LièkhZ la?kokn ls LièkhZ vuqla?kokn uxj%...302 &tsut dCl]fVtt 201617 lzksr % js[kkfp=k (3a ls 3c)...

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LièkhZ la?kokn ls LièkhZ vuqla?kokn uxj% ÅtkZdsUnzksa ds :i esa

14

1 4041 oSèkkfud uxj gS vkSj 3892 tux.kuk }kjk uxj ekus x, gSaA

^^lkjs tkus gq, bfrgkl ls ,d gh lh[k feyh gS % ;fn le`¼ gksuk pkgrs gks rks uxjksa dk fuekZ.k djksA uxj os LFkku gS tks u, fopkjksa okys u,&u, yksxksa dks vkdf"kZr djrs gSa**

&tsu tsdCl] flVht ,aM oSYFk vkWiQ us'kUl dh jfp;rk

^^gj dksbZ fodsUnzhdj.k pkgrk gS] fdUrq ek=k vius Lrj rd**

&;s dFku izksiQslj jktk psfYygk dk ekuk tkrk gSA

Hkkjr ds 'kgjksa ds rktk vkadM+ksa dk uohu fo'ys"k.k {kerkvksa ds chp ,d l'kDr lg lacaèk lq>k jg gS] ;s {kerk,a gSa % lalkèkuksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa dh] 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa (UCBs) dh vkSj mudh lsok iznk; O;oLFkkvksa dhA mu ij Fkksais x, izfrcaèkksa ds ckotwn LFkkuh; fudk; Li"V :i ls dgha vfèkd lalkèku tqVkus esa leFkZ gSA izkS|ksfxdh] fo'ks"kdj mixzg fcEo l`f"V ;gka ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA uxjksa dk l'kfDrdj.k cgqr fu.kkZ;d gks ldrk gS] fdUrq jkT; ljdkjksa ls izkIr gksus okyh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ka Hkh de ugha gSa] ;s foÙk vk;ksxksa ds fy, cgqr jkspd iz'u mBk jgh gSaA laHko gS liQyrk ds dqN mnkgj.k vkn'kZ cudj dgha c`grj Lrj ij ifjorZu ds laizsjd cusaxsA uxjksa dks Hkh jkT;ksa dh Hkkafr ijLij LièkkZ (gksM+ yxkdj) xfr'khyrk dh 'kfDr;ksa dks caèku eqDr djuk gksxkA Hkkjr dks vius LièkhZ la?kokn ds lkFk LièkhZ vuqla?kokn dks Hkh tksM+ ysuk pkfg,A

I. fo"k; izos'k

14-1 uxjksa dh egku izfrcksfèk ysf[kdk tsu tsdCl dk rdZ jgk gS fd uxj tfVy] ltho vkSj fujarj l`tu'khy bdkb;ka gksrh gS vkSj ;s fu;kstd rFkk okLrq 'kkfL=k;ksa ds izR;sd fu;eu iz;kl dk fojksèk djrh gSaA fdUrq] Hkkjr esa rsth ls c<+rs gq, 'kgjhdj.k ds izfr tsdCl dk dFku Lohdkj dj ge HkkX;oknh n'kZu rks ugha viuk ldrsA vHkh 1991 rd gh 220 fefy;u Hkkjrh; uxjksa esa cls FksA ;g tula[;k dk ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk gh FksA fdUrq 20 o"kZ ckn 2011 esa ;s la[;k 380 fefy;u ij igq¡p xbZ gS tks 80001 ds yxHkx uxjksa vkSj dLcksa esa clh gSA bu uxjksa esa ls de ls de 53 rks ,sls gS ftudh vkcknh ,d fefy;u ls vfèkd gks pqdh gSA vc 'kgjh Hkkjrh; ns'k dh ,d

frgkbZ vkcknh gSa vkSj ;s ldy thMhih ds 60 izfr'kr dk mRiknu dj jgs gSaA

14-2 lHkh ladsr ;gh n'kkZ jgs gSa fd 'kgjhdj.k gh Hkkjr ds fodkl iFk dh jpuk djus tk jgk gSA xkaoksa ls 'kgjksa dh vksj O;kid tu iyk;u iz'kklura=k] fo'ks"kdj uxjikfydkvksa ds fy, cgqr cM+h pqukSfr;ka izLrqr djus okyk gS] D;ksafd bUgha fudk;ksa dks os lqfoèkk,a iznku djuh gSa tks orZeku uxjokfl;ksa vkSj u,&u, xkaoksa ls vkdj 'kgj esa clus okys izokfl;ksa ds fy, vko';d gSaA ;fn ns'k dks xfrfofèk dsUnzksa dh vksj izolu ds lqvoljksa dk Hkjiwj ykHk mBkuk gS rks bu pqukSfr;ksa ij ikj ikuk cgqr gh vko';d jgsxkA fdUrq vHkh rd Hkkjrh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa dk fu"iknu

301LièkhZ la?kokn ls LièkhZ vuqla?kokn uxj % ÅtkZdsUnzksa ds :i esa

izn'kZu dSlk jgk gS vkSj mudks liQyrk ds fy, D;k mik; viukus gksaxs\ ;g vè;k; bUgha ds ,d izkjafHkd vkadyu dk iz;kl dj jgk gSA

14-3 gka ,d ckr vo'; Li"V gks jgh gS] ftl izdkj jkT;ksa ds chp LièkkZ ifjorZu vkSj izxfr dh ,d l'kDr izsj.kk cu jgh gS mlh izdkj ;g LièkkZ izsj.kk jkT;ksa vkSj uxjksa rFkk uxjksa ds chp Hkh O;kIr gksuh pkfg,A mÙkjnkf;Ro ls lUu¼] lalkèkuksa ls la'kfDrÑr vkSj tckonsgh dks ckè; uxj mu uohu xR;kRedrkvksa dks cUèkueqDr dj ldrs gS tks Hkkjr ds LièkhZ la?kokn esa LièkhZ vuqla?koknh 'kfDr;ksa dk Hkh lapkj dj nsaxhA

II. i`"BHkweh

14-4 lkekU; èkkj.kkvksa ds foijhr Hkkjr dh 'kgjhdj.k dh nj vU; ns'kksa ds leku gh jgh gSA js[kkfp=k 1 esa uohure 'kgjhdj.k njksa dks fodkl'khy ,oa uo mnhI;eku ns'kksa ds ,d lewg dh izfr O;fDr GDP ds vuqlkj vafdr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr vkSlr èkukRed lacaèk js[kk ls cgqr nwj ugha gSA blh izdkj Hkkjr dk 'kgjhdj.k fodklØe Hkh vlkekU; ugha gSA js[kkfp=k 2 us thMhih izfrO;fDr ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ij rhu ns'kksa dh 'kgjhdj.k dh njksa dks vafdr fd;k x;k gSA ;g Li"V gks jgk gS fd lHkh us ,sls 'kgjhdj.k izfr:i dk vuqlj.k fd;k gS tks izfr O;fDr thMhih ds lkFk&lkFk c<+rk x;k gSA vr%

Hkkjr vkSj phu ds chp 'kgjhdj.k esa vUrj ds ,d cM+s Hkkx dk nkf;Ro nksuksa ds vkfFkZd fodkl ds Lrjksa esa varj ij FkkSaik tk ldrk gSA lkekU; èkkj.kkvksa ds foijhr Hkkjr vkSj phu dh 'kgjhdj.k dh izo`fÙk;ksa esa cgqr lekurk,a gSaA

14-5 Hkys gh Hkkjr ds 'kgjhdj.k dk ifjek.k fo'ks"k ugha gks] fdUrq bldk 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds vkdkj dk Lo:i vo'; fo'ks"k gSA ;g ftIiQ ds fu;e dk vuqlj.k ugha djrkA bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ns'k dk lcls cM+h tula[;k okyk uxj nwljs Øe ds uxj ls nksxquk] rhljs Øeokys ls rhu xquk cM+k gksrk gS vkfnA bl izdkj ^H* vuqØe okys uxj dk vkdkj lcls cM+s uxj ds 1/H va'k ds leku gh gksxkA ;g fu;e vusd ns'kksa esa lR;kfir gqvk gS fdUrq Hkkjr esa oSèk ugha gks ik;k gSA

14-6 uxj vuqØe vkSj mudh tula[;k ds y?kqx.kdksa ds fp=kkadu ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gSA js[kkfp=k 3d&x esa la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] czkthy vkSj Hkkjr dh tkudkjh dks pkSfou vkfn (2016) }kjk fuèkkZfjr fofèk ds vuqlkj vafdr fd;k x;k gSA tgka ftIiQ dk fu;e oSèk gks mu ns'kksa esa ;g js[kkfp=k ,d (&1) <ky okyh ljy js[kk tSlk gksuk pkfg,A vesfjdk vkSj czkthy bl voèkkj.kk ds cgqr fudV gSA buds <ky xq.kad Øe'k% (&)1-4 vkSj (&)1-2 gSaA lkFk gh R2 dk eku nksuksa gh ekeyksa esa 0-99 ds yxHkx gSA

lzksr% fo'o fodkl lwpd vkSj UNO, vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd dk;Z foHkkx] tula[;k izHkkx (2014)] World Urbanization Prospets : The 2014 Revision.

lzksr% Maddison Project vkadM+k vkèkkj] Penn World Tables and United Nation's vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd dk;Z foHkkx] tula[;k izHkkx (2014)] World Urbanisation Prospects : The 2014 Revision.

js[kkfp=k1%izfrO;fDr thMhih vkSj 'kgjhdj.k (2015)

js[kkfp=k 2 % izfrO;fDr thMhih vkSj 'kgjhdj.k (1990)

BDI

ETH

MDGMOZ

RWA

UGA

ZMB

ZWE

CAF EGY

MARBWA

ZAF

GHALBR

MLI

CHN

MNG

TJK

TKM

UZB

AFG

BGDIND

NPL

PAK

LKAKHM

IDN

MYS

MMR

PHL

THA

VNM

GEO

TURBLRBGR

HUN

POL

ROU

UKR

BIH

HRV

SRBJAM

CRI

SLV

MEX

PAN

ARG

BRA

CHL

COL

ECU

PRT

PER

URY

2040

6080

100

Urb

an p

opul

atio

n as

a p

erce

ntag

e of

tota

l

0 10000 20000 30000

GDP (PPP) per capita (Current Int$)

2015

dqy d

s izfr'kr

ds :

i esa

'kgjh vkcknh

l-?k-m- (ihihih) izfrO;fDr (ekStwnk varjkZ"Vªh; ewY;] vejhdh MkWyj esa)

US

China

India

US

2040

6080

Perc

enta

ge o

f po

pula

tion

resi

ding

in u

rban

are

as

0 10000 20000 30000Per capita GDP (PPP) (1990 Int$)

'kgjh {ks=kksa e

sa fuo

kl d

jus o

kyh vkcknh dk izfr'kr

izfrO;fDr l-?k-m- (ih-ih-ih-) (1990 dh fLFkfr ds vuqlkj varjkZ"Vªh; ewY;] vejhdh MkWyj esa)

302 vkfFkZd leh{kk 2016-17

lzksr % js[kkfp=k (3a ls 3c) % 'kgjh {ks=kh; tula[;k ds Hkkjr ds vkadM+s tux.kuk 2011 ds gSaA la;qDr jkT; vkSj czkthy ds vkadM+s United Nations Statistic, Division dh Demographic Year Book, 2015 ls fy, x, gSaA

fdUrq Hkkjr esa js[kkfp=k vory gS vkSj <ky xq.kad (&)0-78 rFkk R2 yxHkx 0-95 gSA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd cgqr ls NksVs 'kgj cgqr gh NksVs gSA ;s 3x esa fpf=kr Js"Bre izo`fr dh ljy js[kk ls uhps jg tkrs gSaA vkSj ;gh ckr dqN cM+s 'kgjksa ij Hkh ykxw gks jgh gSA

14-7 dbZ dkj.k gS fd cM+s 'kgj Hkh vis{kkÑr NksVs D;ksa jg x, gSaA ,d rks laHkkouk gS fd muds lajpuk ra=k ij {kerk ls vfèkd Hkkj gSA nwljs] Hkkjr vU; ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkweh lalkèku dh nqyZHkrk okyk ns'k Hkh gSA ;g izolu dks grksRlkfgr djrk gS] D;ksafd foÑr Hkweh cktkj esa fdjk, HkkM+s vlg~; Lrjksa rd igqaps gq, gSaA 2050 rd bldk Hkweh tula[;k vuqikr ?kVdj 1960 ls ,d pkSFkkbZ jg tk,xkA bl izdkj Hkkjr nqfu;k dk lcls Hkw nqyZHk ns'k gks tk,xk (diwj vkfn] 2014)A ;gh ugha] Hkkjr esa izcy LFkkukèkkfjr

ojh;rk,a Hkh lkekftd ra=kksa esa cgqr xgjs jph clh gS (pkSfiu vkfn] 2016)A

14-8 vkxkeh o"kks± esa bu foÑfr;ksa esa lqèkkj gksaxsA vFkkZr Hkkjr dk 'kgjhdj.k Hkh vU; mnhI;eku cktkjksa ds Lo:i ds vuq:i gksuk pkfg, vkSj 2030 rd 'kgjh tula[;k dk vuqikr 40 izfr'kr gks tkuk pkfg,A vkSj bl 'kgjh lao`f¼ dk vfèkdka'k] laHkor%] cM+s uxjksa esa gh gksxkA ;g ns'k dks ftIiQ ds fu;e ds fudV ys tk,xkA blls vusd lqvoljksa dk l`tu gksxk] fdUrq lkFk gh dqN tksf[kesa Hkh iSnk gksxhA

III. izeq[k pqukSfr;ka

14-9 'kgjh {ks=kksa ds fodkl dk izkFkfed nkf;Ro jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj ukxfjd fudk; dgykus okys uxj fuxeksa] uxjikfydkvksa vkSj uxj iapk;rksa ij gksrk gSA iz'kklu ds ;s Lrj cgqr gh cM+s vkSj nq:g leL;k

js[kkfp=k 3 % ftIiQ dk fu;e % uxj@'kgjh {ks=k dh tula[;k vkSj uxj@'kgjh {ks=k tula[;k vuqØekad

Regression: Log(Rank-1/2) = 14.58 - 0.78 Log(population); (N=479, R sq = 0.95)

02

46

8

Log

of s

hift

ed ra

nk (r

ank-

1/2)

10 12 14 16 18Log (population)

India

Regression: Log(Rank-1/2) = 20.49 - 1.28 Log (Population) (N = 304, Rsq = 0.9942)

-20

24

6

Log

of s

hift

ed ra

nk (r

ank

- 1/2

)

11 12 13 14 15 16Log (population)

Brazil

Regression: Log(rank-1/2) = 21.9 - 1.4 Log(population) (N=302, Rsq = 0.9966)

-20

24

6

Log

of s

hift

ed ra

nk (r

ank-

1/2)

11 12 13 14 15 16Log (population)

United States of America

(3d)

(3x)

(3[k)la;qDr jkT; vejhdk czkthy

Hkkjr


ra=k dk lkeuk djrs gSa % buds jfp;rk gSa {kh.k iz'kklfud {kerk,a] lajpukvksa ds cM+s vHkko vkSj vi;kZIr foÙkh; lalkèkuA

14-10 uxj fudk;ksa dks ,d iz'kklfud pqukSfr dk Hkh lkeuk djuk gksrk gSA izk;% 'kgjksa esa ,d uxj iz'kklu ;k LFkkuh; Lo'kklura=k ugha gksrkA bl dkj.k dk;Zdykiksa esa izfrPNknu vk tkrk gSA fofHkUu laLFkkuksa foHkkxksa ds chp mÙkjnkf;Roksa vkSj dk;ks± dk cgqr foHkktu vkSj fc[kjko gks tkrk gS % uxjikfydk] jkT; ds foHkkx (iqfyl] yksd fuekZ.k foHkkx] LokLF;] f'k{kk] vkokl) rFkk v¼Z ukxfjd v¼Z ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa tks lhèks jkT; ljdkj dks mÙkjnk;h gksrh gSa] bl laLFkkxr lxqaPN fuekZ.k djrh gSaA lkFk gh ikjnf'kZrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ds vHkko dh leL;k Hkh gSA uxjfudk;ksa ds foÙk vkSj mudh vkèkkjHkwr lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk ij vusd uxjksa esa NksVh ls NksVh tkudkjh Hkh ugha fey ikrhA bldk vkaf'kd dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd vHkh rd bZ&iz'kklu iz;kl lkjs ns'k esa leku :i ls ykxw ugha gks ik;k gSA

14-11 nwljh pqukSrh lajpukra=k ds vHkko dh gSA mRiknd ,oa LoLFk 'kgjhdj.k ds fy, n{krkiw.kZ

tu lsok iznk; O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fdUrq Hkkjr ds izR;sd uxj esa ty ,oa fctyh dh vkiwfrZ] ey izcaèku] lkoZtfud ifjogu] f'k{kk] LokLF; ifjp;kZ] lqj{kk vkSj iznw"k.k dh leL;k,a fo|eku gSA tjk ,d mnkgj.k ij gh è;ku nsa % WHO/UNICEF ds la;qDr fuxjkuh dk;ZØe (2015 dh fjiksVZ vkSj lgL=kkfCn fodkl y{;ksa (MDG) ds vkadyu dh LoPNrk fo"k;d fjiksVZ crk jgh gS fd MDG dk fuèkkZfjr y{; rks 77 izfr'kr Fkk fdUrq Hkkjr 2015 rd 63 izfr'kr tula[;k dks gh LoPNrk lqfoèkk,a lqyHk djk ik;k gSA ukxfjd mifj lajpuk lqfoèkkvksa ds vkèkkj ij fo'o ds uxjksa ds vuqØe esa ubZ fnYyh vkSj eqEcbZ dks 47oka vkSj 50oka LFkku gh fey ik;k gS (ns[ksa State of World Cities, 2012/13)A js[kkfp=k 4 bu uxjksa esa fofHkUu lajpuk lqfoèkkvksa ds lkis{k:i ls fuEu Lrj n'kkZ jgk gSA

14-12 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; }kjk fu;qDr mPp 'kfDr fo'ks"kK lfefr (HPEC) ds vuqlkj vxys chl o"kks± esa 'kgjh lajpukvksa dh LFkkiuk ds fy, :- 39 yk[k djksM+ dh (2009&10 dh dherksa ds vuqlkj) vko';drk gksxhA blesa ls :- 17 yk[k djksM+ (44 izfr'kr) dh vko';drk lM+dksa ds fy,] :- 8 yk[k

lzksr % State of the World’s Cities 2012/13 - Prosperity of Cities, UN-Habitat.

js[kkfp=k 4 % mifj lajpuk lwpd ds vuqlkj fo'o ds pqus gq, 'kgjksa ds vuqØe

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djksM+ (20 izfr'kr) dh vko';drk ty vkiwfrZ] voty vkSj Bksl dpjk izcaèku rFkk o"kkZ&rwiQku ty fudklh ra=kksa ds fy, gksxhA bu fuos'kksa ds vfrfjDr lapkyu vkSj j[kj[kko ds fy, :- 20 yk[k djksM+ dh vfrfjDr vko';drk gksxhA

14-13 bl lajpuk vHkko dks nwj djus ds fy, vko';d lalkèkuksa dk dqN va'k dsUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa ls vk ldrk gSA 14osa foÙk vk;ksx us 2015&20 dh vofèk ds fy, uxjikfydkvksa ds fy, :- 87000 djksM+ ds vuqnku dk izLrko fd;k gSA ;g lgk;rk vkSlr :i ls :- 500 izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ curh gSA

14-14 'ks"k èku jkf'k;ka LFkkfud lalkèkuksa ls tqVkuh gksaxhA fdUrq i;kZIr lalkèku tqVku dHkh ljy ugha jgk gSA 74osa lafoèkku la'kksèku (1992) us izkoèkku fd;k gS fd ukxj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks iz'kklu ra=k dk rhljk Lrj ekuk tk, vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dks 12oha lwph esa ls 18 dk;Z mUgsa lkSai nsus pkfg,A fdUrq bl la'kksèku us Hkh bu laLFkkuksa dks mDr dk;Z dj ikus gsrq jktLo varj.k dk dk;Z jkT; foèkkf;dk ds foosd ds vèkhu NksM+ fn;k gSA vkt 25 o"kZ O;rhr gksus ds ckn Hkh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks dk;Z vkSj foÙkh;

'kfDr;ka lkSais tkus esa cgqr fo'kkydk; vlekurk,a (jkT; Lrj ij) fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSaA dqN jkT; ljdkjksa us rks uxjikfydkvksa dks laifÙk dj yxkus dh vuqefr Hkh ugha nh gSA

14-15 js[kkfp=k 5 ;g n'kkZ jgk gS fd bl O;ogkj us D;k leL;k iSnk dj nh gSA fl¼kar :i ls rks ge jkT; ljdkj vkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds chp ,d Li"V lacaèk dh vk'kk djrs gSaA ;fn budh Hkwfedk,a Li"Vr% fu:fir gks rks vk; esa o`f¼ ds lkFk&lkFk nksuksa Lrjks ij O;; esa lkFk&lkFk o`f¼ gksuh pkfg,A ;fn mudh Hkwfedk,a cny jgh gksa rks iz'kklu dk ,d Lrj nwljs dk LFkku ysrk gS vkSj turk dks lsok,a iznku djus yxrk gSA bl n'kk esa muds O;; esa ½.kkRed lacaèk gksuk pkfg,A fdUrq gekjk js[kkfp=k n'kkZ jgk gS fd nksuksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh lacaèk fpf=kr ugha gks ik jgkA fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds chp izfr O;fDr O;; fofoèkrk fofHkUu uxjksa ds chp fofoèkrk ls dgha vfèkd gSA gka eqEcbZ] dkuiqj vkSj dksydkrk tSls viokn Hkh gSa] fdUrq lkekU;r% LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds izfrO;fDr O;; jkT; ljdkjksa ds Lrj ls cgqr de ik, x, gSaA fu"d"kZ ;gh gS fd ;k rks jkT; LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks i;kZIr èku varj.k ugha dj jgs ;k ;s fudk; Lo;a lalkèku ugha tqVk jgsA

lzksr % jkT; ljdkj ctV] 2016&17 vkSj ^tukxzg* dk Annual Survey of India's City Systems ASICS 2015.

js[kkfp=k 5 % jkT; izfrO;fDr O;; vkSj 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk; izfrO;fDr vk;

AMD

BANBPLBBR

CHN

DDN

DL

HYD

JAI

KANKOL

LKO LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAI

RAN

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Correlation: 0.12050

0010

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1500

020

000

2500

0

ULB

Tot

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10000 15000 20000 25000

State Total Expenditure per capita (Rs.)

;w,ych d

qy O;;

izfr O;fDr

(:i;

s)

jkT; dqYk O;; izfr O;fDr (:i;k)


ckWDl% 1 ljdkj }kjk vHkh mBk, x, dqN dne 'kgjh iqu%uohdj.k ds volj iznku dj jgs gSa

pkSngosa foÙk vk;ksx }kjk 2015&20 ds fy, LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds fy, izLrkfor vuqnku iwoZorhZ vk;ksx dh fliQkfj'k ls 277 izfr'kr vfèkd gSA jkT;ksa dks dj jktLo ds vfèkd vUrj.k vkSj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks vuqnku o`f¼ ls vc 'kgjh iqu%fodkl ds fy, miycèk lkoZtfud dks"kksa esa cgqr lqèkkj gqvk gSA dsUnz us 2005 esa 65 uxjksa esa tokgj yky usg: jk"Vªh; 'kgjh iqu%fodkl fe'ku (JNNURM) izkjaHk fd;k FkkA blds ckn 'kgjksa esa vkSj dbZ u, lqèkkj dk;Z izkjaHk fd, x, gSA buesa ls izeq[k ;kstuk,a gSa % LekVZ flVht fe'ku] ve`r] LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku] ân;] fMftVy Hkkjr] dkS'ky fodkl] lcds fy, vkokl] eSVªks ifjogu vkfnA vc {ks=k vkèkkfjr vkSj izdYi vkèkkfjr ;kstukvksa ds chp vfHkl`fr ij vkxzg fd;k tk jgk gS rkfd ykxrsa nksgjkus ds LFkku ij bl lal`fr ds ekè;e ls ykHkksa dks vfèkdre fd;k tk ldsA

LekVZ flVht fe'ku (SCM)

;g SCM ns'k ds 100 uxjksa ds fy, cgqeq[kh iqu%uohdj.k dk;ZØe gSA izkjafHkd :i ls SCM ikap o"kZ pysxk (2015&16 ls 2019&20)A vkxs bl dk;ZØe dk pyuk ewY;kadu&vkadyu ds ifj.kkeksa ij fuHkZj gksxkA SCM ds varxZr ,d vPNs uxj ds fy, vko';d lajpukra=k ds ;s vo;o gksaxs % (i) i;kZIr ty vkiwfrZ] (ii) lqfuf'pr fctyh vkiwfrZ] (iii) LoPNrk O;oLFkk] Bksl dpjk izcaèku lfgr] (iv) n{krkiw.kZ 'kgjh vkokxeu vkSj lkoZtfud ifjogu] (v) fo'ks"kdj xjhcksa ds fy,] O;; lkè; vkokl O;oLFkk] (vi) lqn`<+ lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh; laidZ'khyrk vkSj fMftVykbts'ku] (vii) vPNk iz'kklu] fo'ks"kdj bZ&iz'kklu vkSj tu Hkkxhnkjh] (viii) i;kZoj.k dh èkkj.kh;rk] (ix) ukxfjdksa dh lqj{kk fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa] cPpksa vkSj ofj"B tuksa ds fy,] rFkk (x) LokLF; vkSj f'k{kkA SCM ds varxZr {ks=k vkèkkfjr fodkl ds ?kVd gS uxj lqèkkj (iqjkuh O;oLFkkvksa dks lqèkkjuk) uxj iqu%fodkl vkSj uxj izlkj (u, {ks=k esa uxj dk izlkj fodkl)A bu lcds lkFk&lkFk laiw.kZ uxj ds fy, ,sls iz;kl fd uxj ds vfèkdkfèkd Hkkxksa esa ^LekVZ* lekèkku ykxw gks ldsaA

ve`r

vVy fe'u iQkWj fjtqous'ku ,aM vcZu VªkaLiQksjes'ku vFkkZr vVy 'kgjh iqu%uohdj.k vkSj :ikarj.k fe'ku dk izkjaHk 25@06@2015 dks fd;k x;k gSA bldk y{; 500 'kgjksa@dLcksa dh vkèkkjHkwr ukxfjd lqfoèkkvksa esa lqèkkj djuk gS] bUgsa fe'ku uxj@dLcs dgk tk,xkA ;g fe'ku ikap o"kZ rd pysxk (2015&16 ls 2019&20) vkSj bldk y{; ,d yk[k ls vfèkd vkcknh okys uxjksa@dLcksa] ?kksf"kr uxjikfydkvksa] Nkouh cksMks± lfgr (dsoy ukxfjd {ks=k) rFkk jktèkkuh uxjksa] eq[; unh rVksa ds uxjksa] i;ZVu vkSj ioZrh; LFkkuksa ds uxjksa rd bu lqfoèkkvksa dk izlkj foLrkj vkSj lqèkkj djuk gSA bl fe'ku esa ;s ?kVd lfEefyr gksaxs % ty vkiwfrZ] voty O;;u O;oLFkk] o"kkZ ty fudkl] 'kgjh ifjogu] fo'ks"kdj xSj eksVj okguksa ds fy, lqfoèkkvksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj gfjr {ks=kksa@ikdks±@m|kuksa ds fodklA buesa 500 uxjksa@dLcksa esa ckyksi;ksxh lqfoèkkvksa ij fo'ks"k vkxzg jgsxkA

ân;

ljdkj us jk"Vªh; èkjksgj uxj fodkl ,oa laoèkZu ;kstuk (ân;) dk vkjaHk 21 tuojh 2015 ls fd;k gSA ;g èkjksgj ekus tkus okys uxjksa ds cgqeq[kh fodkl ij dsfUnzr gksxhA ;kstuk dk y{; ,sls uxjksa ds varjLFk Lo:i (vkRek) dks iqu%thfor djrs gq, muds fof'k"V Lo:i] dk n'kZuh;] lgt xE;] tkudkjh iw.kZ vkSj lqjf{kr i;kZoj.k lfgr fodkl djuk gSA bldh vofèk 27 ekl fu;r dh xbZ gS (lekiu ekpZ 2017) vkSj dqy O;; :- 500 djksM+ gSA ;g ;kstuk 12 fuf'pr fd, x, uxjksa] vtesj] vejkorh] ve`rlj] cnkeh] }kjdk] x;k] dkaphiqje] eFkqjk] iqjh] okjk.klh] osyaduh vkSj okjkaxy esa pykbZ tk jgh gSA bl ;kstuk dk lapkyu ,d fe'ku dh Hkkafr gks jgk gSA

LoPN Hkkjr fe'ku (SBM)

SBM dk izkjaHk 2 vDVwcj 2014 dks gqvkA bldk y{; ns'k dks 2 vDVqcj 2019 rd lkiQ lqFkjk cukuk gSA 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj lHkh oSèkkfud n`f"V ls LohÑr 4041 uxj bldh ifjfèk esa gSA bl dk;Z dk y{; [kqys esa 'kkSp dk fuokj.k] vLoPN 'kkSpky;ksa dks Ýy'k okys 'kkSpky;ksa esa cnyuk] eSyk <ksus dks lekIr djuk] uxjikfydk Bksl dpjk izcaèku djuk vkSj lkFk gh tueu esa vPNh LoPNrk vknrksa dk lapkj djuk gSA Bksl dpjk izcaèku ds fy, uxjksa dks uwru mik; viukus dh izsj.kk nh tk jgh gS vkSj 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; mUgsa rduhdh ,oa foÙkh; lg;ksx iznku dj jgk gSA bl fn'kk esa mBk, x, dqN dne gSa % dpjs ls ÅtkZ] daiksLV la;a=k] <ykoksa dks <+dus dh O;oLFkkA ;s lc dne uxj vfèkdkfj;ksa dh vius dk;Z <ax ls dj ikus dh {kerkvksa ds fodkl djus gsrq muds la'kfDrdj.k ds ekè;e ls mBk, tk jgs gSaA

14-16 ;gha ugha] tgka 'kfDr;ksa dk varj.k gqvk gks ogka mudk iz;ksx dj ikuk Hkh dfBu fl¼ gqvk gSA uxj fudk;ksa dh vk; djksa] iz;ksDrk 'kqYdksa vkSj vkUrfjd ½.kksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA

• fudk;ksa ds vius jktLo dk lcls egRoiw.kZ lzksr laifÙkdj gSA fdUrq blds fuEu izlkj forku] fuEu njksa] fuEu laxzg n{krk vkSj bldks laink ewY;ksa ds lkFk lacafèkr djus ds vHkko (;k


v:fp) ds dkj.k ;g jktLo lzksr mRIyoughu gksdj jg x;k gSA 14osa foÙk vk;ksx }kjk LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds foÙk ds vè;;u us n'kkZ;k gS fd laifÙk dj ls izfrO;fDr jktLo gn ls gn :- 1677 Fkk] fuEu Lrj ij rks ;g ek=k :- 42 jg x;k FkkA

• izk;% ;s fudk; i;kZIr Lrj ij iz;ksDrk 'kqYd ykxw djus esa foiQy jgs gSa] ;s rks lapkyu vkSj j[kj[kko dh ykxrsa Hkh ugha mxkg ik jgsA

• LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh ttZj foÙkh; ,oa iz'kklfud voLFkkvksa ds dkj.k uxj fudk; ck¡M tkjh dj ikuk vius vki esa ,d pqukSfr cu tkrk gSA

14-17 bu pqukSfr;ksa ds dkj.k uxjksa dks i;kZIr jktLo

tqVkus esa Hkkjh dfBukbZ;ka gkrh gSaA ldy O;; esa vius

jktLo dk va'knku cgqr de jg tkrk gSA vfèkdka'k

uxj fudk;ksa dk izfrO;fDr O;; Hkh cgqr de gSA

gka] eqEcbZ vkSj iq.ks viokn gSa ftuds izfrO;fDr O;;

:- 1000 ls vfèkd gks pqds gSaA

IV. ns'k Hkj ls izkIr lh[ksa14-18 fofHkUu 'kgjksa ds vuqHkoksa ls vfèkd dqN lh[k ikus dh laHkkouk,a de gh gSA] D;ksafd uxjikfydkvksa ls tqM+s vkadM+s cgqr de vkSj fuEu Lrj ds gh gSaA fiQj Hkh ge cSaxyq: fLFkr tukxzg lsaVj iQkWj flVhtuf'ki ,aM MSeksØslh rFkk tux.kuk] 2011 }kjk lqyHk djkbZ xbZ dqN tkudkfj;ksa dk iz;ksx dj dqN lh[ksa xzg.k djus dk iz;kl dj jgs gSaA tukxzg us vius ,fldl&2015 (Hkkjr dh uxj O;oLFkk ds okf"kZd losZ{k.k] 2015) esa uxj fuxe ctVksa (2013&16)] VkÅu ,aM daVªh IySfuax vfèkfu;eksa] egkuxj@uxjikfydk ekLVj IySu] uxj fuxe vfèkfu;e] ljdkjh fjiksZV] vU; vfèkfu;eksa@fu;eksa rFkk uxj fuxeksa dh csolkbZV vkfn ls vkadM+ksa dk ladyu fd;k gSA jktLo l`tu] ½.k] O;;] ctV vkSj vads{k.k (audit) tSls ukxfjd lalkèku ,oa {kerk lwpdksa ds lkFk&lkFk ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkj nkf;Ro vkSj lkoZtfud lwpuk izdVhdj.k dkuwu vkSj vkarfjd vads{k.k tSls lwpdksa ds fo"k; esa bu lwpuk lzksrksa ls vkadM+s ,d=k dj ^^'kgjh {kerk vkSj lalkèku**

rFkk ^^ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj Hkkxhnkjh** ds vad iznku fd, x, gSaA buds eku 0 (fuÑ"V) ls 10 (mRÑ"V) ds chp gSA lsok iznku djus ds vadksa dk fuèkkZj.k tux.kuk 2011 ls fonksfgr tkudkjh ds vkèkkj ij fd;k x;k gSA pkj lsokvksa lacaèkh vkadM+ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ;s gS % mipkfjr uy ds ikuh dh O;oLFkk] voty ikbiksa ls tqM+ ikus dh lqfoèkk] lkoZtfud 'kkSpky; lqfoèkk,a rFkk <ds gq, ukyksa esa voty igq¡pk ikus dh lqfoèkkA vkadM+ksa ls ;s ckrs Li"V gks jgh gSa %

• psUubZ] iq.ks vkSj paMhx<+ ds vkèkkjHkwr lsok iznku

djus dh dlkSVh ij vPNs vad gS rks Hkqous'oj]

jk;iqj vkSj jkaph lcls fiNM+s gq, gSa (js[kkfp=k

6)A

• gSnjkckn us ikjnf'kZrk@mÙkjnkf;Ro] fu;e jpus

vkSj ,d lkoZtfud izdVhdj.k dkuwu dk

vuqikyu djus rFkk vkarfjd vads{k.k bdkb;ka

xfBr djus ds ekeys esa cgqr vPNs vad izkIr

fd, gSa (js[kkfp=k 7)A

• js[kkfp=k 8 n'kkZ jgk gS fd iq.ks] gSnjkckn vkSj

eqEcbZ ds ldy O;; esa vius jktLo va'k ij

vkèkkfjr vad mPpre gSa ogha nsgjknwu vkSj

dkuiqj ds fuEu futh jktLo mUgsa fujarj ljdkjh

vuqnkuksa vkSj vU; foÙk lzksrksa ds lgkjs vius

[kpZ pykus ds fy, foo'k j[krs gSaA

• izfr O;fDr iwath O;; esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fd eqEcbZ]

iq.ks vkSj dkuiqj us 'ks"k lHkh LFkkuh;@'kgjh

fudk;ksa ls vfèkd O;; fd, gSa] tcfd iVuk]

jkaph vkSj Hkqous'oj lcls ihNs jgs gSa (js[kkfp=k

9)A

14-19 bu lwpdksa ds vkèkkj ij ge lsok iznk; O;oLFkkvksa vkSj jktdks"kh; lkeF;Z ds chp lacaèkksa dh leh{kk dj ldrs gSaA bl lkeF;Z dk ekiu pkj vyx&vyx fofèk;ksa ls fd;k x;k gSA vfèkd mPp Lrj ij lsok iznku {kerk dk buds mPprj Lrj ds lkFk lglacaèk fn[kkbZ fn;k gS %

• deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k (js[kkfp=k 10)


lzksr % (js[kkfp=k 6 ls 9) tux.kuk 2011 rFkk Annual Survey of India's City Systems, 2015 tukxzg

• izfrO;fDr iwath O;; (js[kkfp=k 11)

• lalkèku (js[kkfp=k 12)

• futh jktLo (js[kkfp=k 13)

;g lg lacaèk deZpkjh la[;k rFkk O;; ds lkFk vfèkd izcy gSA ,d Li"V fu"d"kZ ;gh gS fd vfèkd lalkèkuksa dh lqyHkrk csgrj ifj.kkeksa ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSA2

2 nq?kZVuk dh fn'kk LiLV gksus ds dkj.k] vkadM+ksa dh miyC/rk ls vkxs tkap ugha dh tk ldrhA

js[kkfp=k 6 % lsok lqyHkrk ds vkèkkj ij LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds vuqØe

js[kkfp=k 8 % ldy O;; esa futh jktLo ds vkèkkj ij LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds vuqØe

js[kkfp=k 10 % i;kZIr deZpkjh oxZ vkSj lsok,a

js[kkfp=k 7 % ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj Hkkxhnkjh ds vuqlkj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds vuqØe

js[kkfp=k 9 % izfrO;fDr iwath O;; ds vuqlkj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds vuqØe

js[kkfp=k 11 % izfrO;fDr iwath O;; vkSj lsok,a

02

46

8

Serv

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Del

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Ben

galu

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radu

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hapu

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Kan

pur

Luc

know

Bho

pal

Pat

na

Jaip

ur

Bhu

bane

swar

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Ran

chi

02

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8

Ow

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even

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ores

Pun

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Mum

bai

Pat

na

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ruva

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hapu

ram

Del

hi

Bho

pal

Ben

galu

ru

Kol

kata

Ahm

edab

ad

Ran

chi

Rai

pur

Lud

hian

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Sura

t

Che

nnai

Jaip

ur

Bhu

bane

swar

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Luc

know

Deh

radu

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pur

02

46

8

Tra

nspa

renc

y ac

coun

tabi

lity

and

part

icip

atio

nSc

ores

Mum

bai

Hyd

erab

ad

Lud

hian

a

Bho

pal

Thi

ruva

nant

hapu

ram

Luc

know

Kan

pur

Ben

galu

ru

Ran

chi

Pun

e

Pat

na

Che

nnai

Bhu

bane

swar

Rai

pur

Kol

kata

Del

hi

Sura

t

Ahm

edab

ad

Jaip

ur

Deh

radu

n

Cha

ndig

arh

02

46

810

Cap

ex p

er c

apita

Scor

es

Mum

bai

Pun

e

Kan

pur

Sura

t

Ahm

edab

ad

Che

nnai

Cha

ndig

arh

Bho

pal

Luc

know

Thi

ruva

nant

hapu

ram

Kol

kata

Rai

pur

Hyd

erab

ad

Deh

radu

n

Ben

galu

ru

Jaip

ur

Lud

hian

a

Ran

chi

Bhu

bane

swar

Pat

na

AHM

BAN

BHO

BBR

CHDCHN

DDN

DEL

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: 0.7

24

68

10Se

rvic

es

0 2 4 6 8 10Adequate Staff

Scores

AMD

BLR

BPL

BBR

CDRCHN

DDN

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: 0.58

24

68

10Se

rvic

es

0 2 4 6 8 10Capex Per Capita

Scores


lzksr % (js[kkfp=k 10 ls 13) % tux.kuk 2011 rFkk ASICS, 2015

14-20 buds foijhr lsok iznk; {kerk vkSj iz'kklfud dkS'ky ds chp lacaèk ikuk dfBu yxrk gSA js[kkfp=k 14 us lsokvksa vkSj ikjnf'kZrk@mÙkjnkf;Ro ds chp dksbZ lacaèk ugha n'kkZ;k gSA js[kkfp=k 15 rks okLro esa izR;{k :i ls pqus x, egkikSj dh mifLFkfr vkSj

lsokvksa dh miyCèkrk esa ½.kkRed lacaèk n'kkZ jgk gSA egkikSj dk;Z vofèk vkSj ifj.kkeksa ds chp Hkh dksbZ lacaèk ugha gS (js[kkfp=k 16)A bldh ,d O;k[;k rks ;g gks ldrh gS fd izR;{k :i ls pqus x, egkikSj dks izHkkoh :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy, fuxe ds pqus

lzksr % tux.kuk 2011 rFkk ASICS, 2015

lzksr % tux.kuk 2011 vkSj ASICS, 2015 lzksr % tux.kuk 2011 vkSj uxj fuxe

js[kkfp=k 12 % 'kgjh {kerk,a ,oa lalkèku rFkk lsok,a

js[kkfp=k 14 % ikjnf'kZrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj Hkkxhnkjh rFkk lsok,a

js[kkfp=k 15 % egkikSj dk izR;{k pquko vkSj lsok,a

js[kkfp=k 16 % egkikSj ds dk;Zdky vkSj lsok,a

js[kkfp=k 13 % futh jktLo vkSj lsok,a

AMD

BLR

BPL

BBR

CDRCHN

DDN

DL

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: 0.36

24

68

10Se

rvic

es

1 2 3 4 5Urban Capacities & Resources

Scores

AMD

BLR

BPL

BBR

CDRCHN

DDN

DL

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: -0.0724

68

10Se

rvic

es

2 4 6 8Transparency accountability and participation

Scores

AMD

BLR

BPL

BBR

CDR CHN

DDN

DL

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: -0.45

24

68

10

Serv

ices

Scor

es

YesNoWhether Mayor directly elected

AMD

BLR

BPL

BBR

CDR CHN

DDN

DL

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: -0.5824

68

10

Serv

ices

Scor

es

1 2 3 4 5Duration/ tenure of municipal Mayor (Years)

AMD

BLR

BPL

BBR

CDRCHN

DDN

DL

HYD

JPR

KPR

KOL

LKO

LUD

MUM

PAT

PUN

RAIRAN

SUR

TVM

Correlation: 0.34

24

68

10Se

rvic

es

0 2 4 6 8Own Revenue

Scores

lsok,a

ijLij laca/

lsok,a

lsok,a

ijLij laca/


lzksr% ,,lvkbZlh,l&2015

gq, lnL;ksa ds cgqer ds leFkZu dh Hkh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g lnSo laHko ugha gks ikrkA blh rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, jktLFkku vkSj rfeyukMw ljdkjksa us vius&vius uxjikfydk@fuxe vfèkfu;eksa esa la'kksèku dj egkikSj ds vizR;{k pquko dk izkoèkku fd;k gSA

V. lalkèku tqVkuk

14-21 ,d cgqr gh pkSadkus okyk lglacaèk (okLro esa bldk vHkko) Hkh mHkj dj vk;k gSA ;g gS djkèkku dh vkSipkfjd 'kfDr;ksa dh fo|ekurk vkSj okLro esa lalkèku tqVkus ds chp (js[kkfp=k 17)A lkekU; vk'kk rks ;gh gksrh gS fd LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks djkèkku dh vfèkd 'kfDr;ka fn, tkus ij os vfèkd lalkèku tqVk ik,axsA ge ns[k jgs gSa fd eqEcbZ vkSj iq.ks ds uxj fuxe vfèkd djkèkku 'kfDr;ka ugha gksus ds ckotwn jktLo laxzg esa cgqr vkxs gSa] tcfd dkuiqj vkSj nsgjknwu vkfn dgha vfèkd dj yxkus dh {kerkvksa ds ckn Hkh futh jktLo laxzg esa cgqr fiNM+ x, gSA 'kq: esa ;s ckrsa fofp=k yx ldrh gSa] fdUrq lrdZrk ls ns[ksa rks ,slk gS ughaA vfèkd izdkj ds dj yxkus dh 'kfDr;ksa dk vFkZ lnk gh LFkkuh; fudk; }kjk vfèkd jktLo dh izkfIr ugha gks ikrkA vfèkd jktLo ,d=k djus ds fy, dbZ vU; dkjdksa ds Hkh egRo gksrs gSa] tSls fd dj vkèkkj dk vkdkj] dj ladyu esa n{krk vkSj uxj {ks=k esa vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa dk LrjA

14-22 ;fn csgrj lsokvksa ds fy, vfèkd lalkèku pkfg, rks os dgka ls izkIr gksaxs\ laHkor% lcls vfèkd rkRdkfyd lzksr rks laifÙk dj gh gks ldrk gSA bl dj dk fuxe ds futh jktLo esa va'k dkuiqj vkSj y[kuÅ esa 50 izfr'kr gS fdUrq Hkksiky vkSj jkaph esa ek=k 15 izfr'kr (js[kkfp=k 18)A vr% leL;k ;g ugha gS fd LFkkuh; fudk; blfy, jktLo ugha tqVk ikrs fd mUgsa bl dke ls jksdk tkrk gSA

14-23 laifÙk dj ls cgqr de izkfIr ds ;s dkj.k gS % vkadyu njksa dk fuEu gksuk] laxzg n{krk dk U;wu gksuk] laifÙk ewY;kadu dh fofèk;ksa dk =kqfViw.kZ gksuk] vusd izdkj dh dj NwV gksuk vkSj dj iz'kklu dh =kqfV;kaA leh{kk ds fy, fd, x, ,d vè;;u esa uohure mixzg vkèkkfjr fp=kkadu fofèk dk iz;ksx dj cSaxyq: vkSj t;iqj dh laifÙk dj laxzg {kerkvksa dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA ;g vè;;u crk jgk gS fd bl le; cSxyq: vkSj t;iqj Øe'k% laHkkfor {kerk ds ek=k 5 vkSj 20 izfr'kr ls vfèkd laifÙk dj ugha mxkg ik jgs (ckWDl 2)A nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;s uxj vius lalkèkuksa dks 5 ls chl xquk es lqèkkj ldrs gSaA vr% laifÙk dj dh lHkh laHkkfor {kerkvksa dk iwjk iz;ksx djus ds Hkjld iz;kl gksus pkfg,A

lzksr% ,,lvkbZlh,l&2015

js[kkfp=k 17 % djkèkku dh 'kfDr;ka vkSj futh jktLo

js[kkfp=k 18 % LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds dqy jktLo esa laifÙk dj dk izfr'kr va'k

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ckWDl 2 % mixzg fp=kkadu fofèk ls laifÙk dj {kerk dk vkadyu'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds vius jktLo dk eq[; lzksr laifÙk dj gh gSA 36 'kgjksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vkèkkj ij 13osa foÙk vk;ksx us ;g Lohdkj fd;k Fkk fd bl dj dk vuqikyu Lrj ;fn 80&85 izfr'kr rd Hkh igqap tk, rks bu fudk;ksa dks izkIr jktLo orZeku :- 4400 djksM+ ls c<+dj :- 22000 djksM+ rd igq¡p ldrk gSA laifÙk dj ladyu esa lcls cM+h pqukSfr;ka laifÙk;ksa dh v&lVhd igpku vkSj U;wu ewY;kadu dh gSA vusd LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds jktLo foHkkxksa esa deZpkfj;ksa dh vi;kZIr la[;k Hkh bl dj dks ,d=k djus esa ckèkd gks tkrh gSA HkwxkSfyd lwpuk iz.kkyh (GIS) vkèkkfjr c`gr lwpuk vkadyu fofèk;ka fdlh uxj ds ldy fufeZr Hkw{ks=k dk vkadyu dj mldh ldy laifÙk dj {kerk dk vuqeku vkSj ewY;kadu dj ldrh gSaA

mixzg fp=kkadu }kjk Hkou ?kurk dk ekiu

bl vè;;u us cSaxyq: (js[kkfp=k 2d) rFkk t;iqj (js[kfp=k 2[k) dh laifÙk dj {kerk dk vkadyu fd;k gSA blds fy, vesfjdk ds ^uklk* vkSj HkwxZHk losZ{k.k dh tkudkjh LANDSAT iz.kkyh ds ekè;e ls izkIr dh xbZ gSA

mixzg ls feys ifj"Ñr vkadM+ksa dk Hkw&izlaLdkj dj fufeZr {ks=kiQy dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA bl vkadyu esa Lora=k x`g bdkbZ ls ysdj x`g[kaM vkSj 'kgjh efyu cfLr;ka lHkh dks LFkku feyk gSA mixzg }kjk vuqekfur fufeZr {ks=k esa lM+dksa ij py jgs okgu vkfn dh Nfo;ka Hkh ,d foÑfr iSnk dj nsrh gSa] bldk lekèkku djus ds fy, geus ,d fuoy fofufeZr ?kurk ekid cuk;k gS (fooj.k ifjf'k"V esa fn;k x;k gS)A bl fuoy fufeZr ?kurk dh tkudkjh dk iz;ksx dj cSaxyq: vkSj t;iqj esa 'kgjksa esa cus Hkou lewgksa dh tkudkjh dk ;ksx dj ldy fufeZr {ks=kiQy (oxZiQqV@fdyksehVj) dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA mls 'kgj ds {ks=kkuqlkj laifÙk dj funsZ'kd bdkbZ ewY;ksa ds lkFk xquk djds 'kgj dh laHko laifÙk dj ladyu {kerk dk vuqeku yxk;k x;k gSA izk;% fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr lkexzh] Nr dk izdkj] fuokl dh izÑfr (Lo&iz;qDr ;k fdjk, ij p<+kbZ xbZ) rFkk ewY;ßkl ds vkèkkj ij 'kgjksa dks vusd funsZ'kd ewY;kadu {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA js[kkfp=k 2d esa iznf'kZr cSaxyq: ds ,d vkoklh; {ks=k dksjkeaxy {ks=k ij fopkj djsaA ;g Li"V fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS fd izlaLÑr Nk;k fp=k fofufeZr vkoklh; vkSj O;olkf;d {ks=kksa dks gfjr vkSj catj Hkweh ls i`Fke :i ls igpku ldrk gSA

js[kkfp=k 2d


eafty iQ'kZ & {ks=kiQy vuqikr@iQ'kZ {ks=kiQy lwpd }kjk Hkou dh Å¡pkbZ dk ewY;kadu

ySaMlSV Nk;k fp=k Hkouksa dh ÅapkbZ dh tkudkjh ugha ns ikrs (vU; mixzg vkèkkfjr DEM ÅapkbZ izfreku Hkh vkSlr lkxj ry ls ÅapkbZ dh tkudkjh gh ns jgs gSa)A vr% Hkouksa dh laHko ÅapkbZ dk vuqeku ,dhÑr fodkl lafgrkvksa] iQ'kZ&{ks=kiQy (FAR) vuqikrksa vkSj iQ'kZ&{ks=k vuqikr (FSI) vkfn dk iz;ksx djds yxk;k x;k gSA ;s nksuksa vuqikr ,d Hkou esa vuqfer fufeZr {ks=kiQy mlds Hkw[kaM

js[kkfp=k 2x

js[kkfp=k 2[k


ds {ks=kiQy dk vuqikr fn[kkrs gSaA FSI dk mPpeku vfèkd fuekZ.k ?kurk fn[kkrk gSA ;fn FSI dk eku 2 gks rks bldk vFkZ gksxk fd lHkh fufeZr iQ'kks± dk ;ksxiQy Hkw[kaM ds {ks=kiQy ls nqxquk gS vFkkZr Hkou esa dbZ eaftys cuh gSaA fofHkUu jkT;ksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr fodkl ;kstukvksa vkSj {ks=kh; fu;euksa ds vuqlkj ;g vuqikr vyx gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, c`gn cSaxyq: egkuxjikfydk (BBMP) us uxj dks 12 {ks=kksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] buesa 'kkfey gS % vkoklh; (eq[;)] vkoklh; (fefJr)] O;kikfjd vkSj vkS|ksfxdA t;iqj fodkl izkfèkdj.k dh fodkl ;kstuk] 2025 us blds foijhr O;kid Lrjh; FSI fu;r fd, gS] ftuds eku 0-1 (euksjatu ikdZ)] 0-2 (i;ZVu LFky) ls ysdj vkoklh;@O;kikfjd ds fy, 2-25 fu;r fd, x, gSaA bu izlj.kksa ds vkèkkj ij nksuksa uxjksa ds fy, U;wure] vfèkdre vkSj eè;e ewY;eku ifjn`';ksa dh jpuk dh xbZ gS (x.kuk,a ifjf'k"V esa nh xbZ gS)A

cSaxyq: dh laifÙk dj {kerk dk vuqeku

tSlk fd js[kkfp=k 2d dh Nfo esa fn[kk;k x;k gS] cSaxyq: ds 784 oxZ fdyksehVj ds forku dk yxHkx 50 izfr'kr fufeZr {ks=kiQy gSA laHkkfor laifÙk dj dk vkadyu ,d okMZ dks ,d vkèkkfjd bdkbZ ekudj fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj bl vkadyu esa fuoy fufeZr {ks=k] laifÙk dj bdkbZ (ewY;kadu ds fy, funsZ'kd eku) vkSj FSI vuqikr dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA BBMP esa 198 okMZ gSa vkSj budh lainkvksa dks 6 {ks=kksa esa ckaVk x;k gS (A ls F)A ;g foHkktu bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd os dSlh lM+d ij fLFkr gSa] ;gh funsZ'kd ewY; dk fuèkkZjd Hkh gSA ;g oxhZdj.k bdkbZ {ks=k ewY; (Unit Area Value) fu;r djrk gS] ftldk laifÙk dj ds vkadyu esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA laifÙk;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q 10 o"kZ ekuh xbZ gS vkSj bl ij 10 izfr'kr nj ls ewY;ßkl dh vuqefr gSA lM+d vuqlkj funsZ'kd ewY;ksa dks lac¼ okMks± ds lkFk tksM+k x;k gS vkSj fuoy fufeZr ?kurk dk Hkh okMZ dh lhekvksa ds lkFk la;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lHkh lainkvksa ds chp FSI vuqikrksa ds eku dk rkyesy fcBkus ds fy, geus rhu ifjn`';ksa dh dYiuk dh gS (U;wure] vfèkdre vkSj eè;e)A ;g rkfydk 2d esa fn[kk, x, 12 {ks=kksa dh laca¼ ewY;ekuksa ij vkèkkfjr gSaA vuqeku gS fd cSaxyq: ds ikl vius orZeku laifÙk dj ladyu ls 4 ls 7 xquk laxzg dj ikus dh {kerk fo|eku gSA

rkfyd 2d % cSaxyq: uxj dh dj laHkkouk] fufeZr ?kurk ds vuqlkj

FSI izfjn`'; (vkoklh;@O;olkf;d)

MIN[1.8|1.5] (Cr.) MAX[3.3|3.3] (Cr.) AVG[2.5|2.4] (Cr.)

ladfyr 1031.8 1031.8 1031.8laHkkfor 4359.5 8693.8 6526.7vuqikr 23.7% 11.9% 15.8%

lzksr % ctV i=kd] c`gn cSaxyq: egkuxj ikfydk

t;iqj ds fy, laifÙkdj laHkkoh {kerk dk vkadyu

cSaxyq: dh laifÙk dj {kerk dk vkadyu djus ds fy, viukbZ fofèk dk gh t;iqj esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA t;iqj uxj dk {ks=kiQy 384 oxZ fdyksehVj gS vkSj fufeZr {ks=k 39 izfr'kr gSA cSaxyq: ds foijhr ;gka funsZ'kd ewY;eku dkyksuh Lrj ij fuèkkZfjr gSaA geus 2534 dkyksfu;ksa dh fufeZr ?kurk dk ;ksx fd;k vkSj izfr okMZ funsZ'kd ewY;eku vkadfyr dh (rkfydk 2[k)] t;iqj ds fy, vfèkdkfjd FSI vkadM+s miyCèk ugha Fks] vr% Hkou dh ÅapkbZ@xSj ÅapkbZ ifjn`';ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA gekjk vuqeku n'kkZrk gS fd t;iqj orZeku dj laxzg ls 10 ls 20 xquk vfèkd jkf'k;ka laxzfgr dj ldrk gSA

rkfydk 2[k % t;iqj uxj dh dj laxzg laHkkfor {kerk] fufeZr ?kurk ds vuqlkj

FSI izfjn`'; No Elevation (Cr.) Min [1.5] (Cr.) Max [2.0] (Cr.)

ladfyr 41.2 41.2 41.2

laHkkfor 380.0 599.7 799.7

vuqikr 10.8% 6.8% 5.1%

lzksr% ctV nLrkost & t;iqj uxj fuxe

fu"d"kZ

csgrj laifÙk dj vuqikyu esa lgk;d gksdj mix`g Nk;k fp=kkadu fofèk 'kgjh iz'kklu ra=k dks lqèkkjus esa mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSA gekjk ;g vkadyu iz;kl fn[kk jgk gS fd t;iqj vkSj cSaxyq: viuh laifÙk dj laxzg {kerk dk ek=k 5 ls 20 izfr'kr gh ,d=k dj ik jgs gSaA os bl n`f"V ls orZeku jkf'k;ksa ls ikap ls chl xquk vfèkd jkf'k;ka tek dj ldrs gSaA jktLo laxzg esa vkRe fuHkZjrk 'kgjh LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh vfrvko';d lajpukxr fuos'k djus dh {kerk dks lqèkkj vius uxj fuokfl;ksa dh thou dh xq.koÙkk dk fodkl djus esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA vkèkqfud rduhdsa viukdj] vU; mik; Hkh dke esa ykrs gq,] ;s LFkkuh; fudk; vHkh rd vNwrs jg x, lkeF;Z dks uxjfgr esa tqVk ldrs gSaA


ckWDl 3% 'kgjh fodkl esa futh {ks=k dk ;ksxnku % xq:xzke vkSj te'ksniqj ls dqN lcd

xq:xzke 2001 rd ,d Ñf"kd catj Hkweh izk;% {ks=k Fkk] ftls 'kgjh {ks=k ds :i esa ekU;rk Hkh ugha nh xbZ FkhA gfj;k.kk ljdkj us Hkw&vfèkxzg.k ij yxs izfrcaèk gVkus vkSj gfj;k.kk 'kgjh fodkj izkfèkdj.k dks Ñf"k Hkweh dk uxj fodkl ds fy, iz;ksx djus ds vfèkdkj iznku djus ds lkFk&lkFk Hkweh ds cM+s&cM+s [kaMksa ij futh laink fodkl iQeks± dks Hkh uxj[kaM (Vkmuf'ki) fodflr djus dh vuqefr iznku dj nhA mlds le; rd rks ogka 'kgjh fu;kstu vkSj lkoZtfud inkFkks± (lqfoèkkvksa) dk fodkl djus okyh uxjikfydk dk Hkh vfLrRo ugha Fkk] xq:xzke uxj fuxe dk xBu Hkh 2008 esa gqvk gSA ;g fuxe Hkh 'kgj ds lhfer ls fgLlksa ij fu;a=k.k ds fy, vfèkÑr gSA vr% xq:xzke ds rhu cM+s&cM+s fgLlksa ij Øe'k% gwMk] uxj fuxe vkSj futh fodkldrkZvksa ds fu;a=k.k gSaA

xq:xzke esa futh {ks=k us lkoZtfud {ks=k dh vusd =kqfV;ksa dks nwj djus dk chM+k mBk;k gS] fdUrq mldh liQyrk dk fjdkMZ fefJr lk jgk gSA lkoZtfud {ks=k dh foiQyrk ij futh {ks=k us Lo;a voty fudklh] ty ,oa fo|qr vkiwfrZ] lqj{kk vkSj vfXudkaM izfrjksèk lajpukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA xq:xzke esa ubZ jSfiM eSVªks lsok dk fuekZ.k DLF vkSj bUizQkLVªDpj yhftax ,aM iQkbusUl lfoZflt fyfeVsM (IL&FS) us fd;k gSA blds fy, Hkweh gwMk us iznku dh gSA futh :i ls fodflr fufeZr {ks=kksa esa lM+dsa cgqr vPNh gSaA ifjogu lqfoèkkvksa ds vHkko dh iwfrZ futh ifjogu lsok,a dj jgh gSaA la{ksi esa] futh fuekZ.k iQeks± us vfèkdka'k pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkjld lekèkku fd;k gS] fdUrq os viuh laink lhekvksa ls ckgj mu lqfoèkkvksa dk izlkj ugha dj ik, gSaA bldk dkj.k mDr iQeks± esa vkilh vkSj vfèkdkfj;ksa ds lkFk lg;ksx ugha gks ik jgk gSA vfèkdkjh Lo;a vius Lrj ij 'kgj okfl;ksa dks vko';d fo'kky Lrj dh lqfoèkk,a lqyHk djkus esa cgqr lhfer liQyrk vftZr dj ik, gSaA

xq:xzke uxj dh foiQyrk,a loZfofnr gSa] fdUrq mUgsa lgh izfjizs{; esa ugha j[kk x;k gSA 'kgj us ,d rdZiw.kZ 'kgjh ;kstuk ds vHkko dks >syk gS vkSj bldh foLiQksVd lao`f¼ nj fdlh Hkh vU; Hkkjrh; uxj dh Hkkafr lhfer fu;kstu iz;klksa ls cgqr vfèkd l'kDr fl¼ gqbZ gSA ;gh ugha] fodkl Øe izkjaHk gksus ij LFkkfud ,oa mPp Lrj ds vfèkdkj ra=kksa dh cgqyrk lkeus vk xbZ gSA blesa vfèkdkfèkd yxku&HkkM+k mxkgus dh 'kfDr;ka rks cgqr gSaA mlds dkj.k futh fuekZrkvksa dh ysunsu dh ykxrsa Hkh cgqr vfèkd gks xbZ gSA fofHkUu futh fuekZrkvksa dks vusd izdkj ds jktuhfrd izJ; ryk'k djus iM+rs gSaA mlds vHkko esa rks os dqN dk;Z ugha dj ik,axsA

fl¼kar :i ls rks ty] voty fudklh] fo|qr lM+dksa dh vkiwfrZ futh {ks=k ds LoHkkfod fudk;ksa }kjk ,d vPNs Lrj ij laHko gksrh gS] fdUrq laHkor% dhersa vfèkd gksaxhA fdUrq xq:xzke esa ,dkfèkdkjh ugha LièkhZ futh vkiwfrZdrkZvksa dk ra=k fodflr gqvk gSA futh vkiwfrZdrkZvksa ds chp LièkkZ ls nks foiQyrk,a O;qRiUu gqbZ gSa % ,d rks ty] fo|qr] voty fudklh vkfn dh dhersa lhekar ykxrksa ds cgqr fudV gSa fdUrq os budh vkSlr ykxrksa dk Lrj cgqr Å¡pk gSA ;s iQes± cM+s iSekus ij dk;Z djus ls laHkkfor ferO;;rkvksa dk iwjk ykHk ugha mBk ik jgh gSaA nwljs] bu LièkhZ vkiwfrZdrkZvksa us dbZ izdkj dh udkjkRed ckárkvksa dk l`tu ds;k gS % Mhty ds èkq,a ls vfr'k; ok;q iznw"k.k] voty ,oa dpjs dk lka>h lainkvksa esa vackj rFkk HkwxHkZ ls ikuh dh vèkkj.kh; Lrj ij fudklh ls iSnk gks jgh leL;k,a blh dk ifj.kke gSA

te'ksniqj Hkh ,d futh Vkmuf'ki gS vkSj ;g Hkkjr esa cls Js"B iz'kkflr uxjksa esa ls ,d gSA te'ksniqj ;qfVfyVht ,oa lfoZflt daiuh fyfeVsM (JUSCO) VkVk LVhy dh ,d laiw.kZ LokfeRo okyh lgk;d daiuh gSA ;gh uxj okfl;ksa dks lHkh lsok,a lqfoèkk,a iznku djus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd te'ksniqj esa ns'k dh csgrjhu 'kgjh lajpuk lqfoèkk,a gS vkSj JUSCO dks ,d vkn'kZ lsok iznkrk ekuk tkrk gSA ORG-MARG-Network, (,d fo'o Lrjh; ekdsZV fjlpZ iQeZ) us te'ksniqj dks ns'k esa nwljs Øe dk Js"B uxj ekuk gSA ;g Øe mls 2008 esa vius thou dh xq.koÙkk ds lwpd ds vkèkkj ij fn;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 2010 esa 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; us ns'k ds 441 uxjksa@dLcksa esa te'ksniqj dks lkrosa Øe ij j[kk gSA

xq:xzke vkSj te'ksniqj ds vuqHkoksa ls rhu lcd

(i) laink vfèkdkjh LièkhZ uxjksa dh O;oLFkk esa futh fodkl dh igydneh vkSj ÅtZLork dk Js"Bre 'kgjh fu;kstu dh nwjnf'kZrk ds lkFk lgt la;kstu gks ldrk gSA ,d {ks=k esa dqN futh LokfeRo uxjksa dk fodkl ,d LièkhZ uxj izfreku dh jpuk dj ldrk gS] tgka muds Lokeh fuekZ.k ds lkFk&lkFk LièkkZ] uo izorZu vkSj iz;ksx Hkh djrs gSaA

(ii) futh {ks=k dks mPp ysunsu dh ykxr lgu djuh iM+rh gS] ;fn 'kgj ij vusd vfèkdkjh ra=kksa dk 'kklu gks rks izR;sd vius fy, vfèkd ls vfèkd yxku&HkkM+k olwyus esa tqV tkrk gSA ;fn iwjs uxj ds fy, ,d lefUor fodkl ;kstuk ugha cuh gqbZ gks rks fiQj ysunsu dh ykxrs vfèkd gks tkrh gSaA ,d ckj 'kgj clus ds ckn mlesa Åifj lajpuk ds fuekZ.k dh ykxr cgqr vfèkd gks tkrh gSA dbZ ckj bruh vfèkd fd og fuekZ.k gks gh ugha ikrkA

(iii)lH;uxj lekt dh lfØ; Hkwfedk lalkèkuksa ds vfr'k; fonksgu ij vadq'k yxkdj rhoz 'kgjhdj.k ls tqM+h udkjkRed cká;rkvksa ds nq"izHkkoksa dk fuokj.k dj ldrh gSA xq:xzke esa ,sls ukxfjd lewgksa] i;kZoj.k lewgksa vkSj lka>k laink fuxjkuh lewgksa ds mn; dk Øe èkhek jgk gSA

uksV% ;g ckWDl jktxksiyu] ,l- ,oa rscjksZd (2014)] ^^, ySlUl izQkWe xqjxkao % bafM;kt izkbosV flVh**A ;g Mh ,aMjlu ,oa HkkSjkuh] ,l laikfnr iqLrd flVht ,aM izkbosV IySfuax] ;sYVuge] ;wds % ,MoMZ ,Yxj esa ladfyr jpuk ij vkèkkfjr gSA


VI. fu"d"kZ

14-24 vkxkeh n'kdksa esa 'kgjhdj.k dk izlkj uxjikfydkvksa ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh cuus okyk gSA fdUrq bu pqukSfr;ksa ij dkcw ikuk laHko Hkh gS vkSj ,slk djuk Hkh pkfg,A gekjs orZeku vè;k; dk fo'ys"k.k dqN ojh;rk fcUnqvksa dh vksj ladsr dj jgk gSA

14-25 lcls igyk dk;Z rks LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks foÙkh; :i ls la'kfDrÑr djuk gSA

• fo'ys"k.k n'kkZrk gS fd tks uxjikfydk,a vfèkd lalkèkuksa dk l`tu djus esa liQy jgh gSa ogh vfèkd vkèkkjHkwr lsok,a iznku dj ikbZ gSaA vr% jkT;ksa dks pkfg, fd og uxj iz'kkluksa dks gj laHko dj yxkus dh 'kfDr;ksa nsaA

• uxjikfydkvksa dks vius orZeku dj vkèkkjksa dk Hkh csgrj iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A 'kgjh lainkvksa ds Nk;kadu ds fy, uohure mixzg vkèkkfjr rduhdksa ds iz;ksx dh cgqr vko';drk gSA ljdkj dks bljks@jk"Vªh; fjeksV lsaflax ,tsalh dks bl ckr ds fy, lger djuk pkfg, fd ;s LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh muds {ks=kksa dh lHkh laifÙk;ksa ds GIS ekufp=k cukus esa lgk;rk djsaxhA laifÙk dj dk laHkkoh lkeF;Z cgqr fo'kky gS vkSj mldk uxj Lrj ij vfrfjDr jktLo tqVkus ds fy, iz;ksx gksuk gh pkfg,A

14-26 ;g ckj&ckj dguk Fkdkus yxk gS fd LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dk laoèkZu gksuk pkfg,] fdUrq muls mPprj Lrj] jkT;] ds lÙkkèkh'kksa dks viuh 'kfDr;ka R;kxus dks lger cukuk dksbZ ljy dk;Z ugha gSA cM+k iz'u ;gh gS fd D;k bl jktuhfrd vkfFkZd pqukSrh dk lkeuk djus dk nkf;Ro foÙk vk;ksxksa dks mBkuk pkfg,\ (izks- jktk psfYykg us bl pqukSfr dks igpku dj LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks vfèkd lalkèku vkoafVr djus dk vkxzg fd;k Fkk) nwljk jkLrk ;g gks ldrk gS fd jkT;ksa dh ^laizHkqrk* dk lEeku fd;k tk, vkSj ;g lnk'kk dh tk, fd os 'kgjhdj.k dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i Lo;a gh jktdks"k ,oa iz'kklu dk fodsanzhddj.k djus dk

ln~foosd n'kkZ,axsA

14-27 vkSj vUr esa tkudkjh ;k vkadM+ksa dk gksuk rFkk muesa ikjnf'kZrk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrh gSA

• 'kgjh fodkl ea=kky; dks LFkkuh; fudk;ksa vkSj uxj {ks=kdksa ij lok±xiw.kZ vkadM+s ,d=k dj muds izdk'ku dks vfèkd ojh;rk nsuh pkfg,A laHkor% bu fudk;ksa dks vuqnku muds }kjk uohure vkSj laiw.kZ tkudkjh lk>k djus rFkk ikjnf'kZrkiw.kZ O;ogkj j[kus ds lkFk tksM+k tkuk Hkh mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA

• uhfr vk;ksx dks okf"kZd vkèkkj ij uxjikfydkvksa ds rqyukRed fu"iknu ds lwpd rS;kj djus pkfg,A ;s lwpd okLrfod tokcnsgh rFkk ewy tulsok,a iznku djus dh iz'kkldh; {kerk ij vkèkkfjr gksus pkfg,A

14-28 jkT;ksa ds chp LièkkZ vkt ifjorZu vkSj fodkl dh ,d cM+h lapkyd 'kfDr dk :i èkkj.k dj jgh gSA ;g ifjorZu vc jkT;ksa vkSj uxjksa rFkk uxjksa ds chp LièkkZ ds iVy ij Hkh fn[kkbZ nsuk pkfg,A os uxj ftUgsa nkf;Ro lkSais x, gksa vkSj mUgsa iwjk djus ds lalkèkuksa ds ekè;e ls l'kDr cuk, x, gksa rFkk ftu ij mÙkj nsus dk vadq'k Hkh yxk gks fuf'pr :i ls LièkhZ la?kokn ds izHkkoh okgd cu ldrs gSaA ;s okLro esa LièkhZ vuqla?kokn dh {kerkvksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dks iQyhHkwr Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ1. Chauvin, J. P; Glaeser, Edward; Ma,Yueran and Tobio, Kristina, 2016. Whatis different about urbanisation in richand poor countries? – Cities in Brazil, China, India and the United States. NBER Working Paper No. 22002.

2. Colmer, Jonathan, 2016. Urbanisation, Growth, and Development: Evidencefrom India. Available at: http://urbanisation.econ.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/24/urbanisationindia.pdf.

3. Jana Urban Space Foundation and Janaagraha Centre for Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, 2015. Annual Survey of India’s City-Systems2015


(ASICS-2015). Available at http://janaagraha.org/reports/ASICS-2015.pdf.

4. Kapur, Devesh; Somanathan, T. V.;Subramanian, Arvind, 2014. Land-Shakled-I, Business Standard, July 20,2014.

5. Kapur, Devesh; Somanathan, T. V.; Subramanian, Arvind, 2014. Land-Shakled-II, Business Standard, July 21, 2014.

6. Report of the Fourteenth Finance Commission, 2015. Available at: http://finmin.nic.in/14fincomm/14fcreng.pdf

7. The High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC) for Estimating the Investment Requirements for Urban InfrastructureServices, 2011. Report on Indian UrbanInfrastructure and Services.

8. UNICEF and World Health Organization, 2015 Progress onSanitation and Drinking Water, 2015Update and MDG Assessment.

9. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2013. State of World Cities 2012/13.


ifjf'k"V % fufeZr ?kurk dk fu"d"kZ.k vkSj laifÙk dj ewY;kadu dh fofèk

Hkkx 1 mixzg Nk;adu ls fufeZr ?kurk dk fu"d"kZ.kmixzg }kjk nwj Nk;kadu 'kgjh fufeZr {ks=kksa ds izlkj vkSj lao`f¼ ds vkadyu dh ,d l'kDr fofèk gSA blds ekè;e ls ge cgqr gh NksVs Lrj dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ;qfDr;qDr fu;kstu esa lgk;rk ik ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g izR;sd fufeZr {ks=k dh lVhd tkudkjh iznku dj ldrh gSA ;g Nk;kadu fofèk lkjh tkudkjh dks fcUnqvksa }kjk vafdr djrh gSA mls vkxs ifj"Ñr vkSj izlaLÑr djus ds ckn LFkkfud Hkwxksy dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk feyk;k tkrk gSA mixzg ls izkIr vkadM+s izR;kofrZr jf'e rjaxksa ds :i esa gksrs gSaA fufeZr {ks=kksa vkSj vU; HkwvkPNknuksa dh o.kZ O;atu fo'ks"krkvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bu jf'e rjaxksa dks fo'ks"k Hkwjpukvksa] tSls fd gfjr vkPNknu] catj Hkw{ks=kksa] tyjkf'k;ksa] lM+dksa vkSj Hkouksa dk izfrfufèkRo djus dk rkfdZd izf'k{k.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA

bl vè;;u esa 30m foHksnu okys LANDSAT-8 dh dk;Z'khy Hkw&Nk;kafdr vifj"Ñr Nk;k,a NASA ls izkIr dh xbZ gSa (ftl le; vkdk'k ij ckny fcYdqy ugha Fks)A blesa izR;sd Nk;kfcUnq us n`';] bUizQkjsM rFkk m"ekèkfeZrk dh jf'e rjaxs II cSaM esa fjdkMZ dh gSa (js[kkfp=k A)A ijaijk ls gh fufeZr {ks=kksa dk fp=kkadu ifjofrZr lkekU;hÑr vUrj (vkèkkfjr) tylwpd (MNDWI) lkekU;hÑr varj vkèkkfjr fufeZr lwpd (NDBI) vkSj e`nk leaftr ouLifr lwpd (SAVI) tks OLI Nk;kadu ls izkIr gq, gSa] ds iqu% dwfVr ekuksa ds vadxf.krh; fØ;kdkS'ky ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA fdUrq buesa vU; cSaM jf'e;ksa ds ^'kkSj* ;k foÑfr;ksa ds izHkko Hkh fey tkrs gSaA

fufeZr ?kurk dh igpku esa vHkh"V lVhdrk ykus ds fy, fofHkUu jf'erjaxksa vkSj ?kVdksa ds forj.kksa ds xSj xkWlh; Lo:i dk è;ku j[krs gq, gekjh dk;Zfofèk ^izeq[k ?kVd fo'ys"k.k** (Principal Component Analysis) dks e'khu f'k{k.k vkèkkfjr <ky laoèkhZ izfreku dh x.kukfofèk vkSj cgqpj oxhZdkjd izrhixeu fofèk;ksa ds la;kstu esa iz;ksx dj jgh gSA

vifj"Ñr jf'erjaxksa dks igys MNDWI, NDBI vkSj SAVI lwpdksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA LANSAT TM/ ETM+/OLI Nk;kvksa ds fudVorhZ o.kZ O;atd ifV~V;ksa ls mPp lglacaèk gksus ds dkj.k bu (mPp lglacaèk ifV~V;ksa) dks Lora=k mi&leqPp; esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, PCA fofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl PCA ds ckn ewy lglacafèkr ifV~V;ksa dks fof'k"V Hkweh iz;kstu izdkj Hksnksa ds vuqlkj Lora=k ?kVdksa esa ifjofrZr dj fy;k tkrk gSA

blds ckn ?kVdksa ds Nk;kfcUnq Lrjh vè;;u ls vHkh"V Hkwjpuk ds fu.kkZ;d

lzksr% ekuo xzg th,p,l,y dk ,Vyl

lzksr% uklk

fp=k d% mixzg ls izkIr fp=k esa cSaM ifjorZu


Lrj dh igpku dh tkrh gS (cSaxyq: vkSj t;iqj)A ge tkurs gSa fd fo'ks"k Hkw&iz;kstu oxZ ls tqM+h jf'erjaxs (vkSj ?kVd) izR;sd miHkw{ks=k esa vyx&vyx gksrh gSa vr% ge fu.kZ;o`{k] GBM (xzzx fjtoZ ds R iSdst dk iz;ksx dj) cgqpjh; oxhZdj.k esa l{ke ,d fo'ks"k :i ls i;Zos{kuh; x.kuk fofèk dh jpuk djrs gSaA tc fufnZ"V Hkwiz;kstu cgqHkqtksa] ok;q ls Nk;kadu vkSj dqN ,d fufeZr bdkb;ksa ls rqyuk dh xbZ rks gekjk mi;qZDr oxhZdj.k dkiQh lVhd izrhr gqvk gSA

Hkkx II: fu"df"kZr fufeZr bdkbZ;ksa ls laHkkfor laifÙk dj dk vuqeku

cSaxyq:

(d) {ks=kksa esa oxhZdj.k % c`gr cSaxyq: egkuxjikfydk (BBMA) ds dk;kZfèkdkj {ks=k esa 198 okMZ gSaA bu okMks± esa fo|eku laifÙk;ksa dks 6 {ks=kksa esa oxhÑr fd;k x;k gS (A ls F rd)A bl oxhZdj.k dk vkèkkj mu lM+dksa@ekxks± dks ekuk x;k gS] ftuij os laifÙk;ka fLFkr gSaA mUgha ls 9 ekpZ 2016 dh BBMP dh foKfIr ds vuqlkj laifÙk dj ds vkadyu ds fy, funsZ'kd ewY;eku dk fuèkkZj.k gksrk gSA ;s oxhZdj.k laifÙk;ksa ds {ks=k bdkbZ ewY; (UAV)3 dks fu;r dj nsrk gSA mlh dk iz;ksx laifÙk dj ns;rk fuèkkZj.k esa gksrk gSA

bu 6 {ks=kksa esa vkus okyh laifÙk;ksa dks fuekZ.k lkexzh] Nr ds Lo:i] iQ'kZ] Loiz;qDr ;k fdjk, ij vkfn ds vuqlj gh {ks=k bdkbZ ewY;eku iznku fd, tkrs gSaA

([k) {ks=k bdkbZ ewY;eku % ,d {ks=k dh lHkh laifÙk;ksa ds fefJr UAV dk vkadyu djus ds fy, bu ekU;rkvksa dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gS %

(i) vkoklh; laifÙk;ksa ds oxZ esa %

• 100 izfr'kr laifÙk;ksa dks RCC ;k enzkl Nr Hkou ekuk x;k gS

• 70 izfr'kr laifÙk;ksa dks Lofuoklkèkhu vkSj 30 izfr'kr4 dks fdjk, ij ekuk x;k gSA

(ii) xSj vkoklh; laifÙk;ka

• lHkh 100 izfr'kr dks mPpre (V oxZ) dk UAV fn;k x;k gS] D;ksafd blds fofHkUu oxks± esa fo'ks"k varj ugha gSA

• 75 izfr'kr laifÙk;ksa esa fdjk,nkj dke dj jgs FksA

• 25 izfr'kr laifÙk;ksa esa ekfyd Lo;a dk;Z djrs ekus x, gSaA

(iii) mi;ZDr(i) vkSj (ii) dk è;ku j[krs gq, Hkkfjr vkSlr ds :i esa la;qDr UAV dk bl izdkj vkadyu fd;k x;k gS %

vkoklh; xSj&vkoklh;Zone A B C D E F Mix Mix A B C D E FUAV 6 4.8 4.3 3.8 3 2.4 30% fdjk;s ij 75% 25 18 13 10 7.5 3.8

UAV 3 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.2 70% Lo;a ds vf/dkj esa 25% 13 8.8 6.3 5 3.8 1.9

Weighted Average Hybrid Rate 3.9 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.6 21.9 15.3 10.9 8.8 6.6 3.3

3 ;g UAV fofèk igys izpfyr jgh okf"kZd nj fuèkkZj.k ewY; dk gh ,d Lo:i gSA og laink ls laHkkfor fdjk, ij fuHkZj Fkk tcfd UAV mlls laHko izfr izkfIr nj dk mldh fLFkfr vkSj iz;ksx ds vuqlkj vkadyu djrk gSA x.kuk dh bdkbZ (izHkkj) izfroxZ iQqV izfrekg gS] blesa fLFkfr] lM+d (AREA) vkSj nj ls xq.ku (VALUE)] rhuksa 'kkfey gSa] blhfy, bls UAV dgk tkrk gSA

4 http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/a5jnMOHiQsHEk47Rr9mUWPI/Five-charts-on-the-state-of-Indias-housing-sector.html


(x) laifÙk dj vkadyu % BBMP dh laifÙkdj gSaMcqd ds vuqlkj bl dj dk vkadyu bl izdkj

gksrk gS %

vkoklh; laifÙk;ksa ds fy,5 fufeZr {ks=kiQy x UAV x 10 ekl = ;ksx

1 (T1)

T1 – ekU; ewY;ßkl = T2 (dj;ksX; okf"kZd ewY;)

T2 x 20% = T3 (laifÙk dj)

T3 x 24 % = T4 (vfèkHkkj)

T3 + T4 = T5 (ldy ns; laifÙk dj)

T5 x 5% = T6 ('kh?kz Hkqxrku ij NwV)

T5-T6= fuoy ns; laifÙk dj,

tks gSa : {[(Sqft * UAV*10 ekl) & ewY;ßkl] *20%}*1.248

xSj vkoklh; laifÙk;ksa ds fy,6

fufeZr {ks=kiQy x UAV x 10 ekl = T1

T1 – ekU; ewY;ßkl = T2

T2 x 25 % = T3 (laifÙk dj)

T3x 24% = T4 (vfèkHkkj)

T3+T4= dj ;ksX;

tks gSa : {[(Sqft * UAV*10 ekl) – ewY;ßkl] *25%} *1.31

laifÙk dj vkadyu ds fy, ewY;ßkl dk vkèkkj Hkou dh vk;q gSA7 cSaxyq: dh lHkh laifÙk;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q 10 o"kZ ekuh xbZ gS vkSj 10 izfr'kr dh nj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

(?k) laifÙk dj vkadyu ds fy, xq.kd % mi;qZDr tkudkjh ds vkèkkj ij izR;sd {ks=k dh vkoklh;

vkSj xSj vkoklh; laifÙk;ksa ds fy, ;s xq.kad vkadfyr fd, x, gSa %

vkoklh;

A B C D E F8.7 6.9 6.2 5.5 4.4 3.5

xSj&vkoklh;

A B C D E F61.0 42.7 30.5 24.4 18.3 9.3

5 http://218.248.45.169/download/ptax/annexure_I.pdf6 http://218.248.45.169/download/ptax/annexure_II.pdf7 http://218.248.45.169/download/ptax/annexure_III.pdf


vU; eq[; vo/kj.kk,a

(i) ekuk x;k gS fd izR;sd lM+d ij laifÙk;ksa dh la[;k,a leku gSa

(ii) cSaxyq: egkuxj {ks=k] 20158 us Hkw&iz;kstu dk vuqikr vkoklh; vkSj xSj vkoklh; oxks± ds chp 80%20

fuèkkZfjr fd;k gSA

t;iqj1- jktLFkku esa lkekU;r% x`gdj ds uke ls izpfyr Hkweh ,oa Hkou dj dk bfrgkl cgqr mrkj&p<+ko Hkjk jgk

gSA jkT; ljdkj us 24-2-2007 dh ,d foKfIr }kjk bl dj dks lekIr dj fn;k FkkA bldh lekfIr ls iwoZ 60 LFkkuh; 'kgjh fudk;ksa us ;s dj dHkh yxk;k vkSj mxkgk Hkh ugha FkkA x`gdj fuewZyu ls iwoZ jkT; esa fLFkfr larks"ktud ugha FkhA izk;% LFkkuh; fudk; ;k rks bls yxkrs gh ugha Fks] ;k fiQj bldh mxkgh cgqr vueusiu ds lkFk djrs FksA ifj.kkeLo:i fuèkkZfjr dj dk 40 izfr'kr va'k Hkh mxkgk ugha tkrk FkkA fdUrq ;g dj 6 eghus ckn gh 28-8-2007 ls okil vk pqdk gSA bls 'kgjh fodkl dj dk u;k uke nsdj 29-8-2007 ls nksckjk ykxw fd;k x;k gS] fdUrq bldh laHkkfor jktLo miktZu {kerk ?kVk nh xbZ gSA

a. (http://www.sfc.rajasthan.gov.in/includes/study_report_24009013.pdf)

2- bl le; Hkh ;g dj dsoy 300 oxZ xt ls vfèkd dh vkoklh; vkSj 100 oxZxt ls vfèkd ds O;kolkf;d@laLFkkxr Hkouksa ij yxrk gSA

3- o"kZ 2007 ls 2015 ds lkr o"kks± esa dj nsus okyh laifÙk;ksas dh la[;k esa ek=k 2 izfr'kr dh o`f¼ gqbZ gSA vc ;s la[;k 2007 dh 1]19]680 ls c<+dj 2015 esa 1]21]498 gks xbZ gSA

4- vHkh rd t;iqj esa ukxfjdksa dks vkWuykbZu dj Hkqxrku iVy miyCèk ugha gSA

5- laifÙk dj fuèkkZj.k ds fy, t;iqj esa tuinLrjh; lfefr (DLC) }kjk fu;r njksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;s ;gka miyCèk gSa %

a. http://epanjiyan.nic.in/FindDlcRate.aspx

6- dj ns;rk dk fuèkkZj.k laink ds oxZxt esa fufnZ"V {ks=kiQy dks DLC dh ml {ks=k ds fy, izpfyr nj ls xq.kk djds ml xq.kuiQy dks 2000 ls Hkkx fn;k tkrk gSA

7- DLC dh njsa dkWyksuh {ks=k vkfn ds vuqlkj fu;r gS vkSj ;s bu ij vkèkkfjr gSa %

(d) {ks=k dh fLFkfr % (i) vkUrfjd gSa ;k (ii) ckgjh

([k) laifÙk dk izdkj % (i) vkoklh; (ii) O;kikfjd (iii) Ñf"kd (iv) vkS|ksfxd

8- gekjh lHkkO; jktLo {kerk ds vkadyu ds fy, ;s ekU;rk,a dh xbZ gSa %

(i) laifÙk dh fLFkfr ds fy, izR;sd dkWyksuh dh cká vkSj vkUrfjd njksa dh vkSlr yh xbZ gSA

(ii) laifÙk ds izdkj ds fy, Ñf"kd vkSj vkS|ksfxd dk vkadyu ugha fd;k x;k gSA

(iii) vkUrfjd vkSj cká njksa dh lkèkkj.k vkSlr dks i;kZIr ekuk x;k gSA

(iv) ;s ns[kk x;k fd vusd dkWyksfu;ksa esa ;s lkèkkj.k vkSlr njsa gh ckj&ckj iz;ksx gks jgha Fkh] bUgha njksa dks] izfrnj vuqlkj] dkWyksfu;ksa dh la[;k ls xq.kk dj fy;k x;k gSA

mi;qZDr x.kuk&vkadyu dks vkoklh; vkSj O;kikfjd lainkvksa ds vuqlkj ladfyr dj izR;sd {ks=k esa dkWyksfu;ksa dh la[;k ls foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj vkoklh; vkSj O;kolkf;d laifÙk;ksa dh {ks=kkuqlkj Hkkfjr vkSlr nj izkIr gqbZ gSA

8 https://www.scribd.com/document/4993129/Report-of-The-Advisory-Committee; https://www.scribd.com/document/4993118/Cabinet-Note

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