOdko fm<UqKs' we*a.ksia:dkhg;a fuu

n,mEu t,a, jqks' ;,sndka .egqïlrejka iu`. idu .súiqï w;aika

lsÍfuka miqj we*a.ksia:dkh ;=< tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úfYaI

fufyhqï fldñiula ia:dms; flßKs' 2001 oS tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka we*a.ksia:dkfha m%cd;ka;%jdoS

7 2012" iema;eïn¾ 6-10 oskj,oS" f*âßÉ BnÜ iaá*agqka wdh;kh

úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ol=Kq wdishdkq ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh

iïuka;%KfhaoS" fkamd, md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka fofofkla iu.

lrk ,o idlÉPdjla weiqßks' ^ó.uqj( Y%S ,xldj&'

102

lu,d ,shkf.a

wdKavql%uhla ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd jk uQ,sl mshjr f,i

mSg¾ian¾.a iuq¿j le|jkq ,eîh' ;,sndka hqO .egqï mßirh

;=<oS ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï oeä f,i W,a,x>kh lsÍu yd Tjqkaj

mSvdjg m;a lsÍu ms<sn|" fuu iuq¿fõos úfYaIfhka idlÉPdjg

,laúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" we*a.ksia:dka Ndrldr wdKavqj ;=<

fukau kj md¾,sfïka;=j ;=<;a ia;%S ksfhdackh ;yjqre lrk

njg mSg¾ian¾.a .súiqfuka fmdfrdkaÿ úh' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkh" wußld tlai;a ckmoh iy we*a.ksia:dkfha tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a úfYaI fufyhqï lñgqj l< oeä n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla

f,i Ndrldr wdKavqfõ wud;H OQr follg iy f,dahd ð¾.d

fldñifï (Loya Jirga Commission) ksfhdað; ;k;=re ;=klg

ia;%Skaj f;dard .eKqks (Kaufman, 2003)'

2004 ckjdß ia:dms; lrk ,o we*a.ksia:dk kj

wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wkqj iEu m<d;lskau wju jYfhka

tla ia;s%hlaj;a f,dahd ð¾.d fldñiu ^jHjia:dodhlh& ;=<

ksfhdackh úhhq;=h' ta ksid kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj u.ska"

md¾,sfïka;=fõ my< uKav, ksfhdackfhka 25] l mx.=jla

ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs' fojeks uKav,h i|yd ckdêm;s

úiska m;alrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hska w;ßka wvla ia;%Ska úhhq;= njo

jHjia:dfjka m%ldY úh' ta wkqj fojeks uKav, ksfhdackfhka

17] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flßKs' ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu úYajdi iy.; fkdjk

mshjrla f,i iuyr ia;%Ska fmkajd ÿkako" fndfyduhla ia;%Ska"

ia;%S ixúOdk yd úfYaIfhkau we*a.ksia:dkh ;=< isr.;j isá

ia;%Ska mx.= l%uhla fjkqfjka igka l<y (Krook, 2004)' mx.=

l%u kS;sh y`ÿkajd oSfï m%;sM,hla f,i" we*a.ksia:dkfha 2010

iema;eïn¾ ui meje;ajQ uy ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Ska 69 fofkl=

^uq¨ uka;%S ixLHdj" 249& f;aÍ m;aúh' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ

my< uKav,fha ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 27'7] ls' 2011 ckjdß

103


ui meje;ajQ fojeks uKav, ue;sjrKfhaoS" ksfhdað;hska 102 ;a

f;dard.;a w;r" thska 28 la ^27'5]& ia;%Ska fõ (www.ipu.org/wmnw/classif.htm)'

,;ska wfußldkq rgj, w;aoelSï

1990 oYlh uq,a Nd.fhaoS" m%cd;ak;%jdoS wdKavql%uj,

jHdma;sh;a iu`. ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,a fndfyduhl

jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSu ckms%h úh' oekg ,;ska

wfußldkq rgj,a 14 la ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jk mx.=

l%u y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí' fï w;ßka wd¾ckaákdj ^1991& mx.= l%uh

y`ÿkajd ÿka m%:u rghs' ta i|yd wd¾ckaákd ia;%Ska fm<UjQ uQ,sl

lreKq 2 ls' tkï iamd[a[ iudcjdoS mlaIh (Spanish Socialist Party) iu`. jQ in|;d iy fldiagßldys zzia;%Ska yd mqreIhka

w;r i;H iudkd;au;djhla i|yd jQ mK;ZZ iïu; lrjd

.ekSug trg ia;%S jHdmdrh l< Woaf>daIK yd fm<Uùïj,

n,mEuhs' wd¾ckaákd ia;%S jHdmdrfha n,mEu" mlaI j,

leue;a; yd rdcHfha kuHYS,s nj ksid 1991 oS 30] mx.= l%uhla

jHjia:dkql+,j y`ÿkajd ÿks (Htun & Jones, 2002)' wd¾ckaákd

kS;shg wkqj cd;sl ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a jk ish¨u mlaI kdu

fhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska wju jYfhka 30] la ia;%Skag ,ndosh hq;=

fõ' kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ w.g ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a lsÍu

;ykï jk w;r" ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh we;s wdldrhg mlaI

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j mqrd iu;=,s;j ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a

l<hq;= fõ' fuu úêúOdkj,g hg;a fkdjk kdufhdackd

,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam flf¾'

mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSug fmr" 1991 oS wd¾ckaákdfõ ia;%S

ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h 4'6] la úh' kuq;a mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd

oSfï m%;sM,hla f,i 1993 ue;sjrKfhaoS wd¾ckaákd cd;sl

104

lu,d ,shkf.a

jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh 21'3] olajd j¾Okh úh' 2003

oS th 30'7] olajd ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh úh'

wd¾ckaákd ia;%S jHdmdrfha kdhsldfjda mx.=

l%uh yd thska ,o ch.%yK ms<sn|j wfkla ,;ska

wfußldkq rgj, kdhsldjkajo oekqj;a l<y' iuyr

,;ska wfußldkq rgj, rdcH ia;%Sjdoh (State Feminism)8

Yla;su;aj jHdma; ùu mx.= l%uh oskd.ekSug myiqjla úh'

WodyrK f,i fmare rdcHfha fmQðfudß ckdêm;sjrhd ia;%Ska

fjkqfjka fjku Tïnqâiaukajrfhl= ^md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia

ke;skï ÿla .kakd rd<& m;alsÍu" md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S fldñiula

msysgqùu" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajhg tfrys kS;s iïu; lsÍu yd mjq,a

ie,iqï i|yd jk kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu hkdosfhaoS uQ,sl;ajh

f.k lghq;= lf<ah' Tyqf.a iyfhda.h ksid 1997 oS 30] fmare

ys mx.= l%u kS;sh fujeks jHjia:dodhlh úiska talÉPkaofhka

iïu; lrk ,§'

mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï m%;sM,hla f,i fmare cd;sl

jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh 18] olajd 1998 oS j¾Okh úh'

kuq;a fmare ys kS;shg wkqj újD; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh

Ndú; lsÍu ksid fndfyduhla mlaI ia;%Skaf.a kï" ,ehsia;=fõ

w.g we;=<;a lrhs' tfyhska mqreIhskag idfmalaIj ia;%Skaf.a

Pkaoh oskd.ekSfï iïNdú;djh wvqfõ' wd¾ckaákdfõoS wdjD;

,ehsia;= (Closed list) l%uh Ndú;d lsÍu ksid wfmalaIs; m%;sM,

jeäfhka ,nd.; yelsúh'

8 ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka w;r jk wiudk;d ;=rka fldg" ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;j,

j¾Okhla i|yd rdcH úiska uQ,sl;ajh .kq ,eîu rdcH ia;%Sjdoh

f,i ie,fla' rdcH úiska tu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug wod< kS;s"

m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï iïmdokh" úfYaI jHdmD;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu" wjYH

iïm;a ,ndoSu yd tu lghq;= i|yd rdcH hdka;%K msysgqùu ^ldka;d

wud;HxYh" cd;sl ldka;d ljqkais,h& wdosh lrf.k hkq ,nhs'

105


fmQðfudß wdKavqj wud;HxY WmfoaYl lñgqj,go

ia;%SjdoSka lsysmfofkla we;=<;a lf<ah' ixLHd;aulj fukau

.=Kd;auljo ia;%Skaf.a Ôú;j, j¾Okhla lsÍu tu mshjrj,ska

wfmalaId flßKs' tfy;a fmQðfudß ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wêm;sjdoS

md,k rgdj ;=< fuu kdhsldjka yqfola Tyqf.a wkq.dñlhska

njg m;ajQ wjia:d nyq, úh' ia;%Ska i|yd jQ cd;sl idlaIr;d

jevigyk jeks b;d jeo.;a jHdmD;s lSmhla weröug fuu

kdhsldjka uq,a;ek .;a;;a" wfmalaIs; .=Kd;aul m%;sM, ta

whqßkau ,nd.ekSug wmyiq úh (Jones, 1996)'

1996 oS mer.=fõ wdjD; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh u;

20] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍug wod< kS;shla ia:dms;

lf<ah' 1996 oS fulaisfldaj mx.= l%u kS;sh ̂ 30]& ia:dms; lf<ah'

kuq;a 2002 oS kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, kï fjkia l< fkdyels

whqßka ia:dk .; lsÍu yd kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk kdufhdackd

,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍu ms<sn| kS;s thg tlalrk ,oS' 1997 oS

fnd,Súhd 30] l mx.=jlao ^wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh&" n%iS,h 30] la

újD; ,ehsia;= l%uh hgf;ao" fldiagßld 40] la wdjD; ,ehsia;=

l%uh hgf;ao" fvdñkslka iuQydKavqj 25] l mx.=jla wdjD;

,ehsia;=j hgf;ao" blajfodarh 33] la újD; ,ehsia;= hgf;ao"

mekud yd fmare rdcHh 30] l mx.=jla újD; ,ehsia;= l%uh

hgf;ao" kS;sfhka ia:dms; lf<ah' 1998 oS fjksishq,dj 30] l

mx.=jla wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh hgf;a y`ÿkajd ÿks'

iuyr ,;ska weußldkq rgj," foaYmd,k mlaI

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd iafõÉPdfjka mx.=jla

kshu lsÍuo ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh flfrys n,mEfõh'

jdudxYsl mlaI fyda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaI fufia mx.= l%uh

y`ÿkajd oSfï ,d uQ,sl úh' m%:ufhka tu mlaI mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd

oSu wfkla mlaI j,g lrk ,o n,mEulao úh' foaYmd,k

106

lu,d ,shkf.a

mlaI Ndú; l< mx.= l%u úúO úh' fulaisflda ys m%cd;ka;%jdoS

úma,ùh mlaIh (Party of the Democratic Revolution), kslr.=jdys

cd;sl úuqla;sh i|yd jQ iekaäksiagd fmruqK (Sandinista Front for National Liberation) iy fldiagßld ys cd;sl úuqla;s

mlaIh (Party of National Liberation) cd;sl ue;sjrKj,oS

kdu fhdackdj,ska mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah' Ñ,S ys

m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd jQ mlaIh (Party for Democracy)" iudcjdoS

mlaIh (Socialist Party) iy n%iS,fha lïlre mlaIh wNHka;r

mlaI ;k;=re yd lñgqj,g f;dard .ekSfïoS ia;%Skag mx.=jla

kshu lf<ah'

,;ska wfußldkq rgj,a úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk mx.=

l%uj,ska ,nd we;s m%;sM, úúOh' ia;%S ksfhdackfha ixLHd;aul

j¾Okh fldiagßld ys 38'6] ^2010&" wd¾ckaákdys 37'4] ^2011&"

blajfodarh 32'3] ^2009&" fulaisflda 26'2 ^2009&" fnd,Súhd 25'4]

^2009&" fmare 21'5] ^2011&" fvdñkslka iuQydKavqj 20'8] ^2008&"

fjksishq,d 17'0] ^2010&" Ñ,S 14'2 ^2009&" mer.=fõ 12'5] ^2008&"

fldf,dïìhd 12'1] ^2010&" n%iS,h 8'6] ^2010& yd mekud 8'5]

^2009& wdoS jYfhka úúO fõ (www.ipu.org)'

30] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flreKo" ,;ska

wfußldkq rgj,a w;ßka fldiagßld" wd¾ckaákd yd blajfodarfha

muKla md¾,sfïka;= j, ia;%S ksfhdackh 30] blaujd we;' thg

uQ,sl fya;=j jkafka" wfkla rgj, mx.= l%uh ms<sn| jHjia:d

ls%hd;aul jqjo" tajdhska nyq;rhl th id¾:l ùug w;HjYH

úfYaI hdka;%K iïnkaOfhka wvqmdvq mej;Suhs' ud,d yÜka

(Mala Htun) yd ud¾la fcdakaia (Mark Jones) (2002) g wkqj mx.=

l%uj,ska jvd;a fyd| m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug n,mdk m%Odk idOl

lSmhls' tajd kï"

107


i. wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh fyj;a jeiqKq ,ehsia;= l%uh

wdjD; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jg we;=<;a l< kï yd tajd

ia:dk.; l< wkqms<sfj, ue;sjrKfhka miq fjkia

l< fkdyelsùu'

ii. ia;%Skaf.a kï" kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ w.g fyda yqfola

,ehsia;= msrùfï wruqfKka we;=<;a fkdlr ia;%S-mqreI

fomlaIfhau kï ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh we;s yd

iu;=,s; whqßka fm< .eiaùu

iii. mx.= l%uh ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS foaYmd,k mlaI ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍug we;s ienE leue;af;ka yd

lemùfuka lghq;= lsÍu

n%iS,h" blajfodarh yd fmare jeks rgj, újD;

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh Ndú; lrk w;r" tysoS ,ehsia;=jg

we;=<;a kï yd tajd ia:dk.; wkqms<sfj, ue;sjrKfhka miqj

mlaI kdhlhskag leu;s wdldrhg fjkia l< yelsh' tfyhska

ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla fjkalr ;snqKo" m%dfhda.sl foaYmd,kfhaoS

uQ,sl fya;= 2 la ksid ia;%Skag wjdis isÿfõ' m<uqjekak kï" újD;

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jla ;sîfuka tl mlaIfhau wfmalaIlhska

w;r jeä Pkao ,nd.ekSug úYd, ;r`.hla we;sfõ' tysoS

mqreIhskag ysñ jeä iïm;a" w;aoelSï yd cd,.;ùfï myiqj

wdoS foa ksid ia;%Skag jvd mqreIhska jeä jdisiy.; ;;ajhlg

m;afõ' fojeks lreK jkafka Pkaoodhlhdg újD;j ke;skï

,ehsia;=fõ wkqms<sfj, fkdi,ld Pkaoh oSug yelsùu ksid

mqreI wfmalaIlhska jeä jdisiy.; ;;ajhlg m;afõ' jeä

iïm;a we;s" jeäfhka wkq.%y olajk yd m%pdrl lghq;= lrk

mqreIhkag Pkaoh oSug Pkaoodhlhd jeämqr fm<fò' tysoS ia;%Ska

wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ my<gu ;,a¨fõ'

108

lu,d ,shkf.a

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ wfmalaIlhl=g ,ndÿka ia:dkh

ke;skï wkqms<sfj, fjkia l< yels ùu yd fkdyelsùu hk

idOlho mx.= l%uhl id¾:l fyda wid¾:l Ndjhg Rcqj n,mdk

idOlhls' WodyrK f,i wd¾ckaákdj" fnd,Súhd" fldiagßld

yd fulaisflda jeks rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh m%udKd;aulj j¾Okh

ùug wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ kï ia:dk.; l< wkqms<sfj,

fjkia l< fkdyelsùu i|yd mekjQ kS;sh Rcqj n,md we;'

wd¾ckaákdfõ fuu kS;sh b;du M,odhS f,i ls%hd;aul fõ'

trg kS;shg wkqj 30] la ia;%Ska ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,g

we;=<;a l<hq;af;a" oskSfï iïNdú;djh we;s wdik i|yd o

wfmalaIl;ajh ,nd oSfuks' yqfola ,ehsia;=j msrùug tys w.g

ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a lsÍu kS;sfhka ;ykï fõ' tu kS;sh

fkdi,ld iïmdos; kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= jqjfyd;a tajd

m%;sfCIam flf¾' tn`ÿ mlaIj,g tfrysj wfmalaIsldjka yd

ia;%S ixúOdk wêlrKhg fm;aiï bosßm;a l< wjia:do fõ

(Franceschet, 2004)' fulaisflda ys 1996 iïu; lrk ,o mx.=

l%u kS;sh 2002 oS fjkilg ,la fldg wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh

wdrïN flßks' ñY% ksfhdack l%uhla Ndú; lrk fulaisflda

ys cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhg iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uhg wkqj

^wdjD; ,ehsia;=& ksfhdað;hska 200 la f;dard .efka' ;j;a

ksfhdað;hska 300 la ir, nyq;r l%uhg wkqj f;dard .efka'

iudkqmd;sl l%uhg wkqj bosßm;a lrk wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fõ

mqreIhskaf.a kï 3 lg tla ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a úhhq;=h'

ir, nyq;r l%uhg wkqj f;dark ue;sjrKfhaoS o kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,ska 30] la ia;%Skag ,ndosh hq;=fõ (Franceschet and Macdonald, 2004)'

mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug foaYmd,k

mlaI j, we;s ienE leue;a; yd lemùuo tu kS;sfha

M,odhSNdjhg Rcqju n,mdhs' iuyr ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,

109


mx.= l%u kS;sh ia:dms; l<;a" thg wkqj kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=

iïmdokh fkdlrk mlaIj,g kS;suh n,mEula fyda o`vqjula

kshu fldg fkdue;' fuysoS;a wd¾ckaákdj yd fldiagßld

b;du;a fyd| WodyrK f,i .; yelsh' fuu rgj,a foflau

mx.= l%u kS;shg wkql+,j bosßm;a fkdlrk kdufhdackd

,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam flf¾' úfYaIfhkau wd¾ckaákd wêlrKh

fï iïnkaOfhka oeä ;SrKj,g t<U" kS;shg mgyeks jQ tn`ÿ

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug ;Skaÿ oSu mx.= l%ufhka

hym;a m%;sM, Wodlr .ekSfï ,d fnfyúka n,md we;' mx.=

l%uh id¾:l ùu iïnkaOfhka fuu kS;sh ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okfha ,d jvd;au n,mEï iy.; yd M,odhS tlla jQ neõ f.%a

f.a woyihs (Gray, 2003)'

fulaisfldaj 1996 oS y`ÿkajd ÿka mx.= l%u kS;shg fun`ÿ

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍfï úêúOdkhla we;=<;a ù

fkd;sìKs' kuq;a" md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka lsysmfofkl=f.a

uQ,sl;ajfhka 2002 oS th ixfYdaOkh flßKs' tysoS" kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=fõ kï yd tajd ia:dk.; l< wkqms<sfj, fjkia l<

fkdyelsùu yd mx.= l%u kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk kdufhdackd

,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug f*vr,a ue;sjrK wdh;khg

(Federal Electoral Institute) n,h oSu iïnkaO kj úêúOdk

mx.= l%u kS;shg tla lf<ah' mx.= l%u kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jla jqjfyd;a" fuu kj kS;shg wkqj"

m%:ufhkau f*vr,a ue;sjrK wdh;khg th fodaI iy.; neõ

fmkajd ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï n,h we;' bkamiqj wod< mlaIh

th ksjeros fkdl<fyd;a fojkqj tu kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j

m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h wod< wdh;khg ysñfõ' fuu ixfYdaOkh

ksid fulaisflda ys mx.= l%u kS;sh Yla;su;a úh (Franceschet, 2004)'

110

lu,d ,shkf.a

,;ska wfußldkq rgj, iuyr foaYmd,k mlaIj,

isÿfjñka mj;sk m%cd;ka;%ShlrKh yd n,h úuOH.;

lsÍfï m%jK;djho mx.= l%u kS;sh id¾:l ùug n,md ;sfí'

WodyrK f,i n%iS,fha foaYmd,k mlaIj, wvq m%cd;ka;%jdoS

iajNdjh oelaúh yelsh' trg 30] l mx.=jla kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd jHjia:dms;j fjkalr ;snqKo cd;sl

jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh 9] ^2011& muK fõ' thg

n,mE uQ,sl fya;= lSmhls' tajd kï újD; kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;=

l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍu" kS;shg wkql+, fkdjk kdufhdackd

m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,hla ue;sjrK ks,OdÍkag fkd,eîu yd

foaYmd,k mlaI iïm%odhsl mqreI flakaøSh n, jHQyhla u;

lghq;= lsÍuhs' ta ksid n%iS,fha foaYmd,k mlaI ienE ia;%S-mqreI

iudkd;au;djh ms<s.ekSu fjkqjg" yqfola ia;%Skaf.a kï lSmhla

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ w.g Wmydid;aulj tla lsÍu muKla

m%dfhda.slj lrf.k hhs'

iuyr ,;ska wfußldkq rgj, m%udKd;aul ia;%S

ksfhdackh yryd .=Kd;aul ksfhdackfha j¾Okhla isÿúh' ta

i|yd n,mdk ,o ;j;a úfYaI idOlhla jQfha rdcH ia;%Sjdohhs'

rdcH úiska ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh kxjd,Sfï wruqKska úfYaIs;

hdka;%K msysgqùu yd ia;%Skag wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh"

ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ tu wdh;kj,ska bgqjQ

fufyh fuysoS jvd;a jeo.;a fõ' ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,a 17

l muK tn`ÿ cd;sl hdka;%K msysgqjd we;;a tajdfha M,odhs

nj úúOh' wd¾ckaákdj" fldiagßld yd fnd,Súhd hk rgj,

cd;sl ia;%S ljqkais,h fyda cd;sl ia;%S wdh;k msysgqjd we;af;a

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ úêúOdk fyda md¾,sfïka;=fjka iïu;

lr.;a kS;shlg wkqjh' tfyhska tu rgj, m%udKj;a iïm;a

yd ks,OdÍka iys;j" ia:djr ;;ajhlska fï wdh;k ls%hd;aul

fõ' kuq;a wfkla fndfyduhla ,;ska wfußldkq rgj, ̂ n%iS,h"

111


fldf<dïìhd" fmare" W!re.=fõ yd fjksishq,d& tu wdh;k

msysgqjd we;af;a ckdêm;sf.a wd{djla u;h' tn`ÿ rgj,"

ckdêm;s fjkiaùu;a iu`. fndfyda úg tu wdh;kho" thg

,enqKq iïm;a o fjkia fõ' tfiau tajdg l<yels n,mEu o

fï oE u; fjkia fõ' tlaflda tu wdh;k cd;Hka;r m%;smdok

u; r|d mj;S' tu m%;smdok wjidk ùu;a iu`. tu wdh;kj,

ls%hdldß;ajho yqfola kdñl ;;ajhg m;afõ' tu w;aoelSïj,ska

meyeos,s jkafka mx.= l%u kS;sfhka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd .ekSug

kï rdcH wdh;kj, Wkkaÿj yd lemùu" úfYaIfhkau wod< kS;s

iïmdokhg" tajd ksisf,i ls%hd;aul lrùug yd ksÍlaIKhg

olajk rdcH odhl;ajh w;HjYH njhs' thska yef`.kafka" ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd rdcHfha wjHdc foaYmd,k leue;a;

yd Wkkaÿj w;HjYH idOlhla njhs'

mx.= l%uh jHjia:dkql+,j ia:dms; lsÍfuka muKla

Okd;aul m%;sM, ,nd.; fkdyel' ,;ska wfußldkq

w;aoelSïj,ska meyeos,s jkafka foaYmd,k ksfhdað;dh;kj,g

f;dard .kakd ia;%Ska yd wod< mßmd,k kdhlhska ienE

f,iu ia;%Skaf.a wjYH;d ksfhdackh l<fyd;a muKla" ia;%S

ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul j¾Okh .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla njg

m;a lr.; yels njhs' tfiau ia;%S jHdmdr Yla;su;a yd úêu;a

whqßka mx.= l%uh oskd- .ekSug muKla fkdj th ksisf,i

ls%hd;aul lrjd .ekSug;a m%udKj;a n,mEula lsÍu w;HjYH

neõ tu rgj, w;aoelSïj,ska fmkajd fohs' ia;%S jHdmdr ta i|yd

Wkkaÿjla fkdolajk yd lemùï fkdlrk wjia:dj,oS" mx.=

l%u kS;sh y`ÿkajd oSfuka muKla" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh

lr.; fkdyels neõ fndfyduhla ,;ska wfußldkq rgj,

w;aoelSïj,ska m%ldY fõ' (Vargas, 2002)'

112

lu,d ,shkf.a

wms%ldkq yd wrdì rgj, w;aoelSï

mYapd;a hqo jd;djrKhla mj;sk wms%ldkq rgj,a lSmhlu

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u kS;s y`ÿkajd oS ;sfí'

ta w;ßka rejkavd" ol=Kq wms%ldj" W.kavdj" iqvdkh" flkahdj"

gexidkshdj" brdlh yd fudfrdlaflda jeks rgj,a m%uqL fõ'

wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.ufha o;a; tl;=jg wkqj 2012 jkúg

f,dj ia;%S ksfhdackfha by<u m%;sY;h oskdf.k we;af;a

rejkavdjhs ^56'3]&' ol=Kq wms%ldj 7 jeks ia:dkh oskdf.k we;s

w;r trg m%;sY;h 42'3] ls' fudieïìla f,dj 12 jeks ia:dkh

oskdf.k we;' trg m%;sY;h 39'2] ls' W.kavdfõ m%;sY;h 35'0]

la jk w;r f,dj 19 jeks ia:dkh ysñlr f.k isà' brdlfha

tu m%;sY;h 25'2] ls (www.ipu.org-2012)' iqvdkfha 24'6]

ls' fudfrdlafldaj o f,dal md¾,sfïka;= w;r ia;%S ksfhdackh

iïnkaOfhka 77 jeks ia:dkh oskdf.k we;' trg m%;sY;h 17'0]

ls' th wrdì rgj, iuia; m%;sY;h jQ 11'7] g jvd fnfyúka

jeä w.hla .ekSu úfYaI lreKls' mx.= l%u kS;sfhka wms%ldkq

rgj,a ,nd we;s m%;sM, yd w;aoelSï o úúOh'

iuyr wms%ldkq rgj, úfYaIfhkau hqold,Sk jd;djrK

;=< ia;%S jHdmdr Yla;su;a úh' ia;%S ¥IK" ñksia >d;k" os<s`ÿ

nj" ú/lshdj" iy ukao fmdaIKh yd wvq wOHdmk myiqlï

jeks orejka uqyqK fok .eg¿ wdosh ksid Tjqyq fmrg jvd

úêu;aj ixúOdkh ù ;SrK .kakkag n,mEï lsÍug hqo iuhka

;=<oS mgka .;ay' hqo .egqï ksudj;a iu`." fuu rgj,a kj

wdKavql%u jHjia:d iïmdokh wdrïN lroaoS" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkh jeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd n,j;a úfoaYSh rgj,a

jvd;a m%cd;ka;%jdoS jHjia:d ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd n,mEï

l<y' tfiau" iuyr ia;%S ixúOdk yd ls%hdldÍka ue;sjrK

l%u úu¾Ikh fldg" kj ue;sjrK l%u yryd ia;%S ksfhdackh

113


j¾Okhg wod< fhdackdj,S ilid bosßm;a l<y' ;j;a iuyr

rgj,a" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg jHjia:dkql+,j bvm%ia:d

,ndoSfuka" tu rgj, m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k l%u ms<sn|

hym;a m%;srEmhla cd;Hka;rh ;=< ks¾udKh jk ksid mx.= l%u

kS;sj,g uq,a;ek ÿkay' tfiau" iuyr rgj,a cd;Hka;r wdOdr

,nd .ekSfï wruqKskao jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkay'

wms%ldkq rgj,a w;ßka rejkavdj yd W.kavdj jeks

rgj,a mx.= l%u kS;s wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wka;¾.; l< w;r"

iqvdkh jeks rgj,a ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=

j,ska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla kshu lf<ah' foaYmd,k mlaI

j, wNHka;r kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh fldg ue;sjrK

kdufhdackdj,ska ia;%Skag mx.=jla kshu lsÍu ol=Kq wms%ldj yd

fudieïìla jeks rdcH úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,oS'

Bðma;=fõ wkaj¾ iod;a wdKavqj úiska ckdêm;s wd{djla

u.ska 1979 oS md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 30 la ^335 uq¨ wdik&

ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrk ,oS' iod;a ish ìß| iu`. iqvdkhg

.sh wjia:dfõoS trg mej;s mx.= l%u kS;sh ms<sn| ±kqj;a úh'

miqj ta ms<sn|j Wkkaÿjla olajd Bðma;=jgo thg iudk l%uhla

y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1987 tu kS;sh fjkia fldg foaYmd,k mlaI bosßm;a

lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 10] l m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd

fjkalsÍu wdrïN lf<ah' ta iu`.u ckdêm;s úiska ia;%Ska 10

fofkl= md¾,sfïka;=jg m;a lsÍuo wdrïN flßKs' kuq;a fuu

kS;sfha m%;sM,hla f,i Bðma;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh m%udKd;aulj

fyda .=Kd;aulj ie,lsh hq;= wdldrfhka j¾Okh ùula isÿfkdjQ

neõ iuyr wOHhkj,ska fmkajd oS ;sfí (ABU-zayd, 1998)'

fudfrdlaflda md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 325 g ksfhdað;hska

f;dard .kafka ir, nyq;r ue;sjrK l%ufhks' thska 295 la

114

lu,d ,shkf.a

cd;sl uÜgfï Pkao fldÜGdY mokulskao" b;sß 30 ia;%Ska

muKla we;=<;a ,ehsia;=j,g wkqjo f;dard .efka' 2002 uy

ue;sjrKfhaoS fuu fjka l< wdik 30 g wu;rj" fmdÿ

wdikj,skao ia;%Ska 5 fofkl= f;aÍ m;aúh' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdackh 10'8] la úh' 2011 fkdjeïn¾ ue;sjrKfhaoS tu

ixLHdj 67 ^17'0]& olajd j¾Okh úh'

2001 oS fcda¾odkfha ue;sjrK kS;s fjkiafldg

md¾,sfïka;=fõ my< uKav,fha wdik 110 ka 6 la ia;%Ska i|yd

fjka lf<ah' ia;%Skag fjka l< wdikj,ska jeäu Pkao ,nd.;a

wfmalaIsldj fcda¾odk rcq úiska md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhl

f,i m;alrkq ,efí' fuu kS;sh ksid 2003 ue;sjrKfhaoS

fcda¾odka md¾,sfïka;=jg ia;%Ska 6 fofkl= ^5'0]& f;aÍ m;aúh'

2010 fkdjeïn¾ ue;sjrKfhaoS tu ixLHdj 13 ^10'8]& olajd

j¾Okh úh (Norris, n.d)'

rejkavd wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 9^4& j.ka;shg wkqj

;SrK .kakd uÜgfï wdh;kj, wju jYfhka 30] la j;a

ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úhhq;=h' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq

uKav,fha ksfhdað;hska 80 fokdf.ka 24 la yd fojeks

uKav,fha 20 fokdf.ka 6 fofkl= ia;%Ska úhhq;=h' mYapd;a

.egqï jd;djrKh ;=< rejkavd ia;%Syq kj m%cd;ka;%jdoS

wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokh i|yd úúO whqßka n,mEï

l<y' jHjia:d iïmdokfhka miqj mej;s m%:u ue;sjrKfhaoS"

ia;%Skag jeä Pkao oskd .ekSfï wruqKska Pkaoodhlhska oekqj;a

lsÍfï jHdmdr ia;%S ixúOdk yd rdcH úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,oS'

rejkavd idu .súiqï w;aika lroaoS o ia;%Syq Rcqj tu idlÉPdj,g

iyNd.S ù Tjqkaf.a w;aoelSï yd wjYH;d ksfhdackh l<y' m%:u

ue;sjrKfhaoS fuu ia;%Syq" ia;s%hlg Pkaoh oshhq;af;a ukao hkak

ms<sn|j Pkaoodhlhskaj oekqj;a lsÍug uQ,sl;ajh .;ay' óg

wu;rj" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ia;%S ixj¾Ok wruqo, (UNIFEM)

115


rejkavdj h<s f.dvke`.Sfï lghq;= j,oS úYd, jYfhka

iyfhda.h olajñka" m%:u ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a jQ ia;%Skag

úúO whqßka wdOdr lf<ah' fïjdfha m%;sM,hla f,i rejkavd

jHjia:dodhlfha my< uKav,fha ksfhdað;hska 80 ka 24 ^30'0]&

la yd fojeks uKav,fha ksfhdað;hska 20 ka 6 la ^30'0]& ia;%Ska

f;aÍ m;aúh' 2012 wka;¾ md¾,sfïka;= ix.ufha o;a; tl;=jg

wkqj m<uq uKav,fha ia;%Ska 45 ^56'3]& la yd fojeks uKav,fha

ia;%Ska 10 ^50'0]& la ia;%Ska ksfhdackh fõ (http://www.ipu.org)'

rejkavdfõ ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul muKla fkdj

.=Kd;aul j¾Okhla o isÿù we;s nj úúO wOHhkj,ska fmkajd

oS ;sfí' ia;%Ska uqyqK fok os<s`ÿlu yd ú/lshdj" orejka uqyqKq

fok ukaofmdaIKh" wOHdmkh yd fi!LH myiqlï m%udKj;a

fkdùu wdoS .eg¿ úi|d .ekSfïoS rejkavd md¾,sfïka;=

ksfhdað;jßhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu úfYaI;ajhls' ;SrK .kakd

uÜgïj, lghq;=j,g fuu ksfhdað;jßhka iyNd.S ùfuka

jeäu jdis ,nkafka ia;%Ska yd orejka neõ" tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

ixúOdkfha uy f,alïj isá fld*S wkka úiska jrla m%ldY

lrkq ,en ;sîu tu úfYaI;ajh jvd;a wjOdrkh lrhs' ;jo"

ia;%Skaf.a kdhl;aj j¾Okh" n, .ekaùu yd wd;au úYajdih

j¾Okh ùu;a mx.= l%uh ksid ,o hym;a m%;sM, f,i m%ldY

flf¾' rejkavdfõ fuu hym;a m%;sM," ol=Kq wms%ldj yd

fudieïìla jeks rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%u

y`ÿkajd oSug fnfyúka n,mEï lr ;sfí'

brdlfhao mYapd;a-hqo ld,Sk jd;djrKh ;=< kj

m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavql%u jHjia:djla iïmdokhg ia;%Syq o n,mEï

l<y' tysoS jHjia:dkql+,j ia;%S ksfhdackh ;yjqre l<hq;= njg

brdl ia;%Ska fukau cd;Hka;r ixúOdko b,a,d isáhy' tys

m%;sM,hla f,i" ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,fha ia;%S ksfhdackh 25]

116

lu,d ,shkf.a

lg jvd wvq fkdúh hq;=h hk úêúOdkh brdl kj wdKavql%u

jHjia:dfõ 49 jeks j.ka;shg wka;¾.; flßKs' oekg brdl

md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdað;hska 325 fokd w;ßka 82 ^25'2]& la

ia;%Ska fõ'

wms%ldkq rgj,a w;ßka ia;%S ksfhdackfha /äl,a fjkila

m%udKd;aulj fukau .=Kd;auljo isÿù we;s rgla f,i ol=Kq

wms%ldj ie,lsh yelsh' 1996 g fmr trg mej;s wemd¾;Sâ

wdKavqfõ ia;%S ksfhdackh 2'8] g iSud úh' tfy;a ol=Kq wms%ldj"

úfYaIfhkau fk,aika uekafv,df.a kdhl;ajfhka 1990 uq,

isg hg;a úð;jdoh yd wemd¾;Sâ md,khg tfrysj wr., fldg"

1994 oS m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavqjla ia:dms; lsÍu;a iu`. tu ;;ajh

fjkia úh' 2009 wms%fh,a ue;sjrKfhaoS trg ia;%S ksfhdackfha

m%;sY;h 42'3] olajd j¾Okh fjk wdldrfhaa /äl,a fjkila

isÿúh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i ol=Kq wms%ldj ia;%S ksfhdackfha by<

w.hla .kakd rgj,a w;ßka y;afjks ;ekg m;a jQ w;r" thg

n,mE iqúfYaIS lreKq 2 ls' tlla kï" wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih

(African National Congress) ;=< cd;sl ksoyi m;d trg ia;%Ska

ls%hdYS,s N+ñldjla r`.mEuhs' fojekak kï" tys kdhl fk,aika

uekafv,d m%uqL wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih úiska ia;%S ksfhdackh

j¾Okh i|yd y`ÿkajd fok ,o idOkSh m%;sm;a;s yd tajd

ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd msysgqjk ,o hdka;%Khhs' ol=Kq wms%ldkq

fldx.%ia kdhl fk,aika uekafv,d mqoa.,slj;a" m%:u ksoyia

wdKavqfõ ckdêm;s f,i;a" trg ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï iq/lSu

iy ish¨u ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS ia;%Skaf.a il%Sh iyNd.s;ajh

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd oelajQ foaYmd,k Wkkaÿj yd lemùu"

úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a hqold,Sk rdcHj, foaYmd,k kdhlhskag

b;d fyd| wdo¾Yhls'

117


1996 ol=Kq wms%ldkq wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iïmdokfhaoS"

trg ia;%Ska" úfYaIfhkau ia;%Skaf.a cd;sl iNd. jHdmdrh

(Women’s National Coalition Campaign) oeä f,i n,mEï

fldg ia;%Skaf.a whs;sjdislï kj jHjia:djg wka;¾ .;

lrjd .ekSu i|yd uQ,sl;ajh .;af;ah' 1994" ol=Kq wms%ldkq

cd;sl fldx.%ifha uQ,sl;ajfhka msysgq jQ cd;sl iu.s wdKavqj

ia;%Skaf.a Ôjk ;;ajh yd kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug úúO

mshjr .;af;ah' ol=Kq wms%ldj h<s f.dvkexùu yd ixj¾Okh

lsÍfï jHdmD;sj,oS md,l wms%ldkq fldx.%ih ksrka;rfhkau

md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a Wmfoia ,nd.;a w;r" wod<

lñgqj,g ia;%Ska f;dard m;alf<ah' ia;%Ska n,.ekaùfï jHdmD;shla

fjkuu ls%hd;aul lsÍu 1994 isg wdrïN lf<ah' 1995 § ia;%Ska

n,.ekaùu i|yd jk m%;sm;a;shla y`ÿkajd oS wdKavqfõ ish¨u

wxYj, lghq;=j,oS ia;%S iyNd.S;ajh iy;sl lf<ah' 1995 oS ol=Kq

wms%ldkq md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka" trg rdcH fkdjk ixúOdko

iu`. tlaj ia;%Ska ms<sn| jd¾;djla iïmdokh fldg" fnhsðx

cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõoS th tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkhg

bosßm;a lf<ah' tysoS y`ÿkd.;a os<s`ÿlu" iïm;a wiudk f,i

fnoS hdu" ia;%Skag tfrys m%pKav;ajh" wOHdmk yd fi!LH

myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu yd ú/lshdj jeks ia;%Ska uqyqKq

fok m%Odk m%Yak úi|Su i|yd ol=Kq wms%ldkq rcfha muKla

fkdj cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,o wjOdkh Èkd .;af;ah' fnhsðx

iuq¿fjka miqj ol=Kq wms%ldkq ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh i|yd

jk jev ie,eiaula ks¾udKh fldg th ls%hd;aul lsÍug wjYH

hdka;%Khla ia:dms; lf<ah' ia;%Skag wod, lghq;= úu¾Ykh

i|yd Wm-ckdêm;s ld¾hd,hg iïnkaOj cd;sl ia;%S lñgqjla

msysgqùh' tys YdLd m<d;a uÜgñka msysgqjd" wod< lghq;=j,oS

Wmfoia oSu yd ksÍlaIKho úêu;a whqßka wdrïN lf<ah'

1997 oS md¾,sfïka;= mK;la u.ska ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh

118

lu,d ,shkf.a

iudkd;au;djh i|yd jk cd;sl fldñiu msysgqùh' udkj

whs;sjdislï fldñiu yd cd;sl fm%dlag¾ ld¾hd,ho ia;%Skaf.a

whs;sjdislï wdrlaIdj yd m%j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI

N+ñldjla r`.mEug uQ,sl;ajh .;af;ah' fï whqßka ia;%Skaf.a

Ôú;j, .=Kd;aul fjkila lsÍug ia;%S jHdmdrfha kdhsldjka

fukau md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhka uQ,sl;ajh .ekSu <ore

m%cd;ka;%jdoS rgla jQ ol=Kq wms%ldj iïnkaOfhka iqúfYaIh'

ol=Kq wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ia mlaIfha wNHka;r

m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh fldg ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 33'3]

l mx.=jla ia;%Skag fjkalsÍu ksid" m%:u ksoyia wdKavqjg f;aÍ

m;ajQ ksfhdað;jßhka fuu fjkialï i|yd b;d fyd| mokula

iemhSh' m%:u ol=Kq wms%ldkq md¾,sfïka;=jg f;aÍ m;ajqkq ia;%Ska

117 ka 89 lau ol=Kq wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ifhka ksfhdackh

ùu fuu lreK iïnkaOfhka tu mlaIfha lemùu uekúka

úoyd olajhs' cd;sl ue;sjrK i|yd iafõÉPd mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd

ÿka ol=Kq wms%ldkq fldx.%ih tys wdKavq n,h mdúÉÑ lr

uyk.r iNd mK; iïu; lf<ah' ish¨u mlaI m<d;a md,k

ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 50] la

ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;=h hk jHjia:dms; mx.= l%uh tu mk;

u.ska ia:dms; lf<ah (Myakayaka-Manozini, 1998)'

tu mKf;a H^3& j.ka;shg wkqj zzish¨u mlaI bosßm;a

lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 50] la ia;%Ska nj ;yjqre l<

hq;=h' ,ehsia;=j mqrdu ia;%Ska yd mqreIhka iu;=,s;j ia:dk.;

l<hq;=hZZ kuq;a fuu kS;sh fkdi,ld yßk mlaIj,g oshhq;=

o`vqju ms<sn| kS;sfhka m%ldY fkdfõ' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ cd;sl

uÜgfï ksfhdackhg jHjia:dkql+, mx.=jla kshu lr ke;;a

m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd fï whqßka mx.= l%u kS;sh y`ÿkajd

oS ;sfí' trg m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK j,oSo ksfhdað;hskaf.ka

119


wvla ir, nyq;r l%uh yd wfkla wv iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack

l%uhg wkqj f;dard .kS' ol=Kq wms%ldkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,

ia;%S ksfhdackh 1995 oS 29'6]" 2000 - 40] yd 2006 - 43] olajd

j¾Okh ùug mx.= l%uh;a" ksfhdack l%uh;a" ol=Kq wms%ldkq

fldx.%ia kdhl;ajfha Wkkaÿj yd lemùu;a" tys m%cd;ka;%jdoS

m%;sm;a;s;a uQ,sl jYfhka n,md we;'

kS;Hdkql+, mx.= l%uhla cd;sl uÜgfïoS Ndú;d

fkdjqk;a" ol=Kq wms%ldkq fldx.%ih yÿkajd ÿka iafõÉPd mx.=

l%uh ksid" 1994 oS cd;sl jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%S ksfhdackh

27'75]" 1999 - 30]" 2004 - 32'75] yd 2009 oS 42'3] olajd /äl,a

wldrfhka j¾Okh úh' m%dka; jHjia:dodhlj, ia;%S ksfhdackh

ta yd iudkj j¾Okh fkdjqk;a fmdÿfõ iuia; ksfhdackfha

j¾Okhla isÿfjñka mj;S' tu m%;sY;h 1994 oS 27'1]" 1999 -

32'2] yd 2009 oS 41] la úh' lsisÿ m%dka; jHjia:dodhlhl 35] g

wvq ia;%S ksfhdackhla fkdue; (Morna, Rama, Mtonga, 2009)'

ol=Kq wms%ldkq fldx.%ifia nyq;r n,h we;s m%dka;

4 l ^.jqfgka.a - Gauteng kef.kysr flama" W;=re flama yd

jhU flama& w.ue;s ;k;=rej,g 2009 oS ia;%Ska m;a lf<ah' tu

m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lrñka" m%cd;ka;%jdoS fmruqK wdKavq

n,h ork ngysr flama m%dka;h úiskao 2009 oS tys w.ue;s

;k;=rg ia;s%hla m;alrk ,oS' wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih"

2009 mlaI jd¾Isl iuq¿fõoS m%;s{djla foñka 2010 jkúg

ol=Kq wms%ldkq jHjia:dodhlfha ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh 50]

olajd j¾Okh lsÍug mshjr .kakd nj m%ldY lf<ah' 2009 oS

jHjia:dodhlh ksfhdackh lrk uq¿ ia;%Ska ixLHdfjka 48'3]

la wms%ldkq fldx.%ifha ksfhdað;jßhka ùu tysoS iqúfYaIS fõ'

wfkla ol=Kq wms%ldkq mlaI cd;sl ue;sjrKj,oS iafõÉPd mx.=

l%u y`ÿkajd fkdÿkako" cd;sl fldx.%ifha n,mEu fjk;a

120

lu,d ,shkf.a

wdldrj,ska tajdg t,a, úh' 2006 oS ol=Kq wms%ldkq ia;%Ska 50(50

whs;sjdislï i|yd Woaf>daIK jHdmdrh osh;a l< w;r" bkamiq

ue;sjrKj,oS wfkla mlaI úiskao 20-30] w;r m%udKhlska

ia;%Skag ,ndfok kdufhdackd jeälrk ,oS' tfiau tu n,mEï

ksid wfkla mlaI" wms%ldkq fldx.%ih wkq.ukh lrñka" ia;%S

mlaI fldali msysgqjQ w;r" mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=rej,ska 30] la

muK ia;%Skag ,ndoSfï m%;sm;a;s o y`ÿkajd ÿks' 2009 oS ck;d

fldx.%ia mlaIh mlaI ;k;=rej,ska 50] la ia;%Skag ,ndoSu o

tu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i y`ÿkajd osh yelsh' ;jo" ol=Kq

wms%ldkq ixj¾Ok m%cdj mlaIh" 2015 oS cd;sl jHjia:dodhlhg

ish mlaIfhka ksfhdackh jk ia;%Skaf.a m%;sY;h 50] olajd

j¾Okh lrk njg m%;s{d ÿks'

2009 wms%fh,a ue;sjrKfhaoS ol=Kq wms%ldkq

md¾,sfïka;=fõ m<uq uKav,fha ksfhdackhg ia;%Ska 169 ^42'3]&

la ^uq¨ ksfhdað;hska 400& f;aÍ m;aúh' fojeks uKav,fha

ksfhdað;hska 53 fokdf.ka 17 ^32'10]& la ia;%Syq fj;s (http://www.ipu.org)' fuu ixLHd;aul j¾Okh yryd .=Kd;aul

j¾Okhla we;s lsÍug ol=Kq wms%ldkq md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßfhda

fnfyúka odhl fj;s' uq,a jir my ;=< ia;%Ska i|yd ffjoH

uOHia:dk 268 la" úfYaIfhkau .%dóh m%foaYj, ia:dms; lsÍu"

fi!LH uOHia:dk 2358 la m%;sixialrKh lsÍu" .%dóh mdie,a

1497 la m%;sixialrKh lsÍu" os<s`ÿ orejka ñ,shk 5'5 la i|yd

mdie,a osjd wdydr fõ,la iemhSfï jHdmD;s wdrïN lsÍu" jir

1 g jvd jhiska wvq ol=Kq wms%ldkq orejkaf.ka 63'3] lg wod<

m%;sYla;slrK tkak;a ,ndoSu" jir 6 g wvq <uqka yd .eìKs

uõjrekag fkdñf,a fi!LH fiajd ,ndoSfï jHdmD;shla weröu"

ñ,shk 2 l muK .ïj, mdkSh c, jHdmD;s ia:dms; lsÍu" os<s`ÿ

mjq,a ñ,shkhlg muK ksjdi ;kdoSu" ñ,shk 3'5 la muK jQ

kd.ßl ck;djg k.r iNd yryd c,h" úÿ,sh yd li< tl;=

121


lsÍu jeks myiqlï i,id oSu iy ksjdi 313"179 g" .%dóh mdie,a

25"900 la yd fi!LH uOHia:dk 2000 lg úÿ,sh ,ndoSu jeks

fiajd rdYshla iemhSfïoS fuu ksfhdað;jßfhda uQ,sl;ajh .;ay'

tfiau" ia;%S whs;sjdislï wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wka;¾.; lsÍu"

cd;sl ldka;d fldñiu msysgqùu" iSfvda iïuq;sh w;aika lsÍu yd

,sx.sl m%pKav;ajhg tfrys kS;s iïmdokh jeks ld¾hkaj,oS;a

fuu ksfhdað;jßfhda úfYaI odhl;ajhla oelajQy' tfiau

Tjqkaf.a n,mEfuka tu kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍug wod<

hdka;%K msysgqùug wdKavqjg n,mEï lsÍu" tu wdh;kj,g

Wmfoia oSu" wod< fhdackd ks¾foaY yd jd¾;d imhñka wdKavqjg

iyfhda.h oelaùu iy wod< jHdmD;s ksÍlaIKh yd we.hSu

jeks lghq;=j,oSo fuu ksfhdað;jßhka il%Shj iyNd.s ùu

ol=Kq wms%ldj iïnkaOfhka iqúfYaIS fõ (Myakayaka-Manzini, 1998)'

kuq;a fuu hym;a m%;sM," mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿka wms%ldkq

yd wrdì rgj,a ish,a,gu fmdÿ fkdfõ' tajdfha id¾:l;ajhg

n,mdk fya;= .Kkdjls' mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfïoS fukau"

ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS;a ta i|yd rdcHh" foaYmd,k mlaI yd ia;%S

ixúOdk iy fjk;a isú,a ixúOdkj,skao oelaúh hq;= Wkkaÿj

yd lemùu th id¾:l lr .ekSug w;HjYHu lreKls'

cd;Hka;r fukau foaYSh n,mEïo ksid iuyr rgj, mx.=

l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkak;a foaYmd,k mlaI th ksisf,i ls%hd;aul

lsÍug Wkkaÿ fkdfõ kï" hym;a m%;sM, Wodlr .; fkdyel'

kS;sfhka kshñ; kdufhdackd m%udKh ia;%Skag ,nd fkdfokafka

kï" fyda ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh wvq Pkao fldÜGdY j,ska

ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,nd fokafka kï thska wfmalaIs; m%;sM,

oskd.; fkdyelsh' tfiau" foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdhlhska {d;s

ys;j;a in|;d we;s ia;%Skag kdufhdackd ,ndoS Tjqka yqfola

mlaIfha wjYH;djh bgqlr .ekSug muKla fhdod.kafka kï"

tysoS;a wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd.ekSu wiSre fõ' foaYmd,k mlaI

122

lu,d ,shkf.a

ksisf,i ia;%Skag wod< m%udKfhka kdufhdackd ,nd fokafkao

hkak ms<sn|j mÍlaIdldÍ ùu;a" tfia isÿ fkdjk wjia:dj,

wod< n,Odßka ,jd th ls%hd;aul lrjd .ekSug n,mEï lsÍu;a

ia;%S yd isú,a ixúOdk u.ska bgqúh hq;=h' fuysoS" wod< rdcHh

wdh;k fyda ks,OdÍka" WodyrK jYfhka ue;sjrK fldñiu

fyda flduidßiajrhd iy wêlrKh jeks wdh;k foaYmd,k

mlaI ,jd tu kS;s ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd wmlaImd;S yd idOdrK

whqßka n,mEï l< hq;=h'

ia;%Ska i|yd wdik fjka lsÍfï kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS"

uka;%Sjßhka Rcq Pkaofhka f;dard .;a;;a" jl% whqßka f;dard

m;a l<;a" rdcH fukau foaYmd,k mlaI;a ia;%Skaf.a wjYH;d

ienE whqßka ksfhdackh l<yels mqoa.,hskag wfmaCIl;ajh ,nd

oSug fyda m;a lsÍug j. n,d .;hq;=h' ia;%Ska fjkqfjka yqfola"

mlaIhl fyda wdKavqfõ kdhlhl=f.a wkq.dñlhska m;alsÍu

fjkqjg" mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd

odhl úh yels wfhl= m;a l<hq;=h' rdcH fukau foaYmd,k

mlaIo" foaYmd,khg wdOqkslhska f,i msúfik ia;%Skag

foaYmd,k oekqu" kdhl;aj mqyqKqj yd m%pdrl lghq;=j,oS

iyfhda.h ,ndoSu jeks oE m%:u j;djg muKla fyda ,ndoSug"

úêu;a jevms<sfj,la ls%hd;aul lsÍuo w;HjYH fõ' fï i|yd ia;%S

yd isú,a ixúOdkj,go odhl;ajh oelaúh yelsh' ue;sjrKhg

bosßm;a l<yels wfmalaIsldjkaf.a kï yd f;dr;=re tla/iafldg

wod< mlaIj,g bosßm;a lsÍu" Tjqkag wjYH oekqu yd mqyqKqj

,ndoSu" ta ta mlaIj, fcaHIaG kdhsldjka iu`. in|;d f.dv

k`.d .ekSug bvm%ia:d ks¾udKh lroSu iy m%pdrl lghq;=

j,oS iyfhda.h oelaùu wdosh u.ska tfia odhl;ajh oelaúh

yelsh' mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfïoS fukau ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS;a"

rdcH" foaYmd,k mlaI" isú,a ixúOdk iy foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

flf¾ Wkkaÿj olajk ia;%Ska mqoa.,slj fukau iduqysljo

thska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd .ekSug oeä lemùfuka lghq;=

123


fkdl<fyd;a" th yqfola ;j;a kS;shla muKla njg m;afõ'

tfyhska mx.= l%ufhka wfmalaIs; M, fk,d .ekSu i|yd ta iEu

wxYhlu il%Sh odhl;ajh w;HjYH fõ'

mx.= l%u oskd .ekSu yd thska id¾:l m%;sM, w;am;a lr.ekSu

i|yd úúO rgj,a Ndú; l< Wml%u

ixj¾ê; fukau ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj,a rdYshl=;a

úúO mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oS we;s w;r" tajdhska fndfyduhla fï jk

úg wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskdf.k ;sfí' tu rgj,a mx.= l%u oskd

.ekSu yd tajd id¾:lj ls%hd;aul lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l<

Wml%u y`ÿkd .ekSu Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj,g b;d m%fhdackj;a

fõ' miq.sh mßÉfPaoj,oS idlÉPdjg n÷ka lrk ,o rgj,a fï

i|yd Ndú; l< Wml%u w;ßka jvd;a M,odhs Wml%u lSmhla

y`ÿkd .; yelsh' tajd kï

i. cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd n,j;a rgj,aj,ska iyfhda.h

,nd.ekSu iy Tjqka ,jd foaYSh wdKavq j,g n,mEï lrùu

ii. cd;Hka;r$l,dmSh ia;%SjdoS yd ia;%S jHdmdr iu`. cd;sl

jHdmdr cd,.; ùu" w;aoelSï ,nd.ekSu" wdKavqj,g

foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lsÍu" ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn|

m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍu iy ia;%Skaf.a yelshd j¾Okhg iyfhda.h

oelaùu

iii. rdcH ia;%Sjdoh ke;skï ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh k`.d isgqùu

iïíkaO ixfõoS" ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï rdcH md¾Yjlrejka

yd ia;%SjdoS woyia w.hk mßmd,k ks,Odßkaf.a iyfhda.h

,nd .ekSu

iv. foaYmd,k mlaIj, lemùu" Wkkaÿj yd iyfhda.h ,nd

.ekSu iy tu .eg¿j ms<sn| ixfõoS kdhlhska iu`. tlaj

lghq;= lsÍu

v. ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh i|yd wdOdr l<yels úfYaI

wdh;k msysgqjd .ekSu

124

lu,d ,shkf.a

cd;Hka;r n,mEï

oekg f,dj rgj,a 90 lg jeä ixLHdjl mx.= l%u

y`ÿkajd oSug;a" rgj,a 25 lg jeä ixLHdjl ta ms<sn| idlÉPd

yd fhdackd wdrïN lsÍug;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd n,j;a

rgj,ska ,o n,mEu iq¿fldg ;elsh fkdyelsh' úfYaIfhkau"

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh" ;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%S-mqreI iudk

ksfhdackh ms<sn|j 1975 muK isg cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿

yryd wjOdrKh lsÍu fndfyda rgj, mx.= l%u l;sldj;lg

u`. mEÿfõh' 1995 fnhsðx ls%hdldÍ jev ie,eiafuka" ia;%Skag

o mqreIhkag iudk whqßka ;SrK .kakd uÜgïj,oS iyNd.s

ùug wjYH kdhl;ajh yd Odß;d j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;djh

ms<sn| wjOdrKh lsÍfuka tu cd;Hka;r n,mEu ;j;a ;Sj% úh

(Krook, 2004)' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh mx.= l%u ms<sn|j f,dal

w;aoelSï ms<sn| wOHhkhl fhfok fudakd ,Skd larEla (Mona Lena Krook) mjikafka zzf,dj mx.= l%u jHdma; ùug cd;sl ia;%S

jHdmdr" l,dmSh fyda cd;Ska w;r jk ia;%S jHdmdr yd cd;Hka;r

ixúOdk úYd, jYfhka n,mEï l< njhsZZ (Krook, 2004:3)' larElag wkqj cd;Hka;r ixúOdk Rcqju foaYSh wdKavqj,g

n,mEï l< wjia:d ;sfí' ;j;a úfgl cd;Hka;r ixúOdk"

l,dmSh yd cd;Ska w;r ia;%S ixúOdk iy foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdk

iu`. f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.ekSu" cd,.; ùu" iïuka;%K"

idlÉPd yd jevuq¿ meje;aùu" wOHhk iólaIK lsÍu" mqoa.,sl

yd úoaj;a uÜgñka w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .ekSu iy rdcH yd

isú,a ixúOdk fm<Uùï fyda Wkkaÿ lsÍï u.skao mx.= l%u

oskdf.k ;sfí' ;j;a wjia:dj, foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdk" iudc

ls%hdldÍka yd úoaj;=ka mx.= l%u ms<sn| idlÉPd wdrïN lr"

wod< fhdackd wdosh bosßm;a lsÍfuka miqj cd;Hka;r ixúOdk

fyda úfoaYSh rgj,a úiska tu foaYSh ixúOdk j,g iïm;a"

oekqu" fhdackdj,S ieliSu" mqyqKqj ,ndoSu yd wod< f;dr;=re

yd isÿùï wdosh ms<sn| o;a; ,ndoSu yryd wdOdr l< wjia:do

;sfí'

125


mYapd;a-hqo jd;djrKhla mj;sk rgj,a rdYshla

m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavql%u jHjia:d y`ÿkajd oSfïoS" tajdg mx.= l%u

ms<sn| úêúOdk wka;¾.; lsÍu i|yd .egqï mj;sk wjia:dj,

tu rgj,g iyfhda.h oelajQ rgj,a fyda cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,

Rcq ueÈy;aùu oeä jYfhka n,md ;sfí (Krook, 2003)' tn`ÿ

úfoaY rgj,a fyda cd;Hka;r ixúOdk" iuyr wjia:dj, foaYSh

úuqla;s jHdmdr fyda ia;%S jHdmdrj,g n,mEï fldg mx.= l%u

b,a,d isák f,i oekqj;a l< wjia:do ;sfí' tfia;a ke;skï"

cd;Hka;r ixúOdk ndysr fmd<Ujkakka f,i" foaYSh ixúOdk

ta i|yd Wkkaÿ fldg" mx.= l%u oskd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< hq;=

Wml%u y`ÿkajd oS" iïm;a imhd oS" úúO whqßka jl%j n,mEï l<

wjia:do ;sfí (Maley, 2004)'

mYapd;a hqold,Sk jd;djrK ;=< mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿka

iuyr rgj,g tn`ÿ cd;Hka;r n,mEï fkd;snqkq wjia:do fõ'

WodyrK f,i ol=Kq wms%ldj" fudieïìla yd W.kavdj jeks

rdcH oelaúh yelsh (Tripp, 2000; Hassim, 2002)' kuq;a 2000 oS

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska 1325 fhdackdj,sh m%ldYhg

m;alsÍu;a iu`. úfYaIfhkau mYapd;a-hqold,Sk jd;djrKhka

mj;sk rgj, ;SrK .kakd uÜgï j,oS ia;%S ksfhdackh jeälsÍu

i|yd mx.= l%u jeks Wml%u Ndú;d lrk f,ig cd;Hka;r

ixúOdkj,ska t,a, jk Rcq n,mEï jeäfjñka mj;S'

fldfidfjda yd we*a.ksia;dkh fï i|yd b;d fyd|

WodyrK fõ' 1999 oS fldfidfjda ys hqoaOh wjidk ùu;a iu`."

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha uQ,sl;ajfhka trg Ndrldr

mßmd,k fldñiula msysgqùh' m%cd;ka;%jdoh ia:dms; lsÍu yd

udkj whs;sjdislï m%j¾Okh lsÍu tys uQ,sl wruqKq úh' fuu

fldñiu fufyhùfïoS hqfrdamd wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.s;djh

ms<sn| ixúOdkh m%Odk N+ñldjla r`. mEfõh' fldfidfjdays

ia;%Skag Pkaoodhlhska f,i ,shdmosxÑ ùug yd wfmalaIsldjka

f,i ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug we;s ndOd fuu Ndrldr mßmd,k

126

lu,d ,shkf.a

fldñiu úiska y`ÿkd .kakd ,oS' 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ uioS" ish¨u

m<d;a yd cd;sl ue;sjrKj, kdufhdackdj,ska 30] l m%;sY;hla

ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= njg fuu fldñiu kS;shla u.ska

okajd isáfhah' tu kS;sh y`ÿkajd oSug fmr fldfidfjda iy

hqfrdamdfõ ia;%S ixúOdk yd ls%hdldßkshka iu`. oS¾> jYfhka

fuu fldñiu idlÉPd lf<ah' ta i|yd hqfrdamd ix.uho úúO

whqßka iyfhda.h oelaùh (Lyth, 2001)'

fuu kS;shg tfrysj cd;Hka;r fukau cd;sl jYfhkao

hï hï úfrdaO;d t,a, úh' tn`ÿ kS;shlg fldfidfjda iudch

;ju;a iqÿiq ke;snj yd ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a ùug iqÿiq ia;%Ska

fidhd.; fkdyels nj tu úfrdaOh oelajQjkaf.a woyi úh'

kuq;a fldfidfjdays rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk yd ia;%S ixúOdk;a"

wdrlaIdj yd iyfhda.s;djh i|yd jQ hqfrdamd ixúOdkh;a" thg

tfrysj bosßm;a jQ úfrdaO;d ue`vf.k mx.= l%uh id¾:lj

ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd Wkkaÿfjka lghq;= l<y' tys m%;sM,hla

f,i" m%:u ue;sjrKhg ;r`. l< ish¨u mlaIj,ska 30] l

wfmalaIsldjka m%udKhla ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a lsÍug yelsúh'

kuq;a 2000 m<d;a ue;sjrKfhaoS iuyr wfmalaIsldjkag mlaI

úiska wiudk f,i i,lkq ,eîfï fya;=j u; wfmalaIsldjka

lsysmfofkla wfmalaIl;ajfhka b,a,d wiajQy (Nordlund, 2003)' tn`ÿ ndOl uOHfha jqj;a 2015 jk úg fldfidfjdays

md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh 33'3] olajd j¾Okh ù ;sîu

ch.%yKhls' 2011 § fldfidfjdays m%:ujrg ldka;djla ckdêm;s

;k;=rg f;aÍ m;aúh'

2001 oS we*a.ksia:dka hqoaOh wjidkùu;a iu`.

fldfidfjda g iudk whqßka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska

úfYaI mßmd,k fldñiula trfgyso ia:dms; lrkq ,eîh'

;,sndka md,k ld,h ;=<oS we*a.ksia;dka ia;%Skaf.a udkj

127


whs;sjdislï W,a,x>kh ùï ms<sn| 2001 mSg¾ian¾.a iquq¿fõoS

úfYaIfhka idlÉPd flßKs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i" Ndrldr

wdKavqfõ weu;s ;k;=re 2 la ia;%Skag m%odkh lsÍug;a" kj

wdKavqfõ ia;%S ksfhdackh jeälsÍug;a ;SrKh flßKs' tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh yd Ndrldr mßmd,k fldñifï n,j;a

b,a,Su u; trg md¾,sfïka;=j ke;skï f,dahd ð¾.d fldñiugo

(Loya Jirga Commission) ia;%Ska ;sfofkl= m;a lf<ah' fï

ish,af,au m%;sM,hla f,i" iEu m%dka;hlskau wju jYfhka

tla ksfhdað;jßhlaj;a f,dahd ð¾.d fldñiug f;dard túh

hq;=h hk úêúOdkh 2004 kj wdKavql%u jHjia:djg wka;¾.;

flßKs' ta wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ my< uKav, ksfhdackfhka

25] la ia;%Skag fjkaúh' ;jo" ckdêm;sjrhd úiska fojeks

uKav,hg m;a lrkq ,nk ksfhdað;hskaf.ka wvla ia;%Ska

úhhq;= njgo kS;sfhka kshu úh' fuu mx.= l%u kS;shgo iuyr

we*a.ksia;dk ia;%S ixúOdk mjd úfrdaO;djh m< l<y' mx.=

l%uh m%dfhda.sl fkdjk" Nhdkl mshjrla f,i Tjqyq y`ÿkajd

ÿkay (Kaufman, 2003)' tfy;a isr.;j isá ia;%Ska yd iuyr

ia;%S ixúOdk mx.= l%uh id¾:l lr .ekSug lemùfuka lghq;=

l<y'

mx.= l%u oskd .ekSfïoS ,;ska weußldkq rgj,g tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh yd wka;¾-md¾,sfïka;= ix.uh úúO

whqßka iyfhda.h oelajQy' tfiau iamd[a[ iudcjdoS mlaIh

fldiagßldys ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d mK; iïu; lr .ekSug

1991 oS iyfhda.h oelaùfuka" iamd[a[ NdIdj l:dlrk ,;ska

wußldkq rgj,g úfYaI n,mEula t,a, úh' wd¾ckaákdj"

fnhsðx cd;Hka;r ia;%S iuq¿fõ n,mEu yd úfoaY rgj, w;aoelSï

,ndf.k" 1995 oS mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajdoSu ksid wi,ajeis ,;ska

wußldkq rgj,g Rcq n,mEula t,a, úh' wd¾ckaákd ia;%Ska

wi,ajeis rgj, ia;%S ixúOdk yd kdhsldjka iu`. f;dr;=re

128

lu,d ,shkf.a

yqjudre lrf.k Tjqkaj rcfhka mx.= l%u b,a,d isàu i|yd

fm<Uùu ksid 1996-2000 w;r ld,fhaoS ,;ska wußldkq rgj,a

14 la mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿks (Htun, 2002)'

Bðma;=fõ wkaj¾ iod;a iqvdkfha mx.= l%uh ms<sn|

oekqj;a ù thg iudk l%uhla ish rggo y`ÿkajd ÿks' ;dhsjdk

ia;%Sjdoskshl= jQ fmka.a jka-rE (Peng Wan-Ru) cd;Hka;r

iuq¿jloS “Critical Mass” kHdh ms<sn|j wußldkq ia;%Sjdoskshl

jQ fcda fm%sâuka (Jo Freedman) f.ka lreKq bf.k f.k

mx.= l%uhla b,a,Su i|yd ;dhsjdk ia;%S jHdmdr fm<Uùh'

tys m%;sM,hla f,i" ia;%Ska i|yd 10] l m%;sY;hlska wdik

fjkalrjd .ekSug yd foaYmd,k mlaI kdufhdackdj,ska 25]

la iafõÉPdfjka ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrjd .ekSug ;dhsjdk

ia;%Skag yelsúh (Huang, 2002)'

foaYSh úuqla;s jHdmdr fyda m%cd;ka;%jdoS jHdmdr ia;%S

ksfhdackh i|yd kj wdKavq fm<U jQ wjia:do fõ' rejkavdj

thg fyd| ksoiqkls' 1994 rejkavd iuQ, >d;kfhka miqj

rejkavd foaYfm%aó fmruqK (Rwandan Patriotic Front) n,hg

m;aúh' fuu mlaIfha kdhlhska W.kavdfõ ie.ù isá

ld,fhaoS ,o w;aoelSï ;=<ska" rejkavdfõ;a ia;%Ska i|yd wdik

fjkalsÍug 2003 kj jHjia:dfjka úêúOdk y`ÿkajd ÿks'

fï i|yd ol=Kq wms%ldkq w;aoelSïo rejkavd md,l fmruqKg

n,mEfõh' rejkavd kS;shg wkqj Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao 3 la

ysñfõ' thska tlla fmdÿ wfmalaIlhl=" ;fjlla ia;s%hl yd

wfkl ;reK wfmalaIlhl= i|yd Ndú;d l< hq;=h' ;jo"

Pkaofhka f;dard.;a ksfhdað;jßhkaf.ka iukaaú; ia;%Ska i|yd

jQ fjkuu ljqkais,hla ia:dms; flßKs' tu ia;%S ljqkais, fmdÿ

ljqkais, ^ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu ksfhdackh jk& yd iïnkaO ù

;SrK .ekSfïoS ia;%Skaf.a wdYdjka yd wfmalaIdjka ksfhdackh

129


lrk wdh;k f,i ls%hd;aul fõ' mx.= l%u kHdh ms<sn|j

rejkavd md,l fmruqK úfoia w;aoelSïj,ska mdvï W.;a;o"

th ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS rejkavdjgu wdfõKsl jQ m%;sm;a;s

wkq.ukh lrhs' ia;%Skaf.a ljqkais,j,g ksfhdað;hska f;aÍfïoS

ia;%Ska i|ydu fjka jQ ue;sjrKhla meje;aùu tn`ÿ m%;sm;a;shls

(Powley, 2003)'

ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%Sjd§ jHdmdr

ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,a we;=¿ ixj¾ê; fukau ixj¾Okh

jkakd jQ rgj,a /il§;a mx.= l%uh oskd .ekSug foaYSh ia;%SjdoS

yd ia;%S jHdmdr úYd, jYfhka odhl;ajh oelajQ wjia:d oel.;

yelsh' 1970 .Kkaj, isg ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh i|yd jQ

m%;sm;a;s ld¾ólrKh jQ rgj,a úiska y`ÿkajd oSu wrUkq ,eîh'

ta iu`.u ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,;a" m%xYh" c¾uksh yd ì%;dkH

jeks rgj,;a" ia;%S jHdmdr úiska ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jQ b,a,Sï bosßm;a lrkq ,eîh (Sainsbury, 1993)' ia;%S ksfhdackh yd mx.= l%u ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï §

ia;%Skaj oekqj;a lsÍu" mlaI lghq;= i|yd ia;%Skaj Wkkaÿ lsÍu"

ia;%S ixúOdkj, ls%hdldßkshka foaYmd,k mlaI ;=<g msúi úúO

n,mEï lsÍu" mlaI ;k;=re ,ndf.k tajd yryd mlaI m%;sm;a;s

yd kS;s fjkia lsÍug kdhlhska fm<Uùu yd ia;%SjdoS jHdmdrj,

kdhsldjka foaYmd,k mlaI iu`. ióm in|;d f.dvk`.d f.k

flaj,a lsÍu yd ;¾ckh lsÍu jeks úúO Wml%u fuu ia;%S

jHdmdr úiska Ndú; lrk ,oS (Lovenduski and Norris, 1993)'

WodyrK f,i ́ iafÜ%,shdfõ rdcH fkdjk ia;%S ixúOdk

zzfoaYmd,kh i|yd jQ ia;%Skaf.a iNd.hZZ (Women into Politics Coalition) 1992 oS msysgqjd" md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh

i|yd úúO whqßka n,mEï lf<ah' 1993 oS ´iafÜ%,shdj yd

130

lu,d ,shkf.a

kjiS,ka;fha iyNd.s;ajfhka meje;ajQ ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh ms<sn|

wud;H iuq¿fõoS ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka jQ jd¾;d yd

wOHhk bosßm;a fldg" fuu ia;%S iNd.h wdKavqjg n,mEï

lf<ah' ia;%SjdoS ldgQka ks¾udKlrejka ,jd ldgQka yd Ñ;%

ks¾udKh lrjd ta u.ska iudc wjOdkh oskd .;af;ah' ia;%Skag

Pkao n,h ,eî ishjila .;ùu ksñ;af;ka iïuka;%K" jevuq¿

yd idlÉPd ish .Kkla ixúOdkh fldg" ia;%S ksfhdackh

ms<sn| .eg¨j yd th úi|Sfï wjYH;djh biau;= lr oelaùh'

ta iu`.u tu ls%hdldrlï yryd wdKavqj yd mlaIj,g n,mEï

lrñka" ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla b,a,d isáfhah' ́ iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre

mlaIhg ys;j;a ia;%Ska lKavdhula íafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S mlaIh

msysgqjd ue;sjrKj,oS iyfhda.h olajk njg flaj,a lrñka

yd m%udKj;a kdufhdackd ixLHdjla ia;%Skag ,nd fkdÿkfyd;a

;ksju ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a fjk njg ;¾ckh lrñka n,mEï

l<y'

ia;%Skaf.a ue;sjrK WoafoaYKh hk jHdmdrh o

(Women’s Electoral Lobby)" 1970 .Kkaj, isg foaYmd,k

mlaIj,g úYd, jYfhka n,mEï lf<ah' íafÜ%,shdkq ia;%Ska

iïnkaOjk m%Yak ue;sjrK m%;sm;a;s yd kHdh m;%j,g tl;=

lsÍu yd ue;sjrKfhka miqj" wdKavq n,h ,nd.;a mlaI ,jd

tajd ls%hd;aul lrùu iïnkaOfhka fuu jHdmdrh úYd,

N+ñldjla r`. mEfõh' ia;%Skag iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhaoS

uQ,sl;ajh .;a md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhka fyda ksfhdað;jreka

w;ßka jvd;a il%Sh whqßka lghq;= l< mqoa.,hska f;dard w¾ks

(Ernie) iïudk m%odkh lsÍuo" íafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S ixúOdk úiska

Ndú;d lrk ,o ;j;a id¾:l Wml%uhls (Sawer and Simms, 1993)' tu.ska" ia;%Skag iïnkaO m%Yak úi|Sug md¾,sfïka;=

uka;%Sjrekaf.a jeä iydhla oskd .ekSug yelsúh'

131


ì%;dkH lïlre mlaIhg n,mEï l< úlafgdaßhdkq lïlre

ia;%Skaf.a cd,h (Victorian Labour Women’s Network) yd ia;%S

m%;sm;a;s lñgqj (Women’s Policy Committee) jeks ixúOdk;a

mlaIh ;=< ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg id¾:lj n,mEï lf<ah'

mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=re yd ;SrK .kakd lñgqj, mqreIhka fyda

ia;%Ska 40] fkdblauúh hq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd oSug fuu

ixúOdk oeäj n,mEï lf<ah (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995)'

ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%SjdoS jHdmdr tlaj ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd id¾:lj lghq;= l< wjia:djlg

fyd|u WodyrKhla f,i m%xYfha iudkd;au;d jHdmdrh (Parity Movement) ye|skaúh yelsh' mS;DuQ,sl rdcHhg tfrys ia;%SjdoSka"

ia;%SjdoSkag tfrys ke;skï ia;%SjdoS woyia w.h fkdlrk ia;%Ska

yd fmdÿ ia;%Ska iNd.hla f.dvk`.d f.k zzia;%S ksfhdackh wju

ùu ishü ia;%Skag n,mdk fmdÿ lreKlsZZ hk f;audj hgf;a

tlai;aj lghq;= l<y' iafgÜika yd uIQ¾g (Stetson and Mazur, 2002:11) wkqj zz1990 wjidk Nd.fhaoS" ia;%Skaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka

f.dvke`.+ m%xY iudkd;au;d jHdmdrh" foaYmd,k ksfhdað;

wdh;kj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd oeä lemùfuka

ls%hd lf<ah' tys ls%hdldß;ajfhka m%ldY jkafka ia;%SjdoSka yd

ia;%SjdoSka fkdjk ia;%Ska hk fnÿu úYaf,aIKd;aul jYfhka

w¾: úrys; fnoSula njhZZ' fuu jHdmdrhg olaIsKdxYsl iy

jdudxYsl woyia w.hk ia;%Syq fukau" uOHia: u;OdÍkao tlajQy'

thg iudk whqßka Ñ,S ys jdudxYsl yd olaIsKdxYsl ia;%Syq tla

ù ia;%SjdoS ixúOdk yd ia;%S ixúOdkj, tl;=fjka iNd.hla

f.dvk`.d f.k foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdufhdackdj,ska ia;%Skag

mx.=jla fjkalrjd .ekSug n,mEï l<y (Baldex, 2002)'

fnlaú;a (Beckwith, 2001:372) g wkqj zzishü ia;%S

ixúOdk ia;%SjdoS ixúOdk fkdfõ' tfiau" ishü ia;%S foaYmd,k

132

lu,d ,shkf.a

ls%hdldrlïo ia;%SjdoS fkdfõ' fmdÿfõ ia;%Ska uqyqK fok .eg¨jla

jQ wvq foaYmd,k ksfhdackh hk .eg¨j úi|d .ekSug ia;%Ska

fmdÿfõ ia;%S jHdmdrhla f,i tluq;= ùu ta i|yd Ndú; l<

yels id¾:l Wml%uhlsZZ'

ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%SjdoS jHdmdr fndfyduhla ia;%Skaf.a

m%Yak úi|Su i|yd úúO whqßka rdcHhg n,mEï l< wjia:d we;'

úfYaIfhkau tla md,k iuhlska kj md,k iuhlg wj;S¾K

jk wjia:dj," kj kS;s fyda kj wdKavql%u jHjia:dj,g

ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh iïnkaO úêúOdk wka;¾.; lsÍfïoS"

iuyr foaYSh ia;%S jHdmdr id¾:lj n,mEï lr ;sfí' brdl ia;%S

jHdmdrh thg fyd|u WodyrKhls' brdl ia;%Ska mx.= l%uhla

b,a,d isá wjia:dfõoS brdl md,khg iïnkaO wußldj m%uqL

n,j;a rgj,a yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk thg úfrdaOh m%ldY

l<y' kuq;a" foaYSh ia;%S ixúOdkj, oeä n,mEu ksid mx.=

l%uhla oskd .ekSug Tjqyq iu;a jQy' 2003 Tlaf;dan¾ uioS"

brdl ia;%Syq ish b,a,Sï ,ehsia;=jla trg wußldkq mßmd,kfha

m%OdkS fmda,a fn%u¾ (Paul Bremer) g bosßm;a l<y' cd;sl

yd m<d;a ue;sjrKj,oS ia;%Ska i|yd 30] l m%;sY;hla fjka

lrk f,i b,a,d isàu fuhg wka;¾.; úh' tu kS;sh kj

brdl jHjia:djg we;=<;a lrk f,i .%dóh yd kd.ßl ia;%Ska"

Ndrldr wdKavqfõ kdhsldjka yd leìkÜ uka;%Sjßhkao b,a,d

isáhy' kuq;a wußldfõ uQ,sl;ajfhka msysgjQ md,kdêldrh

thg ;rfha úreoaO úh' tfy;a ia;%Skaf.a Woaf>daIK yd wr.,h

fkdkj;ajdu lrf.k .sh w;r" 2004 ud¾;= iïmdos; wdKavql%u

jHjia:djg 25] mx.=jla wka;¾.; flßKs (Banerjee, 2004)'

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï ,d fudfrdlafldays

ia;%Skaf.a m%cd;ka;%jdoS ix.uh (Democratic Association of Moroccan Women) r`.mE ls%hdl,dmho m%YxikShfõ' ue;sjrK

133


kS;s ixfYdaOkhg fudfrdlaflda wdKavqj 2000 uq, jirj,oS

iQodkï jkúg" fuu ix.uh trg rdcH fkdjk ia;%S ixúOdk

yd isú,a ixúOdk iu`. tla ù foaYmd,k mlaIj,g iïnkaO

ia;%S fldali yryd wdKavqjg oeäj n,mEï lf<ah' ia;%Skaf.a

foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg wod< jevuq¿ .Kkdjla fuu ixúOdkh

úiska mj;ajkq ,enQ w;r" tajdfhaÈ ia;%S ys;jdoS m%;sm;a;s yd

mx.= l%uhla ms<sn| fhdackdj,Ska o iïmdokh lf<ah' tu

fhdackdj,g mx.= l%uh muKla fkdj" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack

l%uh" ia;%Skag ue;sjrKh i|yd wdOdr ,ndoSu" Pkaofhka f;arek

ksfhdað;hska tla ;k;=rlg muKla iSud lsÍu yd ia;%S ksfhdackh

iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS tajd ksisf,i ksÍlaIKh

lsÍug cd;sl iudkd;au;d ksÍlaIK lñgqjla m;alsÍu iïnkaO

fhdackd o we;=<;a úh' fuu fhdackdj,sh trg w.ue;s" mlaI

kdhlhska" isú,a ixúOdk" úoaj;=ka" jD;a;slhska yd jD;a;Sh

iñ;s wdoshg o bosßm;a lf<ah' tn`ÿ ixúOdkj, ;SrK .kakd

uÜgïj,oSo ia;%Skag m%;sY;hla fjka lrfok f,i ia;%Skaf.a

m%cd;ka;%jdoS ix.uh b,a,d isáfhah' tfiau ue;sjrKj,oS

m%pdrl lghq;= i|yd ia;%Skag wdOdr lrk f,i;a" Tjqka fmdÿ

lghq;=j,g iyNd.s ùfïoS .Dyia: fCIa;%fha j.lSï wju lsÍu

i|yd <ud /ljrK uOHia:dk msysgqjk f,i;a orejkag fjk;a

myiqlï imhd fok f,i;a" ue;sjrK wfmalaIsldjkag wod<

mqyqKqj ,ndfok f,i;a" ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùug ia;%Skaj

Wkkaÿ lrjk f,i;a fuu ix.uh iudc ixúOdkj,ska b,a,d

isáfhah'

thg wu;rj ia;%Skaf.a m%cd;ka;%jdoS ix.uh úiska fuu

m%Yakh ms<sn|j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu i|yd cd;sl uÜgfï

iïuka;%K" m%isoaO foaYk" mqj;am;a ,sms yd oekaùï" rEmjdysks yd

.=jka úÿ,s jevigyka ixúOdkh lf<ah' ;jo" ia;%S ksfhdackh

iïnkaOfhka iïmdos; fhdackdj,sh ms<sn| úfYaI idlÉPdjla

134

lu,d ,shkf.a

md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjreka iu`. mj;ajd Tjqka oekqj;a lf<ah'

fuu ls%hdldrlï j, m%;sM,hla f,i wod< fhdackdj,sh

wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh ms<sn| kHdh m;%hg we;=<;a

flßKs' ia;%Ska 30 ia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; cd;sl ,ehsia;=jla

ilid Tjqka i|yd fudfrdlaflda md¾,sfïka;=fõ wdik 30

la fjka flßKs' foaYmd,k mlaIo Tjqkaf.a kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,g wju jYfhka ia;%Ska 4 fofkl=j;a we;=<;a lsÍug

tl`. jQy' ta ish,af,au m%;sM,hla f,i 2002 iema;eïn¾ mej;s

ue;sjrKfhka ia;%Ska 35 fofkla md¾,sfïka;=jg f;aÍ m;aúh'

thg fmr mej;s md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ksfhdackh fofofkl=g

iSud ù ;snqKs (Zineb, 2002)' md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S ksfhdackh

iïnkaOfhka f,dj rgj,a w;=ßka 77 jeks ia:dkh oekg

fudfrdlafldaj oskdf.k we;' 2011 fkdjeïn¾ ue;sjrK

m%;sM,j,g wkqj md¾,sfïka;=fõ ksfhdað;hska 395 la w;=ßka

ia;%Ska 67 fofkla ^17'0]& ksfhdackh fõ (http://www.ipu.org)'

ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj, ia;%S jHdmdr yd ia;%SjdoS

jHdmdr;a mx.= l%u kS;s oskd .ekSfï,d fnfyúka odhl jQ

wjia:d we;' tysoS bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh iqúfYaIS fõ' ia;%Skaf.a

;;ajh ms<sn| mÍlaId fldg wod< ks¾foaY iemhSug bkaoshdj

m;al< fldñifï jd¾;dj 1976 m%ldYhg m;aùu;a iu`.

bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh jvd;a il%Sh úh' tu jd¾;dfjka .%dóh

uÜgfï ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍu w;HjYH nj

wjOdrKh flreK w;r" ta i|yd idOkSh m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd

oshhq;= neõ ks¾foaY lf<ah' fï iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduql<

bkaoshdkq ia;%S ixúOdk fndfyduhla .%du mxpdh;a m<d;a

md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 30] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrk

f,i rcfhka b,a,d isáfhah' ia;%Skag foaYmd,k ksfhdað;

wdh;kj,g f;aÍ m;aùug we;s ndOl fuu ia;%S ixúOdk

135


úiska wjOdrKh lrkq ,enQy' kS;shla u.ska hï wkqmd;hla

kshu fldg ksfhdað; wdh;kj,g ia;%Skaj we;=<;a l<fyd;a"

Tjqkaf.a m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd n,mEï lKavdhula f,i

lghq;= lsÍug Tjqkg bvla ,efnk njo tu ixúOdk fmkajd

ÿkay' ;jo" ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh lsÍfuka

ia;%Ska n, .ekaùu muKla fkdj" kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhaoS

Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d ksis f,i ksfhdackh jk nj o" tu ia;%S

ixúOdk u.ska wjOdrKh l<y'

bkaoshdkq foaYmd,kfha mS;DuQ,sl iajNdjh fjkia

lsÍug yd ia;%Skaj foaYmd,kfhka bj;alsÍug tfrysj ke`.S isá"

úfYaIfhkau cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk rchg;a" foaYmd,k

mlaI kdhl;ajhg;a fkdlvjd n,mEï lf<ah' fukka g wkqj

1970 .Kka j, isg jvd;a il%Sh jQ bkaoshdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh" trg

cd;sl rdcHfha j¾Okhg yd rdcHhg kS;Hdkql+, ms<s.ekSula

,nd.ekSu i|yd ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula t,a, lf<ah (Menon, 2002)'

tmuKla fkdj" bkaoshdkq wdKavql%u jHjia:djg 73

yd 74 ixfYdaOk bosßm;a lsÍfïoS m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,

wdikj,ska 33'3] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrjd .ekSug

úfYaIfhkau cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk oeäj n,mEï lf<ah'

thska miqj" m%dka; yd cd;sl uÜgfï ksfhdað; wdh;kj,

ia;%Skaf.a ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍug tu ixúOdk n,mEï lsÍu

wdrïN l< w;r ;ju;a tu igk w;yer ke;'

bkaoshdfõ cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk iïuka;%K" mlaI

kdhlhska yd idlÉPd" jevuq¿" wOHhk jd¾;d bosßm;a lsÍï"

Woaf>daIK yd /<s ixúOdkh lsÍï iy fmdaiag¾" PdhdrEm yd

ldgQka m%o¾Yk wdosh u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackfha wjYH;djh ms<sn|

136

lu,d ,shkf.a

ck;dj;a" foaYmd,k mlaI;a" ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï mqoa.,hska

j;a oekqj;a lf<ah' fldx.%ia mlaIh yd fjk;a m%Odk mlaIj,

kdhlhska iu`." ia;%S ixúOdkj, ls%hdldßkshka wúêu;a in|;d

f.dvk`.d f.k ta yryd mlaI kdhl;ajhg n,mEï lsÍu" mx.=

l%uh oskd .ekSfïoS" Tjqka Ndú; l< Wml%uj,ska jvd;a id¾:l

Wml%uhla úh'

cd;sl fukau m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ia;%S yd isú,a ixúOdk;a

ia;%S ksfhdackfha wjYH;djh ms<sn|j" úfYaIfhkau ia;%Skaj

oekqj;a lsßu" wod< jevuq¿ mj;ajd foaYmd,kh ms<sn|

Wkkaÿj olajk .eñ ia;%Skag mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu" mqyqKq fudähq,

yd wod< fmd;a iïmdokh lsÍu" ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùug

ia;%Skaj Wkkaÿ lrùu yd Tjqkag wjYH iyfhda.h ,ndoSu jeks

ls%hdldrlï u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍug odhl;ajh

oelajQy (Raman, 1999)'

mlsia;dkh 2000 oS n,h úuOH.; lsÍu i|yd ie,eiaula

iïmdokh lrk wjia:dfõoS trg ia;%S ixúOdko 33] l ia;%S

ksfhdackhla ,nd.ekSu i|yd tjlg mej;s yuqod wdKavqjg

n,mEï lf<ah' ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka ixfõoS

uka;%Sjßhka m%:ufhka oekqj;a fldg" Tjqka yryd m¾fõia

uqIdr*af.a yuqod wdKavqfõ ;SrK .kakkag fuu ixúOdk

n,mEï lf<ah' tu.ska tu wdKavqfõ m%cd;ka;%ShlrK ls%hdj,sh

iïnkaO jevms<sfj,g mx.= l%u fhdackdj we;=<;a lf<ah'

mlsia;dk m%cd;ka;%jdoh ms<sn| f,dalh ;=< hym;a m%;srEmhla

j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ia;%S ksfhdackfha we;s Rcq in|;djh fuu

ia;%S ixúOdk úiska fmkajd fokq ,enQy' mlsia;dkfha n,h

úuOH.; lsÍfï jevms<sfj, ;=<g mx.= l%u úêúOdk wka;¾.;

lrjd .ekSug ia;%S ixúOdk oeäj n,mEï l<y' n,h m%dfoaYSh

fCIa;%j,g fnod yeÍfïoS" ia;%Ska tys fldgialrejka úhhq;=

137


njo" thska mqreIhka i;=j mej;s foaYmd,k n,h wvq fkdjk

njo fuu ia;%S ixúOdk wjOdrKh l<y' n,h úuOH.; lsÍug

fukau m%cd;ka;%jdoh id¾:l lr.ekSug o ia;%S ksfhdackh

wksjd¾h idOlhla neõ fuu ixúOdk fmkajd ÿkay'

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;aùug wfmalaId lrk

ia;%Skag wod< mqyqKqj ,ndoSu" Tjqka Wkkaÿ lrùu yd úfYaIfhkau

ia;%S Pkaoodhlhskaj oekqj;a fldg ia;s%hla i|yd Pkaoh mdúÉÑ

lrk f,i b,a,d isàu jeks ls%hdldrlïo fuu ia;%S ixúOdk

úiska ixúOdkh lrkq ,enQy' fï whqßka mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd

oSfuka ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg kS;suh iyfhda.hla ,ndoS

we;;a" iudc yd ixialD;sl ndOl chf.k wfmaCId l< whqßka

.=Kd;aul j¾Okhla oskd .ekSug ;ju;a mlsia;dk ia;%Ska iu;a

ù ke;' ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu iïnkaOfhka

;jÿrg;a ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu" foaYmd,kh flfrys Wkkaÿjla

olajk ia;%Skag úêu;a mqyqKqjla ,ndoSu" ia;%Ska uqyqKq mdk .eg¿

iïnkaOfhka wOHhkh fldg wod< jd¾;d yd ks¾foaY m%ldYhg

m;a lsÍu iy ia;%Skag ue;sjrK lghq;= i|yd uQ,HdOdr ,ndoSfï

jevms<sfj,la iïmdokh lsÍu jeks oE i|yd mlsia;dk ia;%S

ixúOdk ;jÿrg;a jeä Wkkaÿjlska lghq;= l<fyd;a" mlsia;dk

ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul fukau .=Kd;aul j¾Okhgo

u`.mdod .;yels nj f¾hia fmkajd fohs (Reyes, 2002)'

1980 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg nx.a,dfoaY ia;%S ixúOdko"

úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lrñka mx.= l%uhla i|yd n,mEï lf<ah'

nx.a,dfoaY iudc ls%hdldßkshka yd úoaj;=ka úiska ia;%S foaYmd,k

ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka iïuka;%K yd jevuq¿ meje;aúu uq,a

ld,fhaoS lrkq ,eîh' cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S ixúOdk lSmhla

tlaù nx.a,dfoaY mßmd,k tall 64 g wvqu jYfhka tla

ia;s%hla ne.ska fyda Rcq Pkaofhka f;dard f.k md¾,sfïka;=j

138

lu,d ,shkf.a

ksfhdackh l<hq;= neõ wjOdrKh l<y' ;j;a ia;%S ixúOdk

lSmhla foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lrñka" kdufhdackdj,ska

wju jYfhka 20] laj;a ia;%Skag ,ndfok f,i b,aÆy' tfy;a"

Tjqkaf.a fhdackdj mßos 1990 nx.a,dfoaY wdKavql%u jHjia:djg

mx.= l%uh ms<sn| úêúOdk wka;¾.; lrjd .ekSug ia;%S ixúOdk

iu;a fkdjqks' kuq;a ia;S% ixúOdk ish wr.,h fkdkj;ajdu

2000 oYlh olajd lrf.k .sfhah' 2001 oS nx.a,dfoaY

md¾,sfïka;=j úiqrejd yeÍug m%:ufhka cd;sl uÜgfï ia;%S

ixúOdk 20 la uys,d m¾Ioa ixúOdkfha uQ,sl;ajfhka tla ù

wdKavqjg yd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g kej;;a Tjqkaf.a fhdackd

bosßm;a l<y' ;jo" Woaf>daIK" /<s" ñksia oïje,a ixúOdkh

lsÍu" m%isoaO foaYk yd idlÉPd meje;aùu wdosh u.ska fï

ms<sn|j ck;dj ;=< Wkkaÿjla ks¾udKh lsÍugo fuu ixúOdk

lghq;= l<y' tfy;a" mßmd,k tall 64 g jl% Pkaofhka ia;%Ska

f;dard .ekSu i|yd jQ úêúOdk tu wjia:dfõoS;a ixfYdaOkh

lrjd .eksug fuu ia;%S ixúOdk iu;a fkdjQy' ia;%S ixúOdk

bosßm;a l< b,a,Sï ud,djg" ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackhg wod<

b,a,Sï yer fjk;a b,a,Sïo wka;¾.; lsÍu ksid" wfmalaIs;

whqßka mx.= l%u fhdackdj wjOdrKhg ,lafkdùh' wksla w;ska

fï iïnkaOfhka wdKavqj" foaYmd,k mlaI yd ia;%S ixúOdk

hï wdldr iïuq;shlg f.k tau i|yd fhda.H w;rueos

N+ñldjla r`.mEug iqÿiq Wml%uYS,s wfhl=o bosßm;a fkdùh'

;jo" ia;%Ska i|yd fjkal< hq;= wdik ixLHdj iïnkaOfhka

ia;%S ixúOdk w;ru;a meyeos,s tl`.;djhla o fkdùh' fuu

ÿ¾j,;d fya;=fjka nx.a,dfoaY ia;%S jHdmdrfha m%h;akh wfmaCId

l< whqßka id¾:l fkdùh' kuq;a" fuu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla

f,i" nx.a,dfoaY hQkshka ljqkais,j,ska ia;%Skag fjkal< 33'3]

i|yd Rcq Pkaofhka ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .ekSug 1993 oS

;SrKh flßKs' tfiau" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 25]

la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkafldg tu ksfhdað;jßhka Rcq Pkaofhka

139


f;dard .ekSugo ;SrKh flßKs' m<d;a md,k ue;sjrKj,g

bosßm;a jk ia;%Skag kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,ndoSu" m%pdrl lghq;=j,oS

wdOdr lsÍu yd Pkaoodhlhskag ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu

wjfndaO lroSu i|yd jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍu wdosh u.ska

m<d;a uÜgfïoSj;a ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lr .ekSug

cd;sl fukau m%dfoaYSh ia;%S ixúOdk;a W;aidy l<y' kuq;a

nx.a,dfoaY ia;%S jHdmdrh rdcHhg n,mEï lsÍfï il%Sh Wml%u

Ndú;h" ia;%S ixúOdk" foaYmd,k kdhsldjka yd fjk;a isú,a

ixúOdk iu. cd, .;ùu yd foaYmd,k mlaI iu. in|;d

f.dvke`.Su wdosfhaoS úêu;a yd Wml%uYs,S whqßka lghq;= lsÍug

iu;a fkdùh' tu ls%hdud¾.j, úúO ÿ¾j,;d biau;= jQ ksid

wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd .ekSug nx.a,dfoaY ia;%Ska ;ju;a iu;a ù

fkdue; (Chowdhary, 2002)'

fkamd,h m%cd;ka;%jdoS m%jdyhg msúiSu;a iu`. 2007

jHjia:d ljqkais,hg m%udKj;a ia;%Ska ixLHdjla wka;¾.;

lrk f,i fkamd, ia;%S ixúOdk b,a,d isáfhah' tfiau" 2008

kj jHjia:dfjka ñY% ksfhdack l%uhla yd ia;%S ksfhdackh

i|yd 30]l m%;sY;hla y`ÿkajd fok f,io ud´jdoS ia;%Ska

fukau" wfkl=;a ia;%S ixúOdko n,mEï l<y' ;ju;a ksisf,i

ls%hd;aul ù ke;;a fuu n,mEïj, m%;sM,hla f,i mx.= l%u

ms<sn| kS;sh fkamd,fha Ndrldr wdKavqj úiska ia:dms; lrkq

,en we;'

rdcH ia;%Sjdoh yd ia;%SjdÈ woyia w.hk mßmd,k ks,Odß iydh

mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfïoS yd ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS rdcH

ia;%Sjdoh o úfYaI idOlhla f,i n,mEï l< wjia:d ;sfí'

,;ska wußldkq rgj, rdcH ia;%Sjdoh úiska ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh

k.d isgqùu yd ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd úúO m%;sm;a;s

140

lu,d ,shkf.a

iïmdokhg uQ,sl;ajh .kq ,eìks' fuu rgj,a úiska 1980

.Kkaj,oS ia;%Ska iïnkaO kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh" ls%hd;aul

lsÍu yd ksÍlaIKh i|yd fjkuu rdcH wdh;k msysgqjk ,oS'

cd;sl ia;%S ljqkais,h ^wd¾ckaákdj" blajfodarh" fjksishq,d"

fydkavqrdia" fulaisflda" kslr.=jd" fldiagßld& jks;d lghq;=

wud;HxYh fyda ckdêm;s f,alïjre ^fnd,súhd" f.!;ud,d"

mekud" mer.=fõ& iy ia;%S ixj¾Okh yd fiajd iemhSu iïnkaO

cd;sl wdh;k fyda ia;%S whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍfï wdh;k ̂Ñ,S"

t,a ie,ajfoda¾" fmare& wdoS úúO kïj,ska fuu wdh;k msysgjkq

,eìh' ia;%Skag fmdÿ m%Yak úi|Su iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu ta

wdh;kj, uQ,sl wruqK jQ w;r ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfha ,d

tajd úfYaI ls%hdl,dmhla r`.mEy' fï iEu rglu mdfya mx.=

l%u ms<sn| kS;s iïmdokfhaoS fuu rdcH wdh;k ia;%S ixúOdk

iu`. idlÉPd mj;ajd" wOHhk jd¾;d ksÍlaIKh fldg" kS;s

yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg wod< oekqu we;s ia;%Ska n|jdf.k

úúO whqßka iyfhda.h oelaùh' md¾,sfïka;= ia;%S fldñiu" ia;%S

whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jQ md¾,sfïka;= flduidßia

^Tïnqâiauka& yd ia;%S wud;HxY WmfoaYl lñgq wdosh ia:dms;

lsÍu u.skao fndfyduhla ,;ska wußldkq rgj, rdcHhka fï

iïnkaOfhka iydh oelajQy (Franceschet, 2004)'

kuq;a wod< kS;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfïoS ish¨u ,;ska

wußldkq rgj,a iudk whqßka id¾:l m%;sM, oskdf.k ke;'

thg n,mE úúO fya;= w;r" fuu rdcH ia;%S wdh;kj, ÿ¾j,;d

o uQ,sl fya;=jla ù ;sfí' wd¾ckaákd yd fldiagßld jeks

rgj, ld¾hCIu ks,OdÍka iys;j" rcfha whjefhka ksYaÑ;

iïm;a m%udKhla jehfldg" fuu wdh;kj,g id¾:lj lghq;=

lsÍug wjYH n,h yd bvm%ia:d i,id oS ;snqKs' kuq;a" Ñ,S

yd fmare jeks rgj,oS fuu wdh;k j,g mlaI foaYmd,kfha

oeä ne|Sfuka f;drj lghq;= lsÍug bvla fkd,enqKs' n%iS,h

141


jeks rgj, yqfola úfoaY jHdmD;s hgf;a fuu ia;%S wdh;k

wdrïN l< w;r" cd;Hka;r m%;smdok wjika ùu;a iu. tajdfha

ls%hdldß;ajho wl¾ukH úh' kuq;a úêu;a f,i ksis wruqKla

yd oelaula iys;j lghq;= l< wd¾ckaákd yd fldiagßld ys

rdcH wdh;k ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg úYd, odhl;ajhla

oelaùh' fï iEu rglu mdfya Yla;su;a ia;%S jHdmdr fkd;sîfï

ysoei hï ;rulska fyda msrùug fuu rdcH ia;%S wdh;k j,g

yelsúh (Htun and Jones, 2002)' úfYaIfhkau mx.= l%u kS;s

y`ÿkajd oSfïoS fuu rgj,;a" bkaoshdj" mlsia;dkh" ´iafÜ%,shdj"

ol=Kq wms%ldj yd rejkavdj jeks rgj,;a rdcHfha foaYmd,k

leue;a; yd lemùu úfYaI idOlhla f,i n,mEï lr ;sfí'

tfiau wd¾ckaákdj jeks rgj, mx.= l%u kS;shg wkqj

foaYmd,k mlaI kdufhdackd bosßm;a fkdl< wjia:dj,

cd;sl ue;sjrK fldñiu fukau wêlrKh;a wmlaImd;Sj yd

idOdrKj tu kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug ;SrKh

l<y' tn`ÿ kS;s W,a,x>kh l< wjia:dj,oS ia;%S ixúOdk fyda

isú,a ixúOdk ta ms<sn| wjosfhka isg fm;aiï u.ska wod<

wdh;kj,g lreKq bosßm;a lsÍuo" tu rgj, mx.= l%u id¾:lj

ls%hd;aul lsÍug n,mEfõh' tfiau ta iïnkaOfhka wod< rdcH

wdh;k t<fUk wmlaImd;S ;SrK o tmuKgu jeo.;a úh

(Gray, 2003)'

ia;%S ksfhdackfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka

ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, ia;%S md¾,sfïka;= ldrl iNd"

hqfrdamd ix.ï md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S ldrl iNdj" wh¾,ka;h"

iamd[a[h yd hqfrdamd md¾,sfïka;=fõ ia;%S whs;sjdislï ms<sn|

lñgq" fn,aðhu yd ,laiïn¾.a md¾,sfïka;=j, ia;%S-mqreI

iudkd;au;djh yd iudk bvm%ia:d ms<sn| lñgq jeks rdcH

wdh;ko úYd, odhl;ajhla olajd ;sfí' kj ksfhdack l%u

142

lu,d ,shkf.a

y`ÿkajd oS" foaYmd,k mlaIj,g mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd fok f,i

n,mEï lsÍu" md¾,sfïka;= yd fjk;a ksfhdað; wdh;kj,

ia;%S ys;ldó mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug wod< m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd

oSu" tu wdh;kj, kHdh m;% yd ld, igyka mjq,a-ys;ldó

(family-friendly) whqßka fjkia lsÍu iy tajd ;=< ia;%Skag

wod< myiqlï imhd oSu jeks ld¾hkaj,oS" úfYaIfhkau fuu

rdcH wdh;k lemùfuka lghq;= lr ;sfí' fn,aðhï fifkÜ

iNdj ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdùh ys;ldó (gender-friendly) ieisjdr

ld, igyka ms<sfh, lsÍu yd iaùvkfha md¾,sfïka;= ldrl

iNd j,g uka;%Sjßhka wksjd¾fhkau we;=<;a fldg kS;s

yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfhaoS ia;%Ska yd mqreIhskag tajd n,mdk

wdldrh ksis mÍlaIdjg ,lalsÍu fï i|yd jk fyd| WodyrK

fõ' iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;=jg y`ÿkajd ÿka mjq,a ys;ldó

ld, igyka yd ia;%S-ys;ldó wdik ieleiauo" ia;%S-mqreI iudk

bvm%ia:d lñgqjo" trg md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkag id¾:lj

lghq;= lsÍug u`.mdod ÿks (Sawer, 2000)' ;jo ialekaäfkaúhdkq

rgj, yd c¾uka md¾,sfïka;=j, <ud iq/l=ï uOHia:dk

msysgqùuo md¾,sfïka;= ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a odhl;ajfha .=Kd;aul

j¾Okhla i|yd n,md we;'

md¾,sfïka;=j jvd;a ia;%S-ys;ldó wdh;khla njg

mßj¾;kh lsÍfuka tu .=Kd;aul j¾Okh oskd.;a rgj,a

w;ßka ´iafÜ%,shdjo m%uqL fõ' trg f*vr,a md¾,sfïka;= lñgq"

ia;%Ska iïnkaO lreKq úuiSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh uOHia:dkj,g

f.dia" ck;dj iu`. idlÉPd mj;ajd f;dr;=re tla/ialr"

tu wjYH;d u; m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrhs' fuu idlÉPdj,oS

úfYaIfhkau bx.%Sis NdIdj l:d fkdlrk" m%Odk k.rj,

we;s rdcH wdh;kj,g hdfï myiqlï fyda bvm%ia:d wvq

ia;%Ska flf¾ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrhs' ´iafÜ%,shdfõ

mßmd,k fCI;%fha by< ;k;=rej,g ia;%SjdoS woyia w.hk

143


zzfmsfudl%eÜiaZZ (femocrats) kñka y`ÿkajk ks,Odßkshka m;a

lsÍuo ia;%S ksfhdackfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh i|yd Rcqj n,mE

;j;a Wml%uhls' kS;s iïmdok wdh;k úiska .kq ,nk ;SrK

ksisf,i ls%hd;aul lsÍu" ksÍCIKh yd we.hSfï j.lSu fuu

mßmd,k ks,Odßkshkag mejf¾' tfiau" ia;%Ska iïnkaO kS;s

yd m%;sm;a;s ieliSfïoS" fudjqka wod< wdh;kj,g ksjeros

f;dr;=re yd Wmfoia ,nd fohs (Sawer and Jupp, 1996)' fï

whqßka ia;%Skaf.a foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul fukau

.=Kd;aul j¾Okh oskd .ekSfï wruqKska" úúO wdldrfha rdcH

wdh;k msysgqjd" úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lrñka rgj,a rdYshl

rdcHhka ish odhl;ajh olajd we;' tu rgj,a fndfyduhla

wfmalaIs; m%;sM, hï m%udKhlska fyda oskdf.k ;sîu ;=<ska

.uH jkafka mx.= l%u kS;s fyda iafõÉPd m%;sm;a;s id¾:lj

ls%hd;aul lsÍug kï wksjd¾fhkau ta i|yd rdcHfha ienE

foaYmd,k leue;a;" Wkkaÿj yd lemùu o w;HjYH njhs'

foaYmd,k mlaIj Wkkaÿj yd lemùu

ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha j¾Okhg n,mdk ;j;a

m%Odk idOlhla jkafka foaYmd,k mlaI ta i|yd olajk wjHdc

Wkkaÿj yd lemùuhs' wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdoS jHQyhka iys;

foaYmd,k mlaI" wdKavql%u jHjia:d úêúOdk fyda fjk;a wod<

idudkH kS;s fyda ue;sjrK kS;s fkdue;s ;;ajhka ;=<oS mjd

iafõÉPdfjka mx.= l%u i|yd jk m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oS ia;%Skaf.a

foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okhg ienE f,iu lemùfuka lghq;=

lr ;sfí' ta i|yd fyd| WodyrK úfYaIfhkau ialekaäfkaúhdkq

rgj,ska f.kyer oelaúh yelsh' lsis`ÿ ialekaäfkaúhdkq

rgl wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka fyda fjk;a kS;shlska mx.= l%u

y`ÿkajd oS ke;' kuq;a iEu rglu mdfya ia;%Ska i|yd ue;sjrK

kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla fjka lsÍug

144

lu,d ,shkf.a

uq,skau ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa foaYmd,k mlaI úisks'

f,dfjkavials yd fkdßiaf.a (Lovenduski and Norris, 1993) wOHhkj,g wkqj m<uq f,dj" ixj¾ê; m%cd;ka;%jdoS

rgj, ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh j¾Okfha ,d n,mE uQ,slu

ndOlh jQfha tu rgj, m%Odk mlaIhs' fuu ;;ajh" tu rgj,

ia;%S jHdmdr úiska 1960 .Kka jkúg;a wjfndaO lrf.k

;sìKs' tfyhska Tjqyq úúO idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" iy wOHhk

jd¾;d bosßm;a lsÍu wdosh u.ska fuu m%Yakh úi|Sug 1960

.Kkaj, isgu mlaIj,g n,mEï l<y' ialekaäfkaúhdkq

rgj,a lsysmhl;a" ´iafÜ%,shdfõ;a ia;%S foaYmd,k mlaI msysgqjd

iajdëkj ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a jk nj m%ldY lrñka" m%Odk

mlaI iu. fuu ia;%Syq flaj,a l<y' ke;skï m%Odk mlaI j,g

;¾ckh l<y' fuu ls%hdldrlï j, m%;sM,hla f,i fkda¾fõ"

iaùvka" fko¾,ka;h yd wh¾,ka;h jeks rgj, fndfyduhla

foaYmd,k mlaI;a" ì%;dkH yd ´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaI;a"

,;ska wußldkq rgj, úfYaIfhkau iudcjdoS mlaI;a tajdfha

wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s fjkia fldg" iafõÉPd mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oS

;sfí' tfyhska tu rgj, ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka

fuu mlaI wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s ta i|yd jQ id¾:l Wml%u

f,i fmkajd osh yelsh'

fkda¾fõ ys lïlre mlaIh 1983 uy ue;sjrKfhaoS

kdufhdackdj,ska 40] la ia;%Skag fjka lrñka" iafõÉPd mx.=

l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfï m%uqLhd úh' bkamiq fkda¾fõ iudcjdoS

mlaIh" olaIsKdxYsl mlaIh yd ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIho

tu m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh l<y' fvkaud¾la ys iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS

mlaIho ta yd iuj hñka" 1984 oS kdufhdackd j,ska 50] l

m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah' 1994 oS iaùvka ys iudc

m%cd;ak;%jdoS mlaIh “zipper” l%uh ke;skï “zebra” l%uh

145


y`ÿkajd foñka" kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j, m<uq jekakd mqreIfhla

yd fojekakd ia;s%hla úhhq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1994 uy

ue;sjrKfhaoS iaùvkays .%Ska mlaIh yd ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ak;%jdoS

mlaIh;a hqfrdamd ix.ufha ue;sjrK we;=¿ wfkl=;a ishü

ue;sjrK j,g mx.= l%u m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks'

ngysr hqfrdamfha fndfyduhla rgj, m%Odk mlaI"

úfYaIfhkau iudcjdoS fyda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaI iafõÉPd

mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfuka" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg odhl jQy'

c¾uksho thg fyd| WodyrKhls' trg m%Odk mlaI mfyka

;=kla úiskau mlaI m%;sm;a;s j,g wkqj kdufhdackd j,ska 40-

50] w;r m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrkq ,en ;sfí' 1980

.%Ska mlaIh “zipper” l%uh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1988 oS c¾uka iudc

m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh kdufhdackdj,ska wju jYfhka 1$3 la

ia;%Ska úhhq;=h hk m%;sm;a;sh y`ÿkajd ÿks' 1994 isg tu mlaIfha

ishü ;k;=rej,ska 40] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lf<ah' 1998 oS

ishü ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 40] la ia;%Ska i|yd

fjka lf<ah' c¾uka ls%ia;shdks m%cd;ka;%jdoS mlaIh" 1996 oS

ishü mlaI ;k;=rej,ska yd kdufhdackdj,ska 30] la ia;%Ska

i|yd fjka lf<ah' ngysr yd kef.kysr c¾uksh taldnoaO

ùfuka miqj merKs kef.kysr c¾uka fldñhqksiaÜ mlaIh

(Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus - PDS) kj “zipper” l%uh y`ÿkajd oS" kdufhdackdj,ska 50] l mx.=jla ia;%Ska i|yd

fjka lf<ah' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj,;a" c¾uksfha;a iudcjdoS

ú{dk u; mokï jQ mlaI mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSug jeä Wkkaÿjla

oelajqjo" iïm%odhsl olaIsKdxYsl mlaI fndfyduhla ;ju;a

iafõÉPd mx.= l%u m%;sfCIam lrhs'

ì%;dkH lïlre mlaIh" 1980 w.oS ishü mlaI ;k;=re

j,ska 25] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍug ;SrKh lf<ah' thska

146

lu,d ,shkf.a

miqj iEu md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=jlgu

wju jYfhka tla ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a lsÍug tl`. úh'

1993 oS úY%du hk uka;%Sjrekaf.a wdikj,g" l,ska flá ,ehsia;=

.;lr ;snQ ia;%Skaf.a kï ,ehsia;=jlska kula bosßm;a lsÍug

;SrKh flßKs' 1997 olajd fuu l%uh id¾:lj ls%hd;aul jqj;a"

1997 oS" mqrjeis iudkd;au;djh i|yd ia:dms; lr ;snQ kS;suh

úêúOdkhla ksid tu m%;sm;a;sh wêlrKh yuqfõ wNsfhda.hg

,la flßKs' tysoS th wj,x.= flßKs' tfia jqj;a" 2000 oYlfhaoS

lïlre mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh ì%;dkHfha wfkla mlaIj,g

idfmalaIj j¾Okh ùug" tu m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSfuka mlaIh

;=<;a" thska msg;;a isÿjQ wdl,amuh fjki n,mEï lr ;sfí'

m%:u iafldÜ,ka; md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrKh" fõ,aia

wefiïì,s ue;sjrKh yd ,kavka wefiïì,s ue;sjrKhg

lïlre mlaIh “twinned” l%uh ke;skï zzksjqka l%uhZZ y`ÿkajd

ÿks' thg wkqj Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao 2 la ysñfõ' tla Pkaohla

ia;s%hl yd wfkl mqreIhl= i|yd Ndú;d l<yelsh' fï

m%;sm;a;sh ksid ì%;dkH lïlre mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh /äl,a

wdldrfhka j¾Okh úh'

´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaIho fï i|yd fyd| ksoiqkls'

1994 oS" lïlre mlaIh úiska 2002 jkúg trg md¾,sfïka;=

ia;%S ksfhdackh 35] úhhq;=h hk b,lalh iksgqyka lr.kakd

,oS' lïlre mlaIfhka f;aÍ m;ajQ m%dka; w.ue;skshlj isá

lduka f,darkaia (Carmen Lawrence) úiska idOdrK;ajh ms<sn|

;¾lh bosßm;a lrñka" mlaIh ;=< fï ms<sn|j oekqj;anj yd

fm<Uùula we;s lrk ,oS' lïlre mlaI kdhl;ajh mlaIfha

ia;%S-mqreI fomCIfhau yelshdjka rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd Ndú;

l<hq;=h hk Wmfhda.s;d ;¾lh Ndú; lrñka" mCIfha ia;%Skaf.a

b,a,Sug iydh oelaùh' ;jo" lïlre mlaIfha laùkaia,ka;

YdLdj ´iafÜ%,shdkq ia;%S mlaIh msysgqjd" úfYaIhkau ia;%S

147


Pkaoodhlhskaf.a wdl¾IKh oskd .;s' fuu ia;%S mlaIh oskd.;a

ksfhdað;jßhkaf.a iyfhda.h lïlre mlaIhg ,ndoSfuka

mlaI kdhl;ajhg n,mEï lsÍu Tjqka wkq.ukh l< úfYaI

Wml%uhla úh'

fuu mßirh ;=<" ´iafÜ%,shdkq lïlre mlaIh mx.=

l%uh y`ÿkajd oSug tfrysj olaIsKdxYsl mlaIj,ska fukau mlaI

wNHka;rfhkao úfrdaO;d mek ke.=Ks' kuq;a mlaIfha b,lalh

oskd.ekSug mlaI kdhlhska oelajQ lemùu yd mlaIfha ia;%Ska

úiska ta i|yd lrk ,o fm<Uùu iqúfYaIsh' mx.= l%uh id¾:l

lr.ekSu i|yd lïlre mlaIfha m%dka; w.ue;skshkaj isá

kdhsldjka fofofklaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka wußldkq tñ,s ,ehsia;=jg

(EMILY’s List) iudk whqßka ´iafÜ%,shdkq tñ,s ,ehsia;=j

wdrïN flßKs' m%cd;ka;%jdoS ia;%Ska Pkaohg bosßm;a jkúg

Tjqkag wdOdr lsÍug;a" ia;%SjdoS woyia w.hk ksfhdað;jßhka

md¾,sfïka;=jg we;=<;a lrjd" Tjqka yryd ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh

k.d isgqùug wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lrjd .ekSug;a"

foaYmd,kh ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla we;s ia;%Ska ue;sjrK kdufhdackd

i|yd ks¾foaY lsÍug;a" fuu tñ,s wdh;kh ls%hd lf<ah' f*vr,a

md¾,sfïka;=fõ lïlre mlaI ia;%S lñgqj iu`. i;shlg jrla

fuu tñ,s wdh;kfha kdhsldjka idlÉPd mj;ajd ia;%Skag wod<

kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fõoehs fidhd n,d wod<

jd¾;d bosßm;a lf<ah' ;jo" *sfudl%eÜia kñka y÷kajk ia;%Sjd§

woyia w.hk" mßmd,k ks,Odßka ,jd tajd úêu;a ksÍlaIKhlg

yd we.hSulg ,la lf<ah' md¾,sfïka;=fõ kHdh m;%" ieisjdr

ld,igyka" wdik mekùu yd tys myiqlï ie,iSfïoS ia;%S-

mqreI iudcNdjhg ixfõoS whqßka wod< m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg;a"

iïm;a ,nd .ekSug;a lïlre mCI uka;%Sjßhka muKla fkdj"

uka;%Sjrekao fufyhùfïoS tñ,s wdh;kh úYd, odhl;ajhla

oelaùh (Sawer, 2000)'

148

lu,d ,shkf.a

iuyr ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgj," úfYaIfhkau

jdudxYsl woyia w.hk foaYmd,k mlaI mx.= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSfïoS

uQ,sl;ajh .;a wjia:d we;' ngysr hqfrdamfha iudcjdoS mlaIj,

w;aoelSï mdvï f,i f.k ,;ska wußldkq rgj, iudcjdoS

mlaI fndfyduhla o mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd oSfï ,d uQ,sl;ajh

.;ay' WodyrK jYfhka fulaisflda ys m%cd;ka;%jdoS" úma,ùh

mlaIh (Party of the Democratic Revolution), kslr.=jd ys cd;sl

úuqla;sh i|yd jQ iekaäksiagd fmruqK (Nicaragua’s Sandinista Front for National Liberation) iy fldiagßld ys cd;sl úuqla;s

mlaIh (Party of National Liberation) cd;sl ue;sjrK j,

kdufhdackdj,ska ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla iafõÉPdfjka kshu

lsÍfïoS m%uqL;ajh .;ay' tu mlaI wkq.ukh lrñka Ñ,S ys

m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd jQ mlaIh (Chile’s Party for Democracy)" iudcjdoS mlaIh (Socialist Party) iy n%iS,fha lïlre mlaIh;a

(Worker’s Party) mlaI wNHka;r ;k;=re i|yd jk Pkao

j,oS ia;S%ka fjkqfjka m%;sY;hla fjka lf<ah' thska miq Ñ,S ys

uOHia: u;OdÍ mlaIh o tu m%;sm;a;sh wkq.ukh lf<ah'

fuu rgj, by; i|yka l< mlaI" tu foaYmd,k

l%u m%cd;ka;%ShlrKh ùu;a iu`.u mlaI jHQyh o hï wdldr

m%cd;ka;%ShlrKhg ,la lsÍu" 1990 .Kkaj, m%ldYhg m;a jQ kj

m%jK;djhla úh' tf;la ue;sjrKj,g wfmalaIlhska f;aÍfïoS

mlaI kdhlhskag ;snQ wdêm;H ta ksid hï wdldr wNsfhda.

hlg ,la úh (Franceschet, 2004)' fndfyduhla ,;ska wußldkq

rgj,a kS;Hdkql+,j y`ÿkajd ÿka mx.= l%u hï ;rulska fyda

id¾:l ùug fï whqßka foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska ,enqk iyfhda.h

fnfyúka n,md we;'

1970 ueo .Kkaj, isg bkaÈhdkq ia;%S jHdmdrh úiska

wjia:d lSmhloS mx.= l%uh ms<sn| fhdackdj bosßm;a lrkq

149


,enqjo" md,l fldx.%ia mlaI kdhsld bkaosrd .dkaê ta i|yd

iyfhda.h m< lf<a ke;' kuq;a 1993 oS mxpdh;s m<d;a md,k

wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 33] la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍfï fhdackdj

bosßm;a jQ úg tjlg fldx.%ia mlaI kdhl rÔõ .dkaê tu

m%;sm;a;sh ms<sf.k ta i|yd úfYaI Wkkaÿjlska lghq;= lf<ah'

cd;sl uÜgfï muKla fkdj m%dka; uÜgfï fldx.%ia mlaI

kdhlhskao" rÔõ .dkaêg fuu mK; iïu; lr .ekSfïoS

iyfhda.h oelaùh (Singh, 2005)'

fï wkqj f,dj úúO mlaIj, w;aoelSï weiqßka m%ldY

jkafka mlaI jHQyh" wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh" kdhl;ajfha

kuHYS,s nj" mlaI ú{dkh yd m%;sm;a;s iy mlaI idudðldjkaf.a

ls%hdldrlï wdosh ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okfhys ,d Rcqju n,mEï

lrk njhs' fndfyda rgj, jdudxYsl fyda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdoS

mlaI ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd ;snq m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd ÿkaúg"

olaIsKdxYsl fyda uOHia: u;OdÍ mlaIo Tjqkaf.a ckms%h;ajh

.s,syS hdfï ìh yd ;¾ckh yuqfõ" tn`ÿ m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oS

;sfí' c¾uka .%Ska mlaIh jeks l=vd mlaI mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkaúg

m%Odk mlaI o tn`ÿ ;¾ck yuqfõ ta yd iudk m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd

oSug fm<Uqk wjia:d ;sfí' mx.= l%uh oskd .ekSug fukau"

thska id¾:l m%;sM, w;am;a lr .ekSug;a mlaIj, iyfhda.h

w;HjYH neõ fkdßia yd f,dfjkavials úiska (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995:195) Tjqkaf.a wOHhk weiqßka fufia m%ldY

lrkq ,en we;' zzidOkSh m%;sm;a;s y`ÿkajd oSfuka" ia;%Skag lsishï

m%;sY;hla kdufhdackdj,ska fjka lsÍfuka" ia;%Ska mqyqKq lsÍu

i|yd úfYaI hdka;%K ia:dms; lsÍfuka yd Tjqkag uQ,Huh yd

fjk;a wdOdr imhd oSfuka foaYmd,k mlaI ia;%Skag iyfhda.h

olajkafka kï ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lr .ekSu myiq fõZZ'

by; i|yka l< foaYmd,k mlaIj, ls%hdldrlï j,ska meyeos,s

jkafka tajd" fkdßia yd f,dfjkavialsf.a m%ldYh ikd: lr

we;s njhs'

150

lu,d ,shkf.a

úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqùu

mx.= l%u ks;Hdkql+,j fyda mCI m%;sm;a;s u.ska oskd

.ekSfuka muKla ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh lsÍfï wruqKq

bgqlr .; fkdyelsh' th id¾:lj ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd by;

i|yka l< whqßka rdcH" foaYmd,k mlaI" ia;%S ixúOdk yd isú,a

ixúOdk o lemùfuka lghq;= l<hq;=h' mx.= l%u u.ska ia;%Skag

kdufhdackd ,nd oSu i|yd Tjqka thg bosßm;a ùu w;HjYH fõ'

tfyhska foaYmd,k fCIa;%hg wdOqksl ia;%Skaj ta i|yd fm<Uùu

fukau Tjqkag iyfhda.h ,ndoSu i|yd;a úfYaIs; wdh;k

msysgqùuo" ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh flf¾ Rcqj n,mdhs' WodyrK

jYfhka wußldkq yd ´iafÜ%,shdkq tñ,s ,ehsia;= wußldfõ

úIa (WISH List) ,ehsia;=j" tx.,ka;fha úlafgdaßhdkq lïlre

mCI ia;%Skaf.a cd,h" iaùvka ,snr,a mlaIfha iudk bvm%ia:d

lñgqj jeks wdh;k rdYshla kï l< yelsh' fuu wdh;kj,ska

tñ,s yd úIa ,ehsia;=j, uQ,sl wruqK jkafka ia;%S foaYmd,k

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd jQ úúO ls%hdldrlïj,§ uQ,sl;ajh

.ekSuhs' foaYmd,khg Wkkaÿjla olajk ia;%Skaf.a Ôjo;a; tl;=

lsÍu" Tjqkaf.a kï ,ehsia;= ilid ue;sjrK kdufhdackd i|yd

foaYmd,k mlaIj,g bosßm;a lsÍu" úfYaIfhkau wdOqksl Pkao

wfmalaIsldjkag mqyqKqj yd wod< wkq.%y iemhSu" ue;sjrKh

oskd.;a uka;%Sjßhka iu. tu wdh;k .súi .;a mßos ia;%Skaf.a

;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg Tjqkaj

fm<Uùu" tajdg wod< f;dr;=re imhd § tu mK;a jHdmD;s iy

ie,iqï iïmdokhg iydh oelaùu wdosh fuu wdh;k u.ska

bgqlrhs' tfiau wod< kS;s yd m%;sm;a;s ksisf,i ls%hd;aul

lrùug mßmd,kh fm<Uùu;a" tajd ksÍlaIKh" we.hSu yd

tajdg wod< ks¾foaY bosßm;a lsÍu;a ta iïnkaO wOHhk jd¾;d

iemhSu wdosh;a fuu wdh;k u.ska isÿlrhs' ia;%Ska i|yd mx.=jla

oskd .ekSfuka muKla ienE ksfhdackhla isÿfõhhs wfmalaId

151


l< fkdyelsh' ienE .=Kd;aul ksfhdackhla oskd .ekSug kï"

fun÷ úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqjd foaYmd,k mlaI iu`. Rcq fyda

jl% in|;d f.dvk`.df.k" by; i|yka wdldrfhka il%Sh

odhl;ajhla ±laùu w;HjYHh'

152

lu,d ,shkf.a

5

Y%S ,xldj i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh

Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%Ska 1931 oS Pkaoh oSfï yd ksfhdackfha whs;sh

oskd .;a; o" jir 80 l os.= l,lska miqj;a ia;%S ksfhdackh 6]

olajdj;a j¾Okh ù fkdue;' wjia:d .KkdjloS ia;%S ixúOdk"

isú,a ixúOdk yd fuu .eg¿j ms<sn|j Wkkaÿj olajk úoaj;=ka

Y%S ,dxlsl rdcHh yd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g úúO whqßka n,mEï

lr fuu .eg¿j úi|k f,i b,a,d we;' tfiau" úúO jHdmD;s

hgf;a m%cd kdhsldjka i|yd foaYmd,k kdhl;aj mqyqKq

mdGud,do mj;ajd we;' iajdëk ia;%S lKavdhï f,i m<d;a yd

m%dfoaYSh ue;sjrK lSmhlg bosßm;a ùug fuu ixúOdk m%cd

kdhsldjkag iyfhda.h o oS we;' úúO ls%hdldrlï u.ska m%cdj

oekqj;a lsÍug o lghq;= lr we;' tfy;a miq.sh oYl 3 l muK

ld,hl w;aoelSïj,ska meyeos,s jkafka tu m%h;akhka lsisjla

fuu .eg¿j úi|Sug m%udKj;a ù fkdue;s njh' thg uQ,sl

fya;=j jkafka isú,a ixúOdk ork fuu W;aidyhkag Y%S ,dxlsl

rdcH iy foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska ksis m%;spdr fkd,eîuhs' tfia;a

ke;skï ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okh iïnkaOfhka fuf;la n,h

oerE lsisÿ ,dxlsl wdKavqjla fyda foaYmd,k mlaIhla Wkkaÿjla

fkdoelaùuhs'

2007-2011 ld,h ;=<oS iduh iy hymd,kh i|yd jQ

ldka;dfjda ixúOdkh úiska uOHu m<d; ;=< osh;a lrk ,o

jHdmD;shla yd ta iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a lrk ,o wOHhk

jd¾;djlg wkqj (Liyanage and Rajendran, 2012) ia;%S

ksfhdackh j¾Okh i|yd mx.= l%uhl wjYH;djh m%dfoaYSh

153


uÜgfï foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh fukau" nyq;r m%cdj úiskao

wjOdrKh lrkq ,en ;sfí' tfiau mx.= l%u ms<sn| ck;djf.a

oekqj;aNdjho idfmalaIj j¾Okh ù we;s neõ tu wOHhkfhka

m%ldY fõ' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%u

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg Okd;aulj n,mEï l<o" Y%S ,xldfõ

oekg ls%hd;aul jk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh yd újD; ,ehsia;=

l%uh" mdrïmßlj fjkilg ,lajQ ia;%Ska jeks lKavdhulg"

ksfhdackfhaoS jdis w;alrfok l%uhla f,i ie,lsh fkdyelsh'

Y%S ,xldfõ ue;sjrK kS;s fyda wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh

fkdlr" fuu .eg¿j úi|Su i|yd myiqfjkau Ndú; l<

yelafla mlaI u.ska y`ÿkajd fok iafõÉPd mx.= l%uhhs' kuq;a

Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mlaI úiska kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska

hï m%;sY;hla iafõÉPdfjka ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l<o" thska

Okd;aul m%;sM,hla fláld,Skj Wodfõhhs is;Su W.ygh'

mlaI kdhl;ajfha ióm in|;d we;s wfmalaIlhska újD;

,ehsia;= l%uh hgf;a ,ehsia;=fõ jdisiy.; whqßka ia:dk.;

lsÍfuka ia;%Skag wjdishla isÿfõ' tfiau" ia;s%hla m%udKj;a Pkao

ixLHdjla oskd .;a;;a" mlaI kdhl;ajhg th fjkia lsÍfï

yelshdj we;' Y%S ,xldfõ w;S; w;aoelSï lSmhlg wkqj tn`ÿ

wjia:dj,oS;a jeä wjdisiy.; ;;ajhlg ia;%Ska m;afõ' wfkla

w;g tla Pkao fldÜGdYhlg wfmalaIlhska lSmfofkla kï

lsßfuka mlaIh ;=<u ukdm oskd .ekSug wr.,hla l<hq;=fõ'

tysoS ia;%Skag idfmalaIj jeä w;aoelSï" ixúOdk Yla;sh yd jeä

iïm;a we;s fndfyda msßñ wfmalaIlhska ksrdhdifhkau jdis

iy.; ;;ajhlg m;afõ' wfkla w;ska" ue;sjrK kS;s u`.ska

kshu fkdlr iafõÉPdfjka mx.= l%u y`ÿkajd ÿkak;a Y%S ,dxlsl

mlaI tu m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+,j ls%hd lrhso hkak iel iys;h'

Y%S ,dxlsl mlaI wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh rys; ;;ajhlska

ls%hd;aul jk ksid tn`ÿ úêúOdkj,g wkql+,j kdufhdackd

,ndoSfï iïm%odhla iafõÉPdfjka wdrïN lrdúo hkak wfmalaId

154

lu,d ,shkf.a

lsÍuo wiSreh' ialekaäfkaúhdkq rgj, fndfyduhla mlaI ia;%S

jHdmdrfha y`vg lka oS zipper l%uh jeks iu;=,s; kdufhdackd

,ehsia;= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oS" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu ksfhdackfhaoS

iudk bv m%ia:d ,ndoSug ;rï m%cd;ka;%jdoh w.hk ;;ajhl

miqjqj;a" ixj¾Okh jkakd jQ rgla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ ;ju;a

ls%hd;aul jk mjq,a uQ,sl yd mS;DuQ,sl foaYmd,k mlaIj,ska

tn`ÿ m%.;sYS,s m%;sm;a;shla iafõÉPdfjka y`ÿkajd foaú hhs

wfmalaId lsÍu wiSreh'

kuq;a fndfyda rgj, ia;%S jHdmdr oYl fol ;=kla

;siafia foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ndysr fukau wNHka;r jYfhkao

n,mEï fldg iafjÉPd mx.= l%u oskd.;a neõ w;S; w;aoelSïj,ska

m%ldY fõ' tfyhska wog jvd Yla;su;aj" úêu;aj yd tlai;aj

Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%SjdoS" ia;%S yd isú,a ixúOdk foaYmd,k mlaIj,g

n,mEï fldg ia;%S ksfhdackfha jeo.;alu ;jÿrg;a wjOdrKh

lsÍu u.ska mlaIj,g hï n,mEula l< yelsfõ' ,xldfõ

mj;sk iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%ufha ÿ¾j,;d ksid wfmalaIs;

m%;sM, w;alr .ekSu wiSre jqj;a" wju jYfhka mlaIj, ia;%S

idudðl;ajhg iß,k m%udKhl m%;sY;hla kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=j,ska ia;%Skag fjkalrk f,i mlaI kdhl;ajhg

n,mEï lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' wju jYfhka 20] l m%;sY;hla

fyda ia;%Ska m<uqj oskd .;fyd;a ue;sjrK ;r`.hg m%fõYùu yd

tu w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSfï jdish Tjqkag hï ;rulskaj;a ysñfõ'

tfiau ta yryd ia;%S ksfhdackh ms<sn|j mj;sk RKd;aul

wdl,am hï;rulska fyda fjkilg ,laùug u`. mEfoa'

kuq;a Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk foaYmd,k l%uh yd foaYmd,k

ixialD;shg wkqj ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul

j¾Okhla flá ld,hlska oskd .ekSug kï iafõÉPd mx.=

l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' ta i|yd

155


wksjd¾fhkau ue;sjrK kS;s" m<d;a md,k wKmk;a fyda

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh fldg ksfhdað; wdh;kj,

wdik j,ska hï m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd ks;Hdkql+,j fjkalr

oSula fyda kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla kS;sfhka

fjkalr oSula" wksjd¾fhkau isÿl, hq;=h' Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,k

w;aoelSïj,g wkqj;a" ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaOfhka lrk ,o

wOHhk ks¾foaYj,g wkqj;a Y%S ,xldjg fï iïnkaOfhka jvd;a

M,odhS jk ks¾foaY lSmhla fhdackd l< yelsh'

i. iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh iy ir, nyq;r l%ufha

ñY%Kfhka iïmdos; ksfhdack l%uhla iy wdjD;

ke;skï jeiqKq kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= l%uh y`ÿkajd oSu'

ii. ishü ue;sjrKj,oS" ishü foaYmd,k mlaI bosßm;a

lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 33] la ia;%Skag fjkalr

oSu ue;sjrK kS;s u.ska ia:dms; lsÍu'

iii. cd;sl" m<d;a yd m%dfoaYSh uÜgfï ishü ksfhdað;

wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu'

cd;sl yd m<d;a iNd ksfhdackfha fjkila i|yd

wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd

m<d;a md,k kS;s ixfYdaOkhla u.ska fuh y`ÿkajd osh

yelsh'

iv. ishü mlaIj, wNHka;r m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkhla u.ska"

mlaIfha ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï ;k;=rej,ska" jeo.;a lñgq

j, idudðl;ajfhka yd ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 33]

l m%;sY;hla ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalsÍu'

v. ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a foaYmd,k

mqyqKq welvñ yd tñ,s ,ehsia;= jeks úfYaI wdh;k

msysgqùu îgyk( 4 n,kak&'

156

lu,d ,shkf.a

i. ñY% ksfhdack l%uh yd wdjD; ,ehsia;= l%uh

ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg fukau ±kg jvd m%cd;ka;%jdoS

yd idOdrK ksfhdack l%uhla i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh" úfYaIfhkau újD; ,ehsia;= l%uh

yd ukdm Pkao l%uh wksjd¾fhkau ixfYdaOkhg ,lal< hq;=h'

Y%S ,xldjg;a" fkamd,fha 2008 Ndrldr wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka

fyda ol=Kq wms%ldfõ 1996 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka y`ÿkajd oS

we;s mßos ñY% ksfhdack l%uhla y`ÿkajd oSu jvd;a fhda.Hh'

md¾,sfïka;=j yd fjk;a ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdikj,ska

wvla fyda lsishï ksYaÑ; m%udKhla iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack

l%uh hgf;ao" b;sß wdik ir, nyq;r ksfhdack l%uh hgf;ao"

f;dard .ekSfuka jvd ;=,s; ksfhdackhla wfmalaId l< yelsh'

fuu iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh hgf;a" m<d;a fyda osia;s%lal

jYfhka fnÿk" idfmalaIj úYd, N+f.da,Sh l,dm" nyq uka;%S Pkao

fldÜGdY f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fuysoS ue;sjrK kdufhdackd

bosßm;a lsÍu mqoa.,sl wfmalaIlhskag l< fkdyels jk w;r"

mlaIj,g muKla ish kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= bosßm;a l< yelsfõ'

tfiau fuh wdjD; ke;skï jeiqkq ,ehsia;=jla úhhq;=h' thska

1$3 la ia;%Skag fjkalrk kshuh u;" kdu fhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ

1" 2 ia:dkj, mqreIhka fofofkl=f.a kï wka;¾.; jQfha kï

f;jekak ia;s%hl" kej; ihjekakd iy kj jekakd ia;s%hl

jYfhka wfmalaIlhskaf.a kï wkqms<sfj,ska ia:dk.; l<hq;=h'

fuu wkqms<sfj, ue;sjrKfhka miqj fjkia lsÍu kS;sfhka

;ykï l< hq;=h' tfiau" tu wkqms<sfj, fkdi,ld iïmdokh

lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h fyda m%:ujrg

tajd ksjeros lsÍug Wmfoia oSfï yd tfia ksjeros fkdlf<a kï"

fojkqj tu ,ehsia;=j m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h iajdëk ue;sjrK

fldñiug mejßh hq;=h' iudkqmd;sl l%uhg wkqj Pkaoodhlhdg

Pkaoh Ndú; l<yelafla ;ud leu;s mlaIhgh' foaYmd,k mlaI

,enQ uq¿ Pkao ixLHdj wkqj wdik .Kk fnoS hhs' túg wdjD;

157


,ehsia;= l%uh u; ksfhdað;hska f;dard .kafka ue;sjrKhg

bosßm;a l< kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=fõ wkqms<sfj,g wkqjh' újD;

,ehsia;= l%ufhaoS fuka wfmalaIlhskag jeä ukdm ixLHdjla

,ndoS ksfhdað;hskaj f;aÍfï wkqms<sfj,g n,mEï lsÍug" wdjD;

,ehsia;= l%ufhaoS Pkaoodhlhdg yelshdjla ke;' tu wkqms<sfj,

fjkialsÍu mlaI kdhl;ajhgo kS;sfhka ;ykï fõ' túg hï

mlaIhlg wdik 6 la ysñjqjfyd;a" wksjd¾fhkau kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=fõ uq,ska kï i|yka 6 fokd f;aÍ m;afõ' tysoS tu 6

fokd w;ßka fofofkl= ia;%Ska úhhq;= ùfï úêúOdkh iy;sl

jYfhka ls%hd;aul lsÍug foaYmd,k mlaI kS;sfhka ne|S isà'

ir, nyq;r l%uh hgf;a ue;sjrK mj;ajk wdik

i|yd" mlaI u.ska muKla wfmalaIl ,ehsia;= bosßm;a lsÍu

wksjd¾h fkdfõ' mqoa.,sl wfmalaIlhskago kdufhdackd bosßm;a

l< yelsh' iEu Pkaoodhlhl=gu tla Pkaohla ue;sjrKfhaoS

ysñjk w;r" hï wdikhl Pkaoj,ska jeäu m%udKh oskd.;a

wfmalaIlhd f;aÍ m;afõ' fuu ;r`.fhaoS ia;%Ska jdisiy.;

;;ajhlg m;aùfï iïNdú;djh wvqh' tfy;a foaYmd,k mlaI

bosßm;a lrk kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjkafldg

ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh jeä wdikj,ska ia;%Skago wfmalaIl;ajh

,ndoSu u.ska ia;%S ksfhdackh j¾Okhg u`. mdod .; yelsh'

yqfola kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la fjkalsÍfï kshuh imqrd,Sug

muKla" mrdch ùfï iïNdú;djh jeä wdikj, wfmalaIl;ajh

ia;%Skag ,ndoSfuka wfmalaIs; m%;sM, oskd.; fkdyelsh' ;jo"

ir, nyq;r l%ufhka ksfhdað;hska f;dark wdikj,ska 1$3

la ia;%Ska i|yd jHjia:dms;j fjka lsÍuo Y%S ,xldjg fhda.H

Wml%uhls' túg bkaoshdkq m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, fuka tla

tla ue;sjrKj,oS tfia ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lrk wdik kej;

kej; udre lrñka ksfhdað;jßhka f;dard .ekSug bv ,efí'

WodyrK f,i hï osia;s%lalhl wdik 12 la fõ kï thska 4

158

lu,d ,shkf.a

la ia;%S wdik f,i fjkalr ia;%S kdufhdackd ,ehsia;= muKla

ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a l< hq;=h' túg tu wdik 4 g f;dard

.kafka ksfhdað;jßhka muKs' b;sß wdik 8 fmdÿ wdik fõ'

B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fjk;a wdik 4 la ia;%S wdik f,i kï l<

yelsh' túg l,ska ue;sjrKfhaoS ia;%Skag fjkal< wdik fmdÿ

wdik f,i ie,lsh yelsh' tfia ia;%S wdik udre lsÍu jvd;a

m%cd;ka;%jdoS jk w;r" iEu wdikhlgu ia;%Ska ksfhdackh

lsÍfï bvm%ia:dj tu.ska ,efí'

tfiau ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh u.ska cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka

1$3 lao ia;%Ska i|yd fjka l< yelsh' tysoS;a" ,ehsia;=fõ w.g

ia;%Skaf.a kï we;=<;a fkdfldg" mqreIhka fofofkl=f.a kï

j,g miqj ia;s%hlf.a kula yd kej; mqreIhka fofofkl=f.a

kï hk wkqms<sfj,g kï we;=<;a lsÍfuka ia;%Ska wjdisiy.;

;;ajhg m;aùu u`. yef¾' WodyrK f,i hï foaYmd,k

mlaIhla ,enQ uq¿ Pkao ixLHdj wkqj cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka

uka;%Sjre kj fofkla f;dard .kafka kï" ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a

l< wkqms<sfj,g wkqj m<uq kï i|yka kjfokd ksfhdað;hska

f,i f;dard .;hq;=fõ' túg cd;sl ,ehsia;=fõ 3" 6 yd 9 hk

ia:dkj, isák ia;%Ska ;sfokd o wksjd¾fhkau f;dard .efka' tu

;;ajh hgf;a cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka f;dard .;a kjfokd w;ßka

1$3 l ksfhdackhla ia;%Skag ysñfõ'

ii. ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd kS;Hdkql+,j

fjkalsÍu

ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkhlska ̂ cd;sl uÜgfï ue;sjrK

i|yd& fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, úfYaI mK;la iïu; lsÍu

u.ska" kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3la ia;%Skag fjkalsÍfï úêúOdkh

y`ÿkajd oshyelsh' fuysoS ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhu iudk whqßka

ue;sjrK ;r`.hg bosßm;a úhhq;= jk w;r" jeä Pkao oskd.;a

159


wfmalaIlhska fyda wfmalaIsldjka f;aÍ m;afõ' ia;%Skaj jl%

l%uhlska f;dard .ekSu ̂Wod( jHjia:dodhlhg Pkaofhka f;arekq

ksfhdað;hska úiska f;dard.kq ,eîu& fyda rdcH kdhlfhl=

úiska f;dard .kq ,eîu ^Wod( ckdêm;s fyda w.ue;s úiska

m;alrkq ,eîu& hk l%u foflaoSu ia;%Skag wiudk f,i i,lhs

fyda úfYaI jrm%ido ,ndfohs hk wdl,amh cks;fjk wjia:d

nyq,h' tfiau m;alrk ,o uka;%Sjßhkag" Pkaofhka f;areKq

ksfhdað;hskag iudk whqßka j.lSï" bvm%ia:d yd ms<s.ekSï

fkd,efíh hk fpdaokdjo fuysoS kef`.a' tu ÿ¾j,;d folu

u`. yer" ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu iudk whqßka ue;sjrK ;r`.

hg bosßm;a ùfï yelshdj fuu l%uh u.ska ,efí'

ish¨u ue;sjrKj,oS" ish¨u mlaI fyda iajdëk lKavdhï

bosßm;a lrk wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=fjka 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka

lsÍfïoS;a" ia;%S-mqreI kï ia:dk.; lsÍfï wkqms<sfj, idOdrK

whqßka l<hq;=h' ir, nyq;r Pkao l%uh Ndú; lrk ue;sjrK

fldÜGdYj,oS ch.ekSfï iïNdú;djh we;s wdikj,g ia;%S-mqreI

fomlaIfhkau wfmalaIlhkag bosßm;a ùfï jru ysñl< hq;=h'

iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%ufhaoS" yqfola kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j

msrùug tys w.g tlalrk zzvñZZ ^mUhd& i|yd ia;%Skaf.a kï

Ndú; lsÍu ;ykï l<hq;= fõ' fuu kS;sfhaoS;a kdufhdackd

,ehsia;=fõ ;=kajekakd" 6 jekakd wdoS jYfhka mqreIhka

fofofkl=f.a kïj,g miqj ia;s%hlf.a kula we;=<;a lsÍfuka

jeä idOdrKhla bgqfõ' fuu kS;sho ksisf,i ls%hd;aul ùug

kï" th fkdi,ld yer iïmdokh lrk kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=

wod< mlaI ,jd ksjeros lrùfï fyda m%;sfCIam lsÍfï n,h

wmlaImd;S ue;sjrK fldñiulg mejßh hq;=fõ'

160

lu,d ,shkf.a

iii. ish¨u ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdikj,ska 1$3 la wdKavql%u

jHjia:dj u.ska ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk foaYmd,k mßirh u;" foaYmd,k

mlaI ia;%Skag jdisiy.; whqßka ls%hdlrhso hkak ieliys;h'

tfiau" ol=Kq wdishdfõ fjk;a rgj,a yd ii|oaoS Y%S ,xldfõ ia;%S

jHdmdrhgo Yla;su;a whqßka foaYmd,k mlaIj,g n,mEï lsÍug

we;s yelshdj wvqh' tn`ÿ mßirhloS ia;%S foaYmd,k ksfhdackh

j¾Okhg jvd;a fhda.Hh Wml%uh jkafka ia;%Ska i|yd kS;sfhka

wdik fjkalsÍuhs' fuh úúO rgj,a" úúO whqßka ls%hd;aul

lrhs' WodyrK f,i iuyr rgj, cd;sl jHjia:dodhlfha

ksfhdað;hska 330 la fõ kï thska 30 fofkla ia;%Ska úhhq;= nj

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjka kshu lr ;sfí' tu ;siafokd iuyr

rgj, ckdêm;s fyda w.ue;sjrhd úiska f;darkq ,nhs' ;j;a

rgj, foaYmd,k mlaI ,nd.;a uq¿ Pkao ixLHdjg wkqj mlaI

w;f¾ ksfhdað; ixLHdj fnod oS" mlaI kdhl;ajfha Wmfoia

u; rdcH kdhlhd úiska m;alrkq ,nhs' ;j;a iuyr rgj,

jHjia:dodhlhg Pkaofhka f;dard.;a ksfhdað;hska úiska

fuu ksfhdað;jßhkaj f;dard.kq ,nhs' ;j;a úfgl leìkÜ

uKav,h úiska o f;darkq ,efí' fuu iEu f;dard .ekSuloSu

Ndú; lrkafka jl% l%uhls'

kuq;a ia;%Skag fjkal< wdik i|yd" ksfhdað;jßhka

tn÷ jl% l%uhlska m;alsÍug jvd Pkaofhka f;dard .ekSu jvd;a

m%cd;ka;%jdoS fõ' fuu l%uh iïnkaOfhkq;a kQ;k rgj,a

Wml%u /ila Ndú; lrhs' ì%;dkH lïlre mlaI wdKavqj jrla

,kavka wefiïì,s ue;sjrKhg Ndú; l< ksjqka l%uh ixlS¾K

núka wvqh' hï f;dard.;a wdik ixLHdjl Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao

folla ysñlr oS" ia;%S yd mqreI wfmalaIlhska fofofkl=g tu

Pkao 2 Ndú; lsÍfï jru ,ndfohs' tu l%uhg wkqj jeä Pkao

,nd .;a ia;s%h yd mqreIhd f;aÍ m;afõ' fuu ksjqka l%uh Ndú;

161


lrk wdik ue;sjrKfhka ue;sjrKhg fjkia lsÍfuka iEu

wdikhlgu ia;%Ska f;dard .ekSfï jdish ysñfõ' wdik fol

ne.ska noaO lr ksjqka wdik ieliSu o fï i|yd Ndú; l<

yels ;j;a Wml%uhls'

ia;%Ska i|yd fjkalrk wdikj,ska ia;%S wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=

muKla bosßm;a lsÍfï l%uho iuyr rgj,a Ndú; lrhs' tu

l%uh hgf;a ia;%Skag Pkaoh oSu i|yd Pkaoodhlhdj fmd<Ujhs'

WodyrK f,i bkaoshdfõ m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, fuka hï .ï

iNdjlg wdik 20 lska ksfhdað;hska 20 la f;dard .kafka kï

thska wdik 1$3 la ia;%S wdik f,i fjka flf¾' b;sß wdik

ia;%S-mqreI fomlaIhgu fmdÿ wdik fõ' tla ue;sjrKhloS

ia;%Ska i|yd fjka flreKq wdik 6 lska wfmalaIsldjka muKla

ue;sjrKhg bosßm;a fõ' thska f;aÍ m;ajkafkao ksfhdað;jßhka

muKs' kuq;a wfkla wdik 14 ka fmdÿfõ mqreIhka nyq;rhla

f;aÍ m;afõ' tla ue;sjrKhloS ia;%S wdik f,i fjka flreKq

tajd B,`. ue;sjrKfhaoS fmdÿ wdik njg fjkia flf¾' fuu

l%uh hgf;a wksjd¾fhkau ia;%S ksfhdackh ixLHd;aulj j¾Okh

fõ' m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha iNdm;s yd WmiNdm;s moúo"

jeäu Pkao ,nd.;a ia;s%h yd mqreIhd w;r udrefjk whqßka

m<d;a md,k kS;s iïmdokh l<hq;=h' Y%S ,xldfõ m%dfoaYSh iNd

mK;g wkqj m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK kdufhdackd j,ska 40] la

jhi wjqreÿ 35 g wvq ;reKhkag fjkalr ;sìKs' tu mx.=fjka

wvla tkï 20] la ;reK ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍfukao" jdis /

ila w;alr .;yelsj ;sìKs' úfYaIfhkau ;reK ia;%Skag m<d;a

md,k wdh;k yryd foaYmd,khg mqyqKq ìula imhd oSfuka

ia;%S ksfhdackh iïnkaO .eg¿ /ilg os.=ld,Skj úi`ÿï imhd

.; yels fõ'

162

lu,d ,shkf.a

cd;sl uÜgfï ksfhdað; wdh;kj, wdik j,skao 1$3 la

ia;%Skag fjkafldg tu wdik i|yd oaú;aj uka;%S Pkao fldÜGdY

msysgqjk wjia:d ;sfí' tu l%uh hgf;a Pkaoodhlhdg Pkao

folla ysñjk w;r jeä Pkao ,enQ ia;s%hl yd mqreIfhl= f;aÍm;a

ùfï jru ,efí' tysoS iïm%odhslj mqreIhkag ysñhhs fndfyda

fokd i,lk ksfhdað; moúh zzia;%Ska úiska Wÿrd .kq ,eîhZZ

hk fpdaokdj ke.Sfï bvlv fkdue;' ia;%Ska i|yd oaú;aj

uka;%S wdik ;=< w¨;ska bvm%ia:djla ks¾udKh ùfuka mlaI ;=<

we;súh yels wr.,o je<elaúh yelsfõ' miqj i|yka l< fuu

Wml%u fol Y%S ,xldjg jvd;a fhda.H fõ' ukao" mdrïmßlj

foaYmd,k ksfhdackfhka wE;alr isá ia;%Skaj" foaYmd,kfha

m%Odk m%jdyhg ;,a¨ lrk ;djld,sl myiqldrl fyda wdOdrl

jYfhka fuu l%u Ndú; l< yels ksihs'

iv. ish¨u foaYmd,k mlaIj, ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï wNHka;r

;k;=re yd kdufhdackd ,ehsia;=j,ska 1$3 la m%;sm;a;suh

jYfhka ia;%Ska i|yd fjka lsÍu

fuu Wml%uh Ndú;h i|yd wdKavql%u jHjia:dj fyda

m<d;a md,k kS;s fyda ue;sjrK kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍug wjYH

fkdfõ' ta i|yd wjYH jkafka foaYmd,k mlaIj, ienE leue;a;

yd lemùu muKs' mlaI jHjia:dj fyda mlaI m%;sm;a;s u.ska

mlaIfha ish¨u ;SrK .kakd uÜgfï ;k;=re" lñgq idudðl;ajh

yd ue;sjrK kdufhdackdj,ska 1$3 la ia;%Ska i|yd fjka úhhq;=h

hk kshuh y÷kajd Èh yelsh' tfia ke;skï mlaIhl ;sìhhq;=

hym;a iïm%odhla f,i th wdrïN l< yelsh' fï i|yd

mlaIj, idudðldjka" kdhsldjka fukau isú,a ixúOdko mlaI

kdhl;ajhg n,mEï lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' fuu kshuh mlaIh

iafõÉPdfjka t<fUk ;SrKhla ksid th fkdi,ld yeÍug

tfrysj kS;sfhka o`vqjula mekúh fkdyelsh' kuq;a ienE

fjkila we;s lsÍu i|yd mCI kdhl;ajh olajk foaYmd,k

163


leue;a; u; tu ;SrKhg t<fUk ksid tys ;sridr nj jeäh'

mlaIfha wNHka;r idlÉPd u.ska tn`ÿ ;SrKhlg t<fUk

ksid mlaIh ;=< ta ms<sn| wdrjq,a we;slsÍfï iïNdú;djho

wvqh' th ol=Kq wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ih úiska uekúka Tmamq

lrkq ,en ;sfí' trg cd;sl uÜgfïoS jHjia:dkql+, mx.= l%u

ls%hd;aul fkdfõ' kuq;a wms%ldkq cd;sl fldx.%ia kdhl;ajfha

úfYaIfhkau fk,aika uekafv,df.a Wkkaÿj yd lemùu ksid

iafõÉPd mx.= l%uhla y`ÿkajd oS ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug

wod< úúO hdka;%Ko cd;sl uÜgfuka msysgqjk ,oS' tu mlaI

m%;sm;a;sh wfkla mlaIj,go hï ;rulg fyda n,mEï l<

w;r" tu mlaIo ia;%Skag jeämqr kdufhdackd yd mlaI ;k;=re

,ndoSug fm<UqKs'

v. ia;%S ksfhdackfha j¾Okh wruqKq lr.;a úfYaIs; wdh;k

msysgqùu

fun`ÿ wdh;k rdcH" foaYmd,k mlaI fyda rdcH

fkdjk ixúOdkj, uQ,sl;ajfhka msysgqúh yelsh' kuq;a Y%S

,dxlsl foaYmd,k mßirh u; tla foaYmd,k mlaIhla iu`.

muKla úfYaI in|;djla fkdue;s whqßka lghq;= lsÍu jvd;a

fhda.H úh yelsh' tfyhska" tn`ÿ wdh;khla rdcH fkdjk

ixúOdkhl iajrEmfhka msysgqùu jvd;a M,odhS ùug bv ;sfí'

ia;%S ksfhdackhg wod< wOHhk lsÍu" jd¾;d" m;s%ld yd fmd;am;a

m%ldYkh" tajd fnod yeÍu" ;SrK .kakkag yd ck;djg fuu

.eg¿j ms<sn|j m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu i|yd jevuq¿"

iïuka;%K" m%isoaO foaYk yd udOH idlÉPd meje;aùu" fï

iïnkaO Wkkaÿjla olajk ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hska cd,.; lsÍu

yd jvd;a Yla;su;aj yd tlai;aj rdcHh yd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g

n,mEï lsÍu" ue;sjrKj,g bosßm;a ùfï Wkkaÿjla we;s ia;%Skag

wod< mqyqKqj ,nd oSu" ue;sjrK jHdmdrfhaoS úúO whqßka wdOdr

lsÍu" ue;sjrK wfmalaIsldjka ùug iqÿiq ia;%Skaf.a kdu f,aLk

164

lu,d ,shkf.a

ms<sfh, fldg tajd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g bosßm;a lsÍu" f;aÍ

m;ajqkq ksfhdað;jßhkag Tjqkaf.a j.lSï ksisf,i bgqlsÍug

wjYH Wmfoia yd f;dr;=re wdosh iemhSu yd ia;%Skaf.a ;;ajh

j¾Okh lsÍug wod< kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd jHdmD;s wdosh iïmdokh

i|yd Tjqkaj fm<Uùu" tu ls%hdldrlï we.hSu" ksÍlaIKh yd

ÿ¾j,;d fmkajd oSu u.ska Tjqka jvd;a M,odhS ksfhdað;jßhka

njg m;alsÍug iyfhda.h oelaùu jeks ld¾hka /ila bgqlsÍfï

j.lSu fun`ÿ úfYaIs; wdh;kj,g mejßh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ

m%Odk mlaIj,g wkqnoaê;j fun`ÿ úfYaIs; wdh;k msysgqùfï

yelshdjo we;' wod< mlaIfha kjl wfmalaIsldjkag mqyqKqj

,ndoSu" fcaHIaG kdhsldjkaf.a WmfoaYkh yd w;aoelSï fnod

.ekSug bvm%ia:d ie,iSu yd ue;sjrKj,oS iyfhda.h ,ndoSu"

úfYaIfhkau ta i|yd wruqo,la msysgqùu jeks ld¾hka tu mlaI

úfYaIs; wdh;kh u.ska bgql< yelsh' fun÷ ld¾hka bgqlsÍfï§

jks;d lghq;= wud;HdxYfha yd cd;sl ldka;d lñgqj wog jvd

jeä il%Sh odhl;ajhla m%;sjd¾fhkau ±laúh hq;=h'

fuhg wu;rj" Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%S ksfhdackhg fukau"

iuia; m%cd;ka;%jdoS ksfhdack l%uhgo Rcqj n,mdk wfkl=;a

ndOl uev,Su i|yd mj;sk cd;sl rdcH hdka;%Ko wog jvd

idOdrK" wmlaImd;S" iajdëk yd M,odhS tajd njg mßj¾;kh

l<hq;= fõ' ue;sjrKj,oS isÿjk wl%ñl;d" rdcH foam< Ndú;

lsÍu" ¥IK" n,y;aldrh" úksúo fmfKk whqßka lghq;=

fkdlsÍu yd Pkaoodhlhskag Rcqj yd jl%j n,mEï lsÍu iy

;¾ckh lsÍu jeks oE iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ oekg mj;sk

kS;sj;a iuyr wjia:dj,oS ksisf,i ls%hd;aul fkdfõ' 17

jeks wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka msysgq jk ,o iajdëk

ue;sjrK fldñiu" fmd,sia fldñiu yd udkj ysñlï fldñiu

wdosh 18 jeks jHjia:d ixfYdaOkfhka ckdêm;s úOdhlfha

yia;h hg;g m;afldg ;sfí' tfyhska idjoH kdufhdackd

165


,ehsia;= m%;sfCIam lsÍug" ue;sjrK wl%ñl;d ms<sn| idOdrK

;SrK .ekSug yd úfYaIfhkau ue;sjrK m%pdrl úhoï wdosh

ms<sn| Wmßuhla kshu lsÍug n,h we;s iajdëk ue;sjrK

fldñiula msysgqùu Y%S ,xldjg w;HjYH fõ' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a

mx.= l%u kS;s fyda ia;%Ska i|yd jHjia:dkql+,j wdik fjka

lsÍï" ksismßos ls%hd;aul fõ hhs is;sh fkdyelsh' tfiau" ia;%S

ksfhdackh wju ùug Rcqj n,mdk m%pKav;ajh" pß; >d;k

yd fjk;a odußl ls%hd ue`v,Sug iajdëk fmd,sishla fukau" ta

iïnkaOfhka idOdrKh bgqlrjd .ekSug iajdëk yd wmlaImd;S

wêlrKhlao w;HjYHh' mx.= l%u kS;sj,ska wfmalaIs; wruqKq

bgqlr .ekSug kï fun`ÿ rdcH wdh;kj, il%Sh odhl;ajh o

wksjd¾h fõ'

fuu ljr kS;s" m%;sm;a;s yd wdh;k y`ÿkajd oS jHQyd;aul

fjkialï isÿl<;a" tajdg muKla ia;%S ksfhdackfha m%udKd;aul

yd .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla we;s l< yels fkdfõ' ta i|yd rdcH

md,khg iïnkaO ish¨u md¾Yjlrejkaf.a fukau" iuia;

isú,a iudcfhau wdl,am fjkilao wksjd¾fhkau isÿúh hq;=fõ'

;SrK .kakd uÜgfï isák wdh;kj, ia;%Ska ksfhdackh úh

hq;=h hk wdl,amh ia;%S - mqreI fomCIh ;=<u j¾Okh úh

hq;= fõ' tfiau" ;uka foaYmd,k m%fõYhg msúish hq;=h hk

wdl,amh ia;%Ska ;=<u j¾Okh úh hq;=fõ' tn`ÿ wdl,amuh

fjkialï j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,dxlsl ia;%S ixúOdk" tu

m%Yakh flf¾ Wkkaÿjla olajk foaYSh yd úfoaYSh fjk;a

ixúOdk yd mqoa.,hska o iu. cd,.; ù jvd;a Wml%uYS,sj

yd úêu;aj" ffO¾fhka yd lemùfuka hqla;j tla wruqKlska

lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

166

lu,d ,shkf.a

ia;

%S foaY

md,

k k

sfh

dack

h j

¾O

kh

i|y

d jk

Wm

l%u

ksfhdac

k l

%uh

^;r`.

h i

|yd k

S;s y

d m%;sm;a;s&

iudk

bvm%ia:d i|yd m%;sm;a;s

îa;%S-m

qreI

foml

aIhgu&

idO

kSh m

%;sm;a;s

îa;%S k

sfhdac

kh j

¾Ok

h i

|yd&

ir, n

yq;r

ksfhdac

k l

%uh

iudk

qmd;

sl

ksfhdac

k l

%uh

ñY% k

sfhdac

k l

%uh

iudk

ue;

sjrK

kS;s" bvm%ia:d"

iïm;a

iudk

m%pdr

kh

i|yd úhoï

wfmal

aIs;$ k

sfhdað

;

mqyqK

q ùï

úfYaIs; w

dh;k

msysgqùu

ksfhdað

; w

dh;k

j, w

dik

fjk

a

lsÍu

ue;

sjrK

kdu

fhdac

kdj

,sk

a

ia;%Sk

ag m

x.=jl

a

fjk

a lsÍu

ml

aI m

%;sm;a;s

u.sk

a iafõÉPd

mx.

= l%u

ml

aI ;

k;=re yd

lñgq k

sfhdac

kfhk

a

mx.

=jl

a ia;%Sk

ag

fjk

a lsÍu

isú,a i

xúOdk

ls%hdl

drl

ï

wOHhk

" k

s¾foaY

u.sk

a rdc

H y

d

ml

aIj,g n

,mEu

Pk

aoodh

l

wOHdm

kh îa;S%

ksfhdac

kfha

jeo

.;al

u m

s<sn|&

ia;%Sk

ag m

qyqK

qj"

wdO

dr" m%pdr

khg

iydh

foaYmd,

k

kdh

lhsk

a yd

ck

;dj

oek

qj;a

lsÍu

ksfhdað

;jßhk

ag

Wmfoia" we.

hSu"

ksÍl

aIK

h y

d

ks¾foaY

igy

k( 4

ia;

%S foaY

md,

k k

sfhdac

kh

i|y

d jk

Wm

l%u

167


j.

=j ( 1

N+f.

da,Sh

l,dm

wk

qj m

d¾,sfï

ka;

= ;=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

l,dm

h

m%:u u

Kav

,h

]

fojk

uK

av,h

]

uK

av, f

olu

fk

da¾äl

a rgj,a

42.0

%

wußl

dkq l

,dm

h

22.7

%

23.3

%

23'0

]

hqfrdam

dj ^fk

da¾äl

a rgj,a y

er&

20.9

%

21.1

%

21'0

]

wms%l

dkq r

gj,a

19.8

%

19.0

%

19'4

]

wdi

shdk

q rgj,a

18.8

%

14.1

%

16'4

]

*ei

smsl

a rgj,a

12.4

%

34.8

%

23'6

]

wrdì

rgj,a

11.7

%

6.4

%

9'05

]

uQ,dY

%( In

ter P

arlia

men

tary

Uni

on, M

arch

201

2, W

omen

in N

atio

nal P

arlia

men

ts (R

egio

nal

Ave

rage

s)

168

lu,d ,shkf.a

j.

=j( 2

f,dal

md¾

,sfï

ka;

= ;=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

wk

qms<sfj

,

rg

m%:u u

Kav

,h

fojk

uK

av,h

ue;

sjrK

oskh

w

dik

i

a;%Sk

a m

%;sY

;h

]

ue;

sjrK

oskh

w

dik

i

a;%Sk

a m

%;sY

;h

1.

rej

kavdj

20

08/9

80

40

56

.30

2011

/9

26

10

38.5

0 2.

wek

afvdar

d 20

11/4

28

14

50

.00

- -

- -

3.

l

shqndj

20

08/1

58

6 26

5 45

.20

- -

- -

4.

iaùvk

h

2010

/9

349

156

44.7

0 -

- -

- 5.

ISfi,aia

2011

/9

32

14

43.8

0 -

- -

- 6.

msk

a,k

a;h

2011

/4

200

85

42.5

0 -

- -

- 7.

ol=K

q wms%l

dj

2009

/4

400

169

42.3

0 20

09/4

53

17

32

.10

8.

fk

o¾,k

a;h

2010

/6

150

61

40.7

0 20

11/5

75

27

36

.00

9.

k

slr.=jd

2011

/11

92

37

40.2

0 -

- -

- 10

.

whsia,k

a;h

2009

/4

63

25

39.7

0 -

- -

- 11

.

fk

da¾fõ

2009

/9

169

67

39.6

0 -

- -

- 12

.

fudi

eïìl

a 20

09/1

0 25

0 98

39

.20

- -

- -

13.

fvk

aud¾

la

2011

/9

179

70

39.1

0 -

- -

- 14

.

fl

diagßl

d 20

10/2

53

22

38

.60

- -

- -

169


j.

=j( 2

f,dal

md¾

,sfï

ka;

= ;=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

wk

qms<sfj

,

rg

m%:u u

Kav

,h

fojk

uK

av,h

ue;

sjrK

oskh

w

dik

i

a;%Sk

a m

%;sY

;h

]

ue;

sjrK

oskh

w

dik

i

a;%Sk

a m

%;sY

;h

1.

rej

kavdj

20

08/9

80

40

56

.30

2011

/9

26

10

38.5

0 2.

wek

afvdar

d 20

11/4

28

14

50

.00

- -

- -

3.

l

shqndj

20

08/1

58

6 26

5 45

.20

- -

- -

4.

iaùvk

h

2010

/9

349

156

44.7

0 -

- -

- 5.

ISfi,aia

2011

/9

32

14

43.8

0 -

- -

- 6.

msk

a,k

a;h

2011

/4

200

85

42.5

0 -

- -

- 7.

ol=K

q wms%l

dj

2009

/4

400

169

42.3

0 20

09/4

53

17

32

.10

8.

fk

o¾,k

a;h

2010

/6

150

61

40.7

0 20

11/5

75

27

36

.00

9.

k

slr.=jd

2011

/11

92

37

40.2

0 -

- -

- 10

.

whsia,k

a;h

2009

/4

63

25

39.7

0 -

- -

- 11

.

fk

da¾fõ

2009

/9

169

67

39.6

0 -

- -

- 12

.

fudi

eïìl

a 20

09/1

0 25

0 98

39

.20

- -

- -

13.

fvk

aud¾

la

2011

/9

179

70

39.1

0 -

- -

- 14

.

fl

diagßl

d 20

10/2

53

22

38

.60

- -

- -

15.

wek

af.da,

d 20

08/9

22

0 84

38

.20

- -

- -

16.

fn,aðhu

2010

/6

150

57

38.0

0 20

10/6

71

29

40

.80

17.

wd¾

ck

aák

dj

2011

/10

257

96

37.4

0 20

11/1

0 72

28

38

.90

18.

iamd[

a[h

2011

/11

350

126

36.0

0 20

11/1

1 26

3 88

33

.50

19.

gexidk

shd tl

ai;a

iuQydK

avqj

2010

/10

350

126

36.0

0 -

- -

-

20.

W.k

avdj

20

11/2

38

6 13

5 35

.00

- -

- -

21.

fk

amd,

h

2008

/4

594

197

33.2

0 -

- -

- 22

.

c¾uk

sh

2009

/9

620

204

32.9

0 N

A

69

19

27.5

0 23

.

bl

ajfod

arh

2009

/4

124

40

32.3

0 -

- -

- 24

.

áfudar

h

2007

/6

65

21

32.3

0 -

- -

- 25

.

kjiS,k

a;h

2011

/11

221

39

32.2

0 -

- -

- 26

.

iaf,daf

jk

shd

2011

/12

90

29

32.2

0 20

07/1

1 40

1

2.50

27

.

fn,rEi

a 20

08/9

11

0 35

31

.80

2008

/7

58

19

32.8

0 28

.

.hk

dj

2011

/11

67

21

31.3

0 -

- -

- 29

.

uei

sfvdak

shd

2011

/6

123

38

30.9

0 -

- -

- 30

.

nqrek

aos 20

10/7

10

5 32

30

.50

2010

/7

41

19

46.3

0 31

.

mD;

=.d,

h

2011

/6

230

66

28.7

0 -

- -

-

32.

á%k

svEâ

yd

fgdn

Ef.da

2010

/5

42

12

28.6

0 20

10/6

31

8

25.8

0

170

lu,d ,shkf.a

33.

iaúÜi¾,k

a;h

2011

/10

200

57

28.5

0 20

11/1

0 46

9

19.6

0 34

.

Tiaá%hdj

20

08/9

18

3 51

27

.90

NA

61

19

31

.10

35.

b;sfhdam

shdj

20

10/5

54

7 15

2 29

.80

2010

/5

135

22

16.3

0 36

.

we*

a.k

sia:dk

h

2010

/9

249

69

27.7

0 20

11/1

10

2 28

27

.50

37.

áhqk

Sishd

2011

/10

217

58

26.7

0 -

- -

- 38

.

ol=K

q iqvdk

h

2011

/8

332

88

26.5

0 20

11/8

50

5

10.0

0 39

.

ie,

ajfod

arh

2012

/3

84

22

26.2

0 -

- -

- 40

.

ful

aisfl

daj

2009

/7

500

131

26.2

0 20

06/7

12

8 29

22

.70

41.

fnd,

súhdj

20

09/1

2 17

0 33

25

.40

2009

/12

36

17

47.2

0 42

.

brdl

h

2010

/3

325

82

25.2

0 -

- -

- 43

.

,d´

ih

2011

/4

132

33

25.0

0 -

- -

- 44

.

,l

aiïn¾.a

2009

/6

60

15

25.0

0 -

- -

- 45

.

´iafÜ%,shdj

20

10/8

15

0 37

24

.70

2010

/8

76

29

38.2

0 46

.

lek

vdj

20

11/5

30

8 76

24

.70

NA

10

3 39

27

.90

47.

iqvdk

h

2010

/4

354

87

24.6

0 20

10/5

28

5

17.9

0 48

.

keó

ìhd

2009

/11

78

19

24.4

0 20

10/1

1 26

7

26.9

0 49

.

úhÜ k

duh

2011

/5

500

122

24.4

0 -

- -

- 50

.

lil

ia;dk

h

2012

/1

107

26

24.3

0 20

11/8

47

2

4.30

51

.

f,fidf

;da

2007

/2

120

29

24.2

0 20

07/3

33

7

21.2

0 52

.

fl

%daIshd

2011

/12

151

36

23.8

0 -

- -

- 53

.

fmda,

ka;h

2011

/10

460

109

23.7

0 20

11/1

0 10

0 13

13

.00

171


33.

iaúÜi¾,k

a;h

2011

/10

200

57

28.5

0 20

11/1

0 46

9

19.6

0 34

.

Tiaá%hdj

20

08/9

18

3 51

27

.90

NA

61

19

31

.10

35.

b;sfhdam

shdj

20

10/5

54

7 15

2 29

.80

2010

/5

135

22

16.3

0 36

.

we*

a.k

sia:dk

h

2010

/9

249

69

27.7

0 20

11/1

10

2 28

27

.50

37.

áhqk

Sishd

2011

/10

217

58

26.7

0 -

- -

- 38

.

ol=K

q iqvdk

h

2011

/8

332

88

26.5

0 20

11/8

50

5

10.0

0 39

.

ie,

ajfod

arh

2012

/3

84

22

26.2

0 -

- -

- 40

.

ful

aisfl

daj

2009

/7

500

131

26.2

0 20

06/7

12

8 29

22

.70

41.

fnd,

súhdj

20

09/1

2 17

0 33

25

.40

2009

/12

36

17

47.2

0 42

.

brdl

h

2010

/3

325

82

25.2

0 -

- -

- 43

.

,d´

ih

2011

/4

132

33

25.0

0 -

- -

- 44

.

,l

aiïn¾.a

2009

/6

60

15

25.0

0 -

- -

- 45

.

´iafÜ%,shdj

20

10/8

15

0 37

24

.70

2010

/8

76

29

38.2

0 46

.

lek

vdj

20

11/5

30

8 76

24

.70

NA

10

3 39

27

.90

47.

iqvdk

h

2010

/4

354

87

24.6

0 20

10/5

28

5

17.9

0 48

.

keó

ìhd

2009

/11

78

19

24.4

0 20

10/1

1 26

7

26.9

0 49

.

úhÜ k

duh

2011

/5

500

122

24.4

0 -

- -

- 50

.

lil

ia;dk

h

2012

/1

107

26

24.3

0 20

11/8

47

2

4.30

51

.

f,fidf

;da

2007

/2

120

29

24.2

0 20

07/3

33

7

21.2

0 52

.

fl

%daIshd

2011

/12

151

36

23.8

0 -

- -

- 53

.

fmda,

ka;h

2011

/10

460

109

23.7

0 20

11/1

0 10

0 13

13

.00

54.

isx.

mamQrej

20

11/5

98

23

23

.50

- -

- -

55.

l

¾.sia;dk

a 20

10/1

0 12

0 28

23

.30

- -

- -

56.

,eá

úhd

2011

/9

100

23

23.0

0 -

- -

- 57

.

ms,smSk

h

2010

/5

284

65

22.9

0 20

10/5

23

3

13.0

0 58

.

fik

s.d,

a 20

07/6

15

0 34

22

.70

2007

/8

100

40

40.0

0 59

.

ml

sia;dk

h

2008

/2

342

77

22.5

0 20

12/3

10

4 17

16

.30

60.

u,dú

20

09/5

19

3 43

22

.30

- -

- -

61.

tl

ai;a r

dcOdk

sh

2010

/5

650

145

22.3

0 N

A

827

181

21.9

0 62

.

fudß

gdk

shd

2006

/11

95

21

22.1

0 20

09/1

1 56

8

14.3

0 63

.

fpl

a ck

rch

2010

/5

200

44

22.0

0 20

10/1

0 81

15

18

.50

64.

tß;s%hd

1994

/2

150

33

22.0

0 -

- -

- 65

.

i¾ìhdj

20

08/5

15

0 55

22

.00

- -

- -

66.

Wiafnl

sia;dk

h

2009

/12

150

33

22.0

0 20

10/1

10

0 15

15

.00

67.

b;d,

sh

2008

/4

630

136

21.6

0 20

08/4

32

1 61

19

.00

68.

fmare

2011

/4

130

28

21.5

0 -

- -

-

69.

fndi

akShdj

iy

y¾fif.dú

kd

2010

/10

42

9 21

.40

2011

/6

15

2 13

.30

70.

Ök

h

2008

/3

2978

63

5 21

.30

- -

- -

71.

n,af.aßhdj

20

09/7

24

0 50

20

.80

- -

- -

72.

fl

ama

2011

/2

72

15

20.8

0 -

- -

-

172

lu,d ,shkf.a

73.

fvdñ

ksl

ka

ck

rch

2010

/5

183

38

20.8

0 20

10/5

32

3

9.40

74.

l

eïfndaä

hdj

20

08/7

12

3 25

20

.30

2012

/1

59

8 13

.60

75.

BY%dh

,h

2009

/2

120

24

20.0

0 -

- -

- 76

.

tiaf;dak

shd

2011

/3

101

20

19.8

0 -

- -

- 77

.

fuda,

afvdaj

d 20

10/1

1 10

1 20

19

.80

- -

- -

78.

nx.

a,df

oaYh

2008

/12

350

69

19.7

0 -

- -

- 79

.

fydk

avqrdi

a 20

09/1

1 12

8 25

19

.50

- -

- -

80.

,s;=fõk

shd

2008

/10

141

27

19.1

0 -

- -

- 81

.

fudk

dfl

da 20

08/2

21

4

19.0

0 -

- -

- 82

.

;ðl

sia;dk

h

2010

/2

63

12

19.0

0 20

10/3

34

5

14.7

0 83

.

m%xY

h

2007

/6

577

109

18.9

0 20

11/9

34

7 77

22

.20

84.

uqrei

sh

2010

/5

69

13

18.8

0 -

- -

- 85

.

.%Sish

2009

/10

300

56

18.7

0 -

- -

- 86

.

iek

außfk

da 20

08/1

1 60

11

18

.30

- -

- -

87.

bk

aÿkSishdj

20

09/4

56

0 10

2 18

.20

- -

- -

88.

idf

jdaf

gdaï

20

10/8

55

10

18

.20

- -

- -

89.

uev

.ial

rh

2010

/10

365

64

17.5

0 20

10/1

0 16

4 20

12

.20

90.

tl

ai;a w

rdì

tó¾ r

dcH

2011

/9

40

7 17

.50

- -

- -

173


73.

fvdñ

ksl

ka

ck

rch

2010

/5

183

38

20.8

0 20

10/5

32

3

9.40

74.

l

eïfndaä

hdj

20

08/7

12

3 25

20

.30

2012

/1

59

8 13

.60

75.

BY%dh

,h

2009

/2

120

24

20.0

0 -

- -

- 76

.

tiaf;dak

shd

2011

/3

101

20

19.8

0 -

- -

- 77

.

fuda,

afvdaj

d 20

10/1

1 10

1 20

19

.80

- -

- -

78.

nx.

a,df

oaYh

2008

/12

350

69

19.7

0 -

- -

- 79

.

fydk

avqrdi

a 20

09/1

1 12

8 25

19

.50

- -

- -

80.

,s;=fõk

shd

2008

/10

141

27

19.1

0 -

- -

- 81

.

fudk

dfl

da 20

08/2

21

4

19.0

0 -

- -

- 82

.

;ðl

sia;dk

h

2010

/2

63

12

19.0

0 20

10/3

34

5

14.7

0 83

.

m%xY

h

2007

/6

577

109

18.9

0 20

11/9

34

7 77

22

.20

84.

uqrei

sh

2010

/5

69

13

18.8

0 -

- -

- 85

.

.%Sish

2009

/10

300

56

18.7

0 -

- -

- 86

.

iek

außfk

da 20

08/1

1 60

11

18

.30

- -

- -

87.

bk

aÿkSishdj

20

09/4

56

0 10

2 18

.20

- -

- -

88.

idf

jdaf

gdaï

20

10/8

55

10

18

.20

- -

- -

89.

uev

.ial

rh

2010

/10

365

64

17.5

0 20

10/1

0 16

4 20

12

.20

90.

tl

ai;a w

rdì

tó¾ r

dcH

2011

/9

40

7 17

.50

- -

- -

91.

Ydk

a; ú

kaik

aá

iy f

.%k

vhsk

sia

2010

/12

23

4 17

.40

- -

- -

92.

iaf,daf

jl

shd

2012

/3

150

26

17.3

0 -

- -

- 93

.

fudf

rdl

afl

daj

2011

/11

395

67

17.0

0 20

09/1

0 27

0 6

2.20

94

.

fjk

sishq,dj

20

10/9

16

5 28

17

.00

- -

- -

95.

wußl

d tl

ai;a

ck

moh

20

10/1

1 43

2 73

16

.90

2010

/11

100

17

17.0

0

96.

g¾ful

sia;dk

a 20

08/1

2 12

5 21

16

.80

- -

- -

97.

Ydk

a; ¨

ishd

2011

/11

18

3 16

.70

2012

/1

11

2 18

.20

98.

wi¾nhscdk

a 20

10/1

1 12

5 20

16

.00

- -

- -

99.

.ef

ndk

a 20

11/1

2 11

4 18

15

.80

2009

/1

102

18

17.6

0 10

0.

;dh

s,k

a;h

2011

/7

500

79

15.8

0 20

11/4

14

9 23

15

.40

101.

we,

afík

shdj

20

09/6

14

0 22

15

.70

- -

- -

102.

ol

=Kq f

ldß

hdj

20

09/3

68

7 10

7 15

.60

- -

- -

103.

n¾l

skd*

dfida

2007

/5

111

17

15.3

0 -

- -

- 10

4.

wh¾,k

a;h

2011

/2

166

25

15.1

0 20

11/4

60

18

30

.00

105.

isïndí

fõ

2008

/3

214

32

15.0

0 20

08/3

99

24

24

.20

106.

W;=re fl

dßhdj

20

08/4

29

9 44

14

.70

- -

- -

107.

Ñ,s

2009

/12

120

17

14.2

0 20

09/1

2 38

5

13.2

0 10

8.

g¾l

s 20

11/6

55

0 78

14

.20

- -

- -

109.

l

eurEk

a 20

07/7

18

0 25

13

.90

- -

- -

174

lu,d ,shkf.a

110.

äðnqá

2008

/2

65

9 13

.80

- -

- -

111.

rei

shdj

20

11/1

2 45

0 61

36

0 N

A

169

8 4.

70

112.

iajdi

s,k

a;h

2008

/9

66

9 13

.60

2008

/10

30

12

40.0

0 11

3.

.%ek

vd

2008

/7

15

2 13

.30

2008

/8

13

3 23

.10

114.

f.!;

ud,

d 20

11/9

15

8 21

13

.30

- -

- -

115.

k

hsc¾

2011

/1

113

15

13.3

0 -

- -

- 11

6.

ishrd,

sfhdk

a 20

07/8

12

4 16

12

.90

- -

- -

117.

peâ

20

11/2

18

8 24

12

.80

- -

- -

118.

cef

uhsl

dj

2011

/12

63

8 12

.70

2007

/9

21

5 23

.80

119.

uOHu w

ms%l

dkq

ck

rch

2011

/1

104

13

12.5

0 -

- -

-

120.

fvdñ

ksl

d 20

09/1

2 32

4

12.5

0 -

- -

- 12

1.

mer

.=fõ

2008

/4

80

10

12.5

0 20

08/4

45

7

15.6

0 12

2.

isßhdj

20

07/4

25

0 31

12

.40

- -

- -

123.

fudk

aák

sf.%da

2009

/3

81

10

12.3

0 -

- -

- 12

4.

nyuia

2007

/5

41

5 12

.20

2007

/5

15

5 33

.30

125.

fl

df<dï

ìhdj

20

10/3

16

5 20

12

.10

2010

/3

100

16

16.0

0 12

6.

Wre.

=fõ

2009

/10

99

12

12.1

0 20

09/1

0 31

4

12.9

0 12

7.

iqßk

dñ

2010

/5

51

6 11

.80

- -

- -

128.

ieï

ìhd

2011

/9

157

18

11.5

0 -

- -

- 12

9.

frdf

ïk

shd

2008

/11

330

37

11.2

0 20

08/1

1 13

6 8

5.90

175


110.

äðnqá

2008

/2

65

9 13

.80

- -

- -

111.

rei

shdj

20

11/1

2 45

0 61

36

0 N

A

169

8 4.

70

112.

iajdi

s,k

a;h

2008

/9

66

9 13

.60

2008

/10

30

12

40.0

0 11

3.

.%ek

vd

2008

/7

15

2 13

.30

2008

/8

13

3 23

.10

114.

f.!;

ud,

d 20

11/9

15

8 21

13

.30

- -

- -

115.

k

hsc¾

2011

/1

113

15

13.3

0 -

- -

- 11

6.

ishrd,

sfhdk

a 20

07/8

12

4 16

12

.90

- -

- -

117.

peâ

20

11/2

18

8 24

12

.80

- -

- -

118.

cef

uhsl

dj

2011

/12

63

8 12

.70

2007

/9

21

5 23

.80

119.

uOHu w

ms%l

dkq

ck

rch

2011

/1

104

13

12.5

0 -

- -

-

120.

fvdñ

ksl

d 20

09/1

2 32

4

12.5

0 -

- -

- 12

1.

mer

.=fõ

2008

/4

80

10

12.5

0 20

08/4

45

7

15.6

0 12

2.

isßhdj

20

07/4

25

0 31

12

.40

- -

- -

123.

fudk

aák

sf.%da

2009

/3

81

10

12.3

0 -

- -

- 12

4.

nyuia

2007

/5

41

5 12

.20

2007

/5

15

5 33

.30

125.

fl

df<dï

ìhdj

20

10/3

16

5 20

12

.10

2010

/3

100

16

16.0

0 12

6.

Wre.

=fõ

2009

/10

99

12

12.1

0 20

09/1

0 31

4

12.9

0 12

7.

iqßk

dñ

2010

/5

51

6 11

.80

- -

- -

128.

ieï

ìhd

2011

/9

157

18

11.5

0 -

- -

- 12

9.

frdf

ïk

shd

2008

/11

330

37

11.2

0 20

08/1

1 13

6 8

5.90

130.

fgdaf

.da

2007

/10

81

9 11

.10

- -

- -

131.

fl

dfÜ ä

jd¾

20

11/1

2 25

4 28

11

.00

- -

- -

132.

bk

aoshdj

20

09/4

54

5 60

11

.00

2012

/1

238

24

10.1

0 13

3.

cmdk

h

2009

/8

480

52

10.8

20

10/7

24

2 45

18

.80

134.

fcda¾

odk

h

2010

/11

120

13

10.8

0 20

11/1

0 60

7

11.7

0 13

5.

ihsm%ia

2011

/5

56

6 10

.70

- -

- -

136.

wek

aá.=jd iy

nd¾

nqvd

2009

/3

19

2 10

.50

2009

/4

17

5 29

.40

137.

uef

,aishdj

20

08/3

22

1 23

10

.40

NA

66

15

22

.70

138.

ud,

S 20

07/7

14

7 15

10

.20

- -

- -

139.

nyf¾k

a 20

10/1

0 40

4

10.0

0 20

10/1

1 40

11

27

.50

140.

ndn

fvdai

a 20

08/1

30

3

10.0

0 20

08/2

21

3

33.3

0 14

1.

.sk

shd

2008

/5

100

10

10.0

0 -

- -

- 14

2.

.sk

sìiõ

2008

/11

100

10

10.0

0 -

- -

- 14

3.

fl

kahdj

20

07/1

2 22

4 22

9.

80

- -

- -

144.

,hsîßhd

2011

/10

73

7 9.

80

2011

/10

30

4 13

.30

145.

fl

dxf.da ck

rch

2011

/11

492

44

8.90

20

07/1

10

8 5

4.60

14

6.

yxf

.aßhdj

20

10/4

38

6 34

8.

80

- -

- -

147.

l

sßn;s

2011

/10

46

4 8.

70

- -

- -

148.

fuda,

aagd

2008

/3

69

6 8.

70

- -

- -

149.

n%iS,h

2010

/10

513

44

8.60

20

10/1

0 81

13

16

.00

176

lu,d ,shkf.a

150.

nQ;dk

h

2008

/3

47

4 8.

50

2007

/12

25

6 24

.00

151.

mek

ud

2009

/5

71

6 8.

50

- -

- -

152.

wdf

ïk

shd

2007

/5

131

11

8.40

-

- -

- 15

3.

fnk

ska

2011

/4

83

7 8.

40

- -

- -

154.

.dk

d 20

08/1

2 23

0 19

8.

30

- -

- -

155.

we,

aÔßhd

2007

/5

389

31

8.00

20

09/1

2 13

6 7

5.10

15

6.

hql

af¾k

a 20

07/9

45

0 36

8.

00

- -

- -

157.

fndÜ

iajdk

d 20

09/1

0 63

5

7.90

-

- -

- 15

8.

.eï

ìhd

2012

/3

53

4 7.

50

- -

- -

159.

fl

dxf.da

2007

/6

137

10

7.30

20

11/1

0 72

10

13

.90

160.

k

hsÔßhd

2011

/4

352

24

6.80

20

11/4

10

9 7

6.40

16

1.

fidau

d,shdj

20

04/8

54

6 37

6.

80

- -

- -

162.

Ydk

a; l

sÜia

2010

/1

15

1 6.

70

- -

- -

163.

gqjd¨

20

10/9

15

1

6.70

-

- -

- 16

4.

fcda¾

ðhdj

20

08/5

13

7 9

6.60

-

- -

- 16

5.

ud,

osjhsk

a 20

09/5

77

5

6.50

-

- -

- 16

6.

Y%S ,

xldj

20

09/5

22

5 13

5.

80

- -

- -

167.

yhsá

2010

/11

95

4 4.

20

2010

/11

30

1 3.

30

168.

ief

udaj

d 20

11/3

49

2

4.10

-

- -

- 16

9.

fudxf.da,

shd

2008

/6

76

3 3.

90

- -

- -

170.

fgdx.d

2010

/11

28

1 3.

60

- -

- -

177


150.

nQ;dk

h

2008

/3

47

4 8.

50

2007

/12

25

6 24

.00

151.

mek

ud

2009

/5

71

6 8.

50

- -

- -

152.

wdf

ïk

shd

2007

/5

131

11

8.40

-

- -

- 15

3.

fnk

ska

2011

/4

83

7 8.

40

- -

- -

154.

.dk

d 20

08/1

2 23

0 19

8.

30

- -

- -

155.

we,

aÔßhd

2007

/5

389

31

8.00

20

09/1

2 13

6 7

5.10

15

6.

hql

af¾k

a 20

07/9

45

0 36

8.

00

- -

- -

157.

fndÜ

iajdk

d 20

09/1

0 63

5

7.90

-

- -

- 15

8.

.eï

ìhd

2012

/3

53

4 7.

50

- -

- -

159.

fl

dxf.da

2007

/6

137

10

7.30

20

11/1

0 72

10

13

.90

160.

k

hsÔßhd

2011

/4

352

24

6.80

20

11/4

10

9 7

6.40

16

1.

fidau

d,shdj

20

04/8

54

6 37

6.

80

- -

- -

162.

Ydk

a; l

sÜia

2010

/1

15

1 6.

70

- -

- -

163.

gqjd¨

20

10/9

15

1

6.70

-

- -

- 16

4.

fcda¾

ðhdj

20

08/5

13

7 9

6.60

-

- -

- 16

5.

ud,

osjhsk

a 20

09/5

77

5

6.50

-

- -

- 16

6.

Y%S ,

xldj

20

09/5

22

5 13

5.

80

- -

- -

167.

yhsá

2010

/11

95

4 4.

20

2010

/11

30

1 3.

30

168.

ief

udaj

d 20

11/3

49

2

4.10

-

- -

- 16

9.

fudxf.da,

shd

2008

/6

76

3 3.

90

- -

- -

170.

fgdx.d

2010

/11

28

1 3.

60

- -

- -

171.

ñhk

audr

h

2010

/11

395

14

3.50

20

10/1

1 21

8 4

1.80

17

2.

fn,Sfia

2012

/3

32

1 3.

10

2012

/3

13

5 38

.50

173.

f,nk

kh

2009

/6

128

4 3.

10

- -

- -

174.

fl

durEi

a 20

09/1

2 33

1

3.00

-

- -

- 17

5.

udI

,a ¥

m;a

2011

/11

33

1 3.

00

- -

- -

176.

Bðma;=j

2011

/11

508

10

2.00

20

12/1

18

0 5

2.80

17

7.

jk

qw;=

2008

/9

52

1 1.

90

- -

- -

178.

´udk

a 20

11/1

0 84

1

1.20

20

11/1

0 83

15

18

.10

179.

mem

qjd k

sõ .

skshd

2007

/6

109

1 0.

90

- -

- -

180.

fhauk

h

2003

/4

301

1 0.

30

2001

/4

111

2 1.

80

181.

l

=fõÜ

2012

/2

65

0 0.

00

- -

- -

182.

uhsfl

%dkSishd

2011

/3

14

0 0.

00

- -

- -

uQ,dY

%( In

ter

Parli

amen

tary

U

nion

, M

arch

20

12,

Wom

en

in

Nat

iona

l Pa

rliam

ents

-

Wor

ld

Cla

ssifi

catio

n

178

lu,d ,shkf.a

j.

=j( 3

Y%S ,

xldf

õ m

d¾,sfï

ka;

= ;=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

1947-2

010

j¾I

h

uq¿

uk

a;%Sk

a ixL

Hdj

uq¿

uk

a;S%jßh

ka

uk

a;%Sjßh

kaf.

a m%;

sY;

h

1947

10

1 3

3.0%

19

52

101

2 2.

0%

1956

10

1 4

4.0%

19

60 ^ud¾

;=&

157

3 1.

9%

1960

^cQ,s&

157

3 1.

9%

1965

15

7 6

3.8%

19

70

157

6 3.

8%

1977

16

8 11

6.5%

19

89

225

13

5.8%

19

94

225

12

5.3%

20

00

225

9 4.

0%

2001

22

5 10

4.

4%

2004

22

5 13

5.

8%

2010

22

5 13

5.

8%

uQ,dY

%( fuu j

¾Ij, u

e;sjrK

m%;sM, f

,aLk

" fl

d<U( ue;

sjrK

fom

d¾;fïk

a;=j

179


j.

=j( 3

Y%S ,

xldf

õ m

d¾,sfï

ka;

= ;=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

1947-2

010

j¾I

h

uq¿

uk

a;%Sk

a ixL

Hdj

uq¿

uk

a;S%jßh

ka

uk

a;%Sjßh

kaf.

a m%;

sY;

h

1947

10

1 3

3.0%

19

52

101

2 2.

0%

1956

10

1 4

4.0%

19

60 ^ud¾

;=&

157

3 1.

9%

1960

^cQ,s&

157

3 1.

9%

1965

15

7 6

3.8%

19

70

157

6 3.

8%

1977

16

8 11

6.5%

19

89

225

13

5.8%

19

94

225

12

5.3%

20

00

225

9 4.

0%

2001

22

5 10

4.

4%

2004

22

5 13

5.

8%

2010

22

5 13

5.

8%

uQ,dY

%( fuu j

¾Ij, u

e;sjrK

m%;sM, f

,aLk

" fl

d<U( ue;

sjrK

fom

d¾;fïk

a;=j

j.

=j( 4

Y%S ,

xldf

õ m

<d;

a iN

d ;

=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

( 19

93-2

008$0

9

m<d;

19

93

1999

2004

2008$0

9

uq¿

i

a;%Sk

a ]

u

q¿

ia;

%Ska

]

uq¿

i

a;%Sk

a ]

u

q¿

ia;

%Ska

]

niak

dysr

104

7 6.

7 10

4 2

1.9

104

6 5.

7 10

4 6

5.7

W;=re ueo

33

4

12.1

33

1

3.0

34

1 2.

9 33

1

3.0

jhU

52

3 5.

8 52

3

5.8

52

4 7.

7 52

3

5.8

W!j

34

0

0.0

34

1 2.

9 34

1

2.9

34

1 2.

9 uOHu

58

1 1.

7 58

3

5.1

58

3 5.

2 58

5

8.6

ol=K

55

2

3.6

55

1 1.

8 55

1

1.8

55

2 3.

6 inr.uqj

44

1 2.

3 44

1

2.3

44

1 2.

3 44

1

2.3

W;=r

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

kef

.k

ysr

- -

- -

- -

- -

- 37

1

2.7

tl

;=j

380

18

4'7

380

12

3'2

380

17

4'5

417

20

4'8

uQ,dY

%( fuu j

¾Ij, u

e;sjrK

m%;sM, f

,aLk

" fl

d<U( ue;

sjrK

fom

d¾;fïk

a;=j

180

lu,d ,shkf.a

j.

=j( 5

Y%S ,

xldf

õ m

<d;

a md,

k w

dh;

k ;

=< i

a;%S k

sfhdac

kh

( 19

99-2

011

m<d;

a

md,

k

wdh

;k

h

1991

1997

2006

2011

uq¿

uk

a;%Sk

a i

a;%Sk

a ]

uq¿

uk

a;%Sk

a i

a;%Sk

a ]

uq¿

uk

a;%Sk

a i

a;%Sk

a ]

uq¿

uk

a;%Sk

a i

a;%Sk

a ]

uy

k.

r

iN

d 20

1 6

2.9

252

9 3.

433

0 10

3.

0

k.

r i

Nd

235

6 2.

4 33

1 9

2.6

379

13

3.4

m%df

oaY

Sh

iN

d 26

32

42

1.6

3137

55

1.

732

43

51

1.6

tl

;=j

3068

54

1'8

3720

73

1'9

3952

74

1'8

4465

86

1'93

uQ,dY

%( 19

91" 19

97 y

d 20

06 u

e;sjrK

m%;sM," fl

d<U( ue;

sjrK

fom

d¾;fïk

a;=j

Kod

ikar

a, 2

2th

June

, 201

2. “

Chan

ging

Min

ds: N

omin

atio

ns a

nd V

otes

for W

omen

” Pa

per P

rese

nted

at t

he

Prog

ram

me

on C

hang

ing

Min

ds: N

omin

atio

ns a

nd V

otes

for W

omen

, org

aniz

ed b

y th

e W

omen

and

Med

ia

Colle

ctiv

e, C

olom

bo: C

inna

mon

Gra

nd

* 201

1" m

<d;

a md,

k m

%;sM, f

jk

alr ±

lajQ f

,aLk

imhd .ek

Su ÿ

Ial

r ú

h'

181


j.

=j( 6

ia;

%Ska i

|y

d m

d¾,sfï

ka;

= wdi

k f

jk

alrk

,o

rgj,a

rg

mx.

= l%u

h

y`ÿk

ajd ÿk

a

j¾I

h

uq̈ u

ka;

%S

ixL

Hdj

ia;

%Skag f

jk

al<

wdi

k

m%;

sY;

h

^]&

f;dar

d .

kak

d l

%uh

W.k

avd

2001

29

2 56

19

.1

jl

% Pk

aoh

ml

sia:dk

h

2002

35

7 60

16

.8

Rcq P

kaoh

gexidk

shdj

20

00

295

48

16.2

m;a f

lf¾

isïndí

fõ

2000

27

4 37

13

.5

m;a f

lf¾

äðnqÜ

2003

65

7

10.7

R

cq P

kaoh

nx.

,df

oaYh

2001

30

0 30

10

.0

m;a f

lf¾

iQvdk

h

2000

36

0 35

9.

7 R

cq P

kaoh

fudf

rdl

af;da

2002

32

5 30

9.

2 R

cq P

kaoh

fndÜ

iajdk

d 19

99

44

2 4.

5 m;a f

lf¾

fcda¾

odk

h

2003

12

0 6

5.5

m;a f

lf¾

f,fidf

;da

1998

80

3

3.8

m;a f

lf¾

;dh

sjdk

h

1996

33

4

R

cq P

kaoh

uQ,dY

%( ht

tp:w

ww

.quo

tapr

ojec

t.org

182

lu,d ,shkf.a

j.

=j( 7

jHji

a:dm

s; m

x.= l

%uh

Ndú

;d l

rk

rgj,a

rg

mx.

= l%u

h

ia:dm

s; j

¾I

h

ia;

%Ska

i|y

d

fjk

a l<

mx.

=j$w

kqm

d;h

ksfh

dað;

wdh

;k

h

ue;

sjrK

l%u

h

kdu

fhdac

kd

,eh

sia;

=

újD;

$wdj

D;

nj

m%xY

h

1999

50

my< u

Kav,h

ir, n

yq;r

-

fl

daiagßl

d 19

97

40

md¾

,sfïk

a;=j ^tal

uK

av,&

iudk

qmd;

sl

wdj

D;

fn,aðhu

1994

33

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl

újD;

fndi

akshd iy

y¾fif.dú

kd

2001

33

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl

újD;

wd¾

ck

aák

dj

1991

30

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl

wdj

D;

fmare

1997

30

m¾,sfïk

a;=j ^tal

uK

av,&

iudk

qmd;

sl

újD;

fjk

sishq,d

1999

7 &

199

8 30

oaú

;aj u

Kav,h

ñY% u

e;sjrK

l%u

wdj

D;

mek

ud

1997

30

md¾

,sfïk

a;=j ^tal

uK

av,&

ñY% u

e;sjrK

l%u

wdj

D;

fnd,

Súhd

1997

30

oaú

;aj u

Kav,

ñY% u

e;sjrK

l%u

wdj

D;

ful

aisfl

da 19

96

30

oaú;aj u

Kav,

ñY% u

e;sjrK

l%u

wdj

D;

Sour

ce: (

Nor

ris, N

.d) a

nd h

ttp://

ww

w.id

ea.in

t./ge

nder

/upd

ated

_quo

ta.c

fm

n%iS,h

1997

30

my< u

Kav,h

ñY% u

e;sjrK

l%u

wdj

D;

bk

aÿkSishd

2003

30

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

uei

sfvdak

shd

2001

30

my< u

Kav,h

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

i¾ìhd

2002

30

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

újD;

fvdñ

ksl

ka

ck

rch

1997

25

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

bl

ajfod

arh

1997

20

my< u

Kav,h ^tal

uK

av,&

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

újD;

mer

.=fõ

1996

20

oaú

;aj u

Kav,

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

ms,smSk

h

1995

20

my< u

Kav,h

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

wd¾

fïk

shd

1999

5

my< u

Kav,

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

fk

amd,

h

1990

5

my< u

Kav,

ir, n

yq;r P

kao

l%uh

-

183


Sour

ce: (

Nor

ris, N

.d) a

nd h

ttp://

ww

w.id

ea.in

t./ge

nder

/upd

ated

_quo

ta.c

fm

n%iS,h

1997

30

my< u

Kav,h

ñY% u

e;sjrK

l%u

wdj

D;

bk

aÿkSishd

2003

30

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

uei

sfvdak

shd

2001

30

my< u

Kav,h

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

i¾ìhd

2002

30

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

újD;

fvdñ

ksl

ka

ck

rch

1997

25

my< u

Kav,h

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

bl

ajfod

arh

1997

20

my< u

Kav,h ^tal

uK

av,&

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

újD;

mer

.=fõ

1996

20

oaú

;aj u

Kav,

iudk

qmd;

sl P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

ms,smSk

h

1995

20

my< u

Kav,h

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

wd¾

fïk

shd

1999

5

my< u

Kav,

ñY% P

kao

l%uh

wdj

D;

fk

amd,

h

1990

5

my< u

Kav,

ir, n

yq;r P

kao

l%uh

-

184

lu,d ,shkf.a

wdY%s; .%ka: kdudj,sh

Abu-zayd, Gehan, 1998, “In Search of Political Power: Women in Parliament in Egypt, Jordan and Lebanon” in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (ed.) Azza Karam, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 43-63.

Agrawal, M.L. Mayak, Mohan and Agrawal, M.K. 2005, “Panchayati Raj: Role and Contribution of Women”, in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit. pp. 137-140.

Agrawal, Manju, 2006, “A Silent Revolution: Women in Grass-roots Democracy” in Participatory Citizenship: Identity, Exclusion, Inclusion (eds.) Ranjita Mohanty and Rajesh Tandon, New Delhi: Sage Publications, pp. 150-78.

Agrawal, Meena, 2005, “Women Towards Political Mobilisation in Panchayati Raj Institutions”, in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit. pp. 27-52.

Agrawal, R.C. 2005, “Women and Panchayati Raj Institutions”, in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit, pp. 68-74.

Alam, M. 2004, New Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: A Way Forward Towards Including Social Change, United Kingdom: School of Public Policy, University of Birmingham.

Anjum, Z. 2001, “New Local Government System: A Step Towards Community Empowerment”, Pakistan Development Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Part ii, pp. 845-867.

Aurat Foundation, 2001, Citizens Campaign for Women’s Representation in Local Government, Islamabad: Aurat Foundation and Information Service Foundation.

Baldez, Lisa, 2002, Why Women Protest, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

185


Ball, Allan, R. 1993, Modern Politics and Government, Houndmills: Macmillan.

Ballington, J. (ed.) 2003, The Implementation of Quotas: Latin American Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Ballington, J. 2004, The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Ballington, J. and Binda, F. (eds) 2005, The Implementation of Quotas: European Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Banerjee, Neela, 2004, “Iraqi Women’s Window of Opportunity for Political Gains is Closing”, New York Times, 26th February.

Bari, Farzana, 2001, Local Government Elections, Islmabad: Minstry of Women and Development.

Bari, Farzana, 2002 (Nov- Dec), “History of Women’s Reserved Seats in Legislatures in Pakistan”, Legislative Watch, pp. 8-17.

Bean, Clive, 1991, “Gender and Political Participation in Australia”, Australian Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 276-293.

Beckwith, Karen, 2001, “Women’s Movements at Century’s End: Excavations and Advances in Political Science” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 4, pp. 371-390.

Benn, S. I. and Peters, R. S. 1965, Social Principles and the Democratic State, London: George Allen and Unwin.

Black, D. and Phillips, H. 2000, Making a Difference: Women in the Western Australian Parliament 1921- 1991, Pearth: Parliament of Western Australia.

Bond, L. Sherly, 2007, “Academic Leadership” in Training Module on Women in Leadership Management in Higher Education, London: Association of Commonwealth.

186

lu,d ,shkf.a

Buch, Nirmala, 2001, “The 73rd Constitution Amendment and the Experience of Women in New Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs): A Critical Evaluation", in Ambrose Pinto and Helmut Reifeld (eds.) op.cit. pp. 7-24.

Burrell, B.C. 1994, A Women’s Place in the House: Campaigning for Congress in the Feminist Era, Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press.

Carroll, Susan, J. 1994, Spring, “The Politics of Difference: Women Public Officials as Agents of Change”, Stanford Law and Policy Review, Vol. 5, pp. 11-20.

Carroll, Susan, J. 2000, (13-15th April) Representing Women: Congress Women’s Perceptions of their Representational Roles, paper presented to the Conference on Women Transforming Congress: Gender Analysis of Institutional Life, Car Albert Congressional Research and Studies Center, USA: University of Oklahoma.

Caul, Miki, 2001, “Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross National Analysis”, The Journal of Politics, Vol. 63, No. 8, pp. 1214-1229.

Chowdhury, Najima, 1994, “Bangladesh: Gender and Politics in a Patriarchy” in Nelson Barbara and Chowdhury, Najima (eds.) Women and Politics Worldwide, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 98-101.

Chowdhury, Najima, 2001, ''The Politics of Implementing Women’s Rights in Bangladesh” in Bayes, Jane and Tohidi, Nayereh (eds.) Globalisation, Gender and Religion: The Politics of Women’s Rights in Catholic and Muslim Countries, New York: Palgrave, pp. 207-238.

Chowdhury, Najima, 2002, “Bangladesh Experience: Dependence and Marginality in Politics” in International IDEA, op.cit. Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 48-58.

Chusnul, Mariyam, 2003, “The Political Representation of Women in Indonesia: How can it be Achieved?” in The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA.

187


Community Information Empowerment and Training (CIET) and Devolution Trust for Community Empowerment (DTCE), 2004, Social Audit of Governance and Delivery of Public Services, Pakistan - available at http://www.ciet.org.

Cranston Maurice, 1973, What are Human Rights? London: The Bodley Head. Pablishers.

CWDS (Center for Women’s Development Studies ) 1995, Towards Beijing: A Perspective from the Indian Women’s Movement, New Delhi: CWDS.

Dahlerup, Drude, 1986, The New Women’s Movement: Feminism and Political Power in Europe and the USA, London: Sage Publishers.

Dahlerup, Drude, 1988a, “From a Small to a Large Minority: Women in Scandinavia Politics”, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp.275-298.

Dahlerup, Drude, 1988b, '"Using Quotas to Increase Women's Political Representation" Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, Stockholm International IDEA. PP. 91-106.

Dahlerup, Drude, 2003 “Quotas - A Jump to Equality? in The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences", Quota Workshop Report Series (Jakarta, 25th Sep, 2002), Stockholm: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, pp. 10-18.

Dahlerup, Drude, (ed.) 2006a, Women, Quotas and Politics, London: Routledge.

Dahlerup, Drude, 2006b, (July, 2006) What are the Effects of Electoral Gender Quotas? From Studies of Quota Discourses to Research on Quota Effects, paper presented for the International Political Science Association’s World Congress in Fukuoka, 19th Session, July 2006, Japan.

Dahlerup, Drude and Freidenvall, Lenita, 2003 (29th June to 4th July) “Quotas as a Fast Track to Equal Political Representation for Women - Why Scandinavia is no Longer the Model” paper presented at the 19th International Political Science Association’s World Congress, Durban, South Africa.

Dodson, Debra, L. and Susan, J. Carroll. 1991, Reshaping the Agenda: Women in State Legislatures, New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for the American Women and Politics.

188

lu,d ,shkf.a

Encyclopedia of Democracy, 1995, Vol, I-IV, Lipset, Seymour Martin, London: Routledge.

Flammang, Janet, A. 1997, Women’s Political Voice: How Women are Transforming the Practice and Study of Politics, Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Franceschet, Susan, 2004 (March 17-20) State Based Strategies for Improving Women’s Representation: Lessons from Latin America, paper presented at the 45th Annual International Studies Convention, Montreal: Canada.

Franceschet, Susan, and Macdonald, Laura, 2004, “Hard Times for Citizenship: Women’s Movements in Chile and Mexico” Citizenship Studies, Vol. 9, No.1, pp 78-96.

Freidenvall, Lenita, 2003, Women’s Political Representation and Gender Quotas - The Swedish Case, Working paper series, Stockholm: Stockholm University.

Gaur, K. D. Rana, Rachita and Gaur, Munish, 2005, “Panchayati Raj and Women”, in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit. pp.12-26.

Gray, Tricia, 2003, “Electoral Gender Quotas: Lessons from Argentina and Chile”, Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 52-78.

Hassim, Shireen, 2002, “A Conspiracy of Women: The Women’s Movement in South Africa’s Transition to Democracy”, Social Research, Vol. 69, No.3, pp. 693-732.

http://www.idea.int/gender/updated_quota.cfm (retrieved 7th July 2012)

Htun, Mala and Jones, Mark, P. 2002, “Engendering the Right to Participate in Decision-making: Electoral Quotas and Women’s Leadership in Latin America” in Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, Nikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux (ed.) New York: Palgrave, pp. 32-56.

Huang, Chang-Ling, 2002 (29th Aug to 1st Sep) “Democracy and the Politics of Difference: Gender Quotas in Taiwan”, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston: MA.

189


Ingelhart, Ronald and Norris, Pippa, 2003, Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World, New York: Cambridge University Press.

International IDEA, 2002, The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experiences, Stockholm: International IDEA.

International IDEA, 2008, Discussion Paper 1: The Constituent Assembly of Nepal: An Agenda for Women, Kathmandu, Nepal, available at http://www.idea.int

International IDEA, 2009, Discussion Paper 4: Electoral System and Quotas in Nepal: Lalitpur, available at http://www.idea.int (Retrieved 20th May, 2012).

International IDEA, World Voter Turnout by Gender, Stockholm: International IDEA, available at http://www.idea.int/vt/survey/by-gender.cfm (Retrieved 15th May, 2012).

Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU), 1997, Men and Women in Politics: Democracy Still in the Making: A World Comparative Study, Geneva: IPU.

Inter-parliamentary Union, March 2012, Women in National Parliament - available at http://www.ipu.org (Retrived 18th June, 2012).

Jabeen, Nasira and Jadoon, Iqbal, M. 2009 (May), “Gender and Local Governance in Pakistan: Representation Vs Participation” International NGO Journal, Vol. 4, No 5, pp. 264- 276.

Jain, Devaki, 1996, Panchayati Raj: Women Changing Governance, New Delhi: UNDP Office.

Johari, J. C. 1999, Principles of Modern Political Science, New Delhi: Sterling Publications.

Jones, Mark, P. 1996, “Increasing Women’s Representation via Gender Quotas: The Argentine Ley de Cupos” Women and Politics, Vol. 16, No 4, pp. 75-98.

Joseph, S. and Slymovics, S. 2001, Women and Power in the Middle East, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Karam, Azza, 1998, Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, Stockholm: International IDEA.

190

lu,d ,shkf.a

Karl, Marilee, 1995, Women and Development: Participation and Decision Making, London: Zed Books.

Karvonen, L. and Per Selle (eds.) 1995, Women in Nordic Politics: Closing the Gap, London: Dartmouth Press.

Kaufman, Stephen, 2003, “Afghanistan’s Draft Constitution Promotes Women’s Rights”, Washington File - available at http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2003/Nov/10-124769.html (Retrived 2nd Feb. 2012)

Kaushik, Susheela, 1996a, Women in Panchayati Raj, New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications.

Kaushik, Susheela, 1996b, Panchayati Raj in Action, New Delhi: Fedrich Ebert Stiftung.

King, Angela, E. V. 2001, “Forward” in Gender, Peace and Conflict (ed.) Inger Skjelsabaek and Don Smith, Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.

Kiribamune, Sirima, 1994, “Women in Local Government Politics in Sri Lanka”, in Women Claim Their Rights in Local Politics, Bangkok: Freidrich Ebert Stiftung, pp. 81-115.

Kiribamune, Sirima, 1999, (ed.) Women and Politics in Sri Lanka: A Comparative Perspective, Kandy: International Centre for Ethnic Studies.

Kodikara, Chulani, 2009, The Struggle for Equal Representation for Women in Sri Lanka, Colombo: Minstry of Child Development and Women’s Empowerment of Sri Lanka and UNDP.

Krook, Mona, Lena, 2003 (25th Feb to 1st March) “Get the Balance Right: Global and Transnational Campaigns to Promote Gender-balanced Decision-making” paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Convention, Portland: OR.

Krook, Mona, L. 2004, “Promoting Gender-balanced Decision-making: The Role of International Fora and Transnational Networks” in Hilda R. Christensen et. al. (ed.) Crossing Boarders: Re-mapping Women’s Movement at the Turn of the 21st Century, Denmark: Odense University Press, pp. 205-20.

Laski, Harold, 1951, A Grammer of Politics, London, George Allen Unwin.

191


Liyanage, Kamala 1996, “Party Women: Their Role in Sri Lankan Politics”, Pakistan Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 3, No1, pp. 13-32.

Liyanage, Kamala, 1999, “Electoral System and Women’s Representation” , In New Electoral System for Sri Lanka (eds.) Laksiri Fernando and Dietmar Kneitchel, Colombo: Fedrich Ebert Stiftung, pp. 34-39.

Liyanage, Kamala 2005, “Women in Local Self-government in Sri Lanka: Problems, Dilemmas and Challenges", in Excluding Women, (eds.) Morina Perera and Rasika Chandrasekera, Colombo: Social Scientists’ Association, pp. 123-144.

Liyanage, Kamala and Rajendran, Shobana, 2012 (27th-30th July), “Increasing Women’s Representation in Local Governments in the Central Province of Sri Lanka: Trends and Problems”, paper presented at the 13th National Convention on Women’s Studies, Colombo: Center for Women’s Research.

Lovenduski, Joni and Norris, Pippa, 1993, Gender and Party Politics, London: Sage Publications.

Lovenduski, Joni, and Karam, Azza, 1998, “Women in Parliament: Making a Difference”, in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 125- 157.

Lovenduski, Joni, and Karam, Azza, 2002, “Women in Parliament: Making a Difference”, in Women in Parliament, Stockholm: International IDEA (updated version of the 5th chapter, which was originally published in handbook - Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, 1998, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Lyth, Annette, 2001, Getting it Right? A Gender Approach to UNMIK Administration In Kosovo, Stockholm: Kvinna Till Kvinna Foundation.

Maley, Michael, 2004 ( !9th -22nd January), “Enhancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-conflict Countries” paper presented at the Expert Group Meeting on “Enhancing Women’s Participation in Electoral Processes in Post-conflict Countries”, United Nations Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, Glen Cove: New York.

Manjula, Devis, M. 2005, “Women in Panchayati Raj: Grassroots Democracy in India” in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit. pp. 226-230.

192

lu,d ,shkf.a

Mansbridge, Jane, 1999, “Should Blacks Represent Black and Women Represent Women? A Contingent “Yes”, Journal of Politics, Vol. 61, pp. 628- 57.

Menon, Nivedita, 2000 (28th Oct.) “Elusive Women’s Feminism and Women’s Reservation Bill”, Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 3835-3844.

Millett, Kate, 1972, Sexual Politics, London: Abacus.

Mona, C. L.; Rama, K. and Mtonga, L. 2009 (11th May), Gender in the 2009 South African Elections, Gender Links, available at http://www.genderlinks.org.za/attachment_view.php?pa_id-1056. (Retrieved 21st, July 2012)

Myakayaka-Manzini, Mavivi, 1998, “Women Empowered: Women in Parliament in South Africa”, in Azza Karram (ed.), op.cit. pp. 175-180.

National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB), 2006, The Local Government System -2001, The Government of Pakistan - available at http://www.nrb.gov.pk (Retrieved 21st July, 2012).

Naz, R. 2001, Report on the State of Women in Urban Local Government, Islamabad: Aurat Foundation.

Nordlund, Anja, Taarup, 2003, “International Implementation of Electoral Gender Quotas in the Balkans - A Fact Finding Report”, Stockholm: Stockholm University Research Programme on Gender Quotas: Working Paper - 1.

Norris, Pippa, n.d. Increasing Women’s Representation in Government: What Strategies Would Work best for Afghanistan? Centre on International Co-operation, New York: New York University.

Norris, Pippa, and Lovenduski Joni, 1995, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Panandiker, Pai, V. A. 2000, Problems of Governance in South Asia, New Delhi: Konrak Publishers.

Pande, Rohini and Ford, Deanna, 2011, Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review, Background paper for the World Development Report on Gender, Harvard: Harvard University Press.

193


Pateman, Carole, 1988, The Sexual Contract, Oxford: Basic Blackwell.

Phillips, Anne, 1995, The Politics of Presence, Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Powley, Elizabeth, 2003, Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda’s Transition, Cambridge: Hunt Alternatives Fund.

Rai, S.M. 1995 (September) “Women Negotiating Boundaries: Gender, Law and the Indian State” Social and Legal Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 89-124.

Raman, Vasanthy, 1999 (11th Dec), “Women’s Reservation and Democratisation: An Alternative Perspective”, Economic and Political Weekly, (Bombay), pp. 3494-3495.

Raman, Vasanthy, 2003, “The Implementation of Quotas for Women: The Indian Experience” in The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experience, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Ramirez, F. Soysal, Y. and Shanahan, S. 1997, The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship: Cross-national Acquisition of Women’s Suffrage Rights -1890 to 1990, American Sociological Review, Vol. 62, No. 5, pp. 735-745.

Reyes, Socorro, 2002, Quotas for Women for Legislative Seats at the Local Level in Pakistan, Stockholm: International IDEA.

Reyes, Socorro, 2003, “Quotas in Pakistan: A Case Study” in The Implementation of Quotas: Asian Experience, Stockholm: International IDEA, pp. 42-47.

Sainsbury, Diane, 1993, “The Politics of Increased Women’s Representation: The Swedish Case” in Gender and Party Politics, (ed.) J. Lovenduski and P. Norris, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, pp. 263-290.

Sawer, Marian, 1999, A Matter of Simple Justice? Arguments about the Parliamentary Representation of Women, paper presented to Women’s Worlds 99, 7th International Inter-disciplinary Congress on Women, Australia.

Sawer, Marian, 2000, “Parliamentary Representation of Women: From Discourses of Justice to Strategies of Accountability”, International Political Science Review, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 361-379.

194

lu,d ,shkf.a

Sawer, Marian, and Jupp, James, 1996, The Two -way Street: Government Shaping of Community-based Advocacy”, Australia Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 55, No.4, pp. 82-99.

Saxena, Parul, 2005, ''PRIs and Political Socialisation Among Rural Women: Mahila Samakhaya Experience'', in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit. pp. 175- 207.

Singh, Balram, 2005, “The Impact and Challenges of the 73rd Amendment on the Status of Women" in J. L. Singh (ed.) op.cit. pp. 53-67.

Singh, J. L. 2005, Women in Panchayati Raj. New Delhi: Sunrise Publications.

Stetson, Dorothy, McBride and Mazur, Amy, G. 2002 (Oct 17th- 19th) “Defining Women’s Movements Cross-nationally and Over times: Lessons from RNGS Project on Women’s Movement's Impact on the State”, paper presented at the Pacific Northwest Political Science Annual Meeting, Manila.

Subramaniam, Madhu and Thomas, Jacob, 2001, “The Role of Women Empowerment in Poverty Alleviation with Special Reference to the Panchayati Raj Institutions in Kerala” in Women in Pacnchayati Raj (eds.) Ambrose Pinto and Helmut Reifeld , New Delhi: Indian Social Institute and Konrad Adenauer Foundation, pp. 195-208.

Tamerius, Karin, L. 1995, “Sex, Gender and Leadership in the Representation of Women”, in Gender, Power, Leadership and Governance, (ed.) Georgia Duerst-Lahti and Rita Mae Kelly, Ann Arbour: Michigan.

The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, 1978, Colombo: Dept. of Government Printing.

Thomas, Sue, 1994, How Women Legislate? New York,: Oxford University Press.

Tripp, Aili, Mari, 2000, Women and Politics in Uganda, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

UNICEF, 2006, “Equality in Politics in Women in Local Government '' in the State of the World Children, New York: UNICEF, pp. 51-87.

United Nations, 1948, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, New York: United Nations Organisation.

195


United Nations, 1966, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, New York: United Nations Organisation.

United Nations, 1979, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminations Against Women, New York: United Nation.

United Nations, 1995, Platform for Action and the Beijing Declaration, New York: United Nations Organisation.

United nations, 2000, Resolution 1325 (S/RRE S/1325/2000- Adopted at its 4213TH Meeting on 31ST Oct , 2000), New York: United Nations Organisation.

UNDAW AND PRIO, 1996, Political Decision-making and Conflict Resolution: The Impact of Gender Difference, Expert Group Meeting in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (7-11 th Oct, 1996, EGM/PRDC/1996/REP-1) New York: United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women.

Vargas, Virginia, 2002, “The Struggle by Latin American Feminisms for Rights and Autonomy” in Nikki Craske and Maxine Molyneux (eds.) Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, London: Palgrave, pp. 199-221.

Whip, R. 1991, “Representing Women: Australian Female Parliamentarians on the Horns of a Dilemma”, Women in Politics, Vol.11, No. 3, pp.1-22.

Williamson, M. 2000, “Do Women Make a Difference? Testing for Critical Mass in the Australian Senate and New Zealand Parliament” (unpublished paper) Political Science Programme, Canberra: Australian National University.

Yazdani. F. 2002, Women’s Representation in Local Government in Pakistan, Islamabad: Center for Policy Studies.

Young, Iris, M. 1990, Justice and the Politics of Difference, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Young, Kate 1993, Planning Development with Women: Making a World of Difference, London: Macmillan.

Zineb, Touimi-Benjelloun, 2002, Political Advancement of Women in Morocco: 2002 Parliamentary Elections, UNIFEM Gender Advisor’s Office, Tunisia and Algeria.

196

lu,d ,shkf.a

Whkaf.dv chfoaj" 2010 iudcfh wms Tlafldu iudkhs @ mqrjeisNdjfha

foaYmd,k kHdh iy Ndú;h" fld<U iudc úµd.%hskaf.a ix.uh'

,shkf.a" lu,d" 1998" Y%S ,dxlsl foaYmd,kh ;=< ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh"

f*%âßÉ BnÜ moku ( fld<U'

ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy...

Documents

Transcript of ia;%S-mqreI foaYmd,k ksfhdackh iudko@ mx.= l%u kHdh iy...