JANUÁRIO CARNEIRO A importância do empresário na construção da Rádio Itatiaia e na imprensa de...

8/7/2019 JANUÁRIO CARNEIRO A importância do empresário na construção da Rádio Itatiaia e na imprensa de Belo Horizonte…

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8 KCZYOJVÎÇO O yèjko wf jfwzhgh poy wfy o bfko jf gobvckghîço bhkw popvlhy f o xvf omfyfgf bhkoy

hlghcgf pñilkgo fb zojo o bvcjo# Lf}hcjo"wf fb gocwkjfyhîço hlnvbhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw

bhyghczfw jo }fâgvlo, gobo kbfjkhzkwbo, wfcwoykhlkjhjf, hvzocobkh, pfcfzyhîço,

boiklkjhjf, ihkto gvwzo, kcwzhczhcfkjhjf, jfczyf ovzyow, o kczfyfwwf fb zá"lo gobo oiafzo

jf fwzvjo wf f}kjfcgkov#

Fwzf zyhihldo pyfzfcjf jfwfc}ol}fy vbh pfwxvkwh moghjh fb Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gykhjoy jh

Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, fbkwwoyh lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# O nowzo pflh kcmoybhîço,

pflhw goifyzvyhw fwpoyzk}hw f o fwphîo jfjkghjo à bñwkgh f à pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow ch

pyonyhbhîço jh Kzhzkhkh mkqfyhb jflf vb pyomkwwkochl jf }hcnvhyjh, jf pyopowzhw

kco}hjoyhw, xvf nhyhczkyhb vbh co}h moybh jf wf mhqfy yèjko fb Bkchw Nfyhkw, h phyzky jh

jëghjh jf 60, xvhcjo h zflf}kwço phwwov h ogvphy lvnhy jf jfwzhxvf cow lhyfw iyhwklfkyow#

Poy fwwhw f ovzyhw yhqöfw Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo bfyfgf wfy fwzvjhjo#

O oiafzk}o jfwzh pfwxvkwh ë, poyzhczo, }fykmkghy xvhl h kbpoyzécgkh jflf ch gocwzyvîço jh

Yèjko Kzhzkhkh f co gfcèyko bkjkèzkgo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw# Xvhl mok o phpfl poy flf

jfwfbpfcdhjo phyh xvf, doaf, h fbkwwoyh pvjfwwf wfy gocwkjfyhjh vbh yfmfyácgkh cow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço jo Fwzhjo?

Phyh h yfhlkqhîço jfwzf fwzvjo, gobfîhbow gob h dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko f h moybh gob xvf

fwwh bâjkh wf jfwfc}ol}fv# ]kbow o pfygvywo jh yhjkojkmvwço co bvcjo phyh, fb

wfnvkjh, yfhlkqhybow vbh pfwxvkwh woiyf o yèjko co Iyhwkl f, fwpfgkhlbfczf, fb Iflo

Doykqoczf, hzë 8;69, xvhcjo h Kzhzkhkh wvynkv fb vb gfcèyko jfwmh}oyè}fl à fczyhjh jf

co}hw fbkwwoyhw co Fwzhjo# H kcwfyîço jflh co bfyghjo f h wvh zyhafz÷ykh hzë ow jkhwhzvhkw zhbiëb moyhb jkwgvzkjhw, hlëb jf yflhzhjhw hw pykcgkphkw zyhcwbkwwöfw ho locno

jf wvh dkwz÷ykh# Poy mkb, vzkqov"wf h dkwz÷ykh oyhl phyh ow yflhzow jf pfwwohw xvf

goc}k}fyhb gob Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#



4

9 H DKWZ×YKH JO YÈJKO

9#8 O yèjko co bvcjo

Wfnvcjo Fjvhyjo Bfjkzwgd $8;;;+, h zyhcwbkwwço jf wocw poy ocjhw jf yhjkomyfxvácgkh

fyh fwpfyhjh ch }kyhjh jo wëgvlo TT# H hvzoykh jh kc}fcîço, fczyfzhczo, ë polábkgh, poy

zfy ogoyykjo xvhwf xvf wkbvlzhcfhbfczf fb }èykow poczow jo plhcfzh# Co fczhczo, h

pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço jf ocjhw flfzyobhncëzkghw xvf wf zfb cozâgkh mok yfhlkqhjh hkcjh

co wëgvlo TKT, pflo mâwkgo kcnláw Ahbfw Bht~fll, fb 84>0#

O xvf jkmkgvlzov h bojfyckqhîço jo yèjko, h phyzky jfwwf pykbfkyo bobfczo, mok h

hvwácgkh jf pyk}hgkjhjf ch gobvckghîço, hlno gocwkjfyhjo fwwfcgkhl phyh o vwo jf

bklkzhyfw f zhbiëb jf gobfygkhczfw, xvf fyhb, cfwwh ëpogh, ow pykcgkphkw mkchcgkhjoyfw

jhw pfwxvkwhw ch èyfh#

Fb 8;86, o mvcgkocèyko jh Hbfykghc Bhygock, Jh}kj Whycomm, zf}f h kjfkh jf

jfwfc}ol}fy o yèjko phyh vzklkqhîço jobëwzkgh, gobo vbh “ghkth bvwkghl‒# H wvnfwzço

mok yfafkzhjh f yfzobhjh fb 8;90, ch fbpyfwh hbfykghch ^fwzkcndovwf# O oiafzk}o fyh

boiklkqhy h gobpyh jow yfgfpzoyfw xvf h fbpyfwh mhiykgh}h#

O mvcgkocèyko Myhce Gocyhj, xvf aè powwvâh vbh yèjko hbhjoyh, zyhcwmfykv o fwzñjko jh

nhyhnfb jf wvh ghwh phyh h fbpyfwh, kchvnvyhcjo, hwwkb, h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh

pyomkwwkochl jo bvcjo, h EJEH jf Pkzwivyn, fb 9 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;90#

Zyáw hcow jfpokw jfwwh kchvnvyhîço, ow Fwzhjow Vckjow aè powwvâhb bhkw jf 600

fbkwwoyhw pyomkwwkochkw lkgfcgkhjhw f gobfîh}hb h cfnogkhy fwphîow pvilkgkzèykow#

Fbpyfwhw aoychlâwzkghw coyzf"hbfykghchw phwwhyhb h boczhy wvhw py÷pykhw fbkwwoyhw jf

yèjko phyh }fkgvlhîço jf cozâgkhw1 fb 8;9:, aè dh}kh 800 jflhw co Phâw# O }fâgvlo

zoycov"wf cço w÷ vb kbpoyzhczf bfko jf kcmoybhîço, gobo zhbiëb jf pyophnhcjh f

fczyfzfckbfczo# “Cfwzh ëpogh, o yèjko mok gocwkjfyhjo –h okzh}h hyzf‟ f jfwfc}ol}fv

gobo cvcgh hw wvhw pozfcgkhlkjhjfw, gobo gfczyo jhw hzfcîöfw jf hyzkwzhw f kczflfgzvhkw‒

$BFJKZWGD, 8;;;, p#96+#



;

9#9 O yèjko co Iyhwkl

O yèjko gdfnov ho Iyhwkl ch jëghjh jf 8;90# Nkwflh Oyzyk~hco $8;46+ yflhzh xvf h

pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço yhjkomúckgh omkgkhl co phâw mok o jkwgvywo jo fczço pyfwkjfczf

Fpkzègko Pfwwoh, fb > jf wfzfbiyo jf 8;99, chw gobfboyhîöfw jo Gfczfcèyko jh

Kcjfpfcjácgkh#

Moyhb gobpyhjow 40 yfgfpzoyfw f vb zyhcwbkwwoy jf 600 ~hzzw kbpoyzhjow phyh h

oghwkço# Ow fxvkphbfczow fwzh}hb gocfgzhjow à fwzhîço ftpfykbfczhl Yèjko Goygo}hjo

co Yko jf Ahcfkyo# Dov}f ovzyhw ftkikîöfw ftpfykbfczhkw jkhw hp÷w fwwf f}fczo, bhw cço

jvyhyhb bvkzo zfbpo poy mhlzh jf vb pyoafzo xvf bhczk}fwwf hw zyhcwbkwwöfw#

^hcky Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf w÷ fb 90 jf hiykl jf 8;97 chwgkh h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh

iyhwklfkyh1 h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo 8, mvcjhjh poy Yoxvfzf Pkczo f Dfcy{

Boykqf#

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fjvghzk}h f jf mègkl hgfwwo à bhkoykh jh popvlhîço, hw gocjkîöfwftkwzfczfw ch ëpogh mhqkhb gob xvf o co}o }fâgvlo yfmlfzkwwf vb câ}fljf gvlzvyh gobphzâ}fl hpfchw gob o jh flkzf# Yoxvfzf Pkczo hgyfjkzh}hxvf o yèjko havjhykh h yfwol}fy ow pyoilfbhw fjvghgkochkw jo Phâw,jf}kjo ho goczhzo jkyfzo fczyf h fbkwwoyh f o ov}kczf, jfwjf xvf mowwfgykhjh vbh jkjèzkgh fwpfgkhl phyh o fcwkco yhjkomúckgo $GHBPFLO,9008, p#9;+#

H pyonyhbhîço zkcdh gobo goczfñjo ÷pfyhw, gocgfyzow, yfgkzhkw, pofwkhw f phlfwzyhw

gvlzvyhkw#

Phyh ov}ky hw fbkwwoyhw, zhbiëb gdhbhjhw jf wogkfjhjfw ov glvifw, ow hwwogkhjow

phnh}hb vbh xvhczkh bfcwhl phyh bhcvzfcîço jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw, aè xvf h pvilkgkjhjf

fyh pyokikjh# Hlëb jkwwo, w÷ hlnvcw povgow pyk}klfnkhjow powwvâhb hphyfldow yfgfpzoyfw

xvf fyhb ghyow f kchgfwwâ}fkw à bhkoykh jh popvlhîço# Ftkwzkhb zhbiëb johîöfw

pñilkghw f pyk}hjhw, bhw, gob o phwwhy jo zfbpo, fwwhw goczykivkîöfw moyhb mkghcjo

ghjh }fq bhkw fwghwwhw# Mok gob jkmkgvljhjf xvf o yèjko gocwfnvkv woiyf}k}fy#

8 H Yèjko Glvif jf Pfychbivgo mok mvcjhjh fb 0=/0:/8;8; f goczëb o bhkw hczkno yfnkwzyo jf“yhjkozflfnyhmkh‒ co phâw# Dè hkcjh vbh polábkgh1 h Yèjko Wogkfjhjf jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo gobfîov h opfyhyfb 8;97 f wf gocwkjfyh h pkocfkyh#



80

Jvyhczf h jëghjh jf 90, hw jfqfchw jf fwzhîöfw jf yèjko mvcjhjhw fbzojo o Phâw zk}fyhb ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bvkzo wfbfldhczfw# Fyhbfbpyffcjkbfczow cço"gobfygkhkw jf nyvpow hmkgkochjow jo yèjko, xvfgvkjh}hb jf mhqfy h pyonyhbhîço johcjo jkwgow, fwgyf}fcjo,zoghcjo, ghczhcjo f ov}kcjo, flfw bfwbow, hxvflh pyonyhbhîçoflkzkwzh# Ch jëghjh wfnvkczf, goczvjo, ow kczfyfwwfw gobfygkhkw moyhbfcnolkcjo hw wogkfjhjfw f glvifw lknhjow à yhjkojkmvwço $GHBPFLO,9008, p#70+#

Mok cfwwf pfyâojo xvf o yèjko gocwfnvkv bfkow phyh wf gocwolkjhy# Wvynkv o yèjko

gobfygkhl, gob h lkifyhîço jh pvilkgkjhjf f o }fâgvlo wf “popvlhykqov‒, gob lhqfy f

jk}fywço phyh hzyhky o pñilkgo xvf ow hcvcgkhczfw ivwgh}hb# H pyojvîço fjvghzk}h mok,

how povgow wfcjo jfkthjh jf lhjo# O yèjko gobfîov h wfy yfmoybvlhjo fwzyvzvyhlbfczf,

pyomkwwkochlkqhcjo"wf f wf fwzhiflfgfcjo gobo fbpyfwh# O fczço pyfwkjfczf Nfzñlko

]hynhw yfgocdfgfv o yèjko gobo }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh f phwwov h vwè"lo

gobo kcwzyvbfczo omkgkhl jo No}fyco phyh wfvw kczfyfwwfw polâzkgow#

Phyh jkwpvzhy o bfyghjo f hzyhky vb pñilkgo ghjh }fq bhkoy fyh cfgfwwèyko kc}fwzky, cço

hpfchw fb zfgcolonkh, gobo zhbiëb ch gykhzk}kjhjf jh pyonyhbhîço, phyh nhyhczky

wzhzvw f popvlhykjhjf# O yèjko wf bowzyov vb bfko fmkgkfczf jf fwzâbvlo ho gocwvbo, aè

xvf hzkcnkh vb pñilkgo jf hchlmhifzow, xvf fyh h nyhcjf phyzf jh popvlhîço#

Gob h lkifyhîço jh pvilkgkjhjf, bvkzhw moyhb hw fwzyhzënkhw vzklkqhjhw pflhw fbkwwoyhw

phyh hzyhky ow ov}kczfw f, gocwfxvfczfbfczf, ow hcvcgkhczfw#Zhbiëb ow hwzyow f fwzyflhw

phwwhyhb h yfgfify whlèykow#

Hlëb jkwwo, ovzyhw co}kjhjfw hphyfgfyhb gobo, poy ftfbplo, h pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço jf

vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol ogoyykjh fb 8;79, f gobhcjhjh pflo logvzoy Ckgolhv Zvbh#

Wfnvcjo Fjklfvqh Wohyfw $8;;:+, o yhjkoaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o mok o pykbfkyo h wf mkybhy

chw nyhcjfw fbkwwoyhw f zhbiëb h ogvphy bhkoy fwphîo jf zfbpo ch pyonyhbhîço#

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob h hvzoyh, o “yèjko fwpoyzk}o‒ mok fwwfcgkhl , zhczo phyh o mvzfiol,

xvhczo phyh o gyfwgkbfczo jo yèjko gobo }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh#

Ow pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko wvynkyhb fb 8;76, ch Yèjko Eowbow jf Wço Phvlo,

powwkiklkzhcjo h hpyotkbhîço f h phyzkgkphîço jo pñilkgo# Mok vb bhygo phyh h dkwz÷ykhjo yèjko#



88

H jëghjh jf 70, co yèjko, ghyhgzfykqov"wf pflh }hloykqhîço jh bñwkghpopvlhy iyhwklfkyh, fwpfgkhlbfczf h jf nácfyo ghych}hlfwgo# Mok cfwwhëpogh xvf }èykhw bhygdkcdhw, ghczhjhw hzë doaf, zoychyhb"wfchgkochlbfczf gocdfgkjhw, zyhqfcjo h yfioxvf o wvgfwwo jf ghczoyfwgobo Ghybfc Bkyhcjh, Lhbhyzkcf Ihio, Pktkcnvkcdh, Joyk}hl Gh{bk,fczyf ovzyow# Ow pykbfkyow pyonyhbhw jf ghlovyow wvynkyhb cfwwfpfyâojo, gob “Ow ghlovyow jo yèjko‒, jf Gflwo Nvkbhyçfw, kcwpkyhjofb bojflow ftkwzfczfw cow Fwzhjow Vckjow f hjhpzhjo pflh YèjkoGyvqfkyo jo Wvl, jf Wço Phvlo, fb 8;77# Zyáw hcow jfpokw, HykIhyyowo lhcîh}h ch mklkhl jo Yko o pyonyhbh “Ghlovyow fb Jfwmklf‒$GHBPFLO, 9008, P#7:+#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf h kcwzhlhîço jh Yèjko Chgkochl, fb 8;7=, f xvf bhkw zhyjf

wfykh kcgoypoyhjh ho phzykbúcko jh Vckço, mok vb bhygo kbpoyzhczf ch dkwz÷ykh jh

yhjkojkmvwço co Iyhwkl, aè chwgfcjo pyfjfwzkchjh h wfy h bhkoy jf zojhw# Co kcâgko, fyhpyopykfjhjf jo nyvpo aoychlâwzkgo “H Cokzf‒ f, powzfykoybfczf, jvyhczf h }knácgkh jo

Fwzhjo Co}o, mok fcghbphjh pflo no}fyco mfjfyhl f zyhcwmoybhjh ch poczh jf lhcîh jh

pyophnhcjh }hynvkwzh, cço hpfchw co Iyhwkl, bhw kyyhjkhcjo, gob wfvw pozfczfw

zyhcwbkwwoyfw, phyh xvhwf zojo o bvcjo#

O yèjko phwwov h }k}fy h wvh “Ëpogh jf Ovy o‒, xvhcjo gobfîov h }fyjhjfkyh goyykjh

pflh hvjkácgkh, bfjkjh pflhw pfwxvkwhw jo Kcwzkzvzo Iyhwklfkyo jf Opkckço Pñilkgh f

Fwzhzâwzkgh, o KIOPF# Mok zhbiëb cfwwh ëpogh xvf wvynkyhb hw yhjkoco}flhw, xvf

phwwhyhb h mhqfy phyzf jh pyonyhbhîço jh nyhcjf bhkoykh jhw fbkwwoyhw# H pykbfkyh

jflhw, gdhbhjh Fb Ivwgh jh Mflkgkjhjf, mok ho hy fb 8;:9, ch Yèjko Chgkochl jo Yko

jf Ahcfkyo#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf o aoychlkwbo co yèjko wf gocmvcjf gob h py÷pykh dkwz÷ykh jo

}fâgvlo1 chwgfyhb avczow f ghbkcdhyhb gozkjkhchbfczf# Mok fb 8;:8 goczvjo, xvf o

Iyhwkl gocdfgfv f wf fcghczov gob vb cozkgkèyko xvf zyhqkh h yfioxvf vb co}o moybhzo,

vbh co}h lkcnvhnfb, f xvf cço jfboyov h gocxvkwzhy vb pñilkgo mkfl#



89

O Yfp÷yzfy Fwwo chwgfv àw 89 doyhw f :6 bkcvzow jo jkh 94 jf hnowzojf 8;:8, wfcjo zyhcwbkzkjo pflhw yèjkow Chgkochl jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo fYfgoyj jf Wço Phvlo, gobo vbh cfgfwwkjhjf jf kcmoybhy o Phâw woiyfh Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh BvcjkhlU###R# Pyfphyhjo pflh VPK‗ Vckzfj PyfwwKczfychzkochl, o aoychl mhlhjo wfnvkh hw coybhw yânkjhw f mvcgkochkw jowcozkgkèykow yhjkomúckgow coyzf"hbfykghcow, hlghcîhcjo, hlëb jf vbhftzyhoyjkcèykh lkjfyhcîh jf hvjkácgkh, zhbiëb vbh gyfjkiklkjhjf moyhjo gobvb $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#:6+#

Gocgoyyfcjo gob o Yfp÷yzfy Fwwo, h Zvpk jf Wço Phvlo gobfîov h zyhcwbkzky, h phyzky

jf 8;:9, o wfv Nyhcjf Aoychl, woi h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf Goykpdfv jf Hqf}fjo Bhyxvfw,

xvf zkcdh, fb wfv gvyyâgvlo, lhynh ftpfykácgkh fb aoychl kbpyfwwo, pokw zyhihldhyh cow

Jkèykow f Fbkwwoyhw Hwwogkhjow#

Wfnvcjo Ghbpflo $9008+, o Nyhcjf Aoychl Mhlhjo Zvpk, hpyfwfczhjo poy xvhzyo

logvzoyfw, zkcdh ghyhgzfyâwzkghw pfgvlkhyfw, zhkw gobo hw bhcgdfzfw jo jkh f h

hpyfwfczhîço jow hwwvczow jk}kjkjow poy ilogow# ]hlf lfbiyhy xvf fwwf bojflo ë

vzklkqhjo hzë doaf pflh bhkoykh jow cozkgkowow#

Fb 8;6;, h Yèjko Aoychl jo Iyhwkl ftkikv vb pyonyhbh gob wfy}kîow jf vzklkjhjf

pñilkgh, gob o oiafzk}o jf fwzyfkzhy co}hbfczf ow lhîow gob ow ov}kczfw f yfgocxvkwzhyh hvjkácgkh pfyjkjh phyh h zflf}kwço# ]èykhw ovzyhw fbkwwoyhw zhbiëb hjozhyhb o fwzklo,

gob h jk}vlnhîço jf hgdhjow f pfyjkjow, gocjkîöfw jhw fwzyhjhw, wfy}kîow jf

bfzfoyolonkh f omfyzhw jf fbpyfno fczyf ovzyow#

Fb 8;=0, vb nyvpo jf }fâgvlow gobfîov h jhy ácmhwf à pyonyhbhîço bhkw “mhlhjh‒,

xvf ivwgh}h o jkèlono gob o pñilkgo, h phyzky jh zyogh jf kcmoybhîöfw# Vbh jhw

co}kjhjfw mok h yfpoyzhnfb jf yvh, xvf wf zoycov gowzvbfkyh chw yèjkow, pfybkzkcjo xvfh kcmoybhîço gdfnhwwf bhkw yhpkjhbfczf ho ov}kczf#

Gob o zfbpo, hw fbpyfwhw wf mkybhyhb f jfmkckyhb bfldoy wvh pyonyhbhîço f o zkpo jf

pñilkgo phyh o xvhl wfykhb }olzhjhw, gobo poy ftfbplo, h Yèjko Phchbfykghch, xvf fb

8;=>, wf fwpfgkhlkqov fb aoychlkwbo, gob kcmoybhîöfw wfb doyèyko mkto phyh wfyfb

}fkgvlhjhw#



87

Wfnvcjo Aëwvw Wovqh $8;;=+, fb 8;=; wvynkv o yèjko MB nfyhcjo vb gyfwgkbfczo jf

hvjkácgkh wvypyffcjfczf, pykcgkphlbfczf fczyf ow ao}fcw# H wfnbfczhîço jhw MBw fb

fwzklo bvwkghl jkmfyfczfw phwwov h wfy vbh yfhlkjhjf# H pykbfkyh yfjf iyhwklfkyh jf MB

mok h Zyhcwhbëykgh9#

Aè ch jëghjh jf 8;>0, wvynkyhb zhbiëb hw hnácgkhw jf pyojvîço yhjkomúckgh, gobo h

Yfjf L-G jf yèjko, xvf pyojvqkh pyonyhbhw gob hyzkwzhw mhbowow phyh }fcjfy hw

nyh}hîöfw phyh fbkwwoyhw kczfyfwwhjhw, pykcgkphlbfczf hw jf pfxvfco poyzf, xvf cço

zkcdhb gocjkîöfw jf pyojvqky bhzfykhkw jfwwf zkpo# Cfwwh bfwbh ëpogh, bvkzhw

fbkwwoyhw jfgkjkyhb wf vcky phyh moyzhlfgfy h kbhnfb jo yèjko f gocxvkwzhy vbh bhkoy

}hloykqhîço gobfygkhl#

How povgow, gob ow co}ow wvpoyzfw zfgcol÷nkgow, o fwzklo joaoychlkwbo mok wf bojkmkghcjo, wfcjo hlzfyhjo zhbiëb o mhqfyaoychlâwzkgo jow co}ow bfkow# Hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf vwo jo yèjko gobobfko jf kcmoybhîço, fb jobâckow kchlghcîè}fkw pflh phlh}yhkbpyfwwh, zoychyhb kcwvmkgkfczf h jflkbkzhîço jo nácfyo aoychlâwzkgoboljhjh woiyf vbh ihwf bhzfykhl xvf cço h wvh $BFJKZWGD, 8;;;,p#98+#

Hw pykcgkphkw kco}hîöfw h xvf o hvzoy wf yfmfyf wfykhb o fwphîo phyh bhckmfwzhîço jo

ov}kczf, o yfgfpzoy jh bfcwhnfb5 o hlghcgf jo }fâgvlo fb lvnhyfw locnâcxvow, h

kco}hîço co wfczkjo jh phlh}yh “yfpoyzhnfb‒ gob hw fczyhjhw ho }k}o, f o mhzo jf cço

bocopolkqhy h hzfcîço jo pñilkgo, xvf pojf mhqfy }èykhw ovzyhw gokwhw fcxvhczo fwgvzh

ow kcmoybhzk}ow co yèjko#

Fb 8;>= o No}fyco jfgkjkv gykhy h Yhjkoiyèw, Fbpyfwh Iyhwklfkyh jf Yhjkomvwço, gob

h mkchlkjhjf jf “oynhckqhy hw fbkwwoyhw, opfyè"lhw f ftployhy ow wfy}kîow jf yhjkojkmvwço

jo No}fyco Mfjfyhl‒ $OYZYK^HCO, 8;46, p#9:+# H fbpyfwh zfykh vbh pyonyhbhîço

kcmoybhzk}h, fjvghzk}h f jf yfgyfhîço#

Ch jëghjh jf 8;40, ow whzëlkzfw bvjhyhb o wfczkjo jf zyhcwbkwwço co yèjko# H

Ihcjfkyhczfw “wobov, hbplkov, bvlzkplkgov wvh yfjf f mok pkocfkyh co Iyhwkl, avczhcjo

Kczflwhz, Iyhwklwhz, kcmoybhzkqhîço zozhl, Kczfycfz, yfjfw bvcjkhkw f chgkochkw jf whzëlkzfw

f gobpvzhjoyfw‒ $WHLOBÇO, 9007, p#>7+#

9 Mhq phyzf jo Nyvpo Hlmh# Ftkwzfb zyáw }fyzfczfw jh yfjf1 Zyhcwhbëykgh Pop, Dkzw f Lkndz



8:

Boqhdky Whlobço $9007+ hmkybh xvf h Fbiyhzfl gykov o Yhjkowhz, fb 8;4;, o xvf

pfybkzkv h moybhîço jf yfjfw chgkochkw f wvhw hmklkhjhw# Jo fwzñjko fb Iyhwâlkh, h

Yhjkoiyhw gob h ]oq jo Iyhwkl, co hy jfwjf h jëghjh jf 8;70, ë o pykcgkphl bfko jf

kcmoybhîço jf bvkzow iyhwklfkyow#

Ch jëghjh jf 8;;0 dov}f vbh pyolkmfyhîço jf fbkwwoyhw jf gvcdo yflknkowo# Bklzoc

Avcn $9004+ oiwfy}h xvf o kc}fwzkbfczo fb aoychlkwbo cfwwhw fbkwwoyhw pfyjfv fwphîo#

Gob o wvynkbfczo jh ~fi, mok nyhcjf o kbphgzo gob h gykhîço jf wkzfw f hw kcmoybhîöfw

hiyhcnfczfw cflfw goczkjhw, hlëb, ë glhyo, jhxvklo xvf dè jf bhkw yfczè}fl1 h pvilkgkjhjf

oc"lkcf#

H phyzky jf 9000, h phygfykh fczyf h kbhnfb f o wob wf popvlhykqh ch ~fi# Poy

kczfybëjko jh zflh jo gobpvzhjoy o kczfychvzh phwwh h ov}ky o wob jo yèjko f }fy hw

kbhnfcw jh zflf}kwço#

O mhzo ë xvf gob o phwwhy jow hcow, o yèjko wf gocwolkjov f wvhw }hczhnfcw gobo bfko

jf kcmoybhîço mkghyhb câzkjhw# Flf gocxvkwzov fwphîo f phpfl ifb jfmkckjow, jf moybh

xvf cfb h zflf}kwço, cfb h kczfycfz ‗ hlnvcw hcow jfpokw ‗ gocwfnvkyhb hihlhy wvh

pfybhcácgkh ch wogkfjhjf#

Hzvhlbfczf, hw co}hw zfgcolonkhw, ho kc}ëw jf yfpyfwfczhyfb vbh hbfhîh, wf zoychyhb

bhkw vbh hlzfychzk}h jf hzvhîço jfwwf }fâgvlo# Vb ftfbplo ë o yèjko jknkzhl xvf aè fwzè

fb zfwzfw co Iyhwkl# Poy bfko jflf, h xvhlkjhjf jo wob }hk bfldoyhy, zhczo phyh h

myfxvácgkh HB, xvhczo phyh hw jf MB# Hlëb jkwwo, hw fwzhîöfw pojfyço fc}khy zftzow

phyh yfgfpzoyfw, pyojvqkcjo goczfñjo jk}fywkmkghjo#

H kczfycfz }hk, hwwkb, jhcjo kbpoyzhczfw goczykivkîöfw phyh o }fâgvlo, aè xvf jk}fywhw

yèjkow fwzço jkwpockiklkqhcjo o hgfwwo à wvh pyonyhbhîço ho }k}o pflh yfjf bvcjkhl jf

gobpvzhjoyfw# Gob ow yfgvywow jh kczfycfz, ow vwvèykow zhbiëb pojfb gykhy wvhw

py÷pykhw fbkwwoyhw f pyojvqky pojghwzw7#

7 Zfybo xvf mhq yfmfyácgkh h kPoj $o zoghjoy jf bñwkghw jknkzhkw jh Hpplf+ f iyohjghwzkcn $zyhcwbkwwço jf

bfkow jf gobvckghîço fb bhwwh+# O kczfychvzh gykh ow pojghwzw f pvilkgh ch kczfycfz# Lè, o bhzfykhl ëhgfwwhjo poy kczfyfwwhjow, xvf pojfb mhqfy hwwkchzvyh jo YWW, vb moybhzo jf jkwzykivkîço jhwkcmoybhîöfw ch Kczfycfz# Poy bfko jflf, hw hzvhlkqhîöfw wço fc}khjhw phyh ow hwwkchczfw wfb h cfgfwwkjhjfjf hgfwwhy co}hbfczf h pènkch jf jo~clohj#



86

9#7 O yèjko fb Iflo Doykqoczf

9#7#8 H yèjko Bkcfkyh

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf mok poy kczfybëjko jh fwzhîço jh Yfphyzkîço Nfyhl jow

Zflënyhmow xvf h Hwwogkhîço Yèjko Bkcfkyh mfq, fb 8= jf jfqfbiyo jf 8;96, h wvh

pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço#

Jokw bfwfw jfpokw, o aoychl Bkchw Nfyhkw pvilkgh}h, ch fjkîço jf 9=jf mf}fyfkyo jf 8;9=, h cozâgkh zço hnvhyjhjh pflh popvlhîçoifloykqoczkch1 h yhjkomockh aè jh}h ow wfvw pykbfkyow phwwow ch ghpkzhl,co wfczkjo jf, fb povgo zfbpo, zfy hvzocobkh wvmkgkfczf phyh

gocwfnvky h wvh pykbfkyh gocgfwwço $GHBPFLO, 9008, p#;6+#

Jvyhczf zyáw hcow cço dov}f xvhlxvfy yfnkwzyo jf vbh co}h zyhcwbkwwço co Fwzhjo f o

ñckgo yfgvywo fyh wf goczfczhy gob h pyonyhbhîço hpyfwfczhjh pflhw yèjkow jo Yko f jf

Wço Phvlo#

Ghbpflo $9008+ ftplkgh xvf, fb hnowzo jf 8;9;, o aoychlkwzh bkcfkyo Lkcjolpdo

Fwpfgdkz yfgfifv jf vb hbkno h kcmoybhîço jf xvf fxvkphbfczow jf zflfgobvckghîço

phyh h kcwzhlhîço jf vbh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko fwzhykhb jkwpocâ}fkw phyh johîço# Fwpfgdkz

mok ho Yko jf Ahcfkyo f gocwfnvkv o bhzfykhl ch fwpfyhcîh jf, fb wfnvkjh, oizfy h

gocgfwwço phyh kcwzhlhy, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, h pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh jh ghpkzhl# H gocgfwwço

mok jhjh, nyhîhw h vb fcnhco polâzkgo jo pyfwkjfczf ^hwdkcnzoc Lvkw, xvf jfwgocdfgkh

h ftkwzácgkh jow fxvkphbfczow aè jkwpockiklkqhjow#

Fb = jf mf}fyfkyo jf 8;78, h Yèjko Bkcfkyh mok kchvnvyhjh omkgkhlbfczf# H fbkwwoyh

yfkcov hiwolvzh hzë 8;7=, xvhcjo chwgfyhb, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, hw Yèjkow Nvhyhck fKcgocmkjácgkh#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf ch jëghjh jf :0 h pyonyhbhîço jh Yèjko Bkcfkyh fwzh}h

gocwolkjhjh gob vbh wëykf jf kco}hîöfw, bvkzhw jflhw gopkhjhw pflhw fbkwwoyhw xvf

moyhb wvynkcjo jfpokw#



8=

Xvhcjo phwwov h mhqfy phyzf jh yfjf jow Jkèykow f FbkwwoyhwHwwogkhjow, boczhjh poy Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj, bvkzow kc}fwzkbfczowmoyhb mfkzow f h pyonyhbhîço wf zoycov, jf mhzo, ifb }hykhjh# Hlëb joyhjkozfhzyo, h Bkcfkyh mok vbh jhw pykbfkyhw h lhcîhy ow pyonyhbhw jfghlovyow, gob h Doyh jh Pflfnh, xvf jh}h ho }fcgfjoy vb pyábko jfjfq bkl yëkw# Mok zhbiëb h pykbfkyh h zyhcwbkzky vbh phyzkjh jfmvzfiol1 vb aono fczyf ]klh f Hzlëzkgo, f h pykbfkyh h cozkgkhy o kcâgkojh Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl# H “PYG >, Yèjko Bkcfkyh, h }oq jfBkchw phyh hlëb jhw myoczfkyhw‒ pfybhcfgfv co hy poy wfzf jëghjhw$GHBPFLO, 9008, p#808+#

9#7#9 H yèjko Nvhyhck

Fb hnowzo jf 8;7=, chwgkh h Yèjko Nvhyhck HB:, mvcjhjh poy Lhvyo jf Wovqh Ihyyow#

Gob flh, wvynkyhb ow nyhcjfw pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷yko, hw yfpoyzhnfcw, ow aoychkw mhlhjow

f co}ow pyonyhbhw jf fwpoyzfw fb Iflo Doykqoczf# Fb 8;:9, h fbkwwoyh phwwov h mhqfy

phyzf jo nyvpo jow Jkèykow Hwwogkhjow, xvf pfyzfcgkh h Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj#

Poy bhkw jf 90 hcow h Nvhyhck wf bhczf}f gobo vbh fwzhîço jfwfy}kîow, yfgocdfgkjh pflo wfv wlonhc “h }oq jo po}o‒, f wfcjogocwkjfyhjh h bhkoy jo nácfyo co Iyhwkl# O wfv wfy}kîo jf vzklkjhjfpñilkgh mvcgkoch}h gobo vb jfphyzhbfczo hvzúcobo f hzfcjkh àwbhkw }hykhjhw cfgfwwkjhjfw jh popvlhîço, hcvcgkhcjo jfwjf ojogvbfczo pfyjkjo ho vynfczf yfbëjko whl}hjoy jf }kjhw

$GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 80>+#

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf gobo hw jfbhkw fbkwwoyhw aè ftkwzfczfw co Phâw ch jëghjh

jf 70, h Nvhyhck cço hiykv bço jf ovzyhw mfyyhbfczhw xvf nhyhczkhb wvgfwwo avczo ho

pñilkgo, f kc}fwzkv zhbiëb fb aoychlkwbo, fwpoyzf f fczyfzfckbfczo, ivwghcjo vcky,

jk}fyzky, kcwzyvky f kczfnyhy o po}o bkcfkyo#

Jvyhczf ow pyonyhbhw, oyxvfwzyhw zogh}hb glèwwkgow jh bñwkgh chgkochl f kczfychgkochl

fcghczhcjo ow ov}kczfw xvf zhbiëb phyzkgkph}hb jhw zyhcwbkwwöfw, jkyfzhbfczf jo

hvjkz÷yko jh yèjko, loghlkqhjo ch Yvh Gvykzkih f gob ghphgkjhjf phyh 800 pfwwohw# H

Yèjko Nvhyhck cço wf lkbkzh}h hpfchw ho py÷pyko zfhzyo, ovzyow loghkw jf lhqfy yfgfikhb

ow ov}kczfw, gobo poy ftfbplo, o Gkcf Iyhwkl, o Gkcf Nl÷ykh f o Zfhzyo Bvckgkphl#

:

Hzvhlbfczf, flh opfyh hpfchw fb MB, jkyfgkochjh ho pñilkgo hjvlzo jhw glhwwfw H f I# O aoychlkwbozfb povxvâwwkbo fwphîo ch pyonyhbhîço#



8>

Mèiko Bhyzkcw $8;;;+ yfwwhlzh xvf, bhkw zhyjf, ch jëghjh jf 8;=0, h yèjko womyfv

hlzfyhîöfw ch wvh pyonyhbhîço# O jkyfzoy Aowë Bhvyo fwzhiflfgfv h bñwkgh, h cozâgkh f o

fwpoyzf gobo pklhyfw jh fbkwwoyh f, phyh kwwo, h fxvkpf jf aoychlkwzhw mok yfmoyîhjh gob

nyhcjfw cobfw }kcjow jh gocgoyyfczf# Zhkw bvjhcîhw yfcjfyhb à yèjko vbh lkjfyhcîh

kcxvfwzkocè}fl, poy zyáw hcow gocwfgvzk}ow#

Chky Pyhzh $9080+ kcmoybh, poyëb, xvf, h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;>0, h fbkwwoyh mok

pfyjfcjo lvnhy co zopo jh hvjkácgkh f h ftfbplo jo xvf hgoczfgfv gob h Bkcfkyh, h

Nvhyhck HB zhbiëb jfktov jf mvcgkochy, jfpokw jf 60 hcow co hy#

9#7#7 H yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh

Vb báw jfpokw jh kchvnvyhîço jh Yèjko Nvhyhck, chwgkh fb Iflo Doykqoczf h fbkwwoyh

omkgkhl jo No}fyco jo Fwzhjo1 h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh# Kcwzhlhjh pflo no}fychjoy

Ifcfjkzo ]hllhjhyfw, h fbkwwoyh zf}f gobo kjfhlkqhjoy Kwyhfl Pkcdfkyo xvf, ch ëpogh,

fyh Wfgyfzèyko jf Hnykgvlzvyh, Gobëygko, Kcjñwzykh, ]khîço f Oiyhw Pñilkghw#

H kbpowwkiklkjhjf jf gobvckghîço fczyf h ghpkzhl f o kczfykoy mok h

hlh}hcgh pyopvlwoyh xvf wfy}kv phyh avwzkmkghy h gykhîço jf vbhfwzhîço jf yèjko jo no}fyco xvf pvjfwwf vcky zojo o Fwzhjo jf BkchwNfyhkw, hkcjh ghyfczf jf fwzyhjhw hwmhlzhjhw, jf lkcdhw hëyfhw f jfzflfmockh# O goczyhzo mok hwwkchjo fb 89 jf hnowzo jf 8;7=, fczyf ono}fyco bkcfkyo f o Bkckwzëyko jf ]khîço phyh xvf wf fwzhiflfgfwwf,fb Iflo Doykqoczf, vbh fbkwwoyh gob mkchlkjhjf kczflfgzvhl fkcwzyvzk}h jf 99#000 ~hzzw, wvioyjkchjh hjbkckwzyhzk}hbfczf àWfgyfzhykh jf Hnykgvlzvyh# Hwwkb, wvynkv h Kcgocmkjácgkh, vbhfbkwwoyh lknhcjo ghbpo f gkjhjf, po}o f no}fyco, poy bfko jf vbhpyonyhbhîço ihwfhjh fb cozâgkh, bñwkgh, moldfzkb f yfglhbf#$GHBPFLO, 9008, p#88=+

Wfcjo h fbkwwoyh bhkw bojfych jh gkjhjf, h Kcgocmkjácgkh wfy}kh gobo poczo jfyfmfyácgkh cço wobfczf phyh ow zvykwzhw, gobo zhbiëb phyh o po}o jh ghpkzhl#

F dh}kh yhqço jf wfy phyh fwwf pyfwzânko# Zojow ow xvf zkcdhb yèjko fbghwh lknh}hb"co oiyknhzoykhbfczf àw gkcgo jh zhyjf, doyèyko fb xvf hwzyhcwbkwwöfw gobfîh}hb# Ow xvf cço zkcdhb, khb ov}ky hKcgocmkjácgkh jfihkto jow mkgvw jh Pyhîh Yko Iyhcgo, xvf powwhczfwhlzo"mhlhczfw gologhjow ch zoyyf jh Mfkyh kcvcjh}hb jf bñwkghw f jfcozâgkhw# Nfczf jf zojow ow ihkyyow jkwzhczfw hwwfczh}h"wf pflow ihcgowjh pyhîh ov ch bvyfzh jh Wfgyfzhykh jf Hnykgvlzvyh phyh ov}ky bñwkgh,

pyonyhbhw gvlzvyhkw f fjvghzk}ow, gocmfyácgkhw gkfczâmkghw f gocgfyzow$GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 88>+#



84

Ghbpflo $9008+ hmkybh xvf, gob o phwwhy jow hcow, hlëb jh gobvckghîço kcwzhczécfh

ch goifyzvyh jow pykcgkphkw hgoczfgkbfczow fwzhjvhkw, h Kcgocmkjácgkh phwwov h

pyk}klfnkhy wfnbfczow jkmfyfcgkhjow jh wogkfjhjf gob pyonyhbhw jfwzkchjow h pñilkgow

fwpfgâmkgow#

Pflh wvh pozácgkh, pflhw wvhw mkchlkjhjfw gobpyo}hjhw fb pyonyhbhwgvao cñbfyo jf ov}kczfw hvbfczh}h jkh hp÷w jkh, pflh wvh lhynhmvcîço gvlzvyhl f fjvghzk}h hiyhcnfcjo zhczow f zço }hykhjow wfzoyfw, hYèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh kbpúw"wf gobo vbh jhw fbkwwoyhw jf yfhl fpowkzk}h pyoafîço fb zojo o Phâw# H }olvbowh goyyfwpocjácgkhftkwzfczf fb wfvw hyxvk}ow pojkh hzfwzhy o hlghcgf jfwwfw pyonyhbhwmfkzow phyh zojhw hw ghbhjhw wogkhkw $GHBPFLO, 9008, p# 88;+#

Jfpokw xvf Kwyhfl Pkcdfkyo jfktov h wfgyfzhykh, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh zobov vb co}o

yvbo# Ch jëghjh jf 8;:0, h fbkwwoyh phwwov h wfnvky o bojflo jh Yèjko Chgkochl jo

Yko jf Ahcfkyo# Gob Yhbow jf Ghy}hldo ch jkyfîço, h yèjko zoycov"wf kbihzâ}fl# Gob

ghphgkjhjf phyh xvhwf bkl pfwwohw, o hvjkz÷yko yfgfikh hpyfwfczhîöfw jf ghczoyfw,

pyonyhbhw f yhjkoco}flhw# F co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf 8;=0, h Yèjko Kcgocmkjácgkh wf

gocwhnyh}h lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh co yèjko $BHYZKCW,8;;;+#

H fbkwwoyh goczkcvh woi o goczyolf jo No}fyco jf Bkchw f, hzvhlbfczf, powwvk

pyonyhbhîço jkmfyfczf phyh HB f MB, bhw fb hbihw, ë gocgfjkjo fwphîo ho

aoychlkwbo f ho fwpoyzf#

Ghbpflo $9008+ ftplkgh xvf co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf 60 ftkwzkhb co Iyhwkl gfygh jf 900

fbkwwoyhw# H polâzkgh hjozhjh pflo pyfwkjfczf Fvykgo Nhwphy Jvzyh zfczh}h ftphcjky o

wkwzfbh jf yhjkojkmvwço fwphldhcjo co}hw fwzhîöfw poy zojo o zfyykz÷yko chgkochl, wfb

gocgfczyè"lhw chw nyhcjfw gkjhjfw# Fb Iflo Doykqoczf, hw zyáw fwzhîöfw fb opfyhîço dè

jvhw jëghjhw lvzh}hb pflh hvjkácgkh jow ov}kczfw, f h powwkiklkjhjf jf co}hw

gocgfwwöfw jfwpfyzh}h nyhcjf kczfyfwwf#

Mok xvhcjo, fb 8;69, wvynkv h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Wfb }fyih phyh goczyhzhy vb ghwz gobo

ow xvf ftkwzkhb chw gocgoyyfczfw, o ghbkcdo fcgoczyhjo poy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo,

kjfhlkqhjoy jh fbkwwoyh f zfbh jfwwh boconyhmkh, mok pykoykqhy h kcmoybhîço, h goifyzvyh

jf f}fczow fwpoyzk}ow f h pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow#



8;

7 KZHZKHKH1 H YÈJKO JF BKCHW

H yèjko Kzhzkhkh ë vbh pozácgkh co wfnbfczo jh gobvckghîço# Goczh gob vbh fxvkpf jf

gfczo f wfzfczh golhioyhjoyfw# Hlëb jkwwo, h yèjko ë gobpowzh poy gkcgo fbkwwoyhw,

wfcjo flhw1 Kzhzkhkh HB/MB Iflo Doykqoczf, f xvhzyo co kczfykoy jf Bkchw, Ovyo Pyfzo,

Avkq jf Moyh, Boczfw Glhyow f ]hynkcdh#

H pozácgkh jh yèjko Kzhzkhkh ë jf 800 e^, goiyf vb yhko jf 8:0 xvklúbfzyow, hzkcnkcjo

zojh h yfnkço bfzyopolkzhch jh ghpkzhl bkcfkyh, f }èykhw gkjhjfw jo kczfykoy# Hzyh}ëw jh

ocjh gvyzh jf 6#;>0 eDq, goiyf zojo o fwzhjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw f ow fwzhjow }kqkcdow,

hlëb jf zfy wvh pyonyhbhîço zyhcwbkzkjh pflo wkzf, f pflo ghchl :88 jh WE[#

7#8 Fyh vbh }fq###

Mok co mvcjo jo xvkczhl jf ghwh, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, jfihkto jhw ihchcfkyhw, xvf o

bfckco Ahcvèyko gobfîov h gologhy fb pyèzkgh wfvw wocdow jf mvcjhy vbh yèjko# Xvfykh

nhcdhy pyábkow, gobo hgoczfgfyh gob h ghgdhîh “Lhvykcjkch‒#

Wfnvcjo Hcjyë Ghy}hldo f Eho Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, Joch Lhvyh, bçf jf Ahcvèyko, goczh}h

h flf o xvhczo fyh phyfgkjo gob o h}ú phzfyco, zhbiëb gdhbhjo Ahcvèyko, vb dobfb

gob ghyhgzfyâwzkghw ovwhjhw f }kwkocèykhw# O h}ú mhiykgh}h h ghgdhîh Lhvykcjkch, fb

Phzyogâcko jf Bvykhë#

Gfyzo jkh, fb 8;06, flf lfv vb aoychl woiyf h ftpowkîço kczfychgkochlxvf wfykh yfhlkqhjh ch gkjhjf jf Whkcz Lovkw, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow#Gob h ovwhjkh jow pkocfkyow, jfgkjkv kcwgyf}fy wvh ghgdhîh ch jkwpvzh

gob ifikjhw jo bvcjo kczfkyo# Bhcjov h “Lhvykcjkch‒ phyh owFwzhjow Vckjow f mok pyfbkhjo gob h bfjhldh jf ovyo# Zyáw hcowjfpokw, yfpfzkv o mfkzo ch Ftpowkîço Kczfychgkochl jf Phykw$GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p#866+#

Jf ghgdhîh, o cfzo Ahcvèyko cço fczfcjkh zhczo xvhczo fczfcjkh jf yèjko, dhah }kwzh xvf,

gob hpfchw 90 hcow, flf boczov vb pfxvfco zyhcwbkwwoy co xvkczhl, gob h mkchlkjhjf

jf lf}hy ho hy ow wvgfwwow bvwkghkw jh ëpogh# O bfckco goczh}h gob h havjh jow jokw

kybçow, zhbiëb hbhczfw jh yhjkomockh1 Fwzdfy, jf ocqf hcow, xvf kczfypyfzh}h Bhylfcf,



90

Jhl}h jf Olk}fkyh, Fbklkcdh Ioyih f ovzyhw ghczoyhw jo yèjko5 f Fbhcvfl, xvf whâh

goyyfcjo pflh }kqkcdhcîh gob h mvcîço jf fwphldhy h cozâgkh jf xvf h yèjko fwzh}h co hy#

Wfnvcjo Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, ch jëghjh jf 8;60, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo }kv, poy

hghwo, fb vb aoychl kbpyfwwo, xvf vb nyvpo jf Vifylécjkh dh}kh wf fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb

oizfy gocgfwwöfw jf yèjko phyh pfxvfcow bvckgâpkow# H fbpyfwh jfzfczoyh jh gocgfwwço

boczh}h h fwzhîço jf yèjko phyh, fb wfnvkjh, }fcjá"lh gob ènko# Ow zyhcwbkwwoyfw fyhb

jf 800 ~hzzw, h bfcoy pozácgkh pfybkzkjh#

Dh}kh vbh fbkwwoyh jfwwf zkpo wfcjo kcwzhlhjh fb Co}h Lkbh, wfjfjo ]klh Co}h Hzlëzkgo Glvif f jh Bkch jf Boyyo ]fldo, h povgobfcow jf 70 xvklúbfzyow jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Ahcvèyko mkgov whifcjo#Fyh h gdhcgf jf jykilhy h iyknh jow pojfyowow ‗ xvf zfczh}hb hyyhcghyjf Nfzñlko h gocgfwwço jo co}o ghchl ‗ phyh yfhlkqhy wfv wocdo chzfyyh jo ovyo# H opoyzvckjhjf fwzh}h hlk, bhw o jkcdfkyo, cço$GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 9=+#

Ahcvèyko }kv hlk vbh opoyzvckjhjf, f zyhzov jf gocwfnvky vbh phygfykh phyh gobpyhy h

fbkwwoyh#

Jf hgoyjo gob Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, chxvflh ëpogh Ahcvèyko zkcdh 97 hcow f vb

whlèyko kcwvmkgkfczf phyh goiyky wvhw py÷pykhw jfwpfwhw# Gob vb pyoafzo hvjhgkowo chw

bçow, Ahcvèyko goc}fcgfv o fbpyfwèyko Hlhky Govzo h zoychy"wf wfv w÷gko#

Mok jo mvzfiol xvf }fko h wolvîço# Ahcvèyko lfbiyov"wf jf HlhkyGovzo, ft"pyfwkjfczf jo Hbëykgh Mvzfiol Glvif, gob xvfb mkqfyhw÷lkjh hbkqhjf f xvf gobfîh}h chxvflfw zfbpow vbh }kzoykowhghyyfkyh jf kcgoypoyhjoy# Hlhky hgyfjkzov co pyoafzo, hjkhczov 40goczow phyh h fczyhjh f gocwfnvkv hyyhcahy vb fbpyëwzkbo ihcgèyko jf990 goczow phyh goiyky o xvf mhlzh}h# Zoycov"wf w÷gko, bhw h}kwov1“Fczyo phyh golhioyhy, f whko hwwkb xvf h golhioyhîço wf mkqfy jkwpfcwè}fl‒# Gob o jkcdfkyo ch bço, hw gokwhw wf hgflfyhy hb$GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 9=+#

Ow 700 goczow ftknkjow phyh o phnhbfczo moyhb oizkjow poy bfko jf vb fbpyëwzkbo jo

co}o w÷gko f fb 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;69 o wocdo }kyov yfhlkjhjf1 h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh fczyh}h

fb opfyhîço omkgkhlbfczf#

Jfq jkhw jfpokw, Nfzñlko ]hynhw hwwkch}h h hvzoykqhîço phyh xvf h Kzhzkhkh mvcgkochwwf

omkgkhlbfczf# H yèjko opfyh}h ch myfxvácgkh 8640 eDq, ifb co mkchlqkcdo jo jkhl# Cçofyh nyhcjf gokwh, bhw jh}h phyh gobfîhy# $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9+#



98

Hnoyh, mhlzh}h boczhy h fxvkpf, xvf lono mok moybhjh gob o goc}kzf mfkzo h jokw hbknow

xvf zyhihldhyhb gob Ahcvèyko ch Yèjko Nvhyhck1 Dfybâcko Bhgdhjo, yfwpocwè}fl pflh

pvilkgkjhjf f Lvkq Ghylow jf Wfcch Afyúckbo, yfwpocwè}fl pflh phyzf zëgckgh#

Gobfîh}h hlk h yfhlkqhîço jf vb wocdo#

7#9 H pykbfkyh zyhcwbkwwço

Fb 98 jf avldo jf 8;68, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hiykv wfvw bkgyomocfw pflh pykbfkyh }fq, hkcjh

wfb lkgfcîh phyh mvcgkochy#

Kcwzhlhjh co wfnvcjo hcjhy jo Fjkmâgko Ovyo, ch Pyhîh jo Ëjfc, fbCo}h Lkbh, phyfgkh zvjo, bfcow vbh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko# Fyhb zyáw

xvhyzow, gob gfygh jf 89 bfzyow xvhjyhjow ghjh# Co pykbfkyo,mkgh}hb h yfjhîço, h hjbkckwzyhîço f o jfphyzhbfczo gobfygkhl,nyh}kzhcjo fb zoyco jh ñckgh bèxvkch jf fwgyf}fy jkwpocâ}fl# Owfnvcjo, pobpowhbfczf gdhbhjo jf fwzñjko, cço phwwh}h jf vbgviâgvlo gob hw ahcflhw }fjhjhw# H zëgckgh ogvph}h o zfygfkyo, gob ozyhcwbkwwoy, h bfwh jf èvjko f gfczfchw jf jkwgow jf >4 yozhîöfw poybkcvzo, fbpkldhjow wfb cfcdvb gykzëyko hphyfczf# H hczfchdoykqoczhl phwwh}h woiyf o zfldhjo, f o gocavczo cço yfwkwzkykh h vbhmkwghlkqhîço wf dov}fwwf mkwghkw kczfyfwwhjow chxvflh kcwzhlhîçopyfgèykh# $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#>+#

Fb wfzfbiyo jo bfwbo hco, h Kzhzkhkh zyhcwbkzkv vbh phyzkjh jf mvzfiol, jkyfzhbfczf joghbpo jo Hzlëzkgo, co ihkyyo jf Lovyjfw, gob Ahcvèyko gobo logvzoy f Aoço Gkykco

gobo gobfczhykwzh#

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jhzh phyh gobfboyhy, zhbiëb, o hck}fywèyko jflf f dobfchnfhy Wço Wfihwzkço, xvf wf

zoycov o phjyofkyo jh Kzhzkhkh#

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cokzf moyhb vb pyfcñcgko jo xvf wf zyhcwmoybhykh h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh1 “ h poyzh"}oq jow

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99

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Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, hpfwhy jh fbpolnhîço, pfygfifv xvf h yèjko fwihyyh}h fb lkbkzhîöfw

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o wob xvf gocwfnvkh wvpfyhy h ihyyfkyh jh Wfyyh jo Gvyyhl bhl pojkh wfy ghpzhjo fb

Iflo Doykqoczf‒ $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#;+# Poy kwwo, h Kzhzkhkh fyh }kwzh gobo h

fbkwwoyh xvf mhlh}h phyh o gfczyo f gogdkgdh}h phyh ow ihkyyow#

7#7 Mhqfcjo h jkmfyfcîh

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Olâbpkgow Vck}fywkzèykow xvf moyhb yfhlkqhjow fb Iflo Doykqoczf, lono hp÷w h

bvjhcîh jo zyhcwbkwwoy, mok }kwzo gobo vb lhcgf jf ovwhjkh pflhw zyáw nyhcjfw

fbkwwoyhw jf Iflo Doykqoczf# Phyh Ahcvèyko, co fczhczo, h goifyzvyh jh gobpfzkîço

zoycov"wf vbh jfbocwzyhîço jf moyîh#

Gob vb zflfmocf, wfb ghyyow phyh zyhcwpoyzhy h fxvkpf f wfb lkcdhw jf zyhcwbkwwço, h

yèjko jfwjoiyov"wf phyh mhqfy h goifyzvyh jf zojhw hw gobpfzkîöfw# O xvf wf }kv moyhb

hw gocgoyyfczfw fbpfcdhjhw ch fwgvzh jh Kzhzkhkh phyh jk}vlnhy ow yfwvlzhjow jhw

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kcwzhlhy vb powzo jf zyhcwbkwwço co M÷yvb Lhmh{fzzf phyh zyhcwbkzky, jvyhczf :9 doyhw

kckczfyyvpzhw, o avlnhbfczo jo pofzh Jëgko Fwgoihy, hgvwhjo jf bhzhy gob }èykhw

mhghjhw o fcnfcdfkyo Lvkq Jflnhjo#

6 Yflhzo jf Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo à pfwxvkwhjoyh fb 87/;/80#



97

Jvyhczf bfwfw, o hwwvczo mok bozk}o jf jkwgvwwöfw fb IfloDoykqoczf# “O gykbf jo Phyxvf Bvckgkphl‒, gobo fyh gdhbhjo pflhkbpyfcwh, zkcdh ow kcnyfjkfczfw phyh hzyhky h hzfcîço jo pñilkgo1pfwwohw mhbowhw, fc}ol}kjhw fb vb glkbh jf jfcwo bkwzëyko fgocjkbfczow wftvhkw pkghczfw $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p#68+#

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jvilhwwfb ow jfihzfw f jfpokbfczow xvf ogoyykhb co zykivchl# F, bhkw vbh }fq, hw

fbkwwoyhw gocgoyyfczfw moyhb oiyknhjhw h zfy h Kzhzkhkh gobo fwgvzh phyh wf bhczfyfb

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pyfgfjfczfw‒ $GOWZH5 BHYZKCW, 9009, p#84+#

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hpyfwfczhîço jflfw fb Iflo Doykqoczf# H zyvpf wf pyopvcdh h hcjhy jf bozogkglfzh

woiyf vb ghio jf hîo fwzfcjkjo fczyf o 96± hcjhy jo fjkmâgko jo Ihcgo jh Lh}ovyh,

doaf Ihcgo Yfhl, ch Pyhîh Wfzf, hzë o zfyyhîo jo fjkmâgko Hghkhgh, jo ovzyo lhjo jh

H}fckjh Hmocwo Pfch#

Jf hgoyjo gob Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, o yfp÷yzfy woyzfhjo phyh goifyzvyh jo f}fczo

mok Aowë Lkco Wovqh Ihyyow, jf 90 hcow, mvcgkocèyko jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh hzë doaf# H

goifyzvyh cço wfykh fb zfyyh mkybf, bhw, avczo à fxvkpf lè co hlzo jow fjkmâgkow, wfczhjo

fb vbh ghjfkyh hbhyyhjh à bozo xvf ghyyfnh}h h pkyébkjf dvbhch#

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O yfp÷yzfy hzyh}fwwov o fwphîo gob ow hlfbçfw f zyhcwbkzkv ho }k}o h hpyfwfczhîço#

Aowë Lkco, cço gocwfnvf jfmkcky goyyfzhbfczf h bkwgflécfh jf wfczkbfczow co bobfczo

jh zyh}fwwkh#



9:

Lè jf gkbh, cço jh}h pyh jfmkcky ow wfczkbfczow# Fv chyyh}h hftpfykácgkh xvf fyh gdfkh jf bfjo f fboîço# Bhw zk}f h gfyzfqh jfxvf zhczo ow fwpfgzhjoyfw xvhczo ow ov}kczfw pvjfyhb wf jflkgkhy gobzvjo hxvklo# H mhbh jf xvf fv fyh lovgo wf fwphldov f bfwfw jfpokwfv zyhcwbkzk vb whlzo jf phyhxvfjhw jkyfzh f wkbvlzhcfhbfczf jf vbjow xvhzyo h}köfw jh Fwxvhjykldh jh Mvbhîh# Hgdo xvf h mhbh jflovgo ë pfyzkcfczf# =

Gocmoybf Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+, o hco jf 8;6: mok bhyghczf phyh h fbkwwoyh f

zhbiëb mok vb jk}kwoy jf ènvhw ch dkwz÷ykh jh yèjko# Aè cço fyh powwâ}fl kncoyhy h

co}kjhjf xvf h Kzhzkhkh yfpyfwfczh}h# H hvjkácgkh aè bowzyh}h xvf o gogdkgdo mkgh}h

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gobfygkhl $PYHZH, 9009+#

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Ghbpfochzo Wvl"Hbfykghco, Pfyv t Iyhwkl# Fyh h pykbfkyh }fq xvf h fbkwwoyh mhqkh vbh

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zyhcwbkwwço, hwwkb jfwgykzh poy Ghy}hldo f Bhyzkcw $8;;9+#

= Yflhzo jf Aowë Lkco Wovqh Ihyyow à pfwxvkwhjoyh, fb 80/;/80#



96

" Dhilh, wføoy# Poy xvf cço dhilhw, wføoy? O ihyvldo fyh fcoybf, cofwzèjko jo Yk}fy Plhzf# Jfwjf h gocxvkwzh jo zâzvlo bvcjkhl, co hcohczfykoy, fyh h pykbfkyh }fq xvf h wflfîço iyhwklfkyh wf yfvckh pyh vbzoycfko kczfychgkochl###O nyhcjf zkbf ocjf iykldh}hb Pflë, Nhyykcgdh,Jkjk, Cklzoc Whczow f zojow ow dfy÷kw jf 64 zfykh xvf gobpyo}hy wvhwvpyfbhgkh co ghbpo jo hj}fywèyko# Ahcvèyko jfw}kov ow oldow jhwhyxvkihcghjhw# Pfygfikh ho wfv lhjo h ftpyfwwço jf hcwkfjhjf cowyowzow jf Ow}hljo Mhykh f ]hljky Yojyknvfw# Flfw cço fczfcjkhb hyhqço jo wklácgko xvf o gdfmf mhqkh ho bkgyomocf# Fczfcjfyhb bfcowhkcjh xvhcjo flf yfpfzkv1 " Wfcdoyfw ov}kczfw, ioh cokzf# Fwzf iohcokzf wknckmkgh o nykzo jf kcjfpfcjácgkh jo yèjko bkcfkyo###$GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p# 0;+

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poy ènvh hihkto f wf pfyjkjo fb bfko à gocmvwço jf lkcdhw kczfychgkochkw#

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pyonyhbhîço gob kcmoybhîöfw kbpyo}kwhjhw# Mok xvhcjo h }oq fb Ivfcow Hkyfw wf mfq

fwgvzhy fb Bkchw#

Fb ovzyow poczow jh gkjhjf, hlnvbhw pfwwohw zk}fyhb xvf hphnhy joyowzo o woyykwo gob xvf aè gobfboyh}hb o myhghwwo jhxvflhfbkwwoyhqkcdh pyfzfcwkowh, xvf hcvcgkhyh h zyhcwbkwwço jf vbghbpfochzo jf mvzfiol jkyfzhbfczf jf Ivfcow Hkyfw# Fwzè}hbow fb8;6;, f h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh jh}h o pykbfkyo nyhcjf phwwo ch wvh ghyyfkyhjf lhcgfw f }kz÷ykhw kcfwpfyhjhw $GHY]HLDO f BHYZKCW, 8;;9, p#88+

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pfybhcfgfy co hy fb zfbpo kczfnyhl#

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9=

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7#: O jfjo jf Jfvw

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94

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pykbfkyo jkh jf bhko, jkh jo Zyhihldhjoy#

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70

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wocdo jf bfv kybço }hlfv h pfch f cço }hk zfybkchy hxvk4#

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78

Nyhjhzk}hbfczf, h Kzhzkhkh hlghcîov o powzo jf xvhyzh fbkwwoyh jo Iyhwkl f pykbfkyh fb

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jf hvjkácgkh jh fbkwwoyh#

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7#= Kzhzkhkh1 Lkjfyhcîh xvf ckcnvëb jkwgvzf

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h Yf}kwzh Bfko f Bfcwhnfb88#

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jo wvpfykoy gobplfzo# Ë hkcjh lâjfy hiwolvzh ch hvjkácgkh fb hvzob÷}fkw, f bhczëb h

lkjfyhcîh hiwolvzh ch ghpkzhl bkcfkyh gob =6#09= ov}kczfw poy bkcvzo89#

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Pyhzh $9000+ jfmkcf hwwkb o ov}kczf mkfl1

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79

Hxvflf xvf ov}f jfzfybkchjh fbkwwoyh oczfb f hczfoczfb# Jo écnvlojh oiwfy}hîço, o ov}kczf mkfl pojf wfy jfmkckjo gobo wfcjo vbwfnvkjoy jh fbkwwoyh, hxvflh pfwwoh xvf hgobphcdh phyzf ov zojhpyonyhbhîço, whif ow cobfw jow gobvckghjoyfw, gocdfgf ow doyèykowjow pyonyhbhw, phyzkgkph gob wvnfwzöfw f hzë gob gyâzkghw f wfczfb"wf,jf hlnvbh moybh, phyzf jh }kjh jh yèjko# Hlëb jkwwo, yfgvwhb"wf hov}ky xvhlxvfy ovzyh fbkwwoyh xvf cço wfah hxvflh jf wvh pyfmfyácgkhhiwolvzh# $PYHZH, 9000, p#87;+

Hkcjh wfnvcjo Pyhzh $9000+ ftkwzfb hlnvcw zkpow jf fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko xvf powwvfb vbh

zfcjácgkh à hvjkácgkh mkfl f h Kzhzkhkh nvhyjh hlnvbhw jfwwhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw1

Wço fbkwwoyhw xvf bhczáb ow bfwbow pyonyhbhw jvyhczf bvkzow hcow, mhqfcjo gob xvf ow

ov}kczfw wf hgowzvbfb gob ow doyèykow, gob ow gobvckghjoyfw, gob ow moybhzow f cço

hcwfkhb, hwwkb, poy nyhcjfw bvjhcîhw# Wço zhbiëb fbkwwoyhw }olzhjhw phyh vb pñilkgohjvlzo, xvf powwvk ghyhgzfyâwzkgh gocwfy}hjoyh, xvf nowzh jo xvf ov}f f, poy kwwo, wf zoych

mkfl#

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flfw h zyhjkgkochlkjhjf, h kczfyhzk}kjhjf, h gyfjkiklkjhjf, h xvhlkjhjf f h wfykfjhjf#

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pyonyhbhîço fwzhyè lè gobo flf fwpfyh#

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yèjko dè fwphîo phyh h phyzkgkphîço jo ov}kczf ho }k}o, opkchcjo poy f"bhkl, poy zflfmocf,

poy ghyzh f hzë pfwwohlbfczf, avczo how yfp÷yzfyfw#

H Gyfjkiklkjhjf ë gocgfkzvhjh gobo h xvhlkjhjf jhxvklo xvf ë gyâ}fl# Fwzf pklhy wf bowzyh

gobo vb jow bhkw yflf}hczfw, pokw ë poy bfko jh gyfjkiklkjhjf xvf o ov}kczf zfb h gfyzfqh

jf xvf o xvf fwzè ov}kcjo wfah, jf mhzo, }fyjhjf#

H Xvhlkjhjf, ë vb job, vb jozf, vbh }kyzvjf# Vbh fbkwwoyh w÷ gocwfnvf goiyky vb

fwphîo jf wvgfwwo nhyhczkcjo"wf cfwzf pklhy# Hkcjh wfnvcjo Pyhzh $9000+, h xvhlkjhjf wf

wvijk}kjf fb zyáw wvighzfnoykhw1 jk}vlnhîço jow mhzow fb pykbfkyh bço, bâckbo jf zyáw

fczyhjhw ho }k}o jf yfp÷yzfyfw cow loghkw jow hgoczfgkbfczow f pfjkjo moybhl jf jfwgvlphw



77

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H Wfykfjhjf ë hxvklo xvf ë mfkzo gob gvkjhjo, jfw}flo f jklknácgkh f yfñcf ow pklhyfw

hczfykoyfw# Fwwf pklhy hiyknh h flhioyhîço jf phvzhw xvf pfybkzhb vbh hioyjhnfb gobplfzh

jh cozâgkh5 o zyhihldo jow pyojvzoyfw jh fbkwwoyh, h hpvyhîço f h gdfghnfb jh kcmoybhîço,

f h pyfwzhîöfw jf wfy}kîow pñilkgow zhkw gobo1 zfbpfyhzvyh, glkbh, doyh gfyzh, zyécwkzo, fzg#



7:

: AHCVÈYKO GHYCFKYO F WVHW GOCZYKIVKÎÖFW PHYH O YÈJKO

BKCFKYO

:#8 Bfzojolonkh jf pfwxvkwh

Wfnvcjo Jfwlhcjfw $9000+, bfzojolonkh wço phyébfzyow vzklkqhjow phyh gocjvqky vb

fwzvjo, h fwgoldh jhw zëgckghw f bëzojow xvf }ço wfy fbpyfnhjow fb vbh pfwxvkwh

gkfczâmkgh ‗ gobo, poy ftfbplo, o fwphîo h wfy hchlkwhjo, h jfmkckîço jhw fwzyhzënkhw

phyh o zyhihldo jf ghbpo f ow pyogfjkbfczow hjozhjow phyh h kczfypyfzhîço jow jhjow

golfzhjow# Ë o ghbkcdo h wfy zykldhjo phyh o gocmyoczo jh zfoykh $yfmfykcjo h pfwxvkwh

jogvbfczhl+ f jh pyèzkgh $poy bfko jh pfwxvkwh jf ghbpo+, “hyzkgvlhîço fczy f

goczfñjow, pfcwhbfczow f ftkwzácgkh‒ $JFWLHCJFW, 9000, p#8=+# Zfoykh fbfzojolonkh wf gobplfzhb1 jf}f"wf ivwghy gocgfkzow zf÷ykgow phyh o bètkbo

gocdfgkbfczo jo oiafzo, jfmkcky xvhkw hw zëgckghw cfgfwwèykhw phyh h gocwzyvîço jfwwh

yfhlkjhjf f vzklkqhy gykhzk}kjhjf ch ftfgvîço jhw pfwxvkwhw#

O pfygvywo bfzojol÷nkgo fwgoldkjo phyh fwwh boconyhmkh wf ihwfov ch pfwxvkwh

ikilkonyèmkgh, ch pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl f dkwz÷ykh oyhl#

:#8#8 Pfwxvkwh ikilkonyèmkgh

H pfwxvkwh ikilkonyèmkgh mok yfhlkqhjh h phyzky jh wflfîço jf lk}yow, zfwfw, jkwwfyzhîöfw f

hyzknow gkfczâmkgow yflhgkochjow à dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko co bvcjo, co Iyhwkl f fb Iflo

Doykqoczf, h mkjflkjhjf jo ov}kczf jf yèjko f, fwpfgkhlbfczf, hw pvilkghîöfw

yflhgkochjhw à yèjko Kzhzkhkh#

Bfjkzwgd $8;;;+ chyyh ow pykbfkyow phwwow jo yèjko co bvcjo f jfmfcjf xvf o }fâgvlo

zoycov"wf cço w÷ vb kbpoyzhczf bfko jf kcmoybhîço gobo, zhbiëb, jf pyophnhcjh f

fczyfzfckbfczo# Flf ftplkgh xvf, how povgow, gob ow co}ow wvpoyzfw zfgcol÷nkgow, o

fwzklo jo aoychlkwbo mok wf bojkmkghcjo, wfcjo hlzfyhjo o mhqfy aoychlâwzkgo jow co}ow

bfkow#

Oyzyk~hco $8;46+ jkwgvzf o }fyjhjfyko phpfl jo yèjko iyhwklfkyo cow wfvw pykbfkyow

wfwwfczh hcow jf }kjh, mhqfcjo vbh hcèlkwf jo phpfl jh yhjkomockh co phâw#



76

Aè Ghbpflo $9008+ bfynvldh ch dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko co Iyhwkl f, fwpfgkhlbfczf fb Iflo

Doykqoczf, yfhlkqhcjo vb pyomvcjo fwzvjo woiyf h pyonyhbhîço jhw fbkwwoyhw hzë o

mkchl jh jëghjh jf 60, xvhcjo h zflf}kwço gobfîov h wf gocwolkjhy chgkochlbfczf#

Wohyfw $8;;:+ hchlkwh o yhjkoaoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, vb jow pykbfkyow nácfyow h wf mkybhy

chw nyhcjfw fbkwwoyhw f zhbiëb h ogvphy bhkoy fwphîo jf zfbpo ch pyonyhbhîço#

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob h hvzoyh, o “yèjko fwpoyzk}o‒ mok fwwfcgkhl , zhczo phyh o mvzfiol,

xvhczo phyh o gyfwgkbfczo jo }fâgvlo gobo kbpoyzhczf bfko jf gobvckghîço jf bhwwh#

Wovqh $8;;=+ jkwgvzf o phpfl jhw yèjkow MB, jfbocwzyhcjo o wvpyffcjfczf gyfwgkbfczo

jf hvjkácgkh pykcgkphlbfczf fczyf ow ao}fcw, cvbh pyo}h kcgoczfwzf jf xvf, aè co kcâgko

jh jëghjh jf >0, h wfnbfczhîço jhw MBw gob fwzklow bvwkghkw jkmfyfczfw phwwov h wfy

vbh yfhlkjhjf#

Poy mkb, Pyhzh $9000+ hchlkwh hw yhqöfw xvf lf}hb o ov}kczf jf yèjko à vbh

ftzyhoyjkcèykh mkjflkjhjf jf hvjkácgkh, fwpfgkhlbfczf gob yflhîço è Yèjko Kzhzkhkh#

:#8#9 Pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl

H pfwxvkwh jogvbfczhl ë gocgfkzvhjh poy Lhehzow f Bhygock $9008+ gobo h golfzh jf

jogvbfczow, xvf pojfb wfy gocwvlzhw jf moczfw pykbèykhw, gobo hyxvk}ow pñilkgow ov

jkèykow5 zyhcwgykîço jf yflhz÷yko jf ovzyow fwzvjow, fwzhzâwzkgh ov hvzoikonyhmkhw5

bhzfykhkw mfkzow f hchlkwhjow pflo py÷pyko kc}fwzknhjoy ov poy ovzyow hvzoyfw, gobo

mozonyhmkhw, nyèmkgow f nyh}hîöfw fb mkzh#

O bëzojo hxvk vzklkqhjo mok o bëzojo ikonyèmkgo#

Pfch $900:+ hchlkwh ow hzyhzk}ow xvf o bëzojo ikonyèmkgo jkwpockiklkqh phyh ow

pfwxvkwhjoyfw#

Ë xvf, fb pykcgâpko, zojh ikonyhmkh wf cow hpyfwfczh gobo vb nfwzopojfyowo jf wfjvîço jf bfb÷ykh# Cço ë vb nfwzo wolkzèyko fkcjk}kjvhl, gobo wf pojfykh pfcwhy, vbh }fq xvf fwwh phlh}yh zfcjf hwvnfyky jf kbfjkhzo ow pyogfwwow jf kczyowpfgîço f yfbfboyhîço jfmhzow wknckmkghzk}ow jo phwwhjo $PFCH, 9OO:, p# 86+#



7=

Phyh Jvhyzf f Ihyyow $9000+, cço ë powwâ}fl jfmkcky o xvf ë ikonyhmkh, aè xvf fwzf bëzojo

hiyhcnf }èykhw gkácgkhw# H ikonyhmkh zhbiëb pojf wfy gdhbhjh jf pfymkl, dkwz÷ykh jf

}kjh f jf hvzoikonyhmkh# H ikonyhmkh jf}f zfy gobo mogo vb pfywochnfb yfhl, xvf jf}f

wfy o oiafzo jf fwzvjo# Phyh xvf wfah powwâ}fl h gocwzyvîço jh ikonyhmkh jf}fb"wf

vzklkqhy moczfw xvf pojfb wfy pykbèykhw ov wfgvcjèykhw#

Hw moczfw pykbèykhw wço jogvbfczow omkgkhkw f cço omkgkhkw xvf yfzyhzfb h ëpogh }k}kjh

pflo ikonyhmhjo# Wço goyyfwpocjácgkhw, glkppkcnw, lk}yow jf bfb÷ykhw ov jf

hvzoikonyhmkhw, zfwzfbvcdow oyhkw, xvfwzkocèykow, mozow, gfyzkjöfw, jkèykow, jfczyf ovzyow#

Hw moczfw wfgvcjèykhw wço hw jfglhyhîöfw jow fczyf}kwzhjow#

Zojo o bhzfykhl hxvk hchlkwhjo mok nfczklbfczf gfjkjo poy Fwzfy Ghycfkyo f pfyzfcgkh hohyxvk}o pfwwohl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#

:#8#7 Dkwz÷ykh Oyhl

H dkwz÷ykh oyhl ë vb yfgvywo xvf, jf hgoyjo gob Lhehzow f Bhygock $8;49+, wfy}f phyh

golfzhy jhjow ov mhgklkzhy vb jkhnc÷wzkgo# Ë o goczhzo mhgf h mhgf phyh h oizfcîço jf

kcmoybhîöfw, jf ghwow ov fwglhyfgkbfczow pyfgkwow f moghlkqhjow#

Phyh fwzf zyhihldo moyhb fwgoldkjhw hlnvbhw pfwwohw xvf goc}k}fyhb jf moybh ifb

py÷tkbh gob Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo1 Ow kybçow Fwzfy f Fbhcvfl, f jokw mvcgkocèykow jh

fbkwwoyh xvf hlk zyhihldhb dè bhkw jf :0 hcow1 h wfgyfzèykh Lñgkh Ifwwh, f o yhjkhlkwzh

Hgky Hczço#

H dkwz÷ykh oyhl ë vb yfgvywo bfzojol÷nkgo xvf ivwgh yfwpowzhw h phyzky jh ftpfykácgkh

wviafzk}h jh moczf# H vzklkqhîço jh fczyf}kwzh zhbiëb pfybkzf pfygfify jkmfyfczfw

bhcfkyhw jf kjfczkmkghy f jfwgyf}fy ow mfcúbfcow#

:#9 FLF POY FLHW

Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo f Lñgkh Ifwwh goczhb gobo mok h yflhîço xvf zk}fyhb gob Ahcvèyko

Ghycfkyo# Flhw jfwgyf}fb hlnvcw bobfczow xvf }k}fyhb gob o hjbkckwzyhjoy#



7>

:#9#8 Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo87

Co jkh 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;94 chwgfv ch pfxvfch Phzyogâcko jf Bvykhë, Qoch jh Bhzh,

Ahcvèyko Lhvykcjo Ghycfkyo#

Mknvyh 8

Mok fb dobfchnfb à h}÷ bhzfych xvf Joch Lhvyh f Wy# Aowë jo Phzyogâcko Ghycfkyo

jfgkjkyhb ihzkqhy gob o cobf jf Fwzdfy, h wfnvcjh mkldh jo ghwhl, xvf chwgfv xvhcjo o

pykbonáckzo, Ahcvèyko, gobplfzov 89 hcow#

Jfwpoczh}h h jëghjh jf :0 f h mhbâlkh Ghycfkyo gdfnh}h à ghpkzhl bkcfkyh phyh wf

kcwzhlhy co ihkyyo jh Wfyyh, yfnkço wvl jh gkjhjf, ch zfczhzk}h jf ivwghy vb mvzvyo

bfldoy, fb zfbpo jf bvkzh lvzh f whgykmâgko#

87 Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 78/04/9080



74

Mvk fcgoczyhy, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, jkh 88 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;7>, bvkzobfckco, vbh gkjhjf chwgfczf, pyobkwwoyh, }fyjf gobo o xvf bhkw}fyjf dhah, vb jkh jfpokw jf Nfzñlko ]hynhw jfgyfzhy o Fwzhjo Co}o fkchvnvyhy bhkw vbh jkzhjvyh wvlhbfykghch, gob zojhw hw wvhwdvbkldhîöfw, womykbfczow f bhqflhw# Iflo Doykqoczf zkcdh 8:0 bkldhikzhczfw, gokwh jf }kczf }fqfw bfcow jo xvf zfb doaf# Mokjfwlvbiyhczf jfwgfy jo zyfb mvbhgfczo ch Pyhîh jh Fwzhîço, hp÷w hpfcowh wvikjh jh Wfyyh jh Bhczkxvfkyh, phyh zfy jkhczf jow oldow hpykbfkyh gkjhjf nyhcjf, xvf bowzyh}h lono vb jow wfvw ghyzöfwpowzhkw, o ]khjvzo jf Whczh Zfyfwh, wfv hygo, wvhw lvqfw, }fcgkjo fb}hlfczf Moyjfgo 9;, co yvbo jo ihkyyo jh Wfyyh, bfv ihkyyo jfwfbpyf, gfcèyko jf bkcdh kcmécgkh, ifyîow jow bfvw kybçow Fwzdfy fFbhcvfl#8:

Mknvyh 9

Fwzdfy ftplkgh xvf, ch ghpkzhl, o pykbfkyo fbpyfno jf Aowë Ghycfkyo mok co gobëygko

Fb Phzyogâcko jo Bvykhë, o cowwo phk zyhihldh}h ch kcjñwzykh, bhw,xvhcjo gdfnhbow fb Iflo Doykqoczf, flf gobfîov h zyhihldhy gob ozko Whlnhjo, bhykjo jh zkh Whczkcdh, xvf fyh joco jh ñckgh bfygfhykhjo ihkyyo Wfyyh#

Ow cfn÷gkow, poyëb, cço jfyhb gfyzo f, fbioyh zfcjo hihcjochjo o gobëygko f

gocwfnvkjo fbpyfnhy"wf ch Ghkth Fgocúbkgh Mfjfyhl, o whlèyko jf Aowë Ghycfkyo fyh

8: Jkwgvywo jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ch Hghjfbkh Bhykhcfcwf jf Lfzyhw, fb Ahcfkyo jf 8;46#



7;

kcwvmkgkfczf phyh hw jfwpfwhw jh mhbâlkh, oiyknhcjo Joch Lhvyh h hzk}hy h wvh bèxvkch

jf gowzvyh, ch zfczhzk}h jf fwzkghy o oyîhbfczo jobëwzkgo#

Wfnvcjo Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo, bfwbo whifcjo xvf o mvzvyo gdfnh yèpkjo, o phk jflfw wfbpyf

wf pyfogvpov gob h fjvghîço jow mkldow f lvzov, o xvhczo mok powwâ}fl, phyh xvf zojow

fwzvjhwwfb# Flf hgyfjkzh}h xvf, fb Iflo Doykqoczf, pojfykhb zfy vbh moybhîço

hghjábkgh bfldoy f, gdfko jf fwpfyhcîh, hmkybh}h, wfbpyf, xvf ow fwzvjow fwzyvzvyhb o

dobfb#

Bhw lono"lono Aowë jfwgoiykv xvf ow 60 bkl yëkw jh pyfwzhîço bfcwhl jo Golënko

Hychljo fyhb jf zhl bojo jkmâgfkw, xvf o gvywo nkchwkhl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo mkgov pflh

bfzhjf f h }kjh fwgolhy jo mkldo bhkw }fldo phyov hlk#

Fwzdfy yflhzh xvf Ahcvèyko jfwfcdh}h bvkzo ifb f h mhbâlkh gdfnov h pfcwhy xvf, zhl}fq,

pvjfwwf wf zoychy vb fcnfcdfkyo, ov xvfb whif vb hyxvkzfzo, bhw lono flf phwwov h

jfbocwzyhy vb kbfcwo kczfyfwwf pflo yèjko#

Xvhcjo fv chwgk, Ahcvèyko zkcdh joqf hcow f gkcgo hcow jfpokw chwgkh

o Fbhcvfl# Lfbiyo"bf xvf fv f Fbhcvfl ëyhbow gykhcîhw f Ahcvèykoaè fyh vb yhphq mhwgkchjo gob o yèjko, phktço xvf wvynkyh cow hcow:0, xvhcjo cowwo phk zhbiëb wf zoychyh vb mç kcgocjkgkochl jhxvflfkbpoyzhczf }fâgvlo jf gobvckghîço# Phphk hjoyh}h ov}ky owpyonyhbhw jh Yèjko Chgkochl f Ahcvèyko fyh wfv gobphcdfkyokcwfphyè}fl cfwwhw doyhw

Hlëb jf nowzhy jf yèjko, Ahcvèyko hjoyh}h fwpoyzf#

Hlëb jf ov}kczf hwwâjvo, Ahcvèyko zhbiëb nowzh}h jf aonhy iolh#Gdfnov h moybhy jokw zkbfw co cowwo ihkyyo1 o Wfyyhco f o H}hczf# Owaonhjoyfw fyhb jh mh}flh jo Ghmfqhl, gocdfgkjh, hczknhbfczf, goboGhifîh jf Poygo, poyxvf hw bvldfyfw bhzh}hb ow poygow f whâhb}fcjfcjo ow pfjhîow fb lhzhw pflhw yvflhw hmoyh# Ahcvèyko zkcdhbvkzow hbknow cow zkbfw xvf moybh}h# Fyhb pfwwohw xvfmyfxüfczh}hb h cowwh ghwh# Fv kh bvkzo }fy o Ahcvèyko aonhy iolh, cobfko jf vbh pofkyhjh jhchjh, lè co hlzo jh Wfyyh#

Fwzdfy hmkybh, poyëb, xvf mok o zko Whlnhjo, xvfb bhkw pyfwwkocov h mhbâlkh phyh zfczhy

hmhwzhy Ahcvèyko jo bvcjo fwpoyzk}o# Zkcdh bfjo xvf o bfckco wf zoychwwf vb

}hnhivcjo, poy ghvwh jo mvzfiol# Zvjo fb }ço(



:0

Gfyzh }fq, Ahcvèyko xvfiyov o iyhîo aonhcjo iolh# Cowwo phk fczçogoyyfv phyh pfjky ghyoch ho zko Whlnhjo, pokw fyh ñckgo jh mhbâlkh xvfzkcdh ghyyo# Ahcvèyko pyfgkwh}h wfy lf}hjo ho dowpkzhl gob vynácgkh,bhw o zko wf yfgvwov h cow havjhy# Ahcvèyko zf}f xvf ky ho PyoczoWogoyyo jf iocjf#

Xvhcjo Ahcvèyko yf}flov h }oczhjf jf wf zoychy yhjkhlkwzh, Aowë Ghycfkyo cço gocgoyjov

gob o jfwfao jo mkldo# Ch ëpogh, jkqkh"wf xvf h zvifygvlowf hzkcnkh gob myfxvácgkh ow

pyomkwwkochkw xvf zyhihldh}hb fb yèjko, bhw Ahcvèyko cço jh}h ov}kjow# Hzë poyxvf,

hkcjh bolfxvf, aè zkcdh boczhjo, fczyf hw ihchcfkyhw jo xvkczhl jh py÷pykh ghwh, h wvh

pykbfkyh fbkwwoyh1 h yèjko Añpkzfy, gobo goczh Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo#

Flf lknh}h h yèjko f h nfczf fczyh}h co hy# Fczço Ahcvèyko goyykh jh yvhjf cowwh ghwh hzë h yvh jo Ovyo phyh }fy wf o wob jh fwzhîço fwzh}hgdfnhcjo hzë lè# Xvhcjo ow yvâjow gdfnh}hb fyh vbh bhyh}kldh, vbhhlfnykh kyyhjkhczf# Mok h phyzky jhlk xvf gobfîov h lvzh jf Ahcvèyko phyhboczhy wvh py÷pykh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko, o xvf cço jfboyov bvkzo hhgoczfgfy#

Wfnvcjo Fwzfy, Ahcvèyko wfbpyf mok vb dobfb }hkjowo, nowzh}h jf vwhy zfycow f ow

ghiflow fwzh}hb wfbpyf ifb pfczfhjow86#

Mknvyh 7

86 Ghykghzvyh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo jfbocwzyhcjo o fwzklo jf wf }fwzky#



:8

Hczfw, poyëb, jf mvcjhy h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, Ahcvèyko mok zyhihldhy ch Yèjko Nvhyhck# Hlk

hlëb jf mhqfy bhzëykhw lknhjhw ho fwpoyzf, phwwov h hpyfwfczhy, zhbiëb, vbh

yhjkoco}flh, fwgykzh poy flf bfwbo, goczhcjo h }kjh jf aonhjoyfw jf mvzfiol#

Ahcvèyko wfbpyf nowzov jf mvzfiol, pykcgkphlbfczf jow glvifwhbhjoyfw# Flf gdfnov h fwgyf}fy o lk}yo Gobo chwgfyhb ow glvifw

}hyqfhcow8= , goczhcjo h dkwz÷ykh jow pykcgkphkw glvifw hbhjoyfw jfIflo Doykqoczf# Fwzf hboy jfv oyknfb à Goph Kzhzkhkh, xvf ftkwzf hzëdoaf# Flf hjoyh}h bf goczhy dkwz÷ykhw jf wfvw âjolow co mvzfiol gobo1Mfjfyyhgd, Dflfco jf Myfkzhw f Jkhbhczf Cfnyo# Ahcvèyko pfwxvkwh}hh }kjh jow aonhjoyfw phyh mhlhy co wfv pyonyhbh

Mknvyh :

Wfnvcjo Fwzdfy, Ahcvèyko }k}fv kczfcwhbfczf phyh o yèjko, bhw, zhbiëb, pújf jfjkghy"

wf à mhbâlkh jf bhcfkyh ftzyhoyjkcèykh, fwpfgkhlbfczf cow bobfczow jfwmyvzhjow ho lhjo

jow woiykcdow# Hlk, avczo àw gykhcîhw, Ahcvèyko wf zoych}h vbh jflhw#

Gob h hvzoykjhjf wvwzfczhjh pflo mhzo jf wfy o kybço bhkw }fldo, pyokikh Fwzdfy f

Fbhcvfl jf gdhbhyfb h hzfcîço jf xvhlxvfy vb jow woiykcdow ch myfczf jflf# O xvf

fyh pyokikjo pflow phkw, fyh hvzoykqhjo poy Ahcvèyko#

8= Zâzvlo jo lk}yo fwgykzo poy Ahcvèyko



:9

Gfyzh }fq, Ahcvèyko gdhbov ow woiykcdow, Fbhcvfl f fv phyh kybow àWhihyè# Mobow jf zyfb# Hw gykhcîhw mkghyhb jfwlvbiyhjhw gob hco}kjhjf# Fczyhbow cow }hnöfw f Ahcvèyko pfjkv phyh o yhphq xvf}fcjkh vb phwzfl hiwvyjhbfczf fcnoyjvyhjo phyh wf wfczhy gocowgo#Cowwow mkldow gobfyhb zvjo xvf o nhyozo zkcdh pyh }fcjfy# Fv kcwkwzkphyh xvf flf cço jfwwf o phwzfl àw gykhcîhw, bhw flf jkwwf xvf phwwfkojf zyfb wfb phwzfl jf nhzo, cço zkcdh nyhîh# Hkcjh fb Whihyè,phwwhbow pfyzo jf vbh ghjfkh f Ahcvèyko lf}ov hw gykhcîhw hzë lè# Flfbhcjov gobpyhy gknhyyow f jkwzykivkv phyh ow pyfwow# Cfwwf jkh owjfzfczow pfjkyhb pyh nfczf fwgyf}fy ghyzhw, f fv mvk pfnhcjo ow cobfwf fwgyf}fcjo# Gobo whikhb xvf Ahcvèyko fyh jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkhwolkgkzhyhb bvkzow hcñcgkow ch fbkwwoyh, fcxvhczo hw gykhcîhwiykcghyhb gob hw hlnfbhw# Mok vbh mfwzh#

Ahcvèyko fyh hkcjh vb zhlfczowo goczhjoy jf dkwz÷ykhw# Jf kbhnkchîço mëyzkl f fczochîço

pfymfkzh, flf wf fwbfyh}h chxvflf bfynvldo ho bvcjo jh mhczhwkh# H dkwz÷ykh jf bhkoy

wvgfwwo fczyf ow woiykcdow fyh h jh Ghwh Fcghczhjh#

Fyh vbh ghwh xvf fwzh}h wfbpyf fb gocwzyvîço# Cflh cço dh}khyfnyhw# Cço dh}kh fwgo}hw cfb phwzh jf jfczfw# H nflhjfkyh fwzh}hwfbpyf gdfkh jf jogfw, whcjvâgdfw f yfmyknfyhczfw# O gdv}fkyo w÷ wfykhvwhjo fb ñlzkbo ghwo# H fwgolh cço pyfgkwh}h wfy myfxvfczhjh# Cowwowmkldow, bfv f jo Fbhcvfl, wfbpyf xvhcjo fcgoczyh}hb gob o zkopfynvczh}hb wf h ghwh aè fwzh}h zfybkchjh# F fwwh dkwz÷ykh cvcgh zf}fmkb#

Fwzdfy Ghycfkyo hmkybh, goczvjo, xvf zojh fwwh hlfnykh fwgocjkh vb fwzhjo jf whñjfpyfogvphczf }k}kjo poy Ahcvèyko# Fbioyh bvkzo }hkjowo gob h hphyácgkh, wfbpyf

pfymvbhjo, gob yovphw ifb phwwhjhw f ghiflow gob nfl, flf cço gvkjov jh wvh py÷pykh

whñjf f pyogvyov fwgocjfy fwwf pyoilfbh jf zojow xvf gob flf goc}k}khb#

Ho jfwgoiyky ow }èykow kcmhyzow xvf Ahcvèyko fwzh}h zfcjo, goc}fywfkgob ow bëjkgow jflf# Jkhncowzkghyhb xvf goènvlow jf whcnvf, hxvhlxvfy bobfczo, pojfykhb cço phwwhy pflhw hyzëykhw f flf womyfykhvb jfyyhbf mhzhl# Fczço mok gdfnhjh h doyh jf Ahcvèyko wf hmhwzhy jo

zyhihldo# Flf pojfykh hzë ky h yèjko, bhw cço pojfykh }khahy wfbhgobphcdhczf, ov ky phyh hlnvb lvnhy xvf cço zk}fwwf hzfcjkbfczobëjkgo hjfxvhjo phyh o ghwo jflf# Ahcvèyko cço ifikh, bhw mvbh}hbvkzo#

Ahcvèyko pyfgkwov wf yfhjhpzhy gob hlkbfczhîço, doyèykow f gobpyobkwwow# H jofcîh o

lkbkzov gocwkjfyh}flbfczf# Fyhb }èykow gobpykbkjow poy jkh, yfgfkzhjow pflo bëjkgo

jf gocmkhcîh jh mhbâlkh, Jy# Ghwzkchljo Ihwzow Whczow#



:7

Mknvyh 6

Bhw o }âgko jo gknhyyo zfcjkh h gobplkghy vbh wkzvhîço xvf aè cço fyh wkbplfw jf wfy

yfwol}kjh hpfchw gob bfjkghbfczo f kwwo zhbiëb mfq gob xvf o pfygvywo jf Ahcvèyko

mowwf yfjvqkjo#

Wfnvcjo Fwzdfy, Ahcvèyko phyzkv dè xvhwf 8> hcow, bhw h whvjhjf hkcjh ë nyhcjf, phyh

zojow xvf gob flf goc}k}fyhb# Phyh flh, Ahcvèyko mok f goczkcvh wfcjo vb ftfbplo h

wfy wfnvkjo#

Ahcvèyko fyh vbh pfwwoh xvf ivwgh}h kcghcwh}flbfczf o wfv kjfhl#Dobfb hifyzo à }kjh, fgvbáckgo f wfb pyfgocgfkzow# Flf nowzh}h jo

pyfwkjfczf jh Yfpñilkgh jh bfwbh moybh xvf hjbkyh}h vb bkwfyè}fl#Flf phwwh}h pflhw jkmkgvljhjfw wfbpyf woyykcjo# Ë jkmâgkl ftplkghy, bhwflf fyh vbh pfwwoh mhwgkchczf# Wkczo bvkzo h boyzf jflf, hkcjh doaf#

:#9#9 Lñgkh Ifwwh8>

Lñgkh Bhykh jf Hyhvao Ifwwh zkcdh povgo bhkw jf 90 hcow xvhcjo, fb 8;=;, gocdfgfv

Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Flh xvfykh zyhihldhy ch yèjko f aè cfwwf fcgoczyo, yfgfifv o goc}kzf

jo joco jh fbkwwoyh# Gobfîh}h hlk vbh nyhcjf hbkqhjf, xvf jvyov fthzow 96 hcow#

8> Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 0;/04/9080



::

Jfwjf wfbpyf zk}fyhb vbh yflhîço jf bvkzh pyotkbkjhjf# Flh hmkybh xvf, hlëb jo

pyomkwwkochlkwbo f jh gocmkhcîh, flfw wf wfczkhb bfko gñbplkgfw, jhcjo bhynfb phyh

xvf zojow xvfwzkochwwfb o zkpo jf yflhîço xvf bhczkcdhb#

Bfv phk gdfnov h hgdhy xvf fv f Ahcvèyko chboyè}hbow# Vb jkhbfvw phkw yfwol}fyhb }kwkzhy Ahcvèyko# Ho gdfnhyfb h ghwh jflf, flffwzh}h co ihcdo, f xvhcjo whkv f mok phyh o xvhyzo, fv zhbiëb mvk gobflf, f mok hâ xvf bfv phk gonkzov h powwkiklkjhjf jf cow ghwhybow# Fvwfbpyf mvk hpfchw vbh gobphcdfkyh jf Ahcvèyko, cvcgh zk}fbowxvhlxvfy zkpo jf yflhgkochbfczo gocavnhl#

Mknvyh =

Mok ch gobphcdkh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo xvf flh yfhlkqov o wocdo jf gocdfgfy o bvcjo,

ov nyhcjf phyzf jflf, pokw o hgobphcdov fb xvhwf zojhw hw }khnfcw poy flf yfhlkqhjhw,

xvfy mowwfb h zyhihldo, xvfy mowwfb h phwwfko# Cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, ch Fvyoph, ov

bfwbo ch Hbëykgh jo Wvl, ow jokw fwzh}hb wfbpyf avczow, zyoghcjo gocmkjácgkhw,

kbpyfwwöfw, mhqfcjo plhcow f, woiyfzvjo, wf jk}fyzkcjo h }hlfy#

Fwzè}hbow co Dozfl Nl÷ykh, co Yko jf Ahcfkyo, phyh phyzkgkphy jf vbGocnyfwwo# Fyh vb f}fczo kbpoyzhczf, yfvckcjo nyhcjfw fbpyfwèykowfwzyhcnfkyow# Xvhcjo fczyhbow co flf}hjoy, Ahcvèyko, gob wfvkcgyâ}fl wfcwo jf dvboy, bf pfjkv xvf mkqfwwf hlnvbh phldhîhjh phyhhwwvwzhy ow nykcnow xvf cow mhqkhb gobphcdkh# Gobo fv mhqkh zvjoxvf Ahcvèyko bhcjh}h, gobfgfk h nykzhy mfkzo vbh lovgh chxvflfgviâgvlo# Zojow mkghyhb hwwvwzhjâwwkbow gob hxvklo f hzë doaf jf}fbwf pfynvczhy h yhqço jhxvflf fwgécjhlo# Ho jfwgfybow, Ahcvèyko f fvxvhwf boyyfybow jf yky jhxvflh iykcghjfkyh kjkozh#



:6

Bvkzhw moyhb hw dkwz÷ykhw fcnyhîhjhw xvf hbiow }k}fcgkhyhb jvyhczf zhczow hcow jf

goc}k}ácgkh# Jfczyf flhw, vbh xvf wfbpyf bfyfgf wfy goczhjh, wfnvcjo Lñgkh Ifwwh,

poy wfy zço kcvwkzhjh1

Woiyf vbh bfwh fcoybf, ch whlh jh pyfwkjácgkh, Ahcvèyko gowzvbh}hlhynhy bvkzow phpëkw poy hlk fwphldhjow jfwoyjfchbfczf# Fv wfbpyfzk}f bvkzh }oczhjf jf hcjhy jfwghlîh woiyf hxvklo zvjo# Ch }fyjhjf fvwocdh}h gob fwwh powwkiklkjhjf( Vb jkh, fwpfyfk xvf Ahcvèyko whâwwfphyh o hfyopoyzo, cvbh }khnfb xvf mhykh à Iyhwâlkh f cço zk}f jñ}kjh,zkyfk ow whphzow, wvik ch bfwh f gobfgfk h hcjhy jf vb lhjo phyh oovzyo# Jf yfpfczf, Ahcvèyko hiyf h poyzh f bf pfnh hlk, co bhkwhiwolvzo mlhnyhczf1 dh}kh gdfnhjo hzyhwhjo co hfyopoyzo f pfyjkjo o}úo# Poy kwwo }olzov phyh h yèjko h zfbpo jf }fy hxvflh gfch# Fv cfbzk}f goyhnfb jf oldhy co yowzo jflf# Ahcvèyko cvcgh mhlov chjh hyfwpfkzo jfwwf fpkw÷jko#

Lñgkh goczh xvf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo zkcdh hboy kcgocjkgkochl pflo fwpoyzf f hboy hkcjh

bhkoy pflo ]kllh Co}h, zkbf jf mvzfiol jf Co}h Lkbh, ocjf h Kzhzkhkh chwgfv#

Hzë 8;;:, o ]kllh ahbhkw jfwgfv phyh h wfnvcjh jk}kwço# Kwwo poyxvf,jfpfcjfcjo jo jfwfbpfcdo jh fxvkpf, Ahcvèyko kh bvjhcjo oyfnvlhbfczo jh gobpfzkîço, kc}fczhcjo vbh ov ovzyh glèvwvlh phyhifcfmkgkhy o wfv zkbf jo goyhîço#

Fb 8;47, Ahcvèyko yfgfifv jo pyfwkjfczf jo ]kllh Co}h, vb jkplobh, hwwfnvyhcjo"ldf f

hzykivkcjo"ldf zojow ow jkyfkzow f jf}fyfw fwzhiflfgkjow cow fwzhzvzow jh fxvkpf#84 F

Ahcvèyko lf}ov kwwo ho pë jh lfzyh# Wfczkh"wf ch oiyknhîço jf mhqfy o powwâ}fl f o

kbpowwâ}fl pflo zkbf jo goyhîço#

Mknvyh >

84 Jkplobh gocgfjkjo h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflo ]kllh Co}h Hzlëzkgo Glvif



:=

Fb 8;4;, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, yfjknkv vbh ghyzh ho fczço no}fychjoy jf Bkchw Nfyhkw,

Cf~zoc Ghyjowo, pfjkcjo phyh xvf zoychwwf yfhlkjhjf vb wocdo jh zoygkjh }klhco}fcwf

f jh gobvckjhjf jf Co}h Lkbh, kcwzhlhcjo vb wkwzfbh jf klvbkchîço co fwzèjko

bvckgkphl Ghwzoy Gkmvfczfw#

Fwwf wocdo, Wfcdoy No}fychjoy, zfb wvh yhqço bhkoy ftplkghjh pflhpy÷pykh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jf Co}h Lkbh f bvckgâpkow py÷tkbow, jf}oghîço fwzykzhbfczf opfyèykh, o xvf wvibfzf wfvw zyhihldhjoyfw hmolnhw cozvychw, xvhcjo fczço záb h gdhcgf jf jfwmyvzhy jo wfvfwzèjko#8;

Mknvyh 4

8; Ghyzh jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo jhzhjh jf 90 jf ovzviyo jf 8;4;, fcjfyfîhjh ho no}fychjoy jo Fwzhjo jfBkchw Nfyhkw, Cf~zoc Ghyjowo, jo hyxvk}o pfwwohl jf Fwzfy Ghycfkyo#



:>

Mknvyh ;

Lñgkh Ifwwh ftplkgh, poyëb, xvf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gobo aoychlkwzh, gocwfnvkh wf

jkwzhcgkhy jfwwh phktço fcwhcjfgkjh pflo ]kllh Co}h, fchlzfgfcjo ovzyhw fxvkpfw jo

mvzfiol bkcfkyo, gob ftzyhoyjkcèykh bhfwzykh, gobo cfwwh gyúckgh fwgykzh poy flf fb

8;=4, kczkzvlhjh1 Hw ifb hbhjhw ihcjfkyhw#

Gfyzh zhyjf, cço mhq bvkzo, pyfwzfk hzfcîço à fczyhjh fb ghbpo jozkbf jo Hzlëzkgo# O Fwzèjko mfy}kldh}h, phyfgkh vb }vlgço }obkzhcjo

múno, chxvflh doyh jf gobfîhy nyhcjf aúno# H iúgh jo zñcfl jèjkyfzhbfczf phyh h hyxvkihcghjh ghyka÷ f cço fyh mègkl jkwzkcnvky ocjfwf fcgoczyh}h hcwkfjhjf bhkoy, wf ch ifkyh co ghbpo ov cow jfnyèvwjf gkbfczo# Ow aonhjoyfw moyhb wf hnyvphcjo, gdfnh vb, hphyfgfovzyo, oynhckqh"wf yhqoh}flbfczf vbh mklh f o zkbf whlzh phyh onyhbhjo# Phyfgkh fwzovyo jh iokhjh# Phyfgfcjo vbh mlfth, h fxvkpfphyzkv yfzh ch jkyfîço jh bhwwh dvbhch, gobo pvthjh poy nknhczfwgokbç, }hyov h lkcdh lhzfyhl jo ovzyo lhjo, kc}hjkv h nyhbh ftzfych,phyfgkh jkwpowzh h whlzhy o nyhjkl, o múwwo f ghky cow iyhîow jhmlhbfahczf plhzëkh, ch fmvwk}h f ghloyowh whvjhîço jh fczyhjh# Lè fbgkbh, pflhw hyxvkihcghjhw, ow nykzow f ow vyyow, ow lfcîow f ow gdhpëvwhnkzhjow, ow monow f, pykcgkphlbfczf, bkldhyfw jf ihcjfkyhw hnkzhjhw,

jf zojow ow zhbhcdow f mfkzkow f, bhkw hkcjh, jf jfwfcdow bñlzkplow,poyxvf h zoygkjh hihcjocov h moybh omkgkhl f ghjh xvhl mhq vbfwzhcjhyzf pfwwohl, zyhîhjo f gocwzyvâjo gocmoybf ow yfgvywow ov onúwzo jf ghjh vb# Poyxvf hw ihcjfkyhw wço vbh jhw jvhw bhyghwco}hw xvf ghyhgzfykqhb o bojfyco mvzfiol bkcfkyo# H ovzyh mkgovwfcjo h pyfwfcîh jo pñilkgo mfbkckco, bfckchw, boîhw f wfcdoyhw xvfahbhkw pfcwhyhb }áy vb aúno fwzço hnoyh jhcjo pyfwfcîh pfybhcfczf,zyhcwbkzkcjo nyhîh, gúy f iflfqh how fwpfzègvlow# F hw ihcjfkyhw# Vbhfwpëgkf co}h jf ftzyh}hwhbfczo, ghjh vb }kiyh bhkw f }k}f bhkw hwfboîöfw jow pyëlkow, o jflâyko jow nohlw f o iykldo jhw }kz÷ykhwpoyzhcjo o pfcjço hbhjo, o whnyhjo wâbiolo jf vbh pyfmfyácgkh, jfvbh phktço, pfyzo jh myoczfkyh jf vbh }fyjhjfkyh yflknkço90#

90 Gyúckgh fwgykzh poy Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo fb 8;=4, kczkzvlhjh1 Hw ifb hbhjhw ihcjfkyhw#



:4

Hlëb jo aoychlkwbo fwpoyzk}o, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, wfnvcjo Lñgkh Ifwwh, wfbpyf

jfbocwzyov vb nyhcjf kczfyfwwf pflo aoychlkwbo polâzkgo, wf powkgkochcjo, gob bvkzh

glhyfqh, jkhczf jow mhzow gozkjkhcow cço w÷ jf Iflo Doykqoczf, gobo zhbiëb jo Iyhwkl f

jo bvcjo#

Mok jf moybh iykldhczf xvf Ahcvèyko havjov h flfnfy hw pfwwohw chwxvhkw hgyfjkzh}h# Xvhcjo Zhcgyfjo Cf}fw wf ghcjkjhzov ho no}fycojf Bkchw, zojow ow ÷ynçow jf kbpyfcwh jh}hb gobo gfyzh h }kz÷ykh jfFlkwfv Yfwfcjf, doaf Wfchjoy jh Yfpñilkgh# W÷ h Kzhzkhkh hgyfjkzov fbZhcgyfjo# Cço jfv ovzyh# Flf wf zoycov o no}fychjoy jhw Nfyhkw phyh,fb wfnvkjh, wfy flfkzo pyfwkjfczf jo Iyhwkl#

Lñgkh Ifwwh yfgoyjh xvf fb 8;;7, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo mok dobfchnfhjo gob o Bëykzo

Lfnkwlhzk}o jh Gébhyh Bvckgkphl jf Goczhnfb# Fb bfko h zhczow ghyzöfw yfgfikjow,fwzh}h o jf Dëlko Nhygkh, fczço no}fychjoy jo Fwzhjo jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#

Iflo Doykqoczf, 96 jf hnowzo jf 8;;7#Ghyo hbkno, Aoychlkwzh AHCVÈYKO GHYCFKYOCo bobfczo fb xvf ]# ë, bhkw vbh }fq dobfchnfhjo, hnoyh gob o“Bëykzo Lfnkwlhzk}o‒ jh Gébhyh Bvckgkphl jf Goczhnfb, gvbpykbfczo"o f yfhmkybo o jfwfao jf xvf o wvgfwwo fwzfah wfbpyf ho

wfv lhjo# Goyjkhl hiyhîo jo wfv hbkno f hjbkyhjoyDëlko Nhygkh98

Mknvyh80

Flh zhbiëb fcmhzkqh h pyfogvphîço wogkhl jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, gobpyo}hjh fb vb

ghyzço yfgfikjo ch bfwbh ëpogh, fc}khjo pflo fczço pyfwkjfczf jh Ghkth Fgocúbkgh

Mfjfyhl f doaf wfgyfzèyko jf Fwzhjo jf No}fyco jf Bkchw Nfyhkw, Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo#

98 Ghyzço jo no}fychjoy Dëlko Nhygkh gvbpykbfczhcjo Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflo Bëykzo Lfnkwlhzk}o



:;

Hbknow Ahcvèyko f Fbhcvfl,Ë ftzyfbhbfczf nyhzkmkghczf }fykmkghy o fc}ol}kbfczo f o fwmoyîo xvfow bhkw jk}fywow wfnbfczow jh wogkfjhjf iyhwklfkyh }ábjfwfc}ol}fcjo ch ivwgh jo ifb gobvb# Jfwwh moybh, nowzhykh jf

yfnkwzyhy bfv wkcgfyo hnyhjfgkbfczo ho pyfwzkbowo hpoko xvf h YèjkoKzhzkhkh }fb fbpyfwzhcjo ch jk}vlnhîço jf bfcwhnfb jfwzh GFM,yflhzk}h à Ghbphcdh jf Gobihzf à Mobf f à Bkwëykh#Gob bfv hiyhîo, Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo99

Mknvyh 88

Bfcow jf vb hco jfpokw, o aoychlkwbo bkcfkyo wf }fwzkv jf lvzo# Boyykh Ahcvèyko

Ghycfkyo#

Lñgkh hkcjh lfbiyh gob bvkzh zykwzfqh jhxvflf 4 jf bhko jf 8;;:97#

Mok o Fbhcvfl xvfb pykbfkyo yfgfifv h cozâgkh# Flf cço zf}f goyhnfbjf bf goczhy# Ahcvèyko mok gobo vb kybço pyh bkb# Cço mok w÷ vbphzyço, mok vb hbkno, gñbplkgf, gobphcdfkyo# Mfq phyzf jh bkcdh}kjh f wfbpyf }hk mhqfy# Ahcvèyko ë vbh pfwwoh xvf cço jè pyh

fwxvfgfy# Cço jè pyh phwwhy h pènkch f gobfîhy vbh co}h dkwz÷ykh#

99 Ghyzço jo pyfwkjfczf jh Ghkth Fgocúbkgh Mfjfyhl, Jhcklo jf Ghwzyo, fb hnyhjfgkbfczo à goifyzvyhjhjh pflh Kzhzkhkh à Ghbphcdh jf Gobihzf à Mobf f à Bkwëykh#97 Jkh jh boyzf jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo gocmoybf o Hzfwzhjo jf ÷ikzo#



60

Mknvyh 89

:#7 FLF POY FLFW

Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo f Hgky Hczço yflfbiyhb hlnvcw mhzow }k}kjow gob Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#

:#7#8 Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo9:

H zyhafz÷ykh jf Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo fwzè pyomvcjhbfczf hzyflhjh à dkwz÷ykh jh py÷pykh yèjko

Kzhzkhkh, jfwjf h wvh mvcjhîço# Hmkchl, flf hkcjh cço dh}kh gobplfzhjo okzo hcow xvhcjoo kybço Ahcvèyko gologov co hy h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh, xvf }kykh h wf zyhcwmoybhy ch fbkwwoyh

lâjfy jf hvjkácgkh jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#

Fbhcvfl gobfîov h zyhihldhy ch yèjko hkcjh bfckco, how 87 hcow, mhqfcjo wfy}kîow jf

ommkgf"io{# Cço jfboyov bvkzo phyh hlîhy co}ow }úow f hzvhy gobo opfyhjoy jf wob,

plhczockwzh fwpoyzk}o, yfp÷yzfy, yfjhzoy, pyonyhbhjoy bvwkghl, hzë gdfnhy à jkyfîço

hyzâwzkgh f jf opfyhîöfw jh fbkwwoyh# Gob h boyzf jf Ahcvèyko, fb 8;;:, o

9: Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 9:/0;/9080



68

hjbkckwzyhjoy jf fbpyfwhw Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo, wf zoycov o jkyfzoy pyfwkjfczf jo Nyvpo

Kzhzkhkh jf Gobvckghîço, f o pykbfkyo bkcfkyo h hwgfcjfy à pyfwkjácgkh jh Hwwogkhîço

Iyhwklfkyh jf Yèjko f Zflf}kwço $Hifyz+, jfwjf h wvh mvcjhîço dè :4 hcow# H fczkjhjf

gocnyfnh 9#:70 fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko f 790 jf zflf}kwço jf zojo o phâw#

Fbhcvfl ë jfqfwwfkw hcow bhkw co}o xvf o kybço Ahcvèyko f hpyfcjfv, jfwjf bvkzo

ao}fb, h hwwvbky nyhcjfw yfwpocwhiklkjhjfw# Hmkchl, xvhcjo Aowë jo Phzyogâcko

Ghycfkyo mhlfgfv, fb 8;6>, h yèjko hkcjh fcnhzkcdh}h f h zhyfmh jf gvkjhy jh mhbâlkh ghkv

woiyf ow obiyow jf Ahcvèyko, xvf lono jk}kjkv h ghynh gob Fbhcvfl, fcwkchcjo"ldf

zvjo xvf whikh gob fcoybf jfjkghîço f fbpfcdo, cvbh kcgoczfwzf pyo}h jf ghykcdo f

hbkqhjf#

Ahcvèyko fyh bvkzo phgkfczf phyh fcwkchy, cço hpfchw h bkb, bhw hzojow xvf fwzk}fwwfb ho wfv lhjo, è}kjow poy co}hw lkîöfw# Flf kcwkwzkhf, gob gobpfzácgkh, zyhcwbkzkh ow wfvw gocdfgkbfczow phyh xvfb xvfyxvf mowwf# Jf kczflknácgkh yhyh, mok bfwzyf jf bvkzow aoychlkwzhw fyhjkhlkwzhw xvf phwwhyhb pflh Kzhzkhkh# Flf fyh joco jf vbhghyhgzfyâwzkgh lov}è}fl, wfbpyf wf zoych}h hbkno jow mvcgkocèykow# Fvbf ifcfmkgkfk bvkzo jf wvh goc}k}ácgkh, xvf mflkqbfczf, mok jkèykh#Ahcvèyko, hlëb jf bfv phjykcdo, mok bfv bfwzyf, phzyço f vb nyhcjfkybço# Bvkzhw }fqfw cowwh goc}fywh wf fwzfcjkh cokzf h jfczyo, pokw}kyh}h f bftkh xvfykh gobphyzkldhy co}hw kjëkhw phyh wfyfb powzhw fbpyèzkgh ch Kzhzkhkh# H ovwhjkh fyh wvh pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh Mok vbdobfb xvf pfcwh}h hjkhczf jf wfv zfbpo f gocwfnvkh yfhlkqhy zvjohxvklo xvf kjfhlkqh}h#

Jh mhbâlkh, Ahcvèyko wfbpyf yfgfifv zojo o hpoko cfgfwwèyko phyh goczkcvhy fcmyfczhcjo

pyoilfbhw gozkjkhcow xvf, cow pykbfkyow hcow jh fbkwwoyh, cço moyhb povgow# Jh bçf

}kcdhb yfgvywow mkchcgfkyow, oizkjow poy bfko jhw gowzvyhw, phyh bhczfy h fbkwwoyh

hzvhczf# Jow phyfczfw jf Phzyogâcko jf Bvykhë, hw bhckmfwzhîöfw jf ghykcdo }kcdhb poy

ghyzhw, xvf goczkcvhyhb gdfnhcjo, hzë h }ëwpfyh jf wvh boyzf#

Whvjhîöfw, xvfykjo AhcvèykoGobo Jfvw zfb wkjo iob phyh }ogá phyh }fcgfy zojow ow oiwzègvlow(Lfbiyo"bf jf vb jkh jf W# Wfihwzkço, }ogá chwgfv# Aowë }fko zojohlfnyf f fb jñ}kjh gobo dh}kh jf mhqfy, bhw yfwol}fv# Wfyè Ahcvèyko,fb dobfchnfb h bfv phk(Fv mkxvfk, f Whczkcdh, bvkzo goczfczf# $###+]ogá mok vb dfy÷k( Ihzvzh xvf }ogá mok#Bvkzow ifkaow f hiyhîow jhw zkhw xvf bvkzo zf xvfyfb,Boyfckcdh, gob 44 hcow f Whczkcdh gob 47# Hzë xvhcjo?96

96 Ghyzh fwgykzh pflhw zkhw Boyfckcdh f Whczkcdh fb 97 jf hiykl jf 8;;9, ho woiykcdo Ahcvèyko



69

Mknvyh 87

Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo lfbiyh xvf fb 8;>6, Ahcvèyko gobfboyov 70 hcow jf hzvhîço gobo

yhjkhlkwzh f bvkzhw moyhb hw dobfchnfcw yfgfikjhw#

Jo Jfczfl ‗ Jfphyzhbfczo Chgkochl jf Zflfgobvckghîöfw ‗ Ahcvèyko yfgfifv

bfcwhnfb jo jkyfzoy yfnkochl Wëynko Owghy Lopfw, jhzhjh jf 07 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6

phyhifckqhcjo"o pflow wfvw 70 hcow jf “fmkgkfczf hzk}kjhjf jfjkghjh à yhjkojkmvwço

bkcfkyh‒#

### Hpyhq"cow, poyzhczo, hxvk jfwfahy xvf powwh goczykivky hkcjh poybvkzo bhkw zfbpo pflo fb nyhcjfgkbfczo ghjh }fq bhkoy cço w÷ jfwvh fbkwwoyh f jfwwh pyfwzknkowh fczkjhjf xvf zço ifb jkyknf $###+]hlfbo"cow jo fcwfao phyh }ow jfwfahy zojh woyzf jf mflkgkjhjfwpfwwohkw f yfco}hy cowwow flf}hjow pyozfwzow jf fwzkbh fgocwkjfyhîço#9=

9= Omâgko fc}khjo h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflo jkyfzoy yfnkochl jo Jfczfl, Wëynko Owghy Lopfw,phyhifckqhcjo"o pflow 70 hcow jf hzk}kjhjf jfjkghjh à yhjkojkmvwço# Fb 7 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6



67

Mknvyh 8:

Jh Gébhyh Bvckgkphl flf yfgfifv vb jkplobh jf docyh ho bëykzo f vbh plhgh jf pyhzh,dobfchnfb yfxvfykjh pflo }fyfhjoy Hljhky Pkczo#

### H lvzh jo Wy# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, xvhwf vb dobfb w÷ à myfczf jhYèjko Kzhzkhkh ë poy jfbhkw gocdfgkjh jf zojow, pflhw wvhw hyyoahjhwkckgkhzk}hw, cço w÷ pflow ghbkcdow jo yèjko bojfyco iyhwklfkyo, ifbgobo pflow ghbkcdow jo bvcjo# Jfwcfgfwwèyko wf zoychykh hmkybhy,cfwzh doyh, xvf h wvh fbkwwoyh mok h ñckgh bkcfkyh h fwzhy fb zojhw hwGophw jo Bvcjo f fb hlnvbhw wf jfv ho lvto jf lf}hy =gobpocfczfw# Poy }èykhw }fqfw fwzf}f zyhcwbkzkcjo jkyfzhbfczf jow

loghkw poy ocjf phwwov Afwvw Gykwzo# Yfpoyzhnfcw gobo hxvflh jfOw~hljo Mhykh, hczfw jh boyzf jo Dobfb jh Lvq ]fybfldh, Ghy{lGdfwbhc5 fczyf}kwzhw gob ow dobfcw bhkw kbpoyzhczfw jo bvcjo fbvkzh gokwh bhkw xvf wf bfcgkochjhw cfwzh dobfchnfb, jhykh phyhfcgdfy pènkchw jo yfxvfykbfczo fb hpyfîo# H kcjfpfcjácgkh xvfwfbpyf bhczf}f à myfczf jh fbkwwoyh, mkybov"wf gobo vbh jhw bhkwwkbpèzkghw fbkwwoyhw jh Ghpkzhl#9>

9> Yfxvfykbfczo jo }fyfhjoy Hljhky Pkczo à Gébhyh Bvckgkphl jf Iflo Doykqoczf phyh dobfchnfhyAhcvèyko Ghycfkyo pflow 70 hcow jf }kjh pyomkwwkochl# Fb 6 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6



6:

Mknvyh 86

Jh Hwwfbilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h, poy kckgkhzk}h jo jfpvzhjo Nobfw Boyfkyh, mok mfkzo, fb 90

jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6, vb }ozo jf gocnyhzvlhîöfw pflh jhzh, gob h wfnvkczf

avwzkmkghzk}h1

Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, vb jow ihlvhyzfw jh yhjkojkmvwço jo cowwo Fwzhjo,gobplfzov jkh 4, jo goyyfczf báw, 70 hcow jf hzk}kjhjf co yèjko# Onyhcjf f hyyoahjo fbpyfwèyko ë jkyfzoy"pyfwkjfczf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh,

xvf zhczow wfy}kîow zfb pyfwzhjo à gvlzvyh f ho jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jowbfkow jf gobvckghîço jo cowwo Fwzhjo# Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ë vbhmknvyh dvbhch xvf pflo zyhihldo aè jfwfc}ol}kjo fb pyol johpykboyhbfczo jow ÷ynçow jf gobvckghîço jo cowwo Fwzhjo, aèihwzhczf gocdfgkjo jf zojow c÷w, jkwpfcwh bhkoyfw gobfczèykow#Fwzhmknvyh ftzyhoyjkcèykh jo yèjko bkcfkyo fwzè wfcjo doaf, dobfchnfhjopflh Gébhyh jf ]fyfhjoyfw jf Iflo Doykqoczf# H HwwfbilëkhLfnkwlhzk}h fwzhyè, hzyh}ëw jfwwf }ozo jf gocnyhzvlhîöfw, hwwwogkhcjo"wf àw dobfchnfcw xvf, bfyfgkjhbfczf }fb wfcjo zykivzhjo ho nyhcjfyhjkhlkwzh# Nobfw Boyfkyh94#

94 Jkyfzoykh jf Gobkwwöfw jh Hwwfbilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h jf Bkchw Nfyhkw# Yfvckço Oyjkcèykh phyh hpyo}hîçojf yfxvfykbfczo fb 90 jf co}fbiyo jf 8;>6#



66

Mknvyh 8=

Ow hcow wf phwwhyhb f Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo goczkcvh}h o wfv ghbkcdo oiwzkchjo jf mhqfy jh

Kzhzkhkh vbh yfmfyácgkh# Wfnvcjo Fbhcvfl, o kybço ahbhkw pfyjfv hw wvhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf

lkjfyhcîh, jf ozkbkwbo f jf lfhljhjf h zojow xvf o gfygh}hb# Fyh hjbkyhjo poy bvkzow, bhw

zhbiëb zkcdh lè ow wfvw jfmfkzow, gobo hpoczh o kybço bhkw co}o1

Poy zojh }kjh, o xvf fv wfbpyf pfygfik, mok xvf hw xvhlkjhjfw jfAhcvèyko wfbpyf wf woiyfpvwfyhb how wfvw jfmfkzow f gobo flf fyh o

bfv nyhcjf ftfbplo, fv pyogvyh}h kbkzhy zojhw hw }kyzvjfw jflf# Bhwbfv kybço gobfzkh fxvâ}ogow nyh}fw, co bfv poczo jf }kwzh1 h mhlzhjf poczvhlkjhjf cow gobpyobkwwow hwwvbkjow f h jfwoynhckqhîçohjbkckwzyhzk}h# Ahcvèyko fwzh}h wfbpyf hzyhwhjo phyh zvjo1 pfyjkhh}kço f gdfnh}h wfbpyf fb gkbh jh doyh hzë bfwbo phyh chyyhy owaonow# Hlëb jkwwo wocdh}h# Zkcdh kjëkhw wfcwhgkochkw, bhw cço wfpyfogvph}h ch moybh jf ftfgvzè"lhw#

Hkcjh hwwkb, Ahcvèyko mok vb ftfbplo jf }kjh pyh Fbhcvfl#



6=

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Fbhcvfl ftplkgh xvf o yfgocdfgkbfczo pflo zyhihldo jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo fb pyol cço

hpfchw jh yhjkojkmvwço, bhw woiyfzvjo jh golfzk}kjhjf, lf}hyhb"co h yfgfify jk}fywow

goc}kzfw phyh wf ghcjkjhzhy h hlnvb ghyno polâzkgo, bhw flf ahbhkw hgfkzov xvhlxvfy

pyopowzh jfwwf zkpo#

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phyh kwwo# Zojow záb xvf zfy kczflknácgkh fwpfgâmkgh phyh ftfygfy vbhmvcîço wfah flh xvhl moy# F kczflknácgkh woiyh}h co Ahcvèyko# Flf hbh}ho yèjko, oiwfy}h}h zojhw hw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f }kyzvjfw jfwwf }fâgvlogoczhnkhczf f mok hwwkb, gob bvkzh docfwzkjhjf f jfjkghîço xvfAhcvèyko wf zoycov mknvyh kbpoyzhczf phyh o yèjko jf Bkchw Nfyhkw#

F h mhbâlkh zhbiëb wf oynvldh}h jo phyfczf kbpoyzhczf xvf iykldh}h poy fczyf hw

boczhcdhw jf Bkchw1

Xvfykjo Ahcvèyko,Ifychjfzf }fko fcghczhjh gob hw mfwzhw jo zfv hck}fywèyko f wvhhjbkwwço ch Hghjfbkh jf Lfzyhw f zhczhw pyo}hw jf hbkqhjf xvf }ogázfb yfgfikjo jf hlzhw pfywochlkjhjfw jfwwh Ghpkzhl# Phyhiëcw,phyhiëcw phyh }ogá# C÷w, wvhw zkhw, kybçw jo xvfykjo Që, mkghbowhlfnyfw f wfczkbow flf cço fwzhy pyfwfczf avczo gob h whvjowh JochLhvyh phyh pyfwfcgkhy fwwhw mfwzhw f wf kcmoybhyfb jh nyhîh xvfhlghcîhyhb gob o “mkldkcdo‒ pyojânko jo cowwo Phzyogâcko# Goczkcvfzyhihldhcjo gob h bfwbh goyhnfb phyh jhy fwwf bhyh}kldowoftfbplo phyh h cowwh mhbâlkh#9;

Mknvyh 8>

9; Ghyzh fwgykzh poy Boyfckcdh f Whczkcdh fb 96 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;4= h Ahcvèyko



6>

Bhw cfb wfbpyf hw gokwhw hgoczfgfb gobo wocdhbow, lhbfczh Fbhcvfl# Pyoilfbhw

jf whñjf kczfymfykyhb ch ghbkcdhjh jf Ahcvèyko f kczfyyobpfyhb h goczkcvhîço jfwwf

wocdo#

Ahcvèyko wf jfwgvkjov bvkzo jh whñjf# Hpfwhy jhw yfgobfcjhîöfwbëjkghw, flf nowzh}h jf myfxvfczhy yfwzhvyhczfw gob ow hbknow jomvzfiol hbhjoy, pykcgkphlbfczf jf Co}h Lkbh# Cfwwfw yfwzhvyhczfw,flf pfjkh ghycf wfgh gob bhcjkogh, zoyyfwbo f bvkzhw gobkjhwnoyjvyowhw# Xvhcjo }khah}h, gobkh mykzvyhw, hjoyh}h vb phwzfl gobghljo jf ghch# Flf fyh iob jf nhymo#

Okzo hcow hczfw jh boyzf jf Ahcvèyko, flf mok hgobfzkjo jf vb H]G ‗ Hgkjfczf

]hwgvlhy Gfyfiyhl# H phyzky jf fczço, Ahcvèyko mkgov lkbkzhjo jf wvhw ghphgkjhjfw

kczflfgzvhkw f mâwkghw# Aè cço fyh zço jkcébkgo gobo hczfw f phwwov h zfy yhgkogâcko lfczo,

jkmkgvljhjfw ch mhlh f co bojo jf hnky# Wfv gobpoyzhbfczo bvjov phyh wfbpyf#

Ahcvèyko cço zkcdh bhkw hxvflf kczfyfwwf kckgkhl ch Kzhzkhkh, bhw goczkcvov h hgobphcdhy

ow zyfkcow, ow aonow jo ]kllh Co}h f hw gobpfzkîöfw jo mvzfiol hbhjoy# Wfnvcjo

Fbhcvfl, o bhkoy pyfwfczf xvf Ahcvèyko nhcdov mok o Fwzèjko jo Whczh Gyvq70 wfy

ihzkqhjo gobo1 Fwzèjko Ahcvèyko Lhvykcjo Ghycfkyo#

]k}fy }khahcjo fyh o xvf Ahcvèyko zhbiëb nowzh}h jf mhqfy#

Fv zfcdo h kbpyfwwço jf xvf wf Ahcvèyko fwzk}fwwf hkcjh fczyf c÷w, flfcço mkghykh wfb }khahy " fwwf fyh vb jow wfvw pyhqfyfw# Flf zkcdh wfzfghwhw chw gkjhjfw jf Ovyo Pyfzo, Pkyhpoyh, Lhnoh Whczh, Lhbihyk fNvhyhphyk# Flf zkcdh zhbiëb vb hphyzhbfczo co Gfczyo jf ID, fovzyo fb Lovyjfw# Zojhw hw ghwhw zkcdhb ghwfkyo# Flf }khah}h phyhfwwfw lvnhyfw, f lè wfbpyf mhqkh hlnvbh zhyfmh jobëwzkgh gobo zyoghy

vbh lébphjh ov xvhlxvfy ovzyh gokwh jo yhbo# Kwwo fyh o lhqfy jflf fjh}h bvkzo zyhihldo, poyxvf hjbkckwzyhy zojhw fwwhw yfwkjácgkhw cçofyh iykcghjfkyh#

Cfwwhw ghwhw, Ahcvèyko wf fcgoczyh}h gocwkno bfwbo# Fyh hlk xvf flf wf jfwlknh}h vb

povgo jo bvcjo f jow cfn÷gkow# Ahcvèyko ivwgh}h o jfwghcwo fb xvhkwxvfy jfwwhw

gkjhjfw ocjf fwzh}hb loghlkqhjhw wvhw yfwkjácgkhw f zkcdh zfbpo pyh yfmlfzky ch }kjh

hnkzhjh xvf lf}h}h#

70 O cobf kckgkhl jo Fwzèjko fyh Pyhîh jf Fwpoyzfw Whczh Gyvq# Doaf zfb o cobf jf Fwzèjko AhcvèykoLhvykcjo Ghycfkyo#



64

Wfnvcjo Fbhcvfl, doaf yfwzh whvjhjf f hjbkyhîço poy vb dobfb xvf zf}f phpfl

kbpoyzhczâwwkbo ch bâjkh bkcfkyh f poy xvf cço jkqfy jo bvcjo# Fv f Ahcvèyko ëyhbow

bvkzo vckjow# Gobo Ahcvèyko jkqkh1 “C÷w hiykbow phyh o yèjko jf Bkchw o ghbkcdo jf

zojow ow goczkcfczfw‒#

Mknvyh 84

:#7#9 Hgky Hczço78

Hgky Hczço ë mvcgkocèyko jh Kzhzkhkh dè :6 hcow# Gobfîov ch fbkwwoyh, fb 8;=6, co

plhczço fwpoyzk}o, phyh, fb wfnvkjh, jfwfbpfcdhy vb wfb cñbfyo jf mvcîöfw,

hpyfcjkjhw zojhw flhw ch pyèzkgh#

Fv wfbpyf mvk yfp÷yzfy jh èyfh jh polâzkgh f xvhcjo bf woiyh}h zfbpo,pfnh}h o nyh}hjoy f kh phyh h Hwwfbilëkh Lfnkwlhzk}h fczyf}kwzhy owjfpvzhjow# Fv zhbiëb yfjknkh f lkh o cozkgkèyko jf doyh fb doyh fxvhcjo pyfgkwhyhb jf hlnvëb phyh mhqfy pyonyhbh bvwkghl fv bfomfyfgk# Hghifk mhqfcjo hw jvhw gokwhw1 bfynvldfk ch bñwkgh gob hbfwbh kczfcwkjhjf xvf bfynvldfk co aoychlkwbo# Bf zoycfk vbpyomkwwkochl fglëzkgo f bvkzo jo xvf hpyfcjk, jf}o ho bfv nyhcjfbfwzyf, Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo#

78 Fczyf}kwzh gocgfjkjh à hvzoyh fb 09/04/9080



6;

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mkghy hlk, oiwfy}hcjo o bo}kbfczo jo wfzoy#

Cfwwf pfyâojo fv mkgh}h ch yfjhîço, ftfgvzhcjo vbh f ovzyh zhyfmh,

bhw hpfchw phyh hpyfcjfy# Fv cço nhcdh}h jkcdfkyo, bhw nhcdh}hftpfykácgkh# Aè fyh vb hphktochjo pflo yèjko f h opoyzvckjhjf jf fwzhych Kzhzkhkh bf fcgdkh jf oynvldo# Chxvflh ëpogh, ghikh ho gdfmf jfyfjhîço yfhlkqhy h yf}kwço jow zftzow, zhyfmh jfwfbpfcdhjh poyOw}hljo Mhykh# Zvjo xvf fv fwgyf}kh, zkcdh jf bowzyhy phyh flf xvf,wfb xvhlxvfy gocwzyhcnkbfczo, yhwnh}h o bfv zftzo, aonh}h moyh ophpfl f bf mhqkh fwgyf}fy zvjo jf co}o, wfb jkyfkzo h gocwvlzh jowzftzow hczfykoyfw# ]hlfv o fwmoyîo# Fb 8;>0 bf zoycfk o hpyfwfczhjoyjo Aoychl jhw 89, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf jh fbkwwoyh#

H hbkqhjf fczyf Hgky f Ahcvèyko mok wf gocwolkjhcjo f, h phyzky o kcâgko jow hcow >0, flfw

aè }khah}hb avczow, gobphyzkldh}hb kjëkhw, mhqkhb plhcow phyh h Kzhzkhkh# Kcglvwk}f ow

plhcow phyh hw mfwzhw jf hck}fywèyko jh yèjko, xvf Ahcvèyko gowzvbh}h mhqfy wfbpyf# Flf

hjoyh}h gobfboyhy o hck}fywèyko jh fbkwwoyh#

Gob Ahcvèyko, h Yèjko Kzhzkhkh zkcdh vb goyhîço xvf pvlwh}h bhkw# Flffyh jo zfbpo fb xvf wf wviwzkzvâh o jkcdfkyo poy hboy# Ahcvèykochwgfv gob }oghîço phyh lkjfyhy, bvkzo ao}fb flf fcghyov hyfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf gykhy f bhczfy vbh fbkwwoyh jf yèjko f o mfq poypvyh phktço#

Hgky yfwwhlzh xvf w÷ Ahcvèyko hgyfjkzh}h xvf h fbkwwoyh pojfykh gyfwgfy chwgfcjo fb

Co}h Lkbh# Zkcdh xvf goczhy hlëb jhw jkmkgvljhjfw, gob h gocgoyyácgkh jh Bkcfkyh,

Nvhyhck f Kcgocmkjácgkh, xvf fyhb nknhczfw ch ghpkzhl# Ahcvèyko lvzov goczyh zvjo f

goczyh zojow phyh }fy, fb 8;64, h wvh yèjko gobfîhy h hcjhy gob hw py÷pykhw pfychw# Mok

h pykbfkyh h mhqfy vbh zyhcwbkwwço kczfychgkochl# Nyhîhw ho pojfy jf

fbpyffcjfjoykwbo f ovwhjkh jf Ahcvèyko h fbkwwoyh mok gyfwgfcjo f wf zoychcjo lâjfy

co bfyghjo#

Doaf, cço ftkwzf bhkw gocgoyyácgkh phyh h yèjko Kzhzkhkh# Hwgocgoyyfczfw jf hczknhbfczf pyhzkghbfczf hghihyhb# H yèjko lkjfyhnyhîhw h oiwzkchîço jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo# Flf zyhihldov jkh f cokzfphyh h yèjko wfy o xvf ë doaf# Ahcvèyko wocdov f Fbhcvfl pújfgocgyfzkqhy fwwf wocdo gdhbhjo Kzhzkhkh#

Hgky ftplkgh xvf }kv jf pfyzo zojhw hw jkmkgvljhjfw pflhw xvhkw h Kzhzkhkh phwwov, bhw

gocmfwwh xvf cvcgh wf jfktov hihlhy poy kwwo# Flf hmkybh xvf wfbpyf hgyfjkzov ch



=0

yfgvpfyhîço jh fbkwwoyh, nyhîhw ho ozkbkwbo wfbfhjo poy Ahcvèyko, poy zojow ow ghczow

jh yèjko# Hmkchl, o jfjo jf Jfvw vbh doyh hphyfgkh#

Ahcvèyko cço zf}f kbpoyzécgkh hpfchw ch dkwz÷ykh jh yèjko, bhw ch }kjh

jf zojow ow mvcgkocèykow xvf phwwhyhb poy flh# Kcglvwk}f ch bkcdhpy÷pykh }kjh# Ahcvèyko, hlëb jf phzyço, zhbiëb mok vb nyhcjf hbkno#



=8

6# GOCGLVWÇO

H Kzhzkhkh gocwzkzvk vb bhygo ch dkwz÷ykh jo yèjko fb Bkchw Nfyhkw# O yfwpocwè}fl

jkyfzo poy zvjo kwwo mok Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo, xvf fcgoczyov vbh co}h bhcfkyh jf “mhqfy

yèjko‒# Chjh jf pyonyhbhw jf hvjkz÷ykow f yhjkoco}flhw# Ho kc}ëw jf gopkhy ow bojflow

aè ftkwzfczfw, hpowzov fb kcmoybhîço, fwpoyzf f pyfwzhîço jf wfy}kîow# À wvh bhcfkyh f

goczhcjo gob o “Jfjo jf Jfvw‒, jykilov jâ}kjhw, wvpfyov jkmkgvljhjfw f cço wf hihzfv

gob ow oiwzègvlow# Kco}hjoy, goyhaowo, fcnhahjo, ovwhjo f fbpyffcjfjoy, wovif

gocwzyvky gob iykldhczkwbo o hlkgfygf jh Yèjko Kzhzkhkh#

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“C÷w }fcjfbow fwphîo, cço }fcjfbow opkckço‒, zyhcwmoybov vb wocdo xvf chwgfv co

mvcjo jf vb xvkczhl fb yfhlkjhjf# Goczykivkv wknckmkghzk}hbfczf phyh mhqfy jh Kzhzkhkh

vbh jhw gkcgo fbkwwoyhw jf yèjko bhkw w÷lkjhw jo Iyhwkl f o }fâgvlo jf bhkoy

gyfjkiklkjhjf fb Bkchw Nfyhkw#

Fb bhkw vbh aonhjh jf bfwzyf, gykov o wlonhc xvf, wfnvcjo o hzvhl pyfwkjfczf jh Yèjko

Kzhzkhkh, Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo, kybço jf Ahcvèyko, pyfmfyf gdhbhy jf vbh }fyjhjfkyh

jfglhyhîço jf pykcgâpkow1 “H Yèjko jf Bkchw‒# F o po}o bkcfkyo wovif hiyhîhy bvkzo

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=9

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=7

YFLHÎÇO JF MKNVYHW Mknvyh 8 " Gfyzkjço jf Chwgkbfczo ################################################################################7>

Mknvyh 9 ‗ Jkwgvywo jf Ahcvèyko ch Hghjfbkh Bhykhcfcwf jf Lfzyhw ch âczfnyh###########74

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no}fychcjoy jf Bkchw ####################################################################################################:>

Mknvyh 80 ‗ Ghyzço jf Dëlko Nhygkh ###############################################################################:4

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Mknvyh 8: ‗ Omâgko jo Jfczfl fc}khjo h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ###########################################67

Mknvyh 86 ‗ Yfxvfykbfczo jf dobfchnfb h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo####################################6:



=:

Mknvyh 8= ‗ Hpyo}hîço jo Yfxvfykbfczo jf dobfchnfb h Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo ############66

Mknvyh 8> ‗ Ghyzhw jhw Zkhw jf Ahcvèyko Ghycfkyo #########################################################6=

Mknvyh 84 ‗ Ow kybçow Ahcvèyko f Fbhcvfl Ghycfkyo ####################################################64



=6

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==

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JANUÁRIO CARNEIRO A importância do empresário na construção da Rádio Itatiaia e na imprensa de...

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