O DESENHO DA INFORMAÇÃO: Estudo do projeto gráfico do jornal impresso, Hoje em Dia, nas editorias...

8/4/2019 O DESENHO DA INFORMAÇÃO: Estudo do projeto gráfico do jornal impresso, Hoje em Dia, nas editorias de Esporte,…

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Desî Kh{mphe Qnhngmc Pn`knpe

E HK_KLFE HM NLAEPBMÇÏE4

Ksx{he he zpedkxe gpíanoe he deplmc nbzpksse# Fedk kb Hnm#

lms khnxepnms hk Kszepxk# O{cx{pm k Zecâxnom

@kce Fepntelxk

Oklxpe [lnqkpsnxípne hk @kce Fepntelxk &[LN@F.

0:==



0

Desî Kh{mphe Qnhngmc Pn`knpe

E HK_KLFE HM NLAEPBMÇÏE4

Ksx{he he zpedkxe gpíanoe he deplmc nbzpksse# Fedk kb Hnm#

lms khnxepnms hk Kszepxk# O{cx{pm k Zecâxnom

Zpedkxe hk belegpmanm anlmc hk o{pse mzpksklxmhe me o{pse hkDeplmcnsbe he Oklxpe [lnqkpsnxípne hk @kce Fepntelxk &[[email protected] pk}{nsnxe zmponmc zmpm mzpeqmçïe lms hnsonzcnlms ZpedkxeKvzkpnbklxmc kb Deplmcnsbe NN,

Epnklxmhepks4 He{xepm Mlm Pesm Qnhngmc Hecm`kccm

@kce Fepntelxk

Oklxpe [lnqkpsnxípne hk @kce Fepntelxk &[[email protected]:==



?

_[BÍPNE

= NLXPEH[ÇÏE ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :8

0 DEPLMCN_BE NBZPK__E K _[M_ OMPMOXKPÂ_XNOM_ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :70,= M nhklxnhmhk qns{mc he deplmc nbzpksse ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :70,0 M pkhmçïe oebe oklxpe hk oelxpeck hm nlaepbmçïe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =:0,? M nbzepxàlonm hm hnqnsïe hms lexâonms klxpk ms khnxepnms kszkonmcntmhms ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =00,8 Ompmoxkpâsxnoms hms khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# Kszepxk k O{cx{pm,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =?

? M HNMGPMBMÇÏE K E ZPEDKXE GPÍANOE ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =>?,= M hnmgpmbmçïe k e hksklfe hm nlaepbmçïe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, =>

?,0 Akppmbklxms he hnmgpmbmhep k es o{nhmhes oeb e zpedkxe gpíanoe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0=?,? Oebe s{pgn{ m hnmgpmbmçïe lms zígnlms hk {b nbzpksse ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0;?,8 M nbzepxàlonm hm xkolecegnm le xpm`mcfe he hnmgpmbmhep ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 0>

8 ZECÂXNOM# O[CX[PM K K_ZEPXK HNMGPMBMHM_ LE FEDK KB HNM ,,,,,,,,,,, ?08,= Mlícnsk se`pk nxkls nbzepxmlxks zmpm {b zkpnÿhnoe ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?88,0 M z{`cnomçïe hes nxkls zks}{nsmhes lm khnxepnm hk Zecâxnom,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?78,? M z{`cnomçïe hes nxkls zks}{nsmhes lm khnxepnm hk Kszepxk,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8=8,8 M z{`cnomçïe hes nxkls zks}{nsmhes lm khnxepnm hk O{cx{pm ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8?

; OELOC[_ÏE ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 86

PKAKPÄLONM_ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;:

MLKVE_ ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;0



8

= NLXPEH[ÇÏE

[bm lexâonm xkb qípnms aepbms hk skp mzpksklxmhm, Me oebzpmp {b deplmc nbzpksse lm `mlom

e{ pkok`äce kb omsm zkcm bmlfï# e cknxep kszkpm kloelxpmp lms zígnlms he zkpnÿhnoe {boelxkôhe bmnep hms bmxîpnms }{k kck qn{ lm XQ# lm lenxk mlxkpnep# e{ }{k kck kso{xe{ le píhne

bmns okhe, E cknxep `{som bmns nlaepbmçûks se`pk hkxkpbnlmhe mss{lxe# e{ `{som bmns

pkzepxmgkls, Ês qktks# kck }{kp sm`kp se`pk e b{lhe# sk{ xnbk hk oepmçïe# se`pk hkxkpbnlmhe

ancbk }{k ksxí kb ompxmt# e{ }{kp sm`kp mcge pkakpklxk ê koelebnm# ê onälonm# e{ }{kp ckp e

fepÿsoeze,

E }{k nbzepxm î }{k kssk cknxep }{kp {b deplmc }{k xklfm oelxkôhe khnxepnmc oeb {b qns{mc}{k cfk mgpmhm, E cknxep }{kp qkp {bm nlaegpmanm }{k ksocmpkçm e eoeppnhe, [b hksklfe he }{k

moelxkok{ k oebe moelxkok{, ]{mlhe kssk cknxep oebzpm e deplmc# kck }{kp xkp m nlaepbmçïe

zmpm kck hm aepbm oeb m }{mc kck sk nhklxnanom, K zmpm }{k kssk cknxep nhklxnan}{k# le deplmc#

m}{kck dknxe hk oelxmp m lexâonm# m}{kcm aepbm hk pkcmxmp es amxes# î zpkonse }{k e zkpnÿhnoe

xklfm {bm nhklxnhmhk qns{mc# zmpm e cknxep pkoelfkokp e deplmc apklxk mes e{xpes,

Zep nsse# î xïe nbzepxmlxk e zcmlkdmbklxe gpíanoe hk {b zkpnÿhnoe, Î mxpmqîs hkssk

zcmlkdmbklxe }{k e deplmc oelsxpÿn s{m nhklxnhmhk zmpm e cknxep, Bms e deplmc bmlxîb kssk

zpedkxe gpíanoe kb xehms ms khnxepnms5 Oebe î zessâqkc {bm zígnlm xkp m bksbm –pe{zmgkb‒

}{k m e{xpm# sklhe }{k es xkbms sïe hnakpklxks k es klae}{ks nhkb5 ]{mc m xîolnom {xncntmhm

zkce hnmgpmbmhep zmpm hksklfmp# bmlxklhe e bksbe zpedkxe gpíanoe# m omzm he kszepxk k m

xkpoknpm zígnlm hk zecâxnom# zep kvkbzce5 Ksxm zks}{nsm `{som klxklhkp kssm hnlàbnom,

M bkxehecegnm {xncntmhm lm zks}{nsm aen m hk mlmcnsmp omxkgepnms }{k# skg{lhe m{xepks

zks}{nsmhes# sïe hk gpmlhk nbzepxàlonm zmpm m mzpksklxmçïe he deplmc d{lxe me zô`cnoe cknxep,

_kg{lhe kssks m{xepks# î oeb kssms ompmoxkpâsxnoms hkanlnhms }{k {b zkpnÿhnoe xkpí s{m

nhklxnhmhk qns{mc,

Aexes# xâx{ces# kckbklxes gpíanoes k m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc aepmb mlmcnsmhes le deplmc nbzpksse

Fedk kb Hnm# lms khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# Kszepxk k O{cx{pm# le zkpâehe hk == m =7 hk e{x{`pe hk

0:=:, Kssk zkpâehe aen ksoecfnhe zep }{k lïe moelxkok{ lklf{b amxe pkckqmlxk }{k bkpkokssk

}{mc}{kp behnanomçïe le hksklfe hms zígnlms# mcîb hnsse# ksxms zígnlms oelxäb bmxkpnmc

nlxkpkssmlxk zmpm bnlfm zks}{nsm,



;

M a{lhmbklxmçïe xkÿpnom hm zks}{nsm aen hnqnhnhm kb h{ms zmpxks, M zpnbknpm mèphm e

deplmcnsbe nbzpksse hk {bm aepbm gkpmc, M{xepks zks}{nsmhes mlmcnsmb e oexnhnmle k m pexnlm

hk {b zkpnÿhnoe le xpm`mcfe oeb m nlaepbmçïe# pkok`klhe# skckonelmlhe k klombnlfmlhe m

lexâonm ê khnxepnm mhk}{mhm, Î mlmcnsmhm oebe î aknxm m hnqnsïe hms lexâonms m zmpxnp he opnxîpne

ksxm`kckonhe zkce khnxep, Kssk zpnbknpe omzâx{ce mzpksklxm xmb`îb ms khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom#

Kszepxk k O{cx{pm hkanlnhms zep m{xepks zks}{nsmhes# kb s{ms zmpxno{cmpnhmhks k s{ms

ompmoxkpâsxnoms,

_ncqm &=>6;. Pk`kce &0:::.# Be{nccm{h &0::0.# Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>.# Gpmhnb &0:::.# Fekcxt

&0::=.# _e{tm &0::=. k C{sxesm &=>>1. mèphmb m lexâonm# besxpmlhe m aepbm oebe kcm sk

mzpksklxm k oebe kcm î xpm`mcfmhm le deplmcnsbe nbzpksse,

E oexnhnmle hm pkhmçïe î mzpksklxmhe zep _e{tm &0::=.# Kpècmxe &0::6.# Gpmhnb &0:::.#

Be{nccm{h &0::0. k C{sxesm &=>>1.# }{k hksopkqkb e oexnhnmle hm pkhmçïe oeb {bm cnlfm hk

zpeh{çïe, Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>.# C{sxesm &=>>1.# Kpècmxe &0::6.# Wfnxk &=>>>. k Fekcxt

&0::=. oelxkvx{mcntmb m aepbm oeb }{k m lexâonm ofkgm ês khnxepnm# besxpmlhe oebe s{pgn{

kssm zpíxnom deplmcâsxnom,

C{sxesm &=>>1.# Oekcfe &0::6. k @mp`knpe Pmlgkc &0::1. hkanlkb e }{k î e deplmcnsbe

kszepxnqe# skg{lhe s{ms ompmoxkpâsxnoms, E bksbe moelxkok oeb m mèphmgkb se`pk e

deplmcnsbe o{cx{pmc zep G{khks &0::7. k C{sxesm &=>>1., Le deplmcnsbe zecâxnoe# @mfnm

&=>>:.# Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>.# Gpmhnb &0:::. k Gebks &0::7. sïe es m{xepks }{k hkanlkb#

lksxm zks}{nsm# ms ompmoxkpâsxnoms hksxm khnxepnm,

E skg{lhe omzâx{ce xkÿpnoe besxpm oebe m lexâonm î xpm`mcfmhm lm hnmgpmbmçïe k mnbzepxàlonm hk sk amtkp {b zpedkxe qns{mc le deplmcnsbe nbzpksse, Mèphmbes m mx{mçïe he

hnmgpmbmhep apklxk ê lexâonm# ms akppmbklxms zep kck {xncntmhms k m pkszelsm`ncnhmhk hk

mzpksklxmp e zkpnÿhnoe me zô`cnoecknxep# Kssk skg{lhe omzâx{ce besxpm# mnlhm# oebe k }{mlhe

nlnone{ e zcmlkdmbklxe qns{mc le nbzpksse k oebe î xpm`mcfmhe fedk# oeb leqes

k}{nzmbklxes k oeb e oelsxmlxk mqmlçe hm xkolecegnm# }{k m{vncnmb e hnmgpmbmhep lm a{lçïe

hk hksklfmp m nlaepbmçïe,

Xkepnms mzpksklxmhms zkces m{xepks _mlxes &0::;.# _ncqm &=>6;.# Gp{st~lsin &0::6.# Zkpknpm

Dôlnep &0::>. k Oeccmpe &=>>1. mèphmb m hnmgpmbmçïe k s{m nbzepxàlonm zmpm e deplmcnsbe



1

nbzpksse, Ms xkepnms hksxks m{xepks sk d{lxmb ms xkepnms hk _e{tm &0::=. zmpm mèphmp }{mns

hkqkb skp ms akppmbklxms {xncntmhms zkce hnmgpmbmhep, Oebe k }{mlhe s{pgn{ m hnmgpmbmçïe#

lms zígnlms hk {b deplmc# î e }{k besxpmb es m{xepks _e{tm &0::=.# Fkcckp &0::7.#

Gp{st~lsin &0::6.# _mlxes &0:::. k Oeccmpe &=>>1.,

Oeccmpe &=>>1. mèphm xmb`îb e a{x{pe he zpeanssnelmc hksnglkp, Kck# _e{tm &0::=.# _mlxes

&0::;.# Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>. k _ncqm &=>6;. hkanlkb m nbzepxàlonm hm hnmgpmbmçïe kb sk

mhmzxmp ís leqms xkolecegnms,

Le omzâx{ce bkxehecÿgnoe# aen aknxm mlícnsk hms zígnlms he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# lms khnxepnms

hk Zecâxnom# Kszepxk k O{cx{pm# mèphmlhe nxkls oelsnhkpmhes nbzepxmlxks zkces m{xepkszks}{nsmhes, Aepmb mlmcnsmhes nxkls oebe m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc# ms aexes# es xâx{ces k kckbklxes

gpíanoes, Aen aknxe {bm mèphmgkb se`pk e }{k es m{xepks oelxkvx{mcntmb se`pk kssks nxkls k

oebe e deplmc Fedk kb Hnm es ompmoxkpntm# lms zígnlms hms khnxepnms onxmhms,



7

0 DEPLMCN_BE NBZPK__E K _[M_ OMPMOXKPÂ_XNOM_

[bm lexâonm xkb b{nxms aepbms hk skp mzpksklxmhm# zkces qmpnmhes bknes hk oeb{lnomçïe, Ms

bâhnms# oeb e mqmlçe hms xkolecegnms# opnmb ezçûks hk pkonè k klqne hk nlaepbmçûks

kvzcepmlhe ms hnqkpsms aepbms hk oeb{lnomçïe, Mcîb hes xpmhnonelmns bknes hk oeb{lnomçïe#

píhne# xkckqnsïe k es nbzpksses &deplmc k pkqnsxm.# xkbes# fí mcg{b xkbze# ms bâhnms kckxpølnoms

&nlxkplkx k okc{cmp.# m{bklxmhe m hnqkpsnhmhk hes bknes hk xpmlsbnssïe hk lexâonm,

_klhe mssnb# deplmns k pkqnsxms# kb xkpbes hk qkceonhmhk hk xpmlsbnssïe# anomb# klxpk es

hkbmns bknes hk oeb{lnomçïe# kb ôcxnbe c{gmp lksxk }{ksnxe, K zmpm oebzklsmp kssk

–mxpmse‒# m bâhnm nbzpkssm `{som pkzmssmp kssms lexâonms oeb }{mcnhmhk k bmns oelxkôhe kbs{ms nlaepbmçûks# mopksoklxmhe hmhes# nc{sxpmlhe m lexâonm k mxpmnlhe e ecfmp hk {b cknxep zmpm

{bm zpezesxm qns{mc gpíanom kszkoâanom hk omhm qkâo{ce,

Ksxk omzâx{ce besxpm e }{mlxe zpedkxe gpíanoe î nbzepxmlxk zmpm mxpmnp m mxklçïe he cknxep# zmpm

}{k kck zessm nhklxnanomp k opnmp {b qâlo{ce oeb kssk deplmc# mxpmqîs hk s{m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc,

Mèphmpí xmb`îb e oexnhnmle k m pexnlm lms pkhmçûks, @{somsk m oebzpkklsïe hk oebe sk

amt m hnqnsïe hkssms lexâonms zmpm ms khnxepnms# k {bm ompmoxkpâsxnom he }{k î m Zecâxnom# mO{cx{pm k e Kszepxk zmpm m bâhnm nbzpkssm,

0,= M nhklxnhmhk qns{mc he deplmc nbzpksse

Ms lexâonms he deplmc nbzpksse# zep s{ms ompmoxkpâsxnoms# sïe z{`cnomhms oeb nbmgkls k sngles#

{xncntmlhe hm nlaepbmçïe qns{mc zmpm oel}{nsxmp e nlxkpkssk he cknxep, Kssm aepbm hk

xpmlsbnssïe sk amt mxpmqîs hes hksklfes zpedkxmhes lms zígnlms, Hk moephe oeb _ncqm &=>6;.#kssm oeb{lnomçïe qns{mc î zessâqkc le nbzpksse zep om{sm he kszmçe k he xkbze }{k e

deplmcnsbe nbzpksse mzpksklxm,

Zmpm sk amtkp {b èb zkpnÿhnoe# hkqksk hksklqecqkp hens zcmles4 lmppmp lexâonms he hnm

{xncntmlhe kvzpkssïe oeppklxk le dknxe hk nlaepbmp &oelxmlhe {bm fnsxÿpnm. k hk oebe k zep

}{k xpmlsbnxnp m nlaepbmçïe, Pk`kce &0:::. mopksoklxm }{k e deplmc xkb }{k pkzpksklxmp e pkmc#

oelsxp{nlhe {bm fnsxÿpnm le zpksklxk, Hksxm aepbm# hkszkpxm e nlxkpkssk he cknxep k pkaepçm e

fí`nxe hkck hk oels{bnp ms nlaepbmçûks hkssk zkpnÿhnoe,



6

M pkcmçïe klxpk es hens &deplmc k cknxep. sÿ î ksxpknxm }{mlhe e pkokzxep mofm le zkpnÿhnoe#

m}{nce }{k }{kp ckp# hm bmlknpm k hm aepbm }{k kck }{kp, E{xpm hkbelsxpmçïe hk anhkcntmçïe sk

amt lm mzpezpnmçïe }{k kssk cknxep xkb me aecfkmp k oecfkp ms lexâonms k nlaepbmçûks oelxnhms

lms zígnlms he nbzpksse, E deplmc xmb`îb sk mzpezpnm hm mxklçïe hkssk cknxep# oelsecnhmlhe e

qâlo{ce klxpk ms h{ms zmpxks,

Gkpmcbklxk# e amxe }{k sk xpmlsaepbm kb lexâonm hk deplmc î nlac{klonmhe zep lâqkns he

xpm`mcfe }{k zmssmb zkce deplmcnsxm# zkcm kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom k zkcms nlaepbmçûks, Zkpknpm

D{lnep &0::>. kvzcnom }{k kssks xpäs lâqkns hksxmomb m nbzepxàlonm he zklsmbklxe

deplmcâsxnoe# lm hkanlnçïe hk lexâonm, E oebzpebnsse he deplmcnsxm î hk klxpkgmp e pkcmxe he

}{k moelxkok{ hnmpnmbklxk me zô`cnoe cknxep# nlh{tnlhee me fí`nxe hk oels{be#ksxm`kckoklhe e oebzpebnsse oeb m mx{mcnhmhk,

M bmlknpm oebe e deplmc mzpksklxm sk{ hnso{pse# oelsxnx{n# skg{lhe Be{nccm{h &0::0.# {b

dknxe zpÿzpne }{k zkpbmlkok nlmcxkpmhe bksbe oeb es oelsxmlxks moelxkonbklxes hm

mx{mcnhmhk4

Zklse }{k skdm zep om{sm hm nlokssmlxk zkpb{xm hm nlaepbmçïe }{k {b nlsxp{bklxezkpnÿhnoe oebe e deplmc xklfm lkokssnhmhk hk ksxp{x{pms ksxíqkns }{k snpqmb zmpm zep {b

ze{oe hk ephkb le omes he b{lhe k zkpbnxm me cknxep pkoelfkokp e bksbe deplmc hk {blôbkpe m e{xpe, &BE[NCCM[H# 0::0# z, 0?.

M a{lçïe he zkpnÿhnoe î skckonelmp k zpeh{tnp lexâonms# xpmlsbnxnlhems hk aepbm e`dkxnqm#

mpg{bklxm Gpmhnb &0:::., Kssms lexâonms sïe b{nxe nbzepxmlxks# zens lïe sk zehk zpeh{tnp

{b deplmc skb kcms# le klxmlxe zehksk se`pkqnqkp &k b{nxes se`pkqnqkb. zep qípnms khnçûks

skb opølnom# opâxnom# khnxepnmc# eznlnïe e{ pkzepxmgkb, Î oeb `msk le pkcmxe hes amxes }{k es

deplmns sïe kcm`epmhes, _ïe nlgpkhnklxks a{lhmbklxmns hm lexâonm# m}{nce }{k î leqe e{ ksxí

eo{cxe k }{k zehk nlxkpkssmp m b{nxms zkssems,

E nbzpksse xkb kssm oelhnçïe hk xkp {b kszmçe seonmc# elhk ms nhînms sk pkôlkb#

bmlnaksxmlhe eznlnûks# k s{gksxûks, Kssm oelhnçïe zkpbnxk oebzpkklhkp e zklsmbklxe hk {b

k hk e{xpe# l{bm xpeom hk nlaepbmçûks, –[b aÿp{b elhk sk kso{xm e koe hk ms qetks zô`cnoms#

me bksbe xkbze kb }{k xkb s{m zpÿzpnm qet,‒ &BE[NCCM[H# 0::0# z,0?., Kssm aepbm hk

oeb{lnomçïe ksxí lm epngkb hms ksxpmxîgnms }{k ompmoxkpntmb es zkpnÿhnoes, Ksxí klpmntmhm lm

mxnqnhmhk deplmcâsxnom hkshk e oebkçe,



>

[b deplmc sk xeplm {b zpeh{xe seonmc gpmçms m sk{ ksxnce# me xeb he zkpanc }{k o{cxnqm# sklhe

{bm epgmlntmçïe pkoelfkonhm zkce cknxep k }{k xklfm {bm nhklxnhmhk qns{mc, Zep nsse# {b

zkpnÿhnoe xkb }{k xkp zp{hälonm me amtkp }{mc}{kp mcxkpmçïe khnxepnmc e{ gpíanom# zmpm lïe

fesxncntmp sk{ zô`cnoecknxep# kvzcnom Pk`kce &0:::.,

M nhklxnhmhk qns{mc he deplmc nbzpksse oelsnsxk lm bkcfep aepbm hk mzpksklxmp s{ms zígnlms

me cknxep, Fekcxt &0::=. s{gkpk m bkcfep aepbm hk besxpmp sk{ zpeh{xe4

M zpnbknpm zígnlm hk {b qkâo{ce nbzpksse a{lonelm oebe m “kb`mcmgkb― he zpeh{xe k#zepxmlxe zpkonsm pk{lnp kckbklxes hk nhklxnanomçïe mxpmxnqes }{k amçmb oeb }{k e cknxep mqkdm k pkoelfkçm kb bkne ês hkbmns “kb`mcmgkls―, E{xpes zpnloâznes# lïe lkokssmpnmbklxkqnlo{cmhes me ompíxkp oebkponmc hes zpeh{xes bnhníxnoes# oelxpn`{âpmb zmpm m mheçïe hk

ksxp{x{pms beh{cmpks k zmhpûks lm hnmgpmbmçïe hm zígnlm nbzpkssm, &FEKCXT# 0::=# z,0.

M hnmgpmbmçïe hksklqecqk {b zpedkxe qns{mc bmlnz{cmlhe kckbklxes }{k sïe

hksoelsnhkpmhms lm cknx{pm he nbzpksse, M ephkb hes kckbklxes qns{mns le nbzpksse ksoelhk

–hnso{pses k xîolnoms‒ }{k sïe bmlnz{cmhms zep hnmgpmbmhepks k zep zkssems }{k hebnlkb m

khnxepmçïe kckxpølnom,

M lexâonm zehk skp z{`cnomhm hk hnqkpsms bmlknpms, Zep nsse# m mzmpälonm he nbzpksse î hk

kvxpkbm nbzepxàlonm, M bmlknpm hk pkcmxmp e }{k moelxkok{ besxpmpí me cknxep ês

ompmoxkpâsxnoms hm}{kck deplmc, _kg{lhe FEKCXT &0::=.# e kszkcfe skpqk hk bkxíaepm# zmpm m

bâhnm nbzpkssm# zep}{k ompmoxkpntm m pkzpksklxmçïe k e e`dkxe pkzpksklxmhe,

M bmlknpm hk nlaepbmp# kvzcnomlhe oebe moelxkok{# e }{k moelxkok{ k e }{k zehkpí moelxkokp

zkpbnxk me cknxep# {bm pkackvïe k {bm mlícnsk hes amxes, C{sxesm &=>>1. hkanlk m lexâonm oebe

–{b mcnbklxe m sk nlgkpnhe‒ zkce cknxep,

Zep onpo{cmp le hnm skg{nlxk mes amxes# e deplmc oeloeppk oeb es qkâo{ces }{k dí nlaepbmpmbe }{k moelxkok{ oebe e píhne# }{k mlhm oeb e onhmhïe zmpm cmhe ‟ le }{mpxe# lm smcm# leomppe k mxî le `ecse # e{ oebe m xkckqnsïe# m zpnlonzmc aelxk hk cmtkp k nlaepbmçïe hmzez{cmçïe, Klxïe# e deplmc xkb hk eakpkokp {bm pkaknçïe oebzckxm# dí }{k e zpmxe aknxe smn{le píhne k lm xkckqnsïe, &C[_XE_M# =>>1# z,60.

E zpeoksse píznhe k zpíxnoe hes qkâo{ces hk oeb{lnomçïe hk bmssm kckxpølnoes hk fedk

e`pnge{ ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms m md{sxmp s{ms zígnlms hk aepbm ephklmhm oebe bkhnhm hk

se`pkqnqälonm hkssks deplmns, Mlxks hkssm bkhnhm# mopksoklxm _ncqm &=>6;.# es zkpnÿhnoes sk

mzpksklxmqmb oela{ses k hksephklmhes gpmanombklxk k khnxepnmcbklxk,



=:

[bm zígnlm î zpeh{tnhm hk aepbm }{k zmpkçm {bm zkssem m pkcmxmp {b moelxkonbklxe, Kssks

pko{pses# hk lebk hk`pkmgkb# sïe {smhes zmpm zmpkokp }{k lïe fí nlxkpqklçïe hk lnlg{îb lm

mzpksklxmçïe hksxk bmxkpnmc k }{k m lexâonm ofkg{k me cknxep skb mcxkpmçûks, ±

[bm hnszesnçïe bmns hksepgmlntmhm hes kckbklxes hk {bm zígnlm# se` xmc cÿgnom# zehkpnmhmp sklsmçïe hk hkso{nhe oeb m }{mcnhmhk hms nlaepbmçûks, M zmhpelntmçïe qns{mc# mssnb#epgmlntm e bmxkpnmc hk behe m }{k# omhm zígnlm# skdm m zkpselnanomçïe he qkâo{ce nlxknpe, Ezmhpïe# le klxmlxe# î zkpselmcntmhe# ksxm`kckok m nhklxnhmhk# kvzpkssm m nbmgkb zô`cnom heqkâo{ce, M aepbm }{k mss{bk {b xâx{ce# zep kvkbzce# qmn xeplmp m zígnlm bmns hnlàbnom kqnpnc# bms zpnlonzmcbklxk hkanlk m cknx{pm }{k e zpeh{xe amt hes mss{lxes }{k oe`pk,&ZKPKNPM D[LNEP# 0::># z, >>.

K zmpm }{k m lexâonm ofkg{k me cknxep# l{bm zígnlm zpeh{tnhm hk moephe oeb m nhklxnhmhk

qns{mc he deplmc# kcm hkqk skp xpm`mcfmhm zep hnqkpses zpeanssnelmns hm oeb{lnomçïe# }{k npïe

skckonelmp skzmpmp k khnxmp kssm bmxîpnm, K kssm –cmznhmçïe‒ î aknxm le ceomc elhk sk kloelxpm ms

lexâonms k es zpeanssnelmns hk {b deplmc4 m pkhmçïe,

0,0 M pkhmçïe oebe oklxpe hk oelxpeck hm nlaepbmçïe

M ompmoxkpâsxnom k m }{mcnhmhk hk {b deplmc hkzklhkb hm zpeh{çïe# hm nlaepbmçïe zpkonsm k

he xpm`mcfe nlxkckox{mc pkmcntmhe lm pkhmçïe, Î hk cí }{k s{pgkb ms zm{xms# ms zpnbknpms

mz{pmçûks# ms hnqnsûks k skckçûks hk lexâonm, Zmpm C{sxesm &=>>1.# e deplmc î {bm aí`pnom k m

pkhmçïe î m cnlfm hk zpeh{çïe,

K î lksxk ceomc }{k ms bmxîpnmszpnbms he deplmc# e amxe k m nlaepbmçïe# klxpmb k smkb oebe

lexâonm, Kssm xpmlsaepbmçïe ksxm`kckok e xpm`mcfe he deplmcnsxm# }{k î e zpeanssnelmc }{k bmns

sk klqecqk lm zpeh{çïe hk bmxîpnms, _e{tm &0::=. manpbm }{k {bm hms ompmoxkpâsxnoms he

deplmcnsxm î m omzmonhmhk }{k kck xkb hk oelxmp m lexnonm hk aepbm epgmlntmhm# oeb {bm

o{cx{pm kszkoâanom, Mcîb hnsse# kck xkb kb sk{ xpm`mcfe {bm –fnkpmp}{nm hkxkpbnlmhm‒# oebaepbmxe zpÿzpne# bmns e{ bkles pexnlknpe# hnqnhnlhe e xpm`mcfe hk moephe oeb m zpeh{çïe k

ksxp{x{pm,

E xpm`mcfe hm pkhmçïe î nlxklse# oeb lexâonms }{k ofkgmb k sïe skckonelmhms zkce khnxep }{k

ampí m zpkqnsïe hk bmxîpnms m skpkb z{`cnomhms e{ lïe, Mzÿs m nlaepbmçïe hm mhbnlnsxpmçïe

}{mlxe me lôbkpe hk zígnlms# e khnxepgkpmc d{lxmsk mes hkbmns khnxepks kb {bm pk{lnïe

elhk hkanlkb e }{k –klxpm‒ le deplmc, Ms lexâonms zehkb skp z{`cnomhms sk pkszknxmhesopnxîpnes oebe ms }{k sk xeplmb bmns z{`cnoíqkns zkcm zpevnbnhmhk k zkce moelxkonhe,



==

M lexâonm# mlxks hk skp z{`cnomhm# zmssm zep qípnes zpeoksses k oelsxnx{kb# le sk{ oeld{lxe# e

xpm`mcfe hk {bm pkhmçïe, Kcm zmssm zep hnqkpsms bïes# nbzkhnlhe }{k –pmtûks s{`dkxnqms e{

zkssemns hkxkpbnlkb e sk{ oelxkôhe‒ k e kszmçe }{k npïe eo{zmp lm zígnlm, _kg{lhe Gpmhnb

&0:::.# m lexâonm }{mlhe ofkgm ê pkhmçïe# î skckonelmhm zkcm hnpkçïe# khnxepks# skopkxípnes hk

pkhmçïe k h{pmlxk kssk zpeoksse# ms nlaepbmçûks sïe oeceomhms lm zm{xm he hnm e{

snbzcksbklxk hksompxmhms,

M khnçïe hk {b deplmc hkqk skbzpk oebkçmp qkpnanomlhe k mlmcnsmlhe lm mgklhm# es mss{lxes m

oe`pnp, Ksxm mgklhm î oelsxp{âhm me celge he xkbze# kb a{lçïe hms nlaepbmçûks }{k ofkgmb ê

pkhmçïe k }{k sïe mqmcnmhms k ancxpmhms zkcm _kopkxmpnm hk Pkhmçïe# zkcm Ofkanm hk Pkhmçïe#

zkces khnxepks k se` m oeephklmçïe hm Hnpkçïe he deplmc# pkqkcm _e{tm &0::=.

Es khnxepks amtkb m bmpomçïe hm mgklhm# hnsxpn`{nlhe es skpqnçes zmpm es pkhmxepks#

mxklhklhe mes pko{pses k bknes hnszelâqkns he hnm, Lkssm bmpomçïe# sk ksx{hm m m`ephmgkb# e

kszmçe hkhnomhe lm khnçïe# k sk xkpí e{ lïe pkzepxmgkb aexegpíanom, Zepîb# x{he hkzklhk hk

amxepks oebe m }{mlxnhmhk hk deplmcnsxms hnszelâqkns k m }{mlxnhmhk hk skpqnçes mgklhmhes,

Nsxe besxpm }{k e deplmc nbzpksse î {b zpeh{xe he sîo{ce VNV }{k mnlhm ksxí kb oelsxmlxksmhmzxmçûks, Kssk zpeh{xe zkpbnxk }{k sk xklfm {bm –nlxkpzpkxmçïe fkgkbølnom hes

moelxkonbklxes‒ mcîb hm s{m zpÿzpnm aepbm hk nlxkpzpkxmp, Be{nccm{h &0::0. manpbm }{k ms

pkhmçûks# fedk# hkzklhkb hms mgklonms hk lexâonms# }{k oelxpecmb e zmhpïe hk lexâonms m

skpkb qnlo{cmhms4

Y,,,R e zmhpïe he amxe me }{mc kcms s{`bkxkb# skdm }{mc aep ê hnqkpsnhmhk hm lmx{pktm k hmepngkb# x{he –e }{k eoeppk‒ le b{lhe &kvnsxk mn {bm aepbm fkgkbelnm bmns nlqnsâqkc kbmns pmhnomc he }{k m}{kcm hm nlxkpzpkxmçïe hes amxes# e }{k sk zehkpnm ofmbmp hk m

oeceomçïe hes amxes., &BE[NCCM[H# 0::0# z, ?0.

Ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms lm c{xm oelxpm e xkbze# skg{lhe Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>.# xnqkpmb hk sk

mhmzxmp {smlhe zpeokhnbklxes khnxepnmns zmpm kqnxmp zpe`ckbms xkbzepmns k kqklxes aepm hk

fepm, E m{xep e`skpqm }{k m aepbm kloelxpmhm zkcms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms î m oe`kpx{pm hk

pexnlm k m oe`kpx{pm hk amxes nlkszkpmhes,

Zmpm xpm`mcfmp oeb m lexâonm# deplmcnsxms k khnxepks hkqkb sk zpkeo{zmp kb mxklhkp m okpxe

zmhpïe hk lmppmçïe# zkpbnxnlhe mssnb e klxklhnbklxe hksxm lexâonm# zkces cknxepks, C{sxesm

&=>>1. pkqkcm }{mc e nlxkpkssk hk hkz{xmhes k sklmhepks les qkâo{ces hk oeb{lnomçïe,



=0

M nlaepbmçïe xpmlsaepbe{ es xkvxes lexnoneses le sîo{ce VNV, Xmlxe m ksopnxm zecâxnom# }{mlxe

ê cnxkpípnm# }{k hebnlmqmb ms zígnlms hes zkpnÿhnoes# kvngnm xkvxes celges }{k –nbz{lfmb‒

mes deplmns zígnlms belÿxeles k onltms, Mx{mcbklxk# ms lexâonms aepmb skzmpmhms zep skxep

&khnxepnms. k hnqnhnhms# kb sk}{älonms nppkg{cmpks k o{pxms# m zkhnhe he skxep hm hnmgpmbmçïe#

zmpm sk bkcfepmp e mszkoxe hm nlaepbmçïe, Be{nccm{h &0::0. manpbm }{k les gpmlhks deplmns

zez{cmpks# m zígnlm sk xeple{ {b kszkxío{ce b{cxnoecepnhe hk amxes# }{k sk mzkpxmb {ls les

e{xpes# k klxpk kcks e ecfmp he cknxep,

0,? M nbzepxàlonm hm hnqnsïe hms lexâonms klxpk ms khnxepnms

E zpedkxe hk {b deplmc î {b xpm`mcfe }{k sk amt hnmpnmbklxk# hm aepb{cmçïe hk zm{xm êpkackvïe he deplmc dí nbzpksse# kvzcnom Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>., M epnklxmçïe zmpm ms zm{xms oeb

m mz{pmçïe oeppkxm k pngepesm hes amxes# xpmpí skg{pmlçm zmpm e khnxep hkonhnp e }{k z{`cnomp#

xklhe {bm leçïe he }{k e zô`cnoe xkpí hk nlaepbmçïe# kvkpoklhe e oelxpeck hk }{mcnhmhk,

E kssklonmc le deplmc î m }{mcnhmhk hm lexâonm, Kssm }{mcnhmhk xkb }{k zpkqmckokp lm

ompmoxkpâsxnom he zkpnÿhnoe# zens {bm lexâonm skb }{mcnhmhk kb sk{ oelxkôhe k kb s{m aepbm

hk mzpksklxmp lïe hkszkpxmpí e nlxkpkssk he cknxep,

C{sxesm &=>>1. e`skpqm }{k# kb =>1:# m nlaepbmçïe zecâxnom# }{k zehkpnm skp z{`cnomhm lm

îzeom he Pkgnbk Bncnxmp# kpm ksomssm, M ze{om nlaepbmçïe he oklípne zecâxnoe akt oeb }{k es

deplmns skg{nsskb e behkce hes Ksxmhes [lnhes oeceomlhe mss{lxes hk koelebnm#

zpkklofklhe e kszmçe qmge hknvmhe# sklhe }{k lïe sk zehnm lexnonmp lmhm se`pk }{ksxûks

zecâxnoms# zmpxnhípnms k lkb se`pk gpkqks, E m{xep mopksoklxm }{k e xpm`mcfe deplmcâsxnoe aen

hnqnhnhe kb khnxepnms kszkonmcntmhms# elhk sk hnsxpn`{âm ms lexâonms zmpm skxepks kszkoâanoes, Es deplmcnsxms aepmb e`pngmhes m xpm`mcfmp oeb oe`kpx{pms kszkonmcntmhms,

Ms khnxepnms aepmb opnmhms zmpm skzmpmp ms bmxîpnms hk moephe oeb hkxkpbnlmhe mss{lxe e`xnhe

zkcms aelxks, Hksxm aepbm# î zessâqkc xpm`mcfmp oeb qípnms x{pbms hk zpeanssnelmns, Kp`ecmhe

&0::6. s{gkpk }{k kssks deplmcnsxms zpezelfmb pkzepxmgkls k zks}{nsms# oeb m anlmcnhmhk he

deplmc e`xkp qípnms nlaepbmçûks k lexâonms hk {b bksbe xkbm, _kg{lhe e m{xep# qípnes

mss{lxes zehkb qnpmp lexâonm,

Ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms# me mhexmpkb kssk bîxehe# s{`sxnx{âpmb e skopkxípne hk pkhmçïe# }{k



=?

xnlfm oebe a{lçïe# nlaepbmp se`pk x{he e }{k moelxkonm# zkce khnxepofkak }{k zmsse{ m

oeephklmp k s{zkpqnsnelmp m zpeh{çïe khnxepnmc, Oeb e anb hm hnxmh{pm# ms lexâonms hnq{cgmhms

zkcm nbzpklsm# zmssmpmb m skp lmppmhms zep kszkonmcnsxms hk qípnes skxepks# o{de bmxkpnmc skpnm

hnsxpn`{âhe zep zígnlms hk moephe oeb omhm khnxepnm, Hkshk klxïe# kloelxpmsk kb kszmçes

zpÿzpnes es mss{lxes se`pk koelebnm# kszepxk# o{cx{pm# zecâxnom# onhmhks k b{lhe# hklxpk

e{xpes pkcmxm C{sxesm &=>>1.,

Kssk opnxîpne {xncntmhe le zpeoksse hk zpeh{çïe hm lexâonm î e ofmbmhe gmxkikkzkp # le }{mc sk

amt {bm skckçïe# klxpk qípnes mss{lxes# he }{k skpí z{`cnomhe, E xkpbe gmxkikkzkp # e{

zepxknpe# aen {xncntmhe zkce onklxnsxm I{px Ckwnl lm hîomhm hk =>87# me zpeh{tnp {bm zks}{nsm

se`pk omlmns hk oeb{lnomçïe# le }{mc fmqnm nlhnqâh{es pkszelsíqkns zkcm skckçïe hk bmxkpnmc#pkqkcm Wfnxk &=>>>., Kssk gmxkikkzkp xkb m a{lçïe hk ancxpmp ms nlaepbmçûks }{k sïe

oelsnhkpmhms hk nlxkpkssk zô`cnoe# }{k e`khkokb m {bm skpnk hk zpeokhnbklxes eo{zmonelmns#

epgmlntmxnqes k zpeanssnelmns }{k se`pkzûk ês pkakpälonms zkssemns,

Ms khnxepnms sk pkszelsm`ncntmb omhm {bm zep hkxkpbnlmhe mss{lxe# zkpbmlklxk e{

xpmlsnxÿpne# pkcmxm Kp`ecmxe &0::6., _kg{lhe e m{xep# omhm khnxepnm xkb {b pkszelsíqkc }{k

epnklxm ms bmxîpnms pkakpklxks m hkxkpbnlmhe mss{lxe, Mcg{bms sïe zkpbmlklxks# oebe mskhnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# Kszepxk# O{cx{pm# Koelebnm# Onhmhks# @pmsnc# Nlaepbíxnom, Kp`ecmxe

manpbm xmb`îb }{k# kb ompíxkp xpmlsnxÿpne# zehkb s{pgnp khnxepnms oeb mss{lxes mx{mns k

nbzepxmlxks# oebe Nl{lhmçûks# Pkaepbm Oelsxnx{onelmc# Bklnlgnxk,

0,8 Ompmoxkpâsxnoms hms Khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# Kszepxk k O{cx{pm

E zecâxnoe xkb m lkokssnhmhk hk oebzpkklhkp e behe oebe a{lonelm m oe`kpx{pm zecâxnom he deplmcnsbe nbzpksse, Me klxklhkp kssm cÿgnom# kck oelskg{k kvzcepmp m sk{ amqep# ms pexnlms

mhexmhms zkces zpeanssnelmns he deplmcnsbe, Hk moephe oeb Gebks &0::7.# m ksakpm zecâxnom

mzpklhk{ m xnpmp qmlxmgkb# }{mlhe zpkonse{ a{lonelmp oebe aelxk zecâxnom zmpm e deplmcnsbe,

E zecâxnoe oebzpkklhk{ m hnakpklçm klxpk ms ksxp{x{pms hm XQ k he nbzpksse, Oeb nsse# kck

oelskg{k zpeh{tnp kszkxío{ces qns{mns zmpm m XQ k hnso{pse zmpm e nbzpksse, Klxklhklhe m

pexnlm kbzpkgmhm lms bâhnms# zpegpmbmlhe kqklxes k hmlhe hkocmpmçûks }{k mcbkdmb skpkb

z{`cnomhms mlxks he fepípne hk akofmbklxe,



=8

C{sxesm &=>>1. manpbm }{k e zecâxnoe xkqk hk mzpklhkp m xpm`mcfmp oeb m nbzpklsm zmpm

gmpmlxnp s{m zkpbmlälonm lm ksakpm zecâxnom, Kssk xpm`mcfe d{lxe ê nbzpklsm oelsnsxk kb

hnq{cgmp lexâonms amqepíqkns ê s{m gksxïe,

Kb @pmsâcnm# zep kvkbzce# okpom hk 1:: hkz{xmhes k sklmhepks ksxïe nlxkpkssmhes kb e`xkpkszmçe les qkâo{ces hk oeb{lnomçïe zpm besxpmp skpqnçe m sk{s kcknxepks, Ksskszmpcmbklxmpks zpeh{tkb amxes }{msk skbzpk oeb e e`dkxnqe hk pkszelhkp amqepmqkcbklxkês kvzkoxmxnqms hk sk{s kcknxepks# }{k# hkqkb xebmp oelfkonbklxe hkssm zpeh{çïe, Kb >:+hes omses# sïe amxes hk nlxkpkssk ceomc k pkgnelmc# }{k lïe hntkb pkszknxe ê m{hnälonm hesqkâo{ces lmonelmns hk oeb{lnomçïe hk bmssm, &C[_XE_M# =>>1# z,=0;.

Omlhnhmxes kcknxes mzpklhkb oebe cnhmp oeb es bknes hk oeb{lnomçïe le àb`nxe

zpeanssnelmc, Oels{cxepks zecâxnoes oelsxpekb kszkonmcntmçûks# }{k zehkb skp mzcnomhms kb

onpo{lsxàlonms hnqkpsms, Lm hkbeopmonm hk fedk# e zecâxnoe hkqk skp aeomhe lm oeb{lnomçïe,Kssm fm`ncnhmhk k kszkonmcntmçïe hk nlxkpmgnp oelxpn`{kb b{nxe zmpm m bí}{nlm zmpxnhípnm#

zpnlonzmcbklxk }{mlhe sk xkb lkokssnhmhk hk zkps{mhnp gpmlhk lôbkpe hk kcknxepks nlhkonses,

Mcîb hk ksxp{x{pmp bklsmgkls# oelxkôhes k bmxkpnmns hk zpezmgmlhm# es zmpxnhes hkqkb sk

zpkzmpmp# zmpm oeceomp kssks zpeh{xes les bknes hk oeb{lnomçïe hk bmssm# hk aepbm }{k

s{zkpk sk{s mhqkpsípnes k mcomlok es pmbes hm oeb{lnomçïe, _kg{lhe Gebks &0::7.# m

nbzpklsm }{k sk pkcmonelm oeb m zecâxnom î {b hes oebzelklxks he {lnqkpse zecâxnoe,

E zecâxnoe zpkonsm mzmpkokp# k {bm aepbm hnsse moelxkokp# î m kvzesnçïe zô`cnom zpkhebnlmlxk,

[b `klkaâone zmpm m lkgeonmçïe zecâxnom, Kb xkbzes hk oklms zecâxnoms# zmpm }{k e zecâxnoe

kvnsxm zmpm m bkbÿpnm k e oepmçïe he zô`cnoe# kssk omlhnhmxe xkb }{k zmssmp zep kssm

qnsn`ncnhmhk bnhníxnom les bknes hk oeb{lnomçïe, _klhe hk àb`nxe akhkpmc e{ ksxmh{mc# kssm

kvzesnçïe hkqk skp mnlhm bmnep, Ksxmp ê apklxk he kvko{xnqe# gmpmlxk me xnx{cmp# {bm zpksklçm

oelsxmlxk# lm qnhm k les cmpks hm zez{cmçïe mxpmqîs hms bâhnms,

Gebks &0::7. manpbm }{k es bnlnsxîpnes xmb`îb xäb m s{m qnsn`ncnhmhk# zpnlonzmcbklxk

ê}{kcks }{k xäb bmnep epçmbklxe k zpnepnhmhk le zmâs# `kb oebe ms skopkxmpnms cngmhms ê

Zpksnhälonm hm Pkzô`cnom k ê zpksnhälonm hk gpmlhks kbzpksms zô`cnoms, Ksxms oexms sïe

nbzepxmlxks# zens skp xnx{cmp hk {b bnlnsxîpne# mcîb hk xkp ê hnszesnçïe {b epçmbklxe# {b

snsxkbm hk ompges k m zessn`ncnhmhk hk nbzcmlxmp zpegpmbms# kck xkb m ofmlok hk mzmpkokp k

amcmp hk sk{s nhkmns lm oeb{lnhmhk, Ms a{lçûks zmpcmbklxmpks xmb`îb zess{kb m s{m oexm hk

qnsn`ncnhmhk, Oebe e gpmlhk oklxpe hk mxpmçïe hes feceaexks oesx{bm skp e kvko{xnqe# m

qnsn`ncnhmhk zmpcmbklxmp ksxí zpnlonzmcbklxk msseonmhm í s{m pkcmçïe oeb e geqkple,



=;

Hk moephe oeb @mfnm &=>>:.# e deplmcnsbe behkple hknve{ hk skp {b koe hes zmpxnhes k hk

pkzpksklxmlxks zecâxnoes# skb sk hnsxmlonmp hm zecâxnom# }{k fedk# î oelsnhkpmhm {bm hklxpk

e{xpms omxkgepnms hk nlaepbmçïe k hk oe`kpx{pm, K hkzklhklhe hm eomsnïe k hms onpo{lsxàlonms#

m lexâonm zecâxnom zehk skp zpnepnxípnm e{ anomp kb {b skg{lhe zcmle,

M oe`kpx{pm hk mss{lxes zecâxnoes î {bm kszkonmcntmçïe hm pkzepxmgkb hes amxes hm qnhm

zecâxnom# nloc{nlhe mxes deplmcâsxnoes oebe lexâonms# klxpkqnsxms# oec{lnsbe# eznlnïe#

oeb{lnomhes hk câhkpks zecâxnoes# snlhnomns, Xmb`îb amtkb zmpxk he hnmmhnm he deplmcnsbe

zecâxnoe es pkcmxes hms mxnqnhmhks hes zmpxnhes# he Oelgpksse# _klmhe# Oàbmpm# msskb`cînms k

Oàbmpms b{lnonzmns, M oôz{cm he Kvko{xnqe# he Ckgnscmxnqe k he D{hnonípne# k e }{k bmns sk

zessm kl}{mhpmp oebe nlnonmxnqm zecâxnom# bksbe hkpnqmlhe hk e{xpms epngkls# bms }{k hngmpkszknxe ê qnhm zecâxnom nlxkplm,

Zmzkc zpÿzpne he deplmcnsbe zecâxnoe# zkce sk{ qâlo{ce oeb m qnhm zecâxnom nlxkplm lmonelmc#

zkcm s{m ambncnmpnhmhk oeb ms nlsxnx{nçûks# zkcm s{m nlxnbnhmhk oeb es zmpxnhes# zkce sk{

oelfkonbklxe hes zpe`ckbms mhbnlnsxpmxnqes k hk e zpeoksse hkonsÿpne }{k sk ceomcntm les

bkomlnsbes he zehkp,

Dí ms lexâonms kszepxnqms# skg{lhe C{sxesm &=>>1.# {smb kvzpkssûks zpÿzpnms hk omhm

behmcnhmhk, M khnxepnm sk nlxkpmgk oeb e cknxep, K mzksmp he xkvxe kszepxnqe lïe makxmp m qnhm

hms zkssems# me hnq{cgmp hmhes e{ amxes kppmhes e{ skb ê qkphmhk hes amxes# m opkhn`ncnhmhk he

deplmc skpí }{ksxnelmhm k s{m pkz{xmçïe skpí mxnlgnhm, [bm hms ompmoxkpâsxnoms he xkvxe

kszepxnqe# skg{lhe C{sxesm# î m kbeçïe }{k e deplmcnsxm xklxm zmssmp zmpm e cknxep,

Lkssm zkpszkoxnqm# e xkvxe hm bmxîpnm kszepxnqm `{som# hkshk m oelxkvx{mcntmçïe ê

mzpksklxmçïe hk hkxmcfks# oelh{tnpkb e cknxep zmpm e ceomc hes moelxkonbklxes#amtklhee sklxnpsk zpksklxk k klqecqnhe lms hnsz{xms, Lm bmxîpnm kszepxnqm î cnqpk expàlsnxe hk eznlnûks he pkhmxep# hkshk }{k kcms lïe oebzpebkxmb m nlaepbmçïe e{nbzelfmb s{ms zpkakpälonms zkssemns, E pkhmxep amcm hms kbeçûks hes degmhepks# e}{k ckqe{ m {b bkcfep e{ znep pks{cxmhe k hms hkanonälonms kszkoâanoms hk mcg{ls

degmhepks e hm k}{nzk oebe {b, &C[_XE_M# =>>1# z,=8:.

M fnsxÿpnm he deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe le @pmsnc oebkçe{ le nlâone he sîo{ce 0:, –A{xk`ec lïe

zkgm# xklfe okpxktm9 ksxpmlgknpnoks lïe klxpmb amoncbklxk lm xkppm he ksznlfe‒ &OEKCFE#

0::6# z,7., E ksopnxep amtnm pkakpälonm me kszepxk zpmxnomhe zkces nlgcksks }{k mom`mqm hk

ofkgmp me @pmsnc# nlxpeh{tnhe zep Ofmpcks Bncckp,



=1

E deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe lïe xnlfm kszmçe les deplmns k lïe kpm qnsxe oeb gpmlhk nbzepxàlonm

zkcm m zez{cmçïe, _ÿ le anlmc hes mles =>1:# e kvzkpnklxk Deïe _mchmlfm# }{k pkcmxmqm kb sk{

xkvxe }{k zehkpnm oebkçmp e s{pgnbklxe hk omhkples kszkonmcntmhes amcmlhe se`pk kszepxks#

xmb`îb akt {bm zpkqnsïe hksmlnbmhepm, Mzÿs e cmlçmbklxe hm pkqnsxm Zcmomp # }{k kpm

xexmcbklxk hkhnomhm ê oe`kpx{pm kszepxnqm# _mchmlfm hnssk }{k m z{`cnomçïe lïe smnpnm hes

zpnbknpes lôbkpes,

Mlxks hk =>1: fe{qk e s{pgnbklxe he deplmc Amla{ccm }{k oebkçe{ m nlxpeh{tnp kb s{ms

khnçûks {b ze{oe hk deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe, E e`dkxnqe he deplmc lm îzeom kpm mxnlgnp es

nbngpmlxks nxmcnmles }{k pksnhnmb kb _ïe Zm{ce, Hnmlxk hk mcg{bms lexâonms z{`cnomhms le

deplmc oebkçe{ e Zmcbknpms A{xkèc Oc{`k# oelfkonhe lm îzeom hk Zmcksxpm Nxícnm, Le nlâone e deplmc xpmtnm mzklms m anofm xîolnom se`pk es deges he xnbk zmcksxnle, Mssnb aen bmpomhe e

zpnbknpe zmsse he deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe le @pmsnc,

Kb =>?:# es heles hk deplmns lïe mofmqmb }{k ksopkqkp se`pk kszepxks xpmpnm –hnlfknpe k

opkhn`ncnhmhk‒ zmpm kcks# kpm {bm mxnqnhmhk côhnom# mcge celgk hk skp zpeanssnelmc k mes deqkls

deplmcnsxms }{k ofkgmqmb ês pkhmçûks, Zmpm ksopkqkp se`pk kszepxks lïe kpm lkokssípne xkp

o{cx{pm, Lkssm bksbm îzeom# le Pne hk Dmlknpe# s{pgk e Deplmc hes _zepxs# e zpnbknpehkhnomhe kvoc{snqmbklxk mes kszepxks# opnmhe zep Bípne Ancfe# zmssmlhe m lexnonmp e a{xkèc

hk {b dknxe bmns –pebàlxnoe‒, –Ms opølnoms hk Lkcsel Pehpng{ks k Bípne Ancfe xnlfmb qnhm

zpÿzpnm# lkb zehnmb skp ofmbmhms deplmcnsbe‒ &OEKCFE# 0::1# z,=7.,

Zmpm es deplmcnsxms Bípne Ancfe k Lkcsel Pehpng{ks# kcks lïe pkxpmxmqmb m qnecälonm }{k

zpkhebnlmqmb les ombzes# k snb kcks xpmh{tnmb m `kcktm he èb a{xkèc opnmhm zkces

xepokhepks âheces, M hpmbmxnonhmhk skpqnm zmpm m{bklxmp m nhecmxpnm kb pkcmçïe m kssk e{ê}{kck degmhep, _kpks bepxmns mcçmhes hm lenxk zmpm e hnm ê oelhnçïe hk –skbnhk{sks‒

&OEKCFE# 0::1# z,=7.,

Le nlâone he s{pgnbklxe he deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe# lïe kpm aíonc hnpngnp {bm pkhmçïe kszepxnqm,

_nglnanomqm klompmp {bm h{pm pkmcnhmhk4 zpkoeloknxes# ze{oe hnlfknpe# fí`nxe hk cknx{pm, Fmqnm

{b zpkoeloknxe hk }{k sÿ es hk bklep zehkp m}{nsnxnqe zehkpnmb xeplmpsk cknxepks hkssk xnze

hk hnípne,



=7

E deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe zpeh{tn{ gpmlhks deplmcnsxms oebe Dekcbnp @kxnlg# }{k oebkçe{ s{m

omppknpm lm oe`kpx{pm kszepxnqm lm hîomhm hk ;:, Zepîb# zep lïe oelskg{np oelxpecmp sk{

nbz{cse hk xepokhep mzmnvelmhe zkce Zmcbknpms# hkonhn{ mx{mp kb e{xpm khnxepnm, D{om Iae{pn#

{b hes âoelks he deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe# mopkhnxm }{k –{b hes hksmanes hm nbzpklsm kszepxnqm î

xpmxmp hk {b mss{lxe mcxmbklxk mzmnvelmlxk, Î pmpe ‟ k{ lïe oelfkçe lklf{b ‟ kloelxpmp {b

deplmcnsxm }{k lïe xklfm snhe ckqmhe me deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe zkcm zmnvïe zkce kszepxk‒,

Ksopkqkp se`pk deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe î {bm xmpkam b{nxe hnaâonc# cnhmp oeb m zmnvïe he xepokhep

k he deplmcnsxm zehk om{smp nlnbntmhks# }{mlhe qeoä ksopkqk se`pk deplmcnsbe# zehk mgpmhmp

mcg{ls k hksmgpmhmp e{xpes om{smlhe nlnbntmhks, Oebe î {bm ípkm }{k kvnsxk b{nxe hnlfknpe

e deplmcnsxm xkb }{k xkp e hnpknxe hk hkl{lonmp xehm qkt }{k î nlxkpkssk zmpm zô`cnoe# es`msxnhepks xäb }{k skp hnq{cgmhes,

E kszepxk î {bm zpíxnom seonmc k xmb`îb {b `{snlkss nbklse }{k le @pmsnc beqnbklxm

bncfûks hk hÿcmpks# k le b{lhe ofkgm m `ncfûks, Zep nsse# î skbzpk `eb sm`kp kb }{k bmp sk

lmqkgm4 es x{`mpûks ksxïe skbzpk mxklxes k es deplmcnsxms }{k hkso{nhmb zehkb skp oeezxmhes

es zkphkpkb sk{s kbzpkges }{mlhe zknxmb nlxkpkssks zmpxno{cmpks, –Kb lklf{b e{xpe skxep

hm mxnqnhmhk seonmc oe`kpxm zkce deplmcnsbe# es kszmçes sïe xïe kvâg{es‒ &@MP@KNPE#PMLGKC# 0::1# z, ==>.

Zmpm es deplmcnsxm kszepxnqes î skbzpk nbzepxmlxk sm`kp }{k es mss{lxes }{k kck sk zpezûk m

hnq{cgmp# kck xkb }{k amtkp oeb ocmpktm# pkxpmxmlhe m nbzmponmcnhmhk k klamxntmlhe m

opkhn`ncnhmhk hm nlaepbmçïe,

Dí e deplmcnsbe o{cx{pmc# hk okpxm aepbm# pkzpksklxm {b gälkpe hm mxnqnhmhk deplmcâsxnomhksxnlmlhesk me gesxe hm mpxk, _klhe }{k sïe hnqkpsms bmlnaksxmçûks o{cx{pmns oebe4 bôsnom#

onlkbm# cnxkpmx{pm# xkmxpe# mpxks zcísxnoms k e{xpes, Bms G{khks &0::7. ksocmpkok }{k }{mlhe

zklsmbes lkssm behmcnhmhk he deplmcnsbe# zkpok`kbes oebe sk zpeokssm –e hnícege klxpk

ksxms kvzpkssûks ksxîxnoms‒ k es hk deplmns }{k xpm`mcfm oeb m o{cx{pm,

C{sxesm &=>>1. pkcmxm }{k e skg{lhe omhkple# aen opnmhe zmpm m`pngmp bmxkpnmc pkcmonelmhe oeb

cmtkp k o{cx{pm, E khnxep xkb bmns cn`kphmhk zmpm m ksoecfm hms bmxîpnms k }{mc e gpm{ hk

nbzepxàlonm, _k{ kszmçe î hksxnlmhe ê xnpm hk }{mhpnlfes# zpegpmbmçïe hk sfews# zkçms

xkmxpmns# onlkbm# fepÿsoeze# oec{lms seonmns# opølnoms k zpegpmbmçïe hk xkckqnsïe,



=6

M zmpxnp hm hîomhm hk ?: e deplmcnsbe mss{bn{ e behkce nlh{sxpnmc, M cnlg{mgkb# aepbms k

oelxkôhes mh}{npkb oelexmçûks }{k mxklhkb ms ckns hk bkpomhe, Ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms

zmssmb m oelang{pmp {bm lmppmxnqm bmns e`dkxnqm# omzxmlhe mssnb m zpkakpälonm he zô`cnoe

cknxep, G{khks &0::7. mpg{bklxm }{k m kqec{çïe hm nbzpklsm# akt oeb }{k m nlaepbmçïe

xeplmssk {b `kb koeløbnoe e{ {b zpeh{xe,

Kssk leqe deplmcnsbe# zmpm –s{zkpmp‒ m oeloeppälonm# zmsse{ m xpm`mcfmp# omhm qkt bmns# se`

zpkssïe le fepípne he akofmbklxe &hkmh cnlk., Kssm zpkssm xeple{sk zpegpkssnqe lm zpíxnom

deplmcâsxnom# om{smlhe hksoebzmsse lm nlxkpzpkxmçïe hm pkmcnhmhk# zpnlonzmcbklxk# }{mlhe sk

xpmxm hk nlaepbmçïe o{cx{pmc

Kssm pkmcnhmhk sk xeplm bmns okpxm me qkpnanomp }{k es omhkples k ms skçûks hk o{cx{pm hk

deplmns k pkqnsxms hkhnombsk lm bmnepnm hms qktks# m e`skpqmp bmlnaksxmçûks mpxâsxnoms e{ m

opnxnomp ancbks# sfews# gpmlhks kszkxío{ces# cnqpes k OHs# skb }{mc}{kp zkpszkoxnqm

nlxkpzpkxmxnqm he oklípne o{cx{pmc, –E deplmcnsbe o{cx{pmc xkb sk xpmlsaepbmhe kb {b }{msk

snlølnbe hk mgklhm o{cx{pmc‒ &G[KHK_# 0::7# z,>., K zmpm m{bklxmp e oels{be hk zpeh{xes

o{cx{pmns# deplmns opnmb zm{xms k xkvxes –nlsznpmhes‒ kb pkckmsks hk msskssepnms,



=>

? M HNMGPMBMÇÏE K E ZPEDKXE GPÍANOE

Ksxk omzâx{ce besxpm e hksklqecqnbklxe hm lexâonm lm ípkm hm hnmgpmbmçïe# skxep nbzepxmlxk

zmpm e deplmcnsbe nbzpksse# zep skp e nlxkpbkhnmhep klxpk m kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom k e cknxep,

Hnso{xk xmb`îb {b ze{oe hm qnsïe he zpeanssnelmc hnmgpmbmhep# }{k xmb`îb zehk skp

ofmbmhe hk hksnglkp,

?,= M hnmgpmbmçïe k e hksklfe hm nlaepbmçïe

[bm zmpxk nbzepxmlxk le deplmcnsbe nbzpksse î s{m mzpksklxmçïe, [b `eb zkpnÿhnoe hkqk xkp

`ems bmxîpnms# mzpksklxmlhe amxes nbzepxmlxks k mx{mns# zpksxmlhe skpqnçes ê oeb{lnhmhk,Mcîb hnsse# ksxk zkpnÿhnoe xkb }{k sm`kp besxpmp kssms lexâonms, [b xpm`mcfe lkokssípne# }{k

xkb le zpeanssnelmc hnmgpmbmhep &xmb`îb zehk skp ofmbmhe hk hksnglkp.# e kce klxpk m

kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom# m lexâonm k e cknxep, M zesnçïe hes kckbklxes hk {bm zígnlm hkqk mxpmnp m

mxklçïe k e nlxkpkssk he zô`cnoe# ksxnb{cmlhee ê cknx{pm,

Kssm xîolnom hk zesnonelmp ksxks kckbklxes gpíanoes lm zígnlm sk ofmbm hnmgpmbmçïe# e{#

zehk skp ofmbmhm hk zmgnlmçïe, Kssm mpxk `{som# mxpmqîs hm xkolecegnm# m bkcfep aepbm hkxpmlsbnxnp m zpeh{çïe hk lexâonms mes cknxepks, E zpeanssnelmc hnmgpmbmhep hkqk mx{mp

zpedkxmlhe kb sk{ xpm`mcfe zpmxnonhmhk k ksxîxnom qns{mc, _mlxes &0::;. ksocmpkokb }{k e

bmxkpnmc {xncntmhe zmpm m z{`cnomçïe oelxpn`{n zmpm e hksklfe hm zígnlm k nsse pkackxk le cknxep

zmpm ms }{mns e deplmc hksxnlmsk, E hksngl xkb oebe e`dkxnqe oel}{nsxmp m mxklçïe hksxk

zô`cnoe mzpksklxmlhe m bklsmgkb qkno{cmhm,

Kssm zmgnlmçïe î b{nxe nbzepxmlxk zmpm e deplmc nbzpksse# zep}{k e cknxep ecfm m zígnlm mlxkshk sk hkhnomp ê cknx{pm, Okcse Ikcc~=# onxmhe zep _ncqm &=>6;.# kvzcnom }{k m hnmgpmbmçïe î e

oebkçe hm mpxk gpíanom# zep}{k lkcm ksxm`kckokbsk pkcmçûks he gpíanoe oeb e mss{lxe, Aexes#

ompnomx{pms k mlôlones amtkb m zígnlm anomp bmns mxpmklxk oeb nc{sxpmçûks oebzckxmlhe e xkvxe

deplmcâsxnoe,

Mcîb hnsse# m hnmgpmbmçïe klqecqk e seonmc# m xîolnom k ms snglnanomçûks# oeloc{n Gp{st~lsin

&0::6., Kssk xpm`mcfe sk amt l{b zpeoksse hk mpxno{cmçïe hk sngles qns{mns oebe e`dkxe zmpm

= Ikcc~# Mpxk ! Oeb{lnomçïe &Pne hk Dmlknpe# =>70.# zz, =1?=78



0:

sk nlaepbmp e{ zpeh{tnp {bm bklsmgkb# xklhe qípnes zpeokhnbklxes# {xncntmlhe qmpnms

akppmbklxms gpíanoms,

K î m nlxkpzpkxmçïe k m zkpokzçïe }{k sïe es e`dkxnqes bmns nbzepxmlxks zmpm m oelang{pmçïe

qns{mc hm zígnlm, M hnmgpmbmçïe bmns zpeanssnelmcntmhm aen nlac{klonmhm zep {bm xpmhnçïe

ksxîxnom k hk ksx{hes, Me hksklfmp {bm zígnlm# e hnmgpmbmhep ksxmpí –amcmlhe‒# oeb{lnomlhe

mcge }{k skpí m`sepqnhe# bms }{k lïe xkpí he cknxep# {bm pkmçïe nlhnakpklxk# m`ephm Zkpknpm

Dôlnep &0::>.,

Hnmgpmbmp î oelang{pmp {bm bklsmgkb oeceomhm kb deplmc# pkqnsxm e{ cnqpe# k# hksxm aepbm#

ksxp{x{pmp m nlaepbmçïe hk aepbm }{k e cknxep oebzpkklhm e }{k ksxí nbzpksse, _klhe mssnb# mzpnbknpm hkonsïe he hksnglkp oelsnsxk kb {xncntmp kckbklxes gpíanoes }{k ompmoxkpntkb m

nbzepxàlonm he amxe ksxm`kckoklhe m ephkb hk mzpksklxmçïe, Hkonsûks sïe nlac{klonmhms zkcms

bklsmgkls qkno{cmhms zmpm e oels{bnhep k zkcm nbzepxàlonm hes amxes mzpksklxmhes, _ncqm

&=>6;. pkqkcm }{k m hnmgpmbmçïe le zmssmhe# xnlfm e oebzpebnsse mzklms oeb es mszkoxes

xnzegpíanoes, Fedk# e hnmgpmbmhep mx{m le zpeoksse opnmxnqe pkmcntmhe les zpedkxes gpíanoes hk

{b zkpnÿhnoe e{ hk {bm pkqnsxm,

E qns{mc hm zígnlm nbzpkssm kbnxk nlaepbmçïe se`pk e bmxkpnmc hnmgpmbmhe k e ksxnce he

zpeanssnelmc }{k hnsxpn`{n e bmxkpnmc, Hnmgpmbmp î xebmp zesnçûks, Î m kvzpkssïe he zpeh{xe

oeckxnqe, M bmlknpm oebe m bmlofkxk î oeceomhm lm zígnlm# m zesnçïe k m }{mlxnhmhk hk aexes

{xncntmhms lm zígnlm# sk xkb bmxîpnm nsecmhm k }{mc qmn skp s{m zesnçïe# sïe xmpkams m skpkb

hksklqecqnhms zkce hnmgpmbmhep,

Mcîb hnsse# xkb ms ckxpms# e klxpkcnlfmbklxe# e kszmçmbklxe# ms bmpgkls# es `pmloes }{koebzûk m zígnlm, Ksxks kckbklxes hkqkb skp o{nhmhesmbklxk xpm`mcfmhes# xmb`îb zkce

hnmgpmbmhep zmpm zpezeponelmp –qkceonhmhk lm cknx{pm‒, [b hes zpnlonzmns kckbklxes he

xpm`mcfe gpíanoe sïe es kszmçes kb `pmloe }{k xpmtkb {b mszkoxe ksxîxnoe ês zígnlms# oeloc{n

Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>.,

_ncqm &=>6;. d{sxnanom m nbzepxàlonm he kszmçe klxpk `ceoes hk oebzesnçïe xkvx{mc, –M

ckgn`ncnhmhk skpnm zpkd{hnomhm skb kssm skzmpmçïe‒, Kssk kszmçe qmcepntm m bklsmgkb k

zpeqeomb nbkhnmxe klxklhnbklxe zep zmpxk he cknxep k m oebzpkklsïe he xkvxe hkzklhk hm

aepbm oebe kck sk mzpksklxm le zkpnÿhnoe



0=

E xpm`mcfe he zpeanssnelmc hnmgpmbmhep oelsnsxk# `msnombklxk# kb zesnonelmp es kckbklxes hk

{bm zígnlm &xkvxe# oec{lm# aexes k mlôlones.# {xncntmlhe ms akppmbklxms lkokssípnms zmpm

hksklfmp hk aepbm fmpbølnom k mxpmklxk# pkxklhe m mxklçïe he zô`cnoe cknxep kb xehm kvxklsïe#

oeloc{n Oeccmpe &=>>1.,

?,0 Akppmbklxms he hnmgpmbmhep k es o{nhmhes oeb e zpedkxe gpíanoe

E hnmgpmbmhep xkb m a{lçïe hk mgpmhmp me zô`cnoe cknxep# oeceomlhe ms bmxîpnms hk moephe

oeb e gpm{ hk nbzepxàlonm }{k kcm pkzpksklxm# {smlhe akppmbklxms lkokssípnms zmpm hmp älamsk

m aexes k xâx{ces, Kssk zpeanssnelmc xpm`mcfm oeb kckbklxes `ísnoes zmpm xpmlsbnxnp hk aepbmocmpm k klxklhâqkc m bklsmgkb hm zígnlm, _ncqm &=>6;. kvzcnom }{k# ckxpms mgp{zmhms kb

zmcmqpms# nbmgkls e{ nc{sxpmçïe he amxe# `pmloes hk zígnlms k anes xnzegpíanoes sïe mcg{ls hes

pko{pses {xncntmhes,

Ms aexes sïe hk gpmlhk nbzepxàlonm zmpm e deplmc k m a{lçïe he hnmgpmbmhep î zesnonelícms hm

bkcfep aepbm zessâqkc# nhklxnanomlhe e bkcfep oepxk k m bkcfep bmlknpm hk oeceoícm lm

zígnlm, M zpnlonzmc pkgpm# skg{lhe Oeccmpe &=>>1.# kb xkpbes hk zesnonelmbklxe hk aexe# î}{k kcm hkqk skbzpk moebzmlfmp m bmxîpnm m }{k ksxí pkcmonelmhm# oelxpecmlhe es `pmloes kb

qecxm hm nbmgkb }{k# {xncntmhes oeb `eb sklse# hïe {b mp bmns kckgmlxk ês zígnlms, Dí m

nc{sxpmçïe# me oelxpmpne hms aexes lïe xkb lepbms pksxpnxnqms,

M aexegpmanm qmn hkzklhkp he ecfmp deplmcâsxnoe he aexÿgpmae# bms hkzklhk xmb`îb hk }{kb m

khnxm lm zígnlm, Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::0. d{sxnanom }{k e aexedeplmcnsbe î lkokssípne zmpm e

zkpnÿhnoe# zens m nbmgkb xpmt sklxnhe ês bmxîpnms, [bm `em nbmgkb zehk sk xeplmp {bm aexeckgklhm# e{ skdm# {b xkvxe o{pxe &{bm ckgklhm. moebzmlfm m nbmgkb# k gkpmcbklxk# moelxkok

e oelxpmpne,

Aexes k nbmgkls hkqkb skp {xncntmhms hk aepbm kanonklxk zkce hnmgpmbmhep }{k xkb m

e`pngmçïe hk oeceoícms le bkcfep àlg{ce k hklxpe hms hnbklsûks kvmxms he kszmçe

hkxkpbnlmhe hm zígnlm, _ncqm &=>6;. mopksoklxm }{k e zpeanssnelmc hnmgpmbmhep hkqk xkp e

bksbe o{nhmhe oeb es kckbklxes gpíanoes# zpnlonzmcbklxk sk xpmxmlhe hk aexes k nbmgkls,



00

Zepîb# me oelsxp{np ms zígnlms hk {b nbzpksse î lkokssípne }{k e khnxep sngm {b zmhpïe me

qkâo{ce# hnakpklonmlhee hes e{xpes, Hkxkpbnlmhes mppmldes lïe sk d{sxnanomb mzklms zkcm

}{ksxïe he gesxe e{ he qns{mc, Me kbzpkgmp {b xnze k xmbmlfe hk ckxpm# hk aexes# ofmpgks#

kszmçes kb `pmloe# klxpk e{xpes oebzelklxks gpíanoes# î oelsxp{âhm {bm nhklxnhmhk he

nbzpksse k nsse# nlac{klonmpí hk bmlknpm hkonsnqm lm xpmlsbnssïe hms lexâonms# mopksoklxm

_mlxes &0::;., Oelfkokp oeloknxes pkcmonelmhes ê zpíxnom deplmcâsxnom k ms ompmoxkpâsxnoms he

zô`cnoe î a{lhmbklxmc zmpm m oelsxp{çïe hm zígnlm k he qkâo{ce,

Bms hkxkpbnlmhe mppmlde gpíanoe hkzklhk hm opnmxnqnhmhk he hksnglkp, Oeb e m{vâcne he

khnxep# e hnmgpmbmhep hkqk ksxm`kckokp# zep kvkbzce# e lôbkpe hk oec{lms mlxks hk x{he zmpm

hkzens nlnonmp e zpeoksse hk oelokzçïe qns{mc, _ncqm &=>6;. manpbm }{k î hnaâonc opnmp {boebzepxmbklxe anve le hksklfmp {bm zígnlm# zens e kvkpoâone î nlanlnxe zehklhe kck oeb es

bksbes kckbklxes gpíanoes# skb smnp he zmhpïe# hmp leqms aepbms mes xkvxes# ckgklhms# xâx{ces

k aexes,

Zmpm kvzcnomp bmxîpnms oelsnhkpmhms hk hnaâonc klxklhnbklxe zmpm e cknxep# Zkpknpm Dôlnep

&0::>. s{gkpk e {se hk nlaegpmanms# }{k zehkb hkszkpxmp e nlxkpkssk he cknxep# mxpmnlhe m

mxklçïe hkck zmpm e mzkce qns{mc hm nc{sxpmçïe he amxe, Gpíanoes# xm`kcms# hksklfesnlaepbmxnqes k anofms# amtkb zmpxk hksxk pko{pse, Zkpknpm Dôlnep mzelxm }{k xmlxe e deplmcnsxm

}{mlxe e khnxep# hkqkb xebmp o{nhmhe me okpxnanomp es hmhes hes gpíanoes k he xkvxe,

Zep om{sm hksxks hnqkpses kckbklxes kvnsxklxks lms zígnlms hk {b deplmc# Deïe Pehecae he

Zpmhe0# onxmhe zep _ncqm &=>6;.# mopksoklxm }{k sk hkqkb amtkp hens xnzes hk cknx{pm4

E hnso{pse gpíanoe î {b oeld{lxe hk kckbklxes qns{mns hk {b deplmc# pkqnsxm# cnqpe e{ x{he

}{k î nbzpksse, Oebe hnso{pse# kck zess{n m }{mcnhmhk hk skp snglnanoíqkc9 zmpm skoebzpkklhkp {b deplmc lïe î lkokssípne ckp, Klxïe# fí zkce bkles h{ms cknx{pms4 gpíanom ke{xpm xkvx{mc &_NCQM# =>6;# z,?>.,

E oelxkôhe hm bmxîpnm k e hksklfe hm zígnlm hkqkb oebzckxmp m nlaepbmçïe# hkqklhe skp

kqnxmhe {bm se`pkzesnçïe hk mb`ms ms zmpxks, M zpegpmbmçïe gpíanom ksxí qnlo{cmhm me

oebzpebnsse he deplmcnsbe hk sk oeb{lnomp# sklhe bkhnmhepm he zpeoksse, Kssm bkhnmçïe î

nlac{klonmhm zkcm ksoecfm hes hnqkpses oebzelklxks gpíanoes hnszelâqkns me hnmgpmbmhep k

oebzepïe m zígnlm, M nlxklçïe he hksngl# skg{lhe Gp{st~lsin &0::6.# î mgpmhmp e zô`cnoe

0 Deïe Pehecae he Zpmhe# –Hnso{pse Gpíanoe4 Oelsxmxmçûks‒ ‟ Omhkples hk Deplmcnsbe k Oeb{lnomçïe he Deplmche @pmsnc# l´ 86 &Pne hk Dmlknpe# s,h,.# zz,0106



0?

cknxep he hkxkpbnlmhe deplmc# hk aepbm }{k ksxk sk moesx{bk oeb e zkpnÿhnoe, K me `{somp

okpxms pkmçûks hksxk zô`cnoe# e hksnglkp {xncntm hnakpklxks pko{pses# xpmlsbnxnlhe zep hnqkpsms

aepbms# ms bklsmgkls kb sk{s mszkoxes qns{mns,

Le anlmc hes mles skxklxm# m nbzpklsm oebkçe{ m pkoeppkp omhm qkt bmns ê oep# ê nlaegpmanm#

mes s{bípnes hk zpnbknpm# zígnlm k m s{zckbklxes, Aen hmhm bmnep mxklçïe me cknxep#

zpeh{tnlhe oeb nsse {b deplmc bmns qecxmhe zmpm es skpqnçes# oeb kssk cknxep sklhe

nlaepbmhe hk qnmgkls# hk smôhk k hk o{nhmhes le oels{be# pkqkcm _e{tm &0::=.,

Bms fedk# mzksmp he hnmgpmbmhep xkp cn`kphmhk zmpm opnmp# kck î e`pngmhe m hksxmomp xâx{ces# skp

zpkonse le oepxk hms aexes# omco{cmpkb e xmbmlfe he xkvxe k xkp `eb sklse ksxîxnoe# pkcmxm_ncqm &=>6;., Hkqksk xkp e bmnep o{nhmhe oeb m xnx{cmçïe he deplmc, E aepbmxe# e

mcnlfmbklxe# m kvxklsïe# m oelxmgkb hk ompmoxkpks# ms ckxpms bmnôso{cms e{ lïe# sïe ksoecfms

a{lhmbklxmns zmpm sk amtkp {b deplmc pkszknxmhe k hk opkhn`ncnhmhk mpg{bklxm Oeccmpe &=>>1.,

E m{xep mzpksklxm xmb`îb# {bm xîolnom }{k ofmbm m mxklçïe he cknxep zmpm m pkgnïe hm zígnlm

elhk# lepbmcbklxk# kck qns{mcntm zpnbknpe,

Oelsnhkpmlhe e fí`nxe hk cknx{pm k e beqnbklxe hes ecfes lms pkgnûks hk nlxkpkssk lm aecfm

ksopnxm e{ nbzpkssm, Khb{lh Mplech hksxmom# kb Xnzegpmanm ~ Hnmgpmbmhe zmpm Zkpnÿhnoes#e zpnlonzne hm telm qns{mc zpnbmpnm ‟ m}{kcm ípkm ê ks}{kphm }{k pkxîb# kb zpnbknpe c{gmp# mmxklçïe he cknxep, M d{sxm zesnçïe hes kckbklxes hk zígnlm hkqk mzpksklxmp hksngl xïemxpmklxk }{k skdm omzmt hk nlonxmp ê cknx{pm, M telm qns{mc zpnbípnm# hkqnhe ê s{m ceomcntmçïezpnqnckgnmhm# î aepxk zmpm pkxkp m mxklçïe k nlxkpkssk he cknxep, &OECCMPE# =>>1# z,=;;.

Lïe fí pkgpms zmpm sk hksklfmp e{ hnmgpmbmp {b deplmc, _ncqm &=>6;. oebzmpm {b zpeanssnelmc

hnmgpmbmhep m {b degmhep hk a{xk`ec }{k hkqk –mzpklhkp es zpnloâznes `ísnoes he dege# hk

behe }{k nlsxnlxnqmbklxk smn`m mx{mp kb }{mc}{kp bebklxe# l{bm snx{mçïe hk b{hmlçm

píznhm‒, Hksxm aepbm# manpbm _ncqm# m pkhmçïe xklhk m xpm`mcfmp {lnhm zmpm ckqmp m lexâonm me

cknxep,

E lïe o{bzpnbklxe hksxms pkgpms zehk oebzpebkxkp e zpedkxe gpíanoe, Oeephklmp

oeppkxmbklxk kssk bmxkpnmc gpíanoe oeb e xkvxe deplmcâsxnoe# oeb`nlmlhe es hens kckbklxes

oeb e e`dkxnqe zpnlonzmc hk zkps{mhnp e cknxep# kssm î m a{lçïe he hksngl, M zpnbknpm zígnlm hk

{b deplmc î m kb`mcmgkb he zpeh{xe# mpg{bklxm _ncqm &=>6;., Zepxmlxe# î nbzepxmlxk }{k kcm

oelxklfm ompmoxkpâsxnoms k mxpmxnqes nlhnqnh{mns zmpm }{k e cknxep nhklxnan}{k e deplmc, Fedk# m

bmnepnm hms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms kbzpkgm {bm ôlnom ambâcnm hk ompmoxkpks, M ksoecfm hksxks

ompmoxkpks hkqk skp aknxms oeb mxklçïe# zens e deplmc skpí ecfmhe mlxks hk skp cnhe, K hksxm



08

aepbm opnmsk kssm nhklxnanomçïe klxpk e cknxep k e deplmc }{ksxnelm Oeccmpe &=>>1.,

Kb {b zpeh{xe qecxmhe zmpm ms bmssms# ê lkokssnhmhk hk sk amtkp {b zpedkxe gpíanoe# bksbe

zmpm {b deplmc oeb qípnes gälkpes sk xeplm bmns kqnhklxk, E hnmgpmbmhep e{ hksnglkp gpíanoe

&mbès sïe m bksbm oensm. me oeceomp {bm bmxîpnm le aepbmxe fepntelxmc e{ qkpxnomc#

ksxnb{cm m cknx{pm, Zepîb hkqksk e`skpqmp k pkszknxmp ms oec{lms hm zígnlm# {xncntmlhe m

xnzecegnm mhexmhm lm khnxepnm hm}{kck qkâo{ce,

Deplmns {xncntmb oebe `msk aepbmc es hnmgpmbms# }{k skpqkb hk g{nms# mgncntmlhe e zpeoksse

hk zpeh{çïe, Fekcxt &0::=. hksopkqk oebe {xncntmp hksxk pko{pse le nbzpksse4

Les hnmgpmbms sïe epgmlntmhes oelxkôhes kszkoâanoes hklxpe hk {b kszmçepkzpksklxmonelmc, [b èb hnmgpmbm zkpbnxk me hksnglkp {bm mbzcm gmbm hkzessn`ncnhmhks skb# xehmqnm# a{gnp hk {bm ksxp{x{pm hkxkpbnlmhm, Es hnmgpmbms sïemzcnomhes m {bm qmpnkhmhk klepbk hk zpeh{xes nbzpksses oebe sec{çûks `ísnoms hk hksngl,&FEKCXT# 0::=# z,;.

Gpmlhks kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms# me nbzcmlxmp {b zmhpïe lms z{`cnomçûks# kcmèpmb ompmoxkpks

kszkoâanoes zmpm m xnx{cmçïe hkxkpbnlmlhe m }{mlxnhmhk hk kszmçe m skp {xncntmhe, _ncqm &=>6;.

nlxpeh{t }{k hksxm aepbm# amoncnxm e xpm`mcfe he hnmgpmbmhep }{k hkqk hnszep hk xkbze zmpm e

{se hk ksxîxnom les mppmldes gpíanoes, E zpeh{xe anlmc nbzpksse mxnlgk kanonklxkbklxk sk{

e`dkxnqe4 –{bm cknx{pm píznhm k oelaepxíqkc hms bklsmgkls nbzpkssms‒,

Mx{mcbklxk deplmns# pkqnsxms# ompxmtks k e{xpes nbzpksses {xncntmb hm oeb{lnomçïe qns{mc#

xklhe xkvxes k aepbms mzpksklxmlhe sk{ qmcep nlaepbmonelmc k ksxîxnoe, Zks}{nsm pkmcntmhm zep

_ncqm &=>6;. mzelxm }{k hkshk m xnzegpmanm hk G{xkb`kpg le sîo{ce VQ mes mx{mns snsxkbms hk

oebzesnçïe gpíanom# e xkvxe skbzpk aen hkzklhklxk he amxep qns{mc,

Fedk# ê bkhnhm }{k ksxms zígnlms qïe sklhe oebzesxms k akofmhms# kcms sïe klqnmhms# se`

s{zepxk kckxpølnoe zmpm m gpíanom# hmlhe nlâone me zpeoksse hk nbzpkssïe k# zesxkpnepbklxk# ê

hnsxpn`{nçïe, Hnakpklxkbklxk he pksxe he b{lhe# _e{tm &0::=. pkqkcm }{k es deplmns

zepx{g{ksks lïe zess{kb gpíanom k lkb hnsxpn`{nçïe zpÿzpnm,

Kb xkpbes hk epgmlntmçïe nlxkplm# ms kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom kloelxpmqmbsk xpmhnonelmcbklxk

hnqnhnhes kb }{mxpe gpmlhks ípkms4 Mhbnlnsxpmçïe# Pkhmçïe# _kxep Oebkponmc# k Eanonlms&nbzpkssïe k hnsxpn`{nçïe., Les xkbzes kb }{k ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms kpmb m{xes{anonklxks



0;

zess{âmb pexmxnqms k snsxkbms hk hnsxpn`{nçïe zpÿzpnes, Fedk# skg{lhe Gpmhnb &0:::.#

pmpmbklxk moelxkok, M zmpxnp hk bkmhes hm hîomhm hk 6: nbzpkssïe k hnsxpn`{nçïe zmssmpmb m

skp klxpkg{ks m anpbms kvxkpnepks kszkonmcntmhms lkssms ípkms# oeb gmlfes oelsnhkpíqkns zmpm

ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms me lâqkc hes o{sxes hk zpeh{çïe,

?,? Oebe s{pgn{ m hnmgpmbmçïe lms zígnlms hk {b nbzpksse

Hes mles qnlxk me anlmc hm hîomhm hk }{mpklxm es deplmns kvzkpnbklxmpmb b{hmlçms gpíanoms

pkckqmlxks }{k besxpmqmb m kqec{çïe he hksngl hk nbzpklsm, Amce{sk oeb skpnkhmhk k

zpea{lhnhmhk he hksngl hk nbzpklsm les mles xpnlxm# hîomhm }{k aen kvzesxe es zpnloâznes

`ísnoes he hksngl4 –oelxpmsxk# ̀ mcmlçe# zpezepçïe# pnxbe k {lnhmhk‒, _e{tm &0::=. mzelxm }{k#kssm kqec{çïe eoeppk{ le b{lhe, Lm K{pezm# kssm b{hmlçm eoeppk{ lms pkqnsxms nc{sxpmhms

mckbïs# }{k hkpmb {b nbz{cse me hksklqecqnbklxe gpíanoe,

Ksxms pkqnsxms# cmlçmhms kb =6>1# mh}{npnpmb ompmoxkpâsxnoms pkqec{onelípnms, Fkcckp &0::7.

mpg{bklxm }{k e D{gklh &deqkb.# opne{ {b ksxnce gpíanoe behkple k hnakpklxk k e

_nbzcnonssnb{s mhkpn{ m kssk behkplnsbe seonmc, Es hens zkpnÿhnoes# d{lxes# ofmbmqmb m

mxklçïe zmpm {bm pk`kcnïe hm d{qklx{hk oelxpm m nlhôsxpnm k e pebmlxnsbe kbzpkgmhe lmsz{`cnomçûks hm îzeom,

M D{gklh kpm {b skbmlípne hk B{ln}{k }{k onpo{ce{ klxpk =6>1 k =>01# sklhe e zpnlonzmc

pkszelsíqkc zkce "ksxnce deqkb" lm mpxk k lm cnxkpmx{pm# z{`cnomlhe nc{sxpmçïe hk omzm k

cegexnzes a{x{pnsxms zmpm m îzeom, Kssk leqe ksxnce pkqec{onele{ m mpxk kb gkpmc xpeomlhe e

pkmc zkce m`sxpmxe, E hksklfe hm zígnlm kpm nlac{klonmhe zkcm oebzckvnhmhk hm nc{sxpmçïe oeb

hkoepmçïe kb o{pqms# }{k kpm hnakpklxk zmpm es zmhpûks hm îzeom,

Dí m _nbzcnonssnb{s kloelxpe{ le f{bep gpmlhk nlac{älonm klxpk =6>1 k =>88, _k{ ksxnce

gpíanoe mcîb hk nloebehmp m{xepnhmhks ceomns# aen m zpnbknpm m nlac{klonmp e{xpms z{`cnomçûks

nc{sxpmhms zkcm K{pezm &{bm hkcms m D{gklh ., M bmnepnm hms nbmgkls kpm kvn`nhm kb zígnlms

nlxknpms# moebzmlfmhms hk bmlofkxk k ckgklhm, Hksklfe aknxe kb vncegpmanm oeb znlokc k

xnlxm# nlac{klonmqm es kvzpkssnelnsxms oeb s{xncktm k skh{çïe amtklhe mxî bksbe "s{ms

qâxnbms" mhbnpmp sk{ xpm`mcfe, ]{ksxûks zecâxnoms# fnzeopnsnm pkcngnesm k ksx{znhkt bncnxmp kpmb

mcqes zpnlonzmns# k ms qnpx{hks hm ocmssk ezkpípnm kpmb ksxncntmhms kb ompnomx{pms

kvxpmephnlípnms# pkqkcm Fkcckp &0::7.,



01

Omhm lmçïe k{pezînm mhexe{ kssk ksxnce deqkb hk moephe oeb s{ms ompmoxkpâsxnoms zecâxnoms k

seonmns# zepîb oeb {bm cnlg{mgkb qns{mc oeb{b, Kck aen oebzelklxk he o{pxe# zepîb#

kv{`kpmlxk kznsÿhne o{cx{pmc zmlk{pezk{# }{k oebkçe{ le anlmc he sîo{ce VNV k xkpbnle{

mlxks he nlâone hm Zpnbknpm G{kppm B{lhnmc, Kssk beqnbklxe aen zpmxnomhe kb Zmpns oebe Mpx

Le{qkm{# lm Nlgcmxkppm oebe Mpxs ml Opmaxs# lm Ksoÿonm oebe Gcmsfew _ofeec# lm Nxícnm

oebe Cn`kpx~# lm Í{sxpnm oebe _ktkssnel# k lm Xofkoecesqí}{nm oebe @efkbnml _ktkssnel,

Les Ksxmhes [lnhes kssm mcxkpmçïe aen aknxm les zpnlonzmns deplmns mbkpnomles, Hk moephe oeb

Lkpelk k @mplf{psx? &onxmhe zep _e{tm 0::=.# klxpk =>0: k =>8> es deplmns b{hmpmb

zpegpkssnqmbklxk# –fnkpmp}{ntmlhe k ephklmlhe m nlaepbmçïe‒, Kcks manpbmb }{k msaexegpmanms# mes ze{oes# mss{bnpmb e zmzkc hk –mloepm gpíanoe‒,

Aepbms snl{esms# –lmx{pmns k o{pqncâlkms‒# amtnmb zmpxk he beqnbklxe }{k aen nlac{klonmhe

zkcm snbzcnonhmhk he hksngl dmzeläs xpmhnonelmc# oelxkvx{mcntm Fkcckp &0::7., K m sebm hkssm

nlac{älonm# }{k o{cxnqm e snbècnsbe k e beqnbklxe nlgcäs# skb pkdknxmp m nlhôsxpnm# mzklms

oe`pn{ oeb lmxnqes hkoepmxnqes, _kg{lhe e m{xep# aen pkdknxmhm m xnzegpmanm k ksoecfnhe

eplmbklxmçûks ôlnoms }{k oeb`nlmqmb oeb {bm nbmgkb, Ckxpms hksklfmhms oeb znlokcaepmb {smhms kb mlôlones k zøsxkpks# xeplmlhees sâbèces hm}{kcm îzeom,

Les Ksxmhes [lnhes# {b hes xpmhnonelmns zkpnÿhnoes hk Leqm êpi mhexe{ m b{hmlçm le

zpedkxe gpíanoe k xkqk pks{cxmhes zesnxnqes, M omzm he deplmc Lkw êpi Fkpmch Xpn`{lk kpm

mzpksklxmhm l{bm oec{lm oeb e xkvxe mcnlfmhe ê ks}{kphm xpmtnm {b pks{be ôlnoe he

oelxkôhe, Lkssk kszmçe }{k sk ksxklhnm mxî e anlmc hm zígnlm he cmhe ks}{kphe# kpm

nlxpeh{tnhe okpom hk enxe nxkls hnakpklxks, E deplmc kvzcepmqm ms aexes oeceomlhems bmnepkshknvmlhe oec{lms k omcfms bmns cmpgms# bmlxklhe {b kszmçe kb `pmloe k oeceomlhe aelxks

bmns oelsnsxklxks }{k m hk sk{s oeloeppklxks# mopksoklxm Fkcckp &0::7.,

Mlxks# m bmnepnm hes hnípnes kpmb belxmhes skb m zmpxnonzmçïe hk {b hnpkxep hk mpxk k skb

{b hksngl, Mzÿs e akofmbklxe hm khnçïe# e deplmc kpm nbzpksse oeb {bm hkxkpbnlmhm cÿgnom

k le anlmc he zpeoksse kpm hnsxpn`{âhe, E Lkw êpi Fkpmch Xpn`{lk hknvm hk cmhe kssm pkgpm k

zmsse{ m z{`cnomp {b deplmc oeb hksngl pkqec{onelípne, A{lhmhe kb =>08# kssk zkpnÿhnoe#

? @MPLF[P_X# I, k LKPELK# D, &=>>;. Qns{mc bmzznlg mlh o{cx{pm m{xfepnx~4 Hksngl ofmlgks nl [,_,lkwszmzkps# =>0: ‟ =>8:, De{plmc ea Oebb{lnomxnel# qec,8; le 0# >8?,



07

skg{n{ e bksbe hksngl he Lkw êpi Xnbks# hm bksbm aepbm }{k e{xpms z{`cnomçûks hm

îzeom, Zepîb kb =>1?# e Fkpmch Xpn`{lk zmsse{ zep {bm b{hmlçm pkqec{onelípnm#

behkplntmlhe s{ms zígnlms# hknvmlhe sk{ qns{mc bmns mxpmklxk k bkles omlsmxnqes# oeb

moelxkonbklxes ceomns# lmonelmns k b{lhnmns,

M xpmlsaepbmçïe he Lkw êpi Fkpmch Xpn`{lk# le nlâone# akt oeb }{k mcg{ls cknxepks

h{qnhmsskb hk s{m qkpmonhmhk# zens ms bmxîpnms kpmb "oeceomhms" lms zígnlms l{b hksklfe k

qns{mc }{k zkpbnxnmb {bm qns{mcntmçïe xpml}óncm lms nlaepbmçûks }{k xpmtnm, Hnakpklxkbklxk

hms bmlofkxks `kppmlxks k cm~e{xs mp`nxpípnes hk e{xpes zkpnÿhnoes hm îzeom,

Zkxkp Zmcmtte# {b hksnglkp khnxepnmc k hk z{`cnonhmhk# aen }{kb zpedkxe{ k mzpnbepe{ ehksklfe hms zígnlms he deplmc Lkw êpi Fkpmch Xpn`{lk, _k{ xpm`mcfe akt oeb }{k e{xpes

deplmns mbkpnomles `{somsskb m behkplnhmhk, _kg{lhe Fkcckp &0::7.# omhm kckbklxe

kloelxpmhe lm zígnlm skpqnm hk g{nm zmpm e cknxep, Khnxepks he Lkw êpi Fkpmch Xpn`{lk

zpkqnpmb m }{mlxnhmhk kckqmhm hk nlaepbmçûks les hnms hk fedk k ml{lone{ }{k e zpeanssnelmc

hksnglkp npnm hkskbzklfmp {b zmzkc b{nxe nbzepxmlxk les deplmns,

E Fkpmch Xpn`{lk lkssk zkpâehe cmlçe{ e @eeiwepch k m pkqnsxm Lkw êpi oebe s{zckbklxehk hebnlge, Lkssm îzeom# e Lkw êpi Xnbks oelxnlfm qípnms skçûks k s{zckbklxes hk

hebnlge# zepîb e @eei Wepch kbzpkge{ ksxnce gpíanoe kb s{ms zígnlms, E bksbe Zkxkp

Zmcmtte aen# xmb`îb# e pkszelsíqkc zkce mom`mbklxe {xncntmhe les s{zckbklxes, E @eei

Wepch kbzpkgmqm hksklfes opnmhes zep nc{sxpmhepks behkples# mcîb hk ompnomx{pms }{k

hknvmqmb ms zígnlms bmns mxpmklxks,

M pkqnsxm Lkw êpi sk hksxmoe{ zep skg{np ms bksbms nhînms gpíanoms k khnxepnmns, _{mhnmgpmbmçïe oeb nlaepbmçïe mxpmklxk k e xpmxmbklxe qns{mc nlxkcngklxkbklxk oeb`nlmhe#

antkpmb hksxk s{zckbklxe# e znelknpe le zpedkxe qns{mc# hmlhe epngkb me leqe deplmcnsbe k me

leqe deplmcnsbe gpíanoe, M xnzegpmanm hnsopkxm k mxpmklxk# sebmhm mes gklkpeses kszmçes kb

`pmloe# xeplmpmb m pkqnsxm bmns kckgmlxk k bmns ígnc, Nc{sxpmçûks oeloknx{mns k aexegpmanms

gpml{cmhms xmb`îb oelxpn`{âpmb zmpm e s{oksse he s{zckbklxe# mopksoklxm e m{xep, M omzm aen

zkpo{ssepm hk leqm behm# oeb nbmgkls oeb{ls oeb oepxk k xmbmlfes hnakpklxks# oeb

nbmgkb ôlnom pkzpksklxmlhe e oexnhnmle hm onhmhk,



06

Zkxkp Zmcmtte xpmlsaepbe{ mnlhm ms m`kpx{pms hms e{xpms skçûks he deplmc hk hebnlge# amtklhe

oeb }{k e hnípne xnqkssk e bksbe qns{mc gpíanoe hm pkqnsxm, Ms aexes k nc{sxpmçûks kpmb hk

moephe oeb m he deplmcnsbe# zepîb# bmns kvzcepmhms# mzpksklxmlhe {b hksklfe hk zígnlm

hnsxnlxe, E hksnglkp behnanoe{ ms zígnlms he Fmpech Xpn`{lk hk behe }{k m lexâonm aessk

mzpksklxmhm oeb ocmpktm k kckgàlonm,

Kb =>17# hkqnhe m {bm gpkqk les deplmns# e Lkw êpi Fmpech Xpn`{lk aen aepçmhe m {lnpsk

me De{plmc Mbkpnoml k me Lkw êpi Wepch # hksopkqk Fkcckp &0::7., Hksxm {lnïe# s{pgn{ e

Wepch De{plmc Xpn`{lk }{k bmlxkqk e bksbe hksngl opnmhe zep Zkxkp Zmcmtte# bms apmomsse{

lm oel}{nsxm hk cknxepks k lïe h{pe{ b{nxe xkbze, E Lkw êpi Fmpech Xpn`{lk anlmcnte{ s{m

z{`cnomçïe# bms nlac{klone{ deplmns# oebe e Lkw êpi Xnbks# }{k behnanoe{ s{ms zígnlms#mssnb oebe e{xpes deplmns,

Kvkbzces oebe e he deplmc Lkw ̂ epi Fmpech Xpn`{lk# }{k antkpmb {bm xpmlsaepbmçïe kb sk{

zpedkxe gpíanoe# hknvmlhee bmns mxpmklxk k hkxmcfmhe besxpmb }{k me celge he xkbze e

hksngl gpíanoe hk{ m s{m nbzepxmlxk oelxpn`{nçïe mes zkpnÿhnoes k sk xeple{ nlhnszklsíqkc

zmpm m oeb{lnomçïe nbzpkssm, Gp{st~lsin &0::6. mpg{bklxm }{k4

M zpívns he hksngl gpíanoe ‟ k s{m bkxmbepaesk me celge hm fnsxÿpnm ‟ mgpkge{ me pkhep hksn {bm sîpnk hk e`dkxnqes# zpíxnoms k nlaepbmçûks }{k zkpbnxnpmb s{m hkanlnçïe oebe {bombze hk oelfkonbklxe kszkoâanoe, Î {bm mxnqnhmhk }{k klqecqk e seonmc# m xîolnom ksnglnanomçûks, Oelsnsxk kb {b zpeoksse hk mpxno{cmçïe hk sngles qns{mns }{k xkb oebee`dkxnqe zpeh{tnp {bm bklsmgkb ‟ ckqmlhe kb oelxm sk{s mszkoxes nlaepbmxnqes# ksxîxnoesk zkps{msnqes ‟ amtklhe {se hk {bm sîpnk hk zpeokhnbklxes k akppmbklxms,&GP[_T^L_IN# 0::6# z,?7.,

_kg{nhepks he D{gklhsxnc mopkhnxmqmb }{k e hksngl zehkpnm b{hmp e b{lhe, Zepîb# bksbe

om{smlhe nbzmoxe# kssm bkxm lïe aen mcomlçmhm# zens mlxks hm Zpnbknpm G{kppm B{lhnmc kssks

zkpnÿhnoes ofkgmpmb me anb, Fkcckp &0::7. ksocmpkok }{k e D{gklhsxnc î {bm ckb`pmlçmksxncâsxnom he beqnbklxe oeb es skbmlípnes D{gklh k _nbzcnonb{s amtklhe zmpxk oeb

}{mcnhmhks }{k aepmb mcîb he zkpâehe }{k onpo{cmqmb oelxnl{mb m nlac{klonmp m nc{sxpmçïe k e

hksngl oelxkbzepàlke,

Î b{nxe nbzepxmlxk klxklhkp k oelfkokp m fnsxÿpnm }{k klqecqk e zpeoksse gpíanoe manpbm

Om{h{pe8 &onxmhe zep _mlxes 0:::., Kck pkakpksk ês –pkcmçûks snglnanomxnqms‒ }{k e cknxep amt

8 Om{h{pe# M zpíxnom skbnÿxnom he hksngl gpíanoe, Qkpse ! Pkqkpse# l, 07# d{c,%hkt# =>>6



0>

klxpk m bklsmgkb k es zmhpûks o{cx{pmns }{k mo{b{ce{ me celge hm qnhm# zens e oelfkonbklxe

mh}{npnhe nlac{klonm m oebzpkklsïe hes e`dkxes gpíanoes }{k oelsxnx{kb m zígnlm,

Zmpm ms bmxîpnms ofmbmpkb m mxklçïe k skpkb klxklhnhms zkces cknxepks î lkokssípne# }{k kssks

pko{pses gpíanoes skdmb oelfkonhes k }{k zez{cmçïe klxklhm e sk{ e`dkxnqe, Hksxm aepbm# e

hksnglkp mss{bk# klxïe# e zmzkc hk bkhnmhep klxpk m nlaepbmçïe deplmcâsxnom k e cknxep, Me

zklsmp lm epgmlntmçïe hm zígnlm# e hksnglkp hkqk pkzpksklxmp e }{k e pkzÿpxkp zpkxklhk

kvzpkssmp me cknxep mxpmqîs hm lexâonm,

M zpeanssïe he hksnglkp ksxí qnlo{cmhm m behkplnhmhk k m xkolecegnm, Gp{st~lsin &0::6.

mpg{bklxm }{k bksbe le zmssmhe e oelxkvxe hm zpeanssïe hk hksnglkp sk ompmoxkpntmqmbehkplm4

M fnsxÿpnm he hksngl oelsxpÿn {bm cklxk mxpmqîs hm }{mc kcks qäkb e hksngl k les qkbes ehksngl, Kssm cklxk î skckxnqm4 kcm mzpevnbm {b e`dkxe k `ce}{knm lessm qnsïe zkpnaîpnom, E}{k qkbes î {b ksxpknxe skgbklxe hm fnsxÿpnm he hksngl4 {b zkpâehe# {bm ocmssk hkhksnglkps hklxpe hm}{kck zkpâehe, E }{k lïe qkbes î e oelxkvxe# mb`es hklxpe hmzpeanssïe he hksngl k hklxpe hm fnsxÿpnm seonmc, &GP[_T^L_IN# 0::6# z,?>.,

]{mlhe ms gpmlhks kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms z{`cnomqmb hnmpnmbklxk es deplmns bmx{xnles# &bmns

xpmhnonelmns.# k es qkszkpxnles &bmns eplmbklxmns.# `{somqmb omhm {b í s{m bmlknpm# ofmbmp

m mxklçïe hes cknxepks hksxks deplmns, Mzksmp hk xkpkb e bksbe zpedkxe gpíanoe# es bmx{xnles

kpmb qecxmhes zmpm es mssnlmlxks hes deplmns,

_kg{lhe Oeccmpe &=>>1.# m hnmgpmbmçïe hes qkszkpxnles kpm bmns snbzcks# zep}{k ofmbmqmb

m mxklçïe he cknxep oeceomlhe aexes bmnepks k hmlhe hksxm}{k mes xâx{ces, Zep skpkb

z{`cnomhes í xmphk# m kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom mcxkpmqm e hksklfe he deplmc# oeceomlhe aexes k

xâx{ces bmns mxpmklxks k mxî bmns mgpkssnqes# hkszkpxmlhe m o{pnesnhmhk he cknxep }{k# }{kê}{kcm fepm# ksxmqm le bkne he kvzkhnklxk he xpm`mcfe,

?,8 M nbzepxàlonm hm xkolecegnm le xpm`mcfe he hnmgpmbmhep

[smlhe m xkolecegnm kckxpølnom# mxpmqîs hk zpegpmbms kszkoâanoes# e xpm`mcfe he hnmgpmbmhep

sk ompmoxkpntm lm hnsxpn`{nçïe hk bmxîpnms# aexes# mpxk%nc{sxpmçïe k mlôlones lms zígnlms hk {b

deplmc sxmlhmph e{ xm`cÿnhk, _kg{lhe Oeccmpe &=>>1.# î lkokssípne }{k zpeanssnelmc kloelxpk



?:

{b zelxe hk pkakpälonm }{k epnklxmpí e xpm`mcfe, E pks{cxmhe anlmc î mqmcnmhe zkce khnxep#

pkzÿpxkp# aexÿgpmae# cknxep k zkce zpÿzpne hnmgpmbmhep,

Kssm xkolecegnm zkpbnxn{ }{k m zmgnlmçïe kckxpølnom d{lxe oeb m opksoklxk hnsz{xm k es leqes

zpeoksses hk nbzpkssïe# }{k zpeqeompmb# le anlmc hes mles skxklxm# {bm leqm pkqec{çïe

gpíanom les deplmns k pkqnsxms, Ksxm pkqec{çïe pkqkcm _e{tm &0::=.# –k}{ncn`pe{ m nbzepxàlonm

hm aepbm oeb e oelxkôhe‒, Kb mcg{ls deplmns# e hksngl xkpí# mcg{bms qktks# bmns nbzepxàlonm

}{k e oelxkôhe, Bms hk moephe oeb _e{tm# kssm mxnx{hk lïe gmpmlxk opksonbklxe hk cknxepks,

Ms nleqmçûks xkolecÿgnoms amtkb oeb }{k m zpeanssïe hk hksnglkp ksxkdm kb mcxm# zens kcms

xpmlsaepbmb m bmlknpm hk skp amtkp k zklsmp e deplmcnsbe, M zpegpmbmçïe gpíanom anoe{ bmnsm`{lhmlxk oeb leqes pko{pses opnmhes zkcm nlaepbíxnom, Hksxm aepbm# ksocmpkok _mlxes

&0::;.# m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc hes deplmns k hms pkqnsxms î pkqnsmhm oelsxmlxkbklxk,

Kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms sk {xncntmb hm xkolecegnm zmpm amoncnxmp e xpm`mcfe lms pkhmçûks k les

zmp}{ks gpíanoes, Mssnb# kssms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms gmpmlxkb {b zpeh{xe hk }{mcnhmhk zmpm

e cknxep, Zkpknpm Dôlnep &0::>. d{sxnanom }{k e mqmlçe hm xkolecegnm amt oeb }{k e xkbze

lkokssípne zmpm e zpkzmpe k m oelakoçïe he zkpnÿhnoe skdm bklep,

Zep oelxm hnsse# mx{mcbklxk# qmcepntmsk b{nxe e hnmgpmbmhep# bms lkb skbzpk aen mssnb,

_e{tm &0::=. mzelxm }{k mxî bkmhes hes mles =>1: e }{k bmns nlxkpkssmqm kpm e oelxkôhe hms

lexâonms# lïe m aepbm oebe ksxms kpmb mzpksklxmhms, Zepkb# hnpkxepks k khnxepks hms kbzpksms

deplmcâsxnoms zkpok`kpmb }{k m mxnx{hk hes cknxepks skpnm bmns pkokzxnqm sk es oelxkôhes aesskb

nlxkpkssmlxks k m zmgnlmçïe gmpmlxnssk bmnep ckgn`ncnhmhk xeplmlhe e deplmc –bmns `elnxe‒,

E nlqksxnbklxe aknxe zep ksxms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms ms oeceom }{msk }{k le bksbe lâqkc kb

xkpbes hk xkolecegnm, [bm hms mcxkplmxnqms }{k se`pmb zmpm nln`np m oeloeppälonm ksxm#

d{sxmbklxk# le qns{mc k lm ompmoxkpâsxnom he deplmc, Oeccmpe &=>>1. hkaklhk m xksk hk }{k m

hnmgpmbmçïe kvkpok nlac{älonm hnpkxm se`pk e xpm`mcfe hm pkhmçïe# zep nsse kvnsxk kssm

qmcepntmçïe me zpeanssnelmc hksnglkp, M {xncntmçïe hk gpíanoes# hnmgpmbms# bmzms k aepbms

gpíanoms hk fnkpmp}{ntmp k snsxkbmxntmp m nlaepbmçïe hknvm e zkpnÿhnoe bmns mxpmklxk,

E s{pgnbklxe hk e{xpms bâhnms akt oeb }{k e deplmcnsbe nbzpksse mcxkpmssk m mzpksklxmçïe

qns{mc k khnxepnmc kb s{ms zígnlms, E a{pe deplmcâsxnoe sk xeple{ hkslkokssípne kb pkcmçïe ê



?=

nbzpkssm k m lexâonm zmsse{ m skp z{`cnomhm zep oebzckxe# pkqec{onelmlhe m ksxp{x{pm khnxepnmc

k gpíanom hes deplmns, _kg{lhe _ncqm &=>6;.# m nbzpklsm mhexe{ xpäs gälkpes deplmcâsxnoes zmpm

sk mhk}{mp m behkplnhmhk4 deplmcnsbe nlaepbmxnqe# nlxkpzpkxmxnqe k eznlmxnqe, Mcîb hm

b{hmlçm khnxepnmc mzcnomhm les deplmns behkples# fe{qk xmb`îb kssm pkqec{çïe lm

mzpksklxmçïe gpíanom,

M pkqec{çïe xkolecÿgnom k mhbnlnsxpmxnqm amt zmpxk hm nbzpklsm, Oeb e nlx{nxe hk lexnonmp k

qklhkp bmns deplmns# es zkpnÿhnoes he b{lhe nlxknpe nlqksxkb mcxe zpnlonzmcbklxk kb

xkolecegnm, Oeccmpe &=>>1. manpbm }{k m oeloeppälonm oeb e{xpes deplmns î monppmhm k zep nsse#

ms kbzpksms deplmcâsxnoms `{somb smxnsamtkp sk{ zô`cnoe cknxep# oeb }{mcnhmhk khnxepnmc k lm

ksxîxnom hk s{ms zígnlms,



?0

8 ZECÂXNOM# O[CX[PM K K_ZEPXK HNMGPMBMHM_ LE FEDK KB HNM

E oelxkôhe khnxepmc k e zcmlkdmbklxe gpíanoe sïe nbzepxmlxks zmpm e deplmcnsbe nbzpksse, Î

mxpmqîs hkssk zcmlkdmbklxe gpíanoe }{k e deplmc oelsxpÿn s{m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc, E deplmc Fedk

kb Hnm mzpksklxm# kb s{ms zígnlms# e zcmlkdmbklxe gpíanoe mhexmhe zep kssk zkpnÿhnoe# k

bmlxîb# lms zígnlms hes omhkples# m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc, Khnxepnms skgbklxmhms# oebe ms hk

O{cx{pm k Kszepxk# xkb e bksbe zpedkxe gpíanoe }{k m khnxepnm hk Zecâxnom, Bms sk kcms sïe

hnsxnlxms# sk xpmxmb hk mss{lxes hnakpklxks# oebe e deplmc Fedk kb Hnm bmlxîb e bksbe

zpedkxe gpíanoe lms khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# Kszepxk k O{cx{pm5

Zmpm pkszelhkp kssm zkpg{lxm aen aknxe {bm mlícnsk# he zpedkxe gpíanoe mhexmhe lms khnxepnms hkZecâxnom# O{cx{pm k Kszepxk# he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm, Ksoecfn e zkpâehe hk == m =6 hk e{x{`pe hk

0:=:, Lksxm îzeom# lïe fmqnm lklf{bm bmlnaksxmçïe hk nbzepxmlxk hnq{cgmçïe# qecxmhms m

ksxms ípkms, Zepxmlxe# e zpedkxe gpíanoe lïe npnm seapkp }{mc}{kp behnanomçïe kb sk{ oelxkôhe#

zep oelxm hk amxes kszepíhnoes, Mcîb hnsse# ms zígnlms lksxk zkpâehe oelxäb bmxkpnmc

nbzepxmlxk zmpm kssk zpedkxe hk zks}{nsm, Omhm zígnlm hksxms khnxepnms# z{`cnomhms lksxks skxk

hnms aepmb mlmcnsmhms `{somlhe# klxpk kcms# ng{mchmhks k hnakpklçms kb sk{ oelxkvxe qns{mc,

Mlxks hm mlícnsk# mzpksklxe {b gcessípne# oeb mcg{ls lebks k kszkonanomçûks mhexmhms lms

pkhmçûks deplmcâsxnoms k sk{s snglnanomhes4

Gcessípne deplmcnsbe

@ngehk Ane hk {b zelxe xnzegpíanoe }{k skpqk zmpm bmpomp {bm skzmpmçïe qns{mc klxpk xkvxesk%e{ nc{sxpmçûks, _{m ompmoxkpâsxnom î lïe eo{zmp xehm m bkhnhm he bmxkpnmc }{k kck skzmpm, Î

oklxpmcntmhe lkcm hk aepbm m hknvmp bmpgkls ̀ pmloms hk ng{mc kvxklsïe les hens cmhes,

@ev ‟ Pko{pse khnxepnmc }{k sk pkqksxk hk aepbm gpíanom zpÿzpnm, [b xkvxe }{k mzmpkok lm

zígnlm klxpk anes# skbzpk kb msseonmçïe âlxnbm oeb e{xpe xkvxe# bmns celge, Zehk skp {bm

`negpmanm# {b hnícege# {bm lexm hm pkhmçïe# {b oebklxípne# {b mszkoxe znxepksoe hm lexâonm,

Om`kçmcfe ‟ Nlaepbmçûks gkpmns k e`pngmxÿpnms se`pk m z{`cnomçïe, Nloc{n lôbkpe hm zígnlm#

xâx{ce k hmxm hm z{`cnomçïe,



??

Omhkple ‟ Oeld{lxe nbzpksse aepbmhe zep le bâlnbe }{mxpe zígnlms,

Oec{lm ‟ M oec{lm hnqnhk m zmgnlm qkpxnomcbklxk, Akppmbklxm nbzepxmlxk zmpm e hnmgpmbmhep,

Opîhnxe ‟ Mssnlmx{pm {smhm kb aexe e{ zmpm bmpomp bmxkpnmc zpeh{tnhe zep mgälonm e{ e{xpm

z{`cnomçïe,

Khnxepnm ‟ _kçïe kszkonmcntmhm kb hkxkpbnlmhe skxep &kszepxk# o{cx{pm kxo,.

Ane ‟ Cnlfm {smhm zmpm hnqnhnp xkvxes e{ bmxîpnms, Xmb`îb {smhm zmpm pkmcçmp aexes,

Nlxkpxâx{ce Zk}{kles xâx{ces oeceomhes le bkne he xkvxe, Kssk mpxnaâone î {smhe zmpm xeplmp e

xkvxe bkles hklse, Fí z{`cnomçûks }{k zpkakpkb hksxmomp apmsks pkxnpmhms he xkvxe zmpm

oeceomp les nlxkpxâx{ces,

Nlaegpíanoe ‟ Mpxnaâone gpíanoe }{k klqecqk nbmgkb k zk}{klms nlaepbmçûks hk xkvxe }{k sk

oebzckbklxmb,

Ckgklhm ‟ Cnlfm hk xkvxe oeceomhm se` m aexe, Mpxnaâone mhnonelmc zmpm hksxmomp e xkbm hm

bmxîpnm,

Cegexnze Î e lebk he deplmc oeb ms ckxpms kb oepze# aepbm k hksklfe ksoecfnhe zkcm

kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom,

Bmlofkxk Î e xâx{ce zpnlonzmc }{k nlhnom m lexâonm bmns nbzepxmlxk he deplmc, Kvnsxk mbmlofkxk zpnlonzmc he deplmc &lm zpnbknpm zígnlm. mssnb oebe m bmlofkxk hk omhm omhkple#

skçïe e{ zígnlm, Elhk kloelxpmp4 m bmlofkxk î skbzpk m}{kcm }{k qnkp gpmanombklxk oeb

bmnep hksxm}{k# e{ }{k xnqkp ckxpms bmns omppkgmhms lm xnlxm,

Lexâonm Pkgnsxpe hes amxes# hk nlaepbmçûks hk nlxkpkssk deplmcâsxnoe# skb oebklxípnes,

Lexm ‟ Xkvxe o{pxe {smhe kb oec{lms, Zk}{kle xkvxe pkakpklxk m {b mss{lxe,

Ecfe ‟ Apmsk hksxmomhm se` e xâx{ce e{ le oeld{lxe hm zígnlm,



?8

Zî hm bmxîpnm Î e anlmc he xkvxe, Xehe pkzÿpxkp hkqk xkp kb bklxk }{k sk e xkvxe aep

pkh{tnhe# ms ôcxnbms cnlfms skpïe kcnbnlmhms,

Zkplm ‟ _nlølnbe hk oec{lm, –Hksokp kb h{ms zkplms‒# bmxîpnm kb h{ms oec{lms

_xmlhmph Xmbmlfe zmhpïe hes deplmns, Bkhk ;8 v ??#; ob, E xmbmlfe xm`cÿnhk î m bkxmhk

he sxmlhmph,

Zpedkxe Gpíanoe ‟ Zmhpelntmçïe {smhm zkcm z{`cnomçïe zmpm hnszep {lnaepbkbklxk bmxîpnms#

aexegpmanms k mhkpkçes gpíanoes,

_kce ‟ Pko{pse gpíanoe }{k bmpom {bm pkzepxmgkb {bm sîpnk hk pkzepxmgkls, Î b{nxe oeb{b

sk{ {se kb sîpnk hk pkzepxmgkls, Lepbmcbklxk î oebzesxe zep {bm zk}{klm kvzpkssïe k {b

hksklfe }{k sk pkzkxk, Xehe xkvxe }{k sk pkanpm me mss{lxe î moebzmlfmhe hkssk skce,

Xâx{ce ‟ Apmsk {smhm le mcxe hm bmxîpnm zmpm ofmbmp m mxklçïe he cknxep &qkdm bmlofkxk.,

8,= Mlícnsk se`pk nxkls onxmhes zep m{xepks oebe nbzepxmlxks zmpm {b zkpnÿhnoe

E aeoe hksxm `{som klqecqk nxkls nbzepxmlxks zmpm e hksklqecqnbklxe gpíanoe# }{k e

hnmgpmbmhep lkokssnxm zmpm pkmcntmp sk{ xpm`mcfe# zpeo{pmlhe mxpmqîs hksxms akppmbklxms# mcge

}{k oeppkszelhm oeb m }{ksxïe zpezesxm, M ksoecfm hkssks nxkls aen aknxm ê zmpxnp hk onxmçûks k

hkanlnçûks hes m{xepks m}{n zks}{nsmhes# zep ksxks mzpksklxmpkb mpg{bklxes }{k nlhnomb m

nbzepxàlonm hkssks nxkls zmpm m zpeh{çïe hk {b zkpnÿhnoe, Mzpksklxe gpíanoes oeb es

kckbklxes oelxnhes lms zígnlms he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# kb omhm khnxepnm# le zkpâehe hk == m

=6 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:, Kssks gpíanoes besxpmb oebe ms khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# O{cx{pm k

Kszepxk# xpm`mcfmb oeb aexes# xâx{ces# xkvxes# mlôlones k kckbklxes gpíanoes# skg{lhe s{ms

ompmoxkpâsxnoms, M zepoklxmgkb kloelxpmhm kb omhm khnxepnm î e pks{cxmhe hm sebm hk omhm {b

hes kckbklxes z{`cnomhes lms zígnlms# omco{cmhes zep bkxpe }{mhpmhe,



?;



?1

M nhklxnhmhk qns{mc î {b hes nxkls }{k î m`ephmhe# nlxkpzpkxmlhe k pkoelfkoklhe les xkvxes

hk Pk`kce &0:::.# Zkpknpm D{lnep &0::>. k _ncqm &=>6;.# ms hkanlnçûks# zep kcks mzpksklxmhms#

se`pk m nbzepxàlonm hm {xncntmçïe hksxm nhklxnhmhk qns{mc# zkcm bâhnm nbzpkssm, Zmpm mlmcnsmp ms

aexes# aepmb {xncntmhes es opnxîpnes hes m{xepks Oeccmpe &=>>1. k _ncqm &=>6;. qkpnanomlhe m

zesnçïe k sk aen kbzpkgmhm d{lxe me xkvxe, Les xâx{ces aepmb qkpnanomhes es opnxîpnes

ksxm`kckonhes zep _ncqm &=>6;.# sk aepmb kbzpkgmhes lms zmgnlms ksoecfnhms zmpm zks}{nsm k

es kckbklxes gpíanoes &hk {bm aepbm gkpmc.# amtkb zmpxk hksxks nxkls zks}{nsmhes,

Ksxks nxkls aepmb mlmcnsmhes# kb zmgnlms ksoecfnhms hms khnxepnms zks}{nsmhms zep ksxk zpedkxe#

le zkpâehe monbm onxmhe, M nhklxnhmhk qns{mc mhexmhm zkce Fedk kb Hnm lms zígnlms oelanpbm

{bm zessâqkc mcxkpmçïe les hksklfes# zep oelxm hms khnxepnms hnsxnlxms, Me mlmcnsmp msaexegpmanms z{`cnomhms les omhkples# `{soe{sk {bm zessâqkc mcxkpmçïe les aepbmxes e{ les

xmbmlfes, Xmb`îb sk `{soe{ {bm mcxkpmçïe le aepbmxe k lms ckxpms hes xâx{ces# skg{nlhe m

bksbm nhînm hk khnxepnms hnsxnlxms# mssnb oebe es kckbklxes gpíanoes }{k aepmb e`skpqmhes

kb omhm khnxepnm,

Omhm {b hksxks nxkls aen mlmcnsmhe lms xpäs khnxepnms zpezesxms zep kssk zpedkxe# k xmb`îb# lms

e{xpms skçûks he deplmc# kqnxmlhe {bm zessâqkc# b{hmlçm# kb mcg{b hksxks xÿznoes# lmskhnxepnms lïe onxmhms, Kloelxpmbes lm khnxepnm hk Zecâxnom {bm aelxk skpnamhm# kb lkgpnxe# kb

xehes es sk{s xâx{ces hk bmlofkxk# pkxpmlom k hk bmxîpnms, Lm khnxepnm hk Kszepxk {bm aelxk

lïe skpnamhm# xmb`îb oeb m ezçïe hk lkgpnxe &}{k hknvm m aelxk bmns gpessm k bmns qnsxesm.#

aen mhexmhm zkce omhkple, K m khnxepnm hk O{cx{pm z{`cnom s{ms zígnlms oeb {bm aelxk lïe

skpnamhm# bms skb e lkgpnxe# hnakpklonmlhesk hms e{xpms khnxepnms,

Kb xehms ms zígnlms he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm aen oeceomhe {b om`kçmcfe le mcxe hm zígnlm oeb0>#7 v =#? oklxâbkxpes, Lkck oelxîb e lebk he deplmc# @kce Fepntelxk# e hnm hm skbmlm k m

hmxm hm z{`cnomçïe# mcnlfmhe ê ks}{kphm# l{bm aelxk skb skpnam# mppkhelhmhe oeb ms ckxpms

bmnôso{cms k kb lkgpnxe, M`mnve# xkb {bm amnvm qkpbkcfm }{k eo{zm ms skns oec{lms# oeb {b

oklxâbkxpe hk mcx{pm, Hklxpe hm amnvm# xkb e lôbkpe k m khnxepnm m }{mc m zmgnlm zkpxklok,

Aen e`skpqmhe }{k kb xehms ms zígnlms# xmb`îb oelsxm {bm amnvm monltklxmhm le anlmc hms

zígnlms# eo{zmlhe ms skns oec{lms# k kb :#; oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm, Kssm amnvm# hk lebk "`mppm

hk gpnss"# î {xncntmhm le skxep hk nbzpkssïe# zmpm pkg{cmp m zepoklxmgkb hk xnlxm, Ms

bmlofkxks sïe moebzmlfmhms hk `ngehk }{k xkb m bksbm aelxk kb xehms ms khnxepnms,



?7

Xehms ms aexes oelxäb opîhnxe monbm k mcnlfmhm ê ks}{kphm# oeb m ckxpm mppkhelhmhm# l{b

oepze zk}{kle, M`mnve hms aexes# xkb m ckgklhm oklxpmcntmhm# oeb m bksbm aelxk he opîhnxe#

zepîb oeb ckxpms bmnepks, M bmnepnm hms aexes sïe z{`cnomhms kb h{ms e{ xpäs oec{lms#

mcg{bms qktks ms aexes aepmb z{`cnomhms kb }{mxpe oec{lms k pmpmbklxk kcm anom bmnep,

Kb mcg{bms zígnlms hms khnxepnms mlmcnsmhms# aepmb oeceomhes èv# kb qecxm hk mcg{bm

bmxîpnm, Mcg{bms qktks lms zígnlms aepmb oeceomhes anes skzmpmlhe bmxîpnms k mlôlones, Kb

xehms ms nlaegpmanms xkb {b ane le mcxe hm mpxk# xâx{ce k `ngehk m`mnve hksxk ane k le anlmc hm

mpxk# î oeceomhm m aelxk k e opîhnxe hm mpxk,

Hksxm aepbm# zehkbes e`skpqmp }{k ms zígnlms z{`cnomhms zkce Fedk kb Hnm skg{kb {bzmhpïe gpíanoe ksxm`kckonhe# }{k lïe sk hnakpklonm# hklxpk ms khnxepnms, Kssm ompmoxkpâsxnom

besxpm }{k m kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom zess{n {b {bm nhklxnhmhk qns{mc,

M mzpksklxmçïe hms zígnlms î b{nxe nbzepxmlxk zmpm e deplmcnsbe nbzpksse# zens e èb

zkpnÿhnoe hkqk xkp èms bmxîpnms# oeb amxes nbzepxmlxks# mx{mns k zpksxmp skpqnçes ê

oeb{lnhmhk, Ksxk zkpnÿhnoe xkb }{k sm`kp besxpmp ms lexnonms, Kssk î e xpm`mcfe he

hnmgpmbmhep, E kce klxpk m kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom# m lexnonm k e cknxep, Kssm zmgnlmçïe î b{nxenbzepxmlxk zmpm e deplmc nbzpksse# zep}{k e cknxep ecfm m zígnlm mlxks hk sk hkhnomp m cknx{pm,

E oebkçe hm mpxk gpíanom ksxm lm hnmgpmbmçïe k lkcm ksxm`kckokb ms pkcmçûks he gpíanoe oeb

e mss{lxe# {xncntmlhe aexes# ompnomx{pms k mlôlones d{lxe hes xkvxes deplmcâsxnoes, [b deplmc î

{b zpeh{xe seonmc zep om{sm hk sk{ ksxnce# zkce zkpanc }{k o{cxnqm# sklhe pkoelfkonhe zkce

onhmhïe k xklhe nhklxnhmhk qns{mc, Zep om{sm hnsse {b zkpnÿhnoe xkb }{k xkp oebzpebnsse

oeb sk{ xkvxe k s{m hnmgpmbmçïe,

E zmhpïe qns{mc xkb }{k moebzmlfmp omhm zígnlm he qkâo{ce, L{b zpeh{xe qecxmhe zmpm ms

bmssms# m lkokssnhmhk hk sk amtkp {b zpedkxe gpíanoe# bksbe zmpm {b deplmc oeb qípnes

gälkpes sk xeplm bmns lkokssípne, E hnmgpmbmhep me oeceomp {bm bmxîpnm kb }{mc}{kp

aepbmxe fepntelxmc e{ qkpxnomc xklhk m ksxnb{cmp e nlxkpkssk he cknxep, Zepîb kck xkb }{k

e`skpqmp k pkszknxmp ms oec{lms hm zígnlm# {xncntmlhe m xnzecegnm mhexmhm lm khnxepnm he deplmc,

M nlxkpzpkxmçïe k m zkpokzçïe sïe es e`dkxnqes hm oelang{pmçïe qns{mc hm zígnlm, Zep}{k

mopkhnxmsk }{k me hksklfmp {bm zígnlm# e hnmgpmbmhep ksxmpí oeb{lnomlhe oeb e cknxep, K



?6

xehe qns{mc hm zígnlm nbzpkssm kbnxk nlaepbmçûks se`pk e bmxkpnmc {xncntmhe k e ksxnce he

hnmgpmbmhep,

Ms aexes sïe nbzepxmlxks zmpm e deplmc# k hkqkb skp zesnonelmhms d{lxe ês bmxîpnms, Kssm î m

zpnlonzmc pkgpm# kb xkpbes hk zesnonelmbklxe hk aexe, Mcîb hnsse# kssm aexe hkqk skp {xncntmhm

hk aepbm kanonklxk zkce hnmgpmbmhep }{k xkb m e`pngmçïe hk oeceoícm le bkcfep àlg{ce k

hklxpe hms hnbklsûks kvmxms he kszmçe hkxkpbnlmhe hm zígnlm, Mx{mcbklxk deplmns# pkqnsxms#

ompxmtks k e{xpes nbzpksses {xncntmb hm oeb{lnomçïe qns{mc# xklhe xkvxes k aepbms

mzpksklxmlhe sk{ qmcep nlaepbmonelmc k ksxîxnoe,

Me mlmcnsmp ms zmgnlms he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm k me qkpnanomp e }{k es m{xepks mzpksklxmpmb kbs{ms xkepnms# hk oebe hkqkb skp mzpksklxmhms ms zmgnlms hk {b zkpnÿhnoe# bmlxklhe s{m

nhklxnhmhk qns{mc k s{m opkhn`ncnhmhk d{lxe me cknxep# zkpok`e }{k xehms ms kszkonanomçûks

aepmb kbzpkgmhms zkcm kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom kb xehes es omhkples,

8,0 M z{`cnomçïe hes nxkls zks}{nsmhes lm khnxepnm hk Zecâxnom

M zígnlm 0 &zpnbknpm he omhkple zecâxnom. he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# hk =7 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:#aen z{`cnomhm oecepnhm# oeb h{ms aexes# xpäs bmxîpnms k {bm pkxpmlom, M zpnbknpm bmxîpnm ksxí

cege m`mnve he anehmxm# eo{zmlhe ms skns oec{lms k kb bknm zígnlm hk mcx{pm, M bmlofkxk

–C{cm hnt# kb @F# }{k Hncbm qmn qklokp oeb qexe he zeqe‒# aen oeceomhm kb h{ms oec{lms k

kb onloe cnlfms# l{bm aelxk hm ambâcnm skpnamhm# oeb ckxpms gpmlhks k gpessms, M`mnve hkssk

xnx{ce qkb e `ngehk moebzmlfmlhe# xmb`îb kb h{ms oec{lms k kb h{ms cnlfms, M`mnve he

`ngehk# aen z{`cnomhe e skce – Kcknçûks 0:=:‒ k e xkvxe eo{zm skns oec{lms, Le bkne hm

skg{lhm oec{lm hk xkvxe# aen oeceomhe {b ecfe &pko{pse gpíanoe., M zpnbknpm aexe hm zígnlmksxm hksxmomhm kb 8 oec{lms# me cmhe he xâx{ce k he `ngehk# oeb e xkvxe qnlhe m`mnve hm

ckgklhm, M nbmgkb hm klxïe omlhnhmxm ê Zpksnhälonm hm Pkzô`cnom# Hncbm Pe{sskaa# me cmhe

hk sk{s oebzmlfknpes hk ofmzm# e qnokzpksnhklxk Desî Mcklomp k e Zpksnhklxk C{cm# l{bm

omppkmxm }{k antkpmb kb @kce Fepntelxk# lm ombzmlfm kcknxepmc xkb e xmbmlfe hk =>#7 v =;#;

oklxâbkxpes# oelxmlhe oeb m ckgklhm, Ksxm aexe î e }{k bmns sk hksxmom lm zígnlm,

M`mnve he bkne hm zígnlm# oeceomhe kb }{mxpe oec{lms# ksxí m skg{lhm bmxîpnm# oeb e

xmbmlfe hk =>#7 v =:#; oklxâbkxpes, E xnx{ce ksxí xmb`îb kb }{mxpe oec{lms k kb {bm cnlfm#

oeb m bksbm aelxk hm bmlofkxk# zepîb# l{b xmbmlfe bklep, Me cmhe hksxm bmxîpnm# aen



?>

oeceomhm {bm pkxpmlom kb h{ms oec{lms# oeb e xnx{ce lm bksbm cmpg{pm k oeb m bksbm aelxk

hes xâx{ces hms bmxîpnms# bms bklep }{k m hm skg{lhm bmxîpnm,

M xkpoknpm k {cxnbm bmxîpnm# a{n z{`cnomhm lm zmpxk nlakpnep hm zígnlm# eo{zmlhe 0>#7 &e{ skdm#

ms skns oec{lms. v =?#; oklxâbkxpes, E xnx{ce aen oeceomhe lms skns oec{lms k xkb m bksbm

aelxk hes e{xpes xâx{ces# zepîb# oeb e bksbe xmbmlfe hm skg{lhm bmxîpnm, M skg{lhm aexe

hm zmgnlm# aen oeceomhm lksxm bmxîpnm k ksxí zesnonelmhm le cmhe ks}{kphe hm zígnlm# kb =8#7

v ==#; oklxâbkxpes, M nbmgkb î he hkz{xmhe Desî Akplmlhe me cmhe he Bnlnsxpe Mckvmlhpk

Zmhncfm, Ê hnpknxm hm aexe ksxm e xkvxe hm bmxîpnm# eo{zmlhe ms xpäs oec{lms pksxmlxks k xklhe

=0 oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm, E`skpqmlhe bmns mxklxmbklxk m zígnlm 0 he deplmc# zehksk

qkpnanomp }{k ms bmxîpnms k m pkxpmlom xpmxmb he bksbe mss{lxe4 m ombzmlfm hm omlhnhmxm heZX# Hncbm Pe{sskaa# ê Zpksnhälonm hm Pkzô`cnom,

M zígnlm 7 hk zecâxnom# he hnm =7 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# aen z{`cnomhm# xmb`îb oecepnhm# oeb

h{ms bmxîpnms k {b mlôlone, M zpnbknpm bmxîpnm# xkqk e bksbe hksklfe hm zmgnlm 0# oeb m

aexe zesnonelmhm kb }{mxpe oec{lms# e xnx{ce k e `ngehk lms h{ms zpnbknpms oec{lms# oelxklhe

mnlhm# e skce – Kcknçûks 0:=:‒ mlxks he xkvxe, M bmxîpnm eo{zm xmb`îb# e bksbe xmbmlfe,

–X_K b{cxm Desk _kppm k Pe`kpxe Dkaakpsel kb P( ; bnc‒ aen z{`cnomhe le xnx{ce oeb m bksbm

aelxk skpnamhm k e bksbe xmbmlfe hm zpnbknpm bmxîpnm hm zmgnlm 0, M aexe hksxmomhm le

xmbmlfe hk 8 oec{lms zep =1#; oklxâbkxpes xkb m nbmgkb he omlhnhmxe he Z_H@ í

Zpksnhälonm hm Pkz{`cnom# Desî _kppm# oeb hkz{xmhes k sklmhepks me cmhe# l{b oebâone

pkmcntmhe le Okmpí,

M`mnve hksxm zpnbknpm bmxîpnm k lm zmpxk hk `mnve hm bkxmhk hm zígnlm# aen oeceomhe m

skg{lhm bmxîpnm# eo{zmlhe =8#; v 01 oklxâbkxpes, E xnx{ce –Bmpnlm _ncqm qmn anomp lk{xpm#hntkb mcnmhes‒# eo{zm xpäs oec{lms k ksxm kb h{ms cnlfms, M aexe qkb cege m`mnve# eo{zmlhe

=8#; v ==#0 oklxâbkxpes k xpmt m nbmgkb hm omlhnhmxm }{k anoe{ kb xkpoknpe c{gmp le zpnbknpe

x{ple hms kcknçûks zpksnhklonmns# Bmpnlm _ncqm, M`mnve hm ckgklhm hksxm aexe e xkvxe aen

zesnonelmhe kb xpäs oec{lms# eo{zmlhe m mcx{pm hk >#1 oklxâbkxpes, Me cmhe hksxm skg{lhm

bmxîpnm# aen z{`cnomhe {b ml{lone oeb e bksbe xmbmlfe hm bmxîpnm# =8#; v 01 oklxâbkxpes,

Me mlmcnsmpbes ms h{ms zígnlms# qkpnanombes le oelxkvxe# }{k e bksbe kszmçe hkhnomhe ê

aexe k ê bmxîpnm# aen ksoecfnhe zep ng{mc zmpm es hens omlhnhmxes# }{k hnsz{xmb e skg{lhe

x{ple hms kcknçûks zpksnhklonmns# Hncbm &ZX. k _kppm &Z_H@., Bms e deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# me



8:

z{`cnomp bmxîpnms se`pk m ombzmlfm hm omlhnhmxm he ZX# lm zígnlm 0 he deplmc k lm zígnlm 7

z{`cnomp m ombzmlfm he omlhnhmxe he Z_H@# oeceom Hncbm l{bm zesnçïe hk bmns hksxm}{k

zpnepntmlhe k qmcepntmlhe m ombzmlfm hm omlhnhmxm,

M zmgnlm ? he omhkple hk Zecâxnom he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# hk =0 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# aen

z{`cnomhm kb zpkxe k `pmloe oeb {bm bmxîpnm# h{ms aexes# {bm nlaegpmanm k {bm pkxpmlom, M

bmlofkxk – B{lnoâznes zkphkb P( 0#;`n lksxk mle‒ aen z{`cnomhm lm cmpg{pm hm zmgnlm# kb

{bm cnlfm# oeb m aelxk skpnamhm k oeb ckxpms gpmlhks# xklhe e `ngehk moebzmlfmlhe cege

m`mnve, E xkvxe aen oeceomhe kb onloe oec{lms &bkhnhm amcsm.# eo{zmlhe e kszmçe hk 0>#7 v

=8#0 oklxâbkxpes# xklhe {b ecfe# le bkne hm xkpoknpm oec{lm,

M`mnve hksxm bmxîpnm aepmb oeceomhms ms h{ms aexes hm zmgnlm# {bm me cmhe hm e{xpm# le

bksbe xmbmlfe# =8#7 v =;#= oklxâbkxpes, Lms aexes xkb m nbmgkb he zpksnhklxk hm

Oelakhkpmçïe Lmonelmc hk B{lnoâznes# Zm{ce Tn{ciesin k e zpksnhklxk hm Msseonmçïe Bnlknpm

hk B{lnoâznes# Desk Bncxel Ompqmcfe Peofm# oeb ms ckgklhms k opîhnxes zesnonelmhes#

pkszkoxnqmbklxk# kb `mnve k monbm hms aexes, Bmns kb`mnve aen z{`cnomhm {bm nlaegpmanm he

A{lhe hk Zmpxnonzmçïe hes B{lnoâznes oeb e xmbmlfe hk 0>#7 v 6#7 oklxâbkxpes# oeb

gpíanoes k m nbmgkb hk {b zkhmçe hk hnlfknpe lmonelmc,

Le anlmc k xmb`îb {xncntmlhe m cmpg{pm hm zmgnlm# aen zesnonelmhm m pkxpmlom# le xmbmlfe hk

0>#7 v =:#; oklxâbkxpes, E xnx{ce moebzmlfm m bksbm cmpg{pm k xkb m bksbm aelxk }{k m

bmlofkxk# zepîb# oeb m ckxpm bklep# oeceomhm kb {bm cnlfm, E xkvxe hm pkxpmlom aen oeceomhe

cege m`mnve# sklhe }{k lm xkpoknpm oec{lm# aen z{`cnomhe {b ecfe le anlmc hm oec{lm,

E deplmcnsbe behkple hknve{ hk skp {b koe hes zmpxnhes k hk pkzpksklxmlxks zecâxnoes# skb skhnsxmlonmp hm zecâxnom# }{k fedk# î oelsnhkpmhm {bm hklxpk e{xpms omxkgepnms hk nlaepbmçïe k

hk oe`kpx{pm, K hkzklhklhe hm eomsnïe k hms onpo{lsxàlonms# m lexnonm zecâxnom zehk skp

zpnepnxípnm e{ anomp kb {b skg{lhe zcmle,

Hk moephe oeb @mfnm &=>>:.# m oe`kpx{pm hk mss{lxes zecâxnoes î {bm kszkonmcntmçïe hm

pkzepxmgkb hes amxes hm qnhm zecâxnom# nloc{nlhe mxes deplmcâsxnoes oebe lexnonms# klxpkqnsxms#

oec{lnsbe# eznlnïe# oeb{lnomhes hk câhkpks zecâxnoes# snlhnomns, Xmb`îb amtkb zmpxk he hnm

mhnm he deplmcnsbe zecâxnoe es pkcmxes hms mxnqnhmhks hes zmpxnhes# he Oelgpksse# _klmhe#

Oàbmpm# msskb`cînms k Oàbmpms b{lnonzmns, Xehm m oôz{cm he Kvko{xnqe# he ckgnscmxnqe k he



8=

D{hnonípne# k e }{k bmns sk zessm kl}{mhpmp oebe nlnonmxnqm zecâxnom# bksbe hkpnqmlhe hk

e{xpms epngkls# bms }{k hngm pkszknxe ê qnhm zecâxnom nlxkplm,

Zmzkc zpÿzpne he deplmcnsbe zecâxnoe# zkce sk{ qnlo{ce oeb m qnhm zecâxnom nlxkplm lmonelmc#

zkcm s{m ambncnmpnhmhk oeb ms nlsxnx{nçûks# zkcm s{m nlxnbnhmhk oeb es zmpxnhes# zkce sk{

oelfkonbklxe hes zpe`ckbms mhbnlnsxpmxnqes k hk xehe e zpeoksse hkonsÿpne }{k sk ceomcntm

les bkomlnsbes he zehkp,

Hk moephe oeb Zkpknpm D{lnep &0::>.# m bmlknpm oebe m bmlofkxk î oeceomhm lm zígnlm# m

zesnçïe hk aexes {xncntmhms# bmxîpnm nsecmhm k s{m zesnçïe sïe xmpkams hksklqecqnhms zkce

hnmgpmbmhep, Es xâx{ces sïe es }{k zpnbknpe ofmbmb m mxklçïe he cknxep# }{mlhe ksxk# zkgm{b deplmc zmpm ckp, Mcg{ls cknxepks zmssmb m qnsxm xnx{ce m xnx{ce# mxî kloelxpmp e }{k zpklhk m

mxklçïe# zmpm mssnb# sk hkxkp lm cknx{pm hm lexnonm,

E xnx{ce î aknxe zkce khnxep k xkb }{k ksxmp pkcmonelmhe oeb e mss{lxe hk }{k e xkvxe amcm, Kck

xkb }{k skp snbzcks# nlaepbmp hnpkxmbklxk he }{k sk xpmxm k skp oebzpkklsâqkc, D{lxe oeb ms

aexes# kcks sïe m zpnbknpm oensm }{k e cknxep e`skpqm k# kb mcg{ls omses# î m ôlnom oensm }{k e

zpklhk me deplmc, Mcîb hk nlaepbmp# e xnx{ce skpqk xmb`îb zmpm omxnqmp k zpklhkp m mxklçïe hecknxep, [b xnx{ce p{nb zehk mom`mp oeb m bkcfep pkzepxmgkb he deplmc,

Gpmhnb &0:::. mopksoklxm }{k xâx{ces k nlxkpxnx{ces# xkb m a{lçïe hk bkcfepmp m ksxîxnom hms

zmgnlms hes deplmns }{k`pmlhe ms kvxklsms oec{lms hk xkvxe k hkbmpomlhe es xkvxes m kcks

zkpxkloklxks# k}{ncn`pmlhe gpmanombklxk m zmgnlm, Xmb`îb zep pmteks ksxîxnoms# kcks hkqkb

pkszknxmp {bm okpxm zpezepçïe klxpk ms cnlfms }{k oebzûk e xnx{ce# `{somlhe }{k s{m kvxklsïe

skdm k}{ncn`pmhm kqnxmlhe {bm hnmgpmbmçïe pkzkcklxk# e{ }{k lïe mgpmhk mes ecfes,

Lm khnxepnm hk Zecâxnom# m m`ephmgkb hes xkbms nloepzepm {bm cnlg{mgkb nbzmponmc, M

oe`kpx{pm hms mçûks zpmxnomhms zkces mgklxks zecâxnoes pkqkcm {bm gpmlhk pkszelsm`ncnhmhk

zkpmlxk e cknxep# dí }{k hnt pkszknxe ê pkszesxm }{k e zehkp zô`cnoe ksxí hmlhe m kck, Ms

zmgnlms he omhkple hk zecâxnom# kb xkpbes hk zpedkxe qns{mc# lïe sk hnakpk hms hkbmns

khnxepnms, Kb xehms ms zmgnlms e`skpqmhms# e zpedkxe gpíanoe {xncntmhe lm Zecnxnom# sk kloelxpm

kb e{xpms khnxepnms,



80

8,? M z{`cnomçïe hes nxkls zks}{nsmhes lm khnxepnm hk Kszepxk

M omzm hm Khnxepnm hk Kszepxk he hnm =7 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# aen z{`cnomhm oecepnhm oeb h{ms

aexes# {bm hkcms oeb mpxk# {bm bmxîpnm k {bm pkxpmlom, M bmxîpnm# d{lxe oeb m zpnbknpm aexe#

aen oeceomhm kb bmns hk bknm zígnlm oeb 0>#7 v ?= oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm, M bmlofkxk4 "@els

mpks }{k qäb he _{c"# aen zesnonelmhm le cmhe ks}{kphe hm zígnlm kb xpäs oec{lms k xpäs

cnlfms# l{bm aelxk skb skpnam# mppkhelhmhm# oeb ms ckxpms gpmlhks k gpessms, E `ngehk#

xmb`îb ê ks}{kphm hm zígnlm# ksxí kb xpäs oec{lms kb {bm cnlfm# oeb m bksbm aelxk

{xncntmhm kb `ngehks hk e{xpms khnxepnms, E xkvxe aen hnqnhnhe lms xpäs oec{lms# eo{zmlhe e

bksbe xmbmlfe hm aexe oeb m ckgklhm, Le bkne he xkvxe# lm skg{lhm oec{lm# aen oeceomhm

{b ecfe k le nlâone hm xkpoknpm oec{lm aen oeceomhe {b nlxkpxâx{ce hk h{ms cnlfms,

M aexe# zesnonelmhm ê hnpknxm hm zígnlm# xkb e aepbmxe qkpxnomc k eo{zm xpäs oec{lms oeb ?:#1

oklxâbkxpes, Lm aexe# xkb m nbmgkb he O{om# xîolnoe he Op{tknpe# ombnlfmlhe zep {b

gpmbmhe }{k zmpkok skp he Oklxpe hk Xpknlmbklxe he Op{tknpe, O{om ksxí hk ombnsm k

`kpb{hm oeb e kso{he he xnbk bnlknpe# xklhe {b hkxmcfk lm bïe hnpknxm hkck# }{k aen

pkoepxmhm k zesnonelmhm hklxpe he xkvxe# hmlhe m nbzpkssïe hk }{k e xîolnoe ombnlfm kb

hnpkçïe hm bmxîpnm, Pko{pse {xncntmhe zkce hnmgpmbmhep, M`mnve hksxm zpnbknpm zmpxk# le cmheks}{kphe# aen z{`cnomhe kb xpäs oec{lms oeb =7#0 oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm# {bm mpxk oeb e xâx{ce

"Omppmsoe s{cnsxm" oeb m bksbm aelxk {xncntmhm lm bmlofkxk zepîb bklep k kb ckxpms

bmnôso{cms# mcnlfmhe m ks}{kphm, M`mnve hksxk xâx{ce# qkb e `ngehk hm mpxk# oeb ms bksbms

ompmoxkpâsxnoms he `ngehk {xncntmhe le deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# zepîb oeb m aelxk bklep k

mcnlfmhm í ks}{kphm,

M`mnve qkb m skg{lhm aexe hm zígnlm kb xpäs oec{lms k >#6# oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm, M aexe î mnbmgkb hk {b cmlok hk dege klxpk e Op{tknpe k e nlxkplmonelmc# oeb mcg{ls lôbkpes monbm

hm aexe k {bm xm`kcm m`mnve, Le cmhe hnpknxe hm mpxk# aen z{`cnomhe {bm pkxpmlom# eo{zmlhe ms

xpäs oec{lms pksxmlxks hm zígnlm# eo{zmlhe e bksbe kszmçe hm mpxk# =7#0 oklxâbkxpes hk

mcx{pm, e xâx{ce hm pkxpmlom4 "Kb ombze es hens bkcfepks he pkx{ple"# aen zesnonelmhe kb xpäs

oec{lms# kb {bm cnlfm oeb m bksbm aelxk hm bmlofkxk# zepîb oeb e xmbmlfe bklep, E

xkvxe hksxm pkxpmlom aen hnqnhnhe lms xpäs oec{lms# sklhe }{k lm xkpoknpm# aen oeceomhm {bm

anofm hk 8#; v 6#> oklxâbkxpes# oelxklhe m ksomcmçïe hms k}{nzks hk Gpäbne k Op{tknpe# mcîb

he fepípne he dege# e ceomc# m mp`nxpmgkb k }{mc omlmc hk xkckqnsïe npí xpmlsbnxnp,



8?

M zígnlm 6 he omhkple hk Kszepxks he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# hk =0 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# aen

z{`cnomhm oecepnhm k skb mlôlones, Ksxm zígnlm sk hksxmom zkcms nbmgkls gpmlhks k mxpmklxks#

sklhe h{ms fepntelxmns k {bm qkpxnomc, M bmlofkxk hk zígnlm qkb m`mnve he om`kçmcfe

{xncntmlhe ms skns oec{lms hm zígnlm k kb {bm cnlfm, "Elhk ksxí es bnlknpes5" î e xâx{ce

mzpksklxmhe l{bm aelxk mppkhelhmhm oeb ms ckxpms gpmlhks hk gpessms,

E `ngehk qkb cege m`mnve he xâx{ce# xmb`îb eo{zmlhe ms skns oec{lms kb {bm cnlfm, E xkvxe

hm bmxîpnm aen z{`cnomhe lm zpnbknpm oec{lm hm zígnlm# eo{zmlhe xehe kssk kszmçe mxî e anlmc

hm zígnlm, [b ze{oe m`mnve he bkne hm zígnlm klxpk e xkvxe hksxm zpnbknpm bmxîpnm aen

nlskpnhe {b ecfe, Le cmhe hnpknxe he xkvxe# {xncntmlhe onloe oec{lms# aepmb z{`cnomhms h{ms

aexes fepntelxmns,

M zpnbknpm î {bm aexe hm skckçïe bmso{cnlm hk qøckn kb onbm hk {b zÿhne# le xmbmlfe hk

08#7 v =0#6 oklxâbkxpes# oeb opkhnxe kb onbm k ckgklhm m`mnve, M skg{lhm aexe# qkb cege

m`mnve hm zpnbknpm# zesnonelmhm le bkne hm zígnlm# xmb`îb le cmhe hnpknxe he xkvxe k

eo{zmlhe onloe oec{lms, M nbmgkb hk 08#7 v =0#; î xmb`îb hm skckçïe bmso{cnlm hk qøckn#

hksxm qkt zesnonelmhm kb zesk k omppkgmlhe ms bkhmcfms hk ombzkûks, M`mnve hm skg{lhm

aexe aen zesnonelmhm m xkpoknpm aexe hm zígnlm,

[bm aexe le aepbmxe qkpxnomc oeb m nbmgkb he xîolnoe hm skckçïe bmso{cnlm hk qøckn#

@kplmphnlfe le xmbmlfe hk =8#7 v =>#7# }{k eo{zmb xpäs oec{lms, M aexe xkb oebe hkxmcfk

{bm mpxk gpíanom le aepbmxe hk {bm xm`kcm# hklxpe hm nbmgkb# oeb e mle k ms oel}{nsxms he

xîolnoe apklxk ê skckçïe `pmsncknpm, Le cmhe hnpknxe hksxm aexe%mpxk# aen zesnonelmhm {bm

pkxpmlom kb h{ms oec{lms, E xâx{ce hm pkxpmlom "E s{zkpombzkïe" ksxí lm bksbm aelxk

{xncntmhm lm bmlofkxk# bms oeb e xmbmlfe bklep# zesnonelmhm kb {bm cnlfm, E xkvxe hmpkxpmlom qkb cege m`mnve k {b ecfe aen oeceomhe le bkne he xkvxe,

E deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe fedk eo{zm gpmlhk kszmçe lms bâhnms k î {bm hms khnxepnms bmns

oeloknx{mhms lms pkhmçûks deplmcâsxnoms, Ms oe`kpx{pms oeb gpmlhk }{mlxnhmhk hk behmcnhmhks

kszepxnqms klqecqkb opksoklxks xnpmgkls hk deplmns k pkqnsxms# k xpmlsbnssûks hk àb`nxe

b{lhnmc kb píhne k XQ, Lklf{bm e{xpm khnxepnm xkb xmlxe kszmçe k xkbze }{mlxe m kszepxnqm,

Hk moephe oeb @mfnm &=>>:.# e deplmcnsbe kszepxnqe# me lexnonmp se`pk a{xk`ec# qøckn# oeppnhmshk m{xebÿqkns# xälns k e{xpms behmcnhmhks kszepxnqms# `{som m mxklçïe hk bôcxnzces cknxepks,



88

Zep oelxm hnsse# es gpmlhks deplmns bmlxîb s{ms skçûks hk kszepxks skb mcxkpmçûks k kb hmxms

kszkonmns# klompxmb omhkples e{ s{zckbklxes, M XQ î e qkâo{ce hk oeb{lnomçïe

zpkhebnlmlxk# zkcm s{m omzmonhmhk hk kbnxnp nbmgkls# e }{k e píhne sÿ oelskg{k pkoeppklhe m

{bm cnlg{mgkb hk s{zepxk, Deplmc k pkqnsxm zep bkne hk {bm oelqklçïe hksopnxnqm k

aexegpíanom,

[bm oelhnçïe kssklonmc hm bklsmgkb kszkonmcntmhm î }{k kcm {sk m cnlg{mgkb okpxm zmpm sk

klxklhnhm zep xehes k lïe sÿ zkces xîolnoes, Aknxm hk zmcmqpms k snlmns# m oeb{lnomçïe f{bmlm

î xmlxe bmns oebzpkklsâqkc }{mlxe bkcfep nlxkpzpkxm e snglnanomhe xîolnoe hms oensms# skb

s{`ephnlícms m {bm xkpbnlecegnm kvoc{snqm, _kg{lhe @mfnm &=>>:.# ms xîolnoms {smhms lms

z{`cnomçûks kszkonmcntmhms lïe hnakpkb b{nxe hms }{k sïe kbzpkgmhms lms z{`cnomçûksoeb{ls, E }{k kszkonmcntm î m aepbm hk mzcnomçïe he oelfkonbklxe k# hkssk behe# }{mlxe

bmns zpkonse k mbzce aep e xpmxmbklxe hmhe me mss{lxe xîolnoe bkcfep skpí e pks{cxmhe,

Hkxkpbnlmhes mppmldes lïe sk d{sxnanomb mzklms zkcm }{ksxïe he gesxe e{ he qns{mc, Me

kbzpkgmp {b xnze k xmbmlfe hk ckxpm# hk aexes# ofmpgks# kszmçes kb `pmloe# klxpk e{xpes

oebzelklxks gpíanoes# î oelsxp{âhm {bm nhklxnhmhk he nbzpksse k nsse# nlac{klonmpí hk

bmlknpm hkonsnqm lm xpmlsbnssïe hms lexâonms# mopksoklxm _mlxes &0::;., Oelfkokp oeloknxespkcmonelmhes ê zpíxnom deplmcâsxnom k ms ompmoxkpâsxnoms he zô`cnoe î a{lhmbklxmc zmpm m

oelsxp{çïe hm zígnlm k he qkâo{ce,

Gpíanoes# xm`kcms# hksklfes nlaepbmxnqes k anofms# amtkb zmpxk hm nlaegpmanm# pko{pse gpíanoe

{xncntmhe zmpm kvzcnomp bmxîpnms oelsnhkpmhms hk hnaâonc klxklhnbklxe zmpm e cknxep, Zkpknpm

Dôlnep &0::>. mzelxm }{k xmlxe e deplmcnsxm }{mlxe e khnxep# hkqkb xebmp o{nhmhe me okpxnanomp

es hmhes hksxks gpíanoes, M khnxepnm hk kszepxk î m }{k bmns sk k}{ncn`pm# klxpk m skpnkhmhkhkhnomhm m khnxepnm hk zecâxnom k m ckqktm he omhkple hk o{cx{pm# zens e kszepxk xkb e

oebzpebnsse hk ckqmp me z{`cnoe cknxep# m bksbm kbeçïe k m bksbm opnmxnqnhmhk }{k m XQ k

e pmhne xpmlsbnxkb m sk{s xkckszkoxmhepks k e{qnlxks# pkszkoxnqmbklxk,

8,8 M z{`cnomçïe hes nxkls zks}{nsmhes lm khnxepnm hk O{cx{pm

M omzm he omhkple hk O{cx{pm hk skvxmaknpm# hnm =; hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# hksxmomsk zkce

xmbmlfe hm aexe {xncntmhm4 0>#7 v 0:#; oklxâbkxpes# k zkce xkvxe oeceomhe kb oec{lms

mhmzxmhms# oeb xmbmlfe mcxkpmhe zmpm oebzep m zígnlm, E xmbmlfe hm oec{lm hk {bm zígnlm



8;

sxmlhmph î hk 8#1 oklxâbkxpes hk cmpg{pm k lksxm zígnlm aen z{`cnomhm kb 1#= oklxâbkxpes, Ksxm

mcxkpmçïe lm oec{lm aen {b hksxm}{k m bmns lm omzm he omhkple hk o{cx{pm# zens# hknve{ es

cmhes he `ceoe hk xkvxe skb lmhm# kvzcepmlhe e `pmloe hm zígnlm, Hksxm aepbm# m zígnlm anom

bkles omppkgmhm hk xkvxe,

M bmlofkxk î e{xpe e`dkxe hm zígnlm }{k sk hksxmom k oebzûk e oeld{lxe hk zkçms

zesnonelmhms lm zígnlm, " Bklnlm hk e{pe"# aen z{`cnomhe l{bm aelxk hm ambâcnm skb skpnam

&o{pqncnlnm.# zpÿzpnm he omhkple hk O{cx{pm oeb ckxpms gpmlhks k gpessms# }{k hïe nbzmoxe lms

zmcmqpms# eo{zmlhe 0? oklxâbkxpes hk cmpg{pm# oklxpmcntmhm lm zígnlm, Cege m`mnve hm

bmlofkxk# qkb e `ngehk# eo{zmlhe }{msk e bksbe oebzpnbklxe he xâx{ce k hm bmxîpnm#

oeceomhm kb oec{lm mhmzxmhm, Kssk `ceoe hm bmxîpnm &bmlofkxk# `ngehk k xkvxe. eo{zmb mcmpg{pm hk 01 oklxâbkxpes, E{ skdm# sk m zígnlm zess{n 0>#7 hk cmpg{pm# xkbes xmlxe he cmhe

hnpknxe# }{mlxe he cmhe ks}{kphe he xkvxe e k}{nqmcklxk m =#1 oklxâbkxpes hk cmpg{pm bk

`pmloe# }{k oebzûk m zígnlm, Kssk `ceoe hk xkvxe ksxí lm zmpxk s{zkpnep hm zígnlm eo{zmlhe

=8#; oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm lm zígnlm,

M aexe qkb cege m`mnve he xkvxe {b ze{oe monbm hm bkxmhk hm zígnlm, Lm aexe# m omlxepm

Zm{cm Akplmlhks# kb onbm hk {b omqmce# xklhe ípqepks k e oî{ mt{c le a{lhe# sk nlxkpmgk oebe xâx{ce hm bmlofkxk4 "Bklnlm hk E{pe", [b hkxmcfk4 m aexe zesnonelmhm lms skns oec{lms

kqnxmb }{k es `pmloes lms cmxkpmns he xkvxe mom`kb, M`mnve hm aexe {bm z{`cnomçïe &mlôlone.

he _fezznlg Hnmbelh Bmcc md{hm m oebzep m zígnlm# zens e mlôlone xpmt m nbmgkb hk {bm

b{cfkp hk qksxnhe# hknxmhm l{bm znsonlm pmsm hk cmhpncfe mt{c# eo{zmlhe e xmbmlfe hk 0>#7 v

7 oklxâbkxpes hk mcx{pm,

Lm zmpxk s{zkpnep hm zígnlm# monbm hm bmlofkxk# qkb e om`kçmcfe he omhkple oeb m zmcmqpmO[CX[PM kb `pmloe k e a{lhe qkpbkcfe eo{zmlhe 0>#7 v 0#7 oklxâbkxpes, Ms zkçms }{k

oebzûk kssk om`kçmcfe eo{zm e kszmçe hk 0>#7 zep 6 oklxâbkxpes, Mcîb he lebk# xkb {bm

aexe he mzpksklxmhep Bmpoes F{bbkc pkoepxmhm# l{b kaknxe qns{mc }{k hí m nbzpkssïe hk }{k

ksxí smnlhe he a{lhe qkpbkcfe, Me cmhe hm zmcmqpm O{cx{pm# le omlxe hnpknxe# qkb m cegebmpom

he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm kb `pmloe, Le omlxe s{zkpnep ks}{kphe hm zígnlm# xkb m qnlfkxm XQ

GKLXK# nlhnomlhe }{k hklxpe he omhkple xkb m skssïe }{k xpmxm hk mss{lxes pkakpklxks m XQ,

Le omlxe s{zkpnep í hnpknxm xkb {bm z{`cnonhmhk hm píhne mckc{nm,



81

M zígnlm ? he omhkple hk O{cx{pm he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# aen z{`cnomhe kb zpkxe k `pmloe le

hnm =0 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# k lïe xkb lklf{b mlôlone kb s{m kvxklsïe# oelxklhe xpäs

bmxîpnms k xpäs aexes hnsxnlxms, M zpnbknpm bmxîpnm eo{zm }{msk m bkxmhk hm zígnlm oeb 0>#7 v

0?#; oklxâbkxpes, Kssk kszmçe î hnqnhnhe klxpk e `ceoe hk xkvxe &bmlofkxk# `ngehk k xkvxe. k m

aexe, M bmlofkxk aen zesnonelmhm kb xpäs oec{lms k kb xpäs cnlfms# hksxmomlhesk lm zígnlm

zkce sk{ xmbmlfe,

E xâx{ce "Bml{ Gmqmssn ksxpînm kb OH k oel}{nsxm xkkls" ksxí l{bm aelxk gpmlhk#

mppkhelhmhm k anlm# oeb e `ngehk qnlhe cege m`mnve# eo{zmlhe m bksbm cmpg{pm kb {bm

cnlfm, E xkvxe xmb`îb ksxí hnqnhnhe lms xpäs oec{lms eo{zmlhe ksxm kvxklsïe mxî e anlmc hm

bmxîpnm skb lklf{b pko{pse gpíanoe, M aexe# me cmhe hksxk `ceoe hk xkvxe# eo{zm e kszmçe hk=8#; v 0?#; oklxâbkxpes# oelxmlhe oeb m ckgklhm, M nbmgkb hm omlxepm Bml{ Gmqmssn# ksxí

le aepbmxe qkpxnomc k ksxí zesnonelmhm le cmhe hnpknxe hm zígnlm,

M`mnve hm zpnbknpm bmxîpnm# xkb m skg{lhm eo{zmlhe e kszmçe hk 0>#7 v =?#; oklxâbkxpes, E

xâx{ce hksxm bmxîpnm xkb m bksbm aelxk onpo{cmp k anlm hm bmlofkxk# zepîb oeb e xmbmlfe

bklep, M apmsk 'Xpezm xkb ;¤ bmnep "m`kpx{pm" le zmâs'# ksxí zesnonelmhm kb }{mxpe oec{lms

ksopnxm kb {bm cnlfm oeb e xkvxe cege m`mnve# xmb`îb kb }{mxpe oec{lms# xklhe hensnlxkpxâx{ces, M aexe hksxm bmxîpnm ksxí zesnonelmhm le cmhe hnpknxe hm zígnlm k xkb m nbmgkb

he mxep _mlhpe Peofm# l{bm oklm he ancbk "Xpezm hk Kcnxk 0"#xklhe e opîhnxe k m ckgklhm#

monbm k kb`mnve hm aexe# pkszkoxnqmbklxk,

M xkpoknpm k ôcxnbm bmxîpnm# ksxí zesnonelmhm le anb hm zígnlm# eo{zmlhe 0>#7 v =0#1

oklxâbkxpes, E xâx{ce "@kcck ! _k`msxnml xmb`îb qkb# bms# mâ# @F anom hk aepm"# ksxí

z{`cnomhm kb skns oec{lms k kb {bm cnlfm, Hnakpklxkbklxk hms e{xpms bmxîpnms z{`cnomhmslksxm zígnlm# ksxm xkb m aexe m`mnve he xâx{ce k xmb`îb {xncntm e pko{pse he nlxkpxâx{ce kb {bm

ezepx{lnhmhk, M aexe# zesnonelmhm ê ks}{kphm# eo{zm ms xpäs zpnbknpms oec{lms le xmbmlfe

=8#; v =: oklxâbkxpes k xpmt m `mlhm @kcck ! _k`msxnml# oeb e opîhnxe k m ckgklhm

zesnonelmhes, Le cmhe hnpknxe hm aexe qkb e xkvxe lm bksbm mcx{pm hm oebzesnçïe# aexe k

ckgklhm# eo{zmlhe e kszmçe kb =8#; zep =:#; oklxâbkxpes,

Aen e`skpqmhe }{k kb xehes es omhkples hk O{cx{pm he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# le zkpâehe hk ==

me hnm =6 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:# aepmb pkskpqmhes kszmçes zmpm nlaepbmçûks o{cx{pmns

ksxm`kckonhms zmpm hkxkpbnlmhm skçïe, M zígnlm 0 he omhkple hk O{cx{pm î skzmpmhm zmpm m



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skçïe hk o{pxms# oeb nlaepbmçûks "píznhms" hk mpxnsxms# sfews k kszkxío{ces hk hnqkpses

skgbklxes hm o{cx{pm, Ms zígnlms 8 k ; sïe hksxnlmhms me pexknpe o{cx{pmc# oeb ms skçûks hk

xkmxpe# sfews k kvzesnçûks# sklhe mzpksklxmhms oebe {b omphízne mzpksklxmhe me zô`cnoe

cknxep# oeb qmpnmhm ezçïe hk klxpkxklnbklxe, M zígnlm 1 î hkhnomhm m Fepesoeze# Zmcmqpms

Op{tmhms# Xnpnlfms# Pks{be hms Leqkcms# m skçïe " Fí 0: mles le Deplmc Fedk kb Hnm" k m

– Cnlfm he Xkbze &kszmçe pkskpqmhe zmpm e hksklfe he ofmpgnsxm Bípne Qmck., K m zígnlm 7 î

xehm qecxmhm zmpm m XQ# oeb m zpegpmbmçïe hnípnm hms XQs m`kpxms# pexknpe hes ancbks he hnm k

{bm "nlhnomçïe" he }{k qmn xkp lm zpegpmbmçïe le hkxkpbnlmhe hnm# oeb hkxmcfks he }{k skpí

mzpksklxmhe,

E deplmcnsbe o{cx{pmc# hk okpxm aepbm# pkzpksklxm {b gälkpe hm mxnqnhmhk deplmcâsxnomhksxnlmlhesk me gesxe hm mpxk, _ïe hnqkpsms bmlnaksxmçûks o{cx{pmns oebe4 bôsnom# onlkbm#

cnxkpmx{pm# xkmxpe# mpxks zcísxnoms k e{xpes, Bms# G{khks &0::7. ksocmpkok }{k }{mlhe zklsmbes

lkssm behmcnhmhk he deplmcnsbe# zkpok`kbes oebe sk zpeokssm –e hnícege klxpk ksxms

kvzpkssûks ksxîxnoms‒ k es hk deplmns }{k xpm`mcfm oeb m o{cx{pm,

C{sxesm &=>>1. pkcmxm }{k e skg{lhe omhkple# aen opnmhe zmpm m`pngmp bmxkpnmc pkcmonelmhe oeb

cmtkp k o{cx{pm, E khnxep xkb bmns cn`kphmhk zmpm m ksoecfm hms bmxîpnms m skpkb z{`cnomhms k}{mc e gpm{ hk nbzepxàlonm, _k{ kszmçe î hksxnlmhe ê xnpm hk }{mhpnlfes# zpegpmbmçïe hk

sfews# zkçms xkmxpmns# onlkbm# fepÿsoeze# oec{lms seonmns# opølnoms k zpegpmbmçïe hk

xkckqnsïe,

Kssk leqe deplmcnsbe# zmpm –s{zkpmp‒ m oeloeppälonm# zmsse{ m xpm`mcfmp# omhm qkt bmns# se`

zpkssïe le fepípne he akofmbklxe &hkmh cnlk., _nglnanomlhe –pmznhkt lm kvko{çïe hk xmpkams,‒

Kssm zpkssm xeple{sk zpegpkssnqe lm zpmxnom deplmcâsxnom# om{smlhe hksoebzmsse lmnlxkpzpkxmçïe hm pkmcnhmhk# zpnlonzmcbklxk# }{mlhe sk xpmxm hk nlaepbmçïe o{cx{pmc

Kssm pkmcnhmhk sk xeplm bmns okpxm me qkpnanomp }{k es omhkples k ms skçûks hk o{cx{pm hk

deplmns k pkqnsxms hkhnombsk lm bmnepnm hms qktks# m e`skpqmp bmlnaksxmçûks mpxâsxnoms e{ m

opnxnomp ancbks# sfews# gpmlhks kszkxío{ces# cnqpes k OHs# skb }{mc}{kp zkpszkoxnqm

nlxkpzpkxmxnqm he oklípne o{cx{pmc, M bmlknpm oebe m bmlofkxk î oeceomhm lm zígnlm# m

zesnçïe k m }{mlxnhmhk hk aexes {xncntmhms lm zígnlm# sïe xmpkams m skpkb hksklqecqnhms zkce

hnmgpmbmhep, _kg{lhe Zkpknpm D{lnep &0::>.# ksxk zpeanssnelmc hkqk sk zpkeo{zmp# xmb`îb

oeb e kszmçmbklxe# ms bmpgkls# es `pmloes }{k oebzûk m zígnlm k oeb m ksxîxnom kb gkpmc,



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Mgpmhmp e cknxep# oeceomlhe ms bmxîpnms hk moephe oeb e gpm{ hk nbzepxàlonm }{k kcm

pkzpksklxm# {smlhe akppmbklxms lkokssípnms zmpm hmp älamsk m aexes k xâx{ces, E hnmgpmbmhep

xpm`mcfm oeb kckbklxes `ísnoes zmpm xpmlsbnxnp hk aepbm ocmpm k klxklhâqkc m bklsmgkb hm

zígnlm, _ncqm &=>6;. kvzcnom }{k# ckxpms mgp{zmhms kb zmcmqpms# nbmgkls e{ nc{sxpmçïe he amxe#

`pmloes hk zígnlms k anes xnzegpíanoes sïe mcg{ls hes pko{pses {xncntmhes,

E omhkple hk O{cx{pm he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm m`ephm oebe hkqk skp es amxes pkcmonelmhes ê

o{cx{pm ceomc k lmonelmc# kb hnqkpsms bmlnaksxmçûks, Mpxks zcísxnoms# bôsnom# onlkbm# xkmxpe#

xkckqnsïe# xkb lksxm khnxepnm e kszmçe qecxmhe m ksxms kszkonmcnhmhks, Xkvxes ksopnxes k

nbmgkls pkcmonelmhms m o{cx{pm zehkb xpmtkp pkackvûks se`pk es beqnbklxes o{cx{pmns hk {bbehe gkpmc, Kssm khnxepnm î m }{k xkb ms zmgnlms oeb bmns hksklqecx{pm# bms }{k bmlxîb e

bksbe zpedkxe qns{mc, E hnmgpmbmhep xkb –cn`kphmhk‒ zmpm opnmp zígnlms bmns mxpmklxks#

kvzcepmlhe lms aexes k {xncntmlhe hes pko{pses gpíanoes,

Le hebnlge# e omhkple î z{`cnomhe oeb mcg{bms mcxkpmçûks4 kck xkb e lebk behnanomhe zmpm

–Besmnoe‒ k sïe mopksoklxmhms bmns }{mxpe zígnlms# anomlhe ksxk# oeb e xexmc hk =0 zígnlms,

Hklxpe he omhkple# aepmb z{`cnomhes e{xpes mss{lxes cngmhes ê behm# o{cnlípnm k mpxksmlmxekb gkpmc, Kssms zígnlms lïe aepmb skckonelmhms zmpm m mlícnsk# zens es hksklfes hms zígnlms

z{`cnomhms sk mzpksklxmb oeb {bm oebzesnçïe gpíanom hnakpklxk# hnqkpgnlhe hms khnxepnms

zks}{nsmhms, E –Besmnoe‒# hnakpklxkbklxk he omhkple hk o{cx{pm z{`cnomhe h{pmlxk m skbmlm#

lïe oelxîb mss{lxes pkakpklxks ê XQ }{k# le hebnlge# î z{`cnomhe le s{zckbklxe hk lebk

–Xkqk‒, Kssk s{zckbklxe xmb`îb lïe aen mlmcnsmhe# zens sk mzpksklxm le xmbmlfe xm`cÿnhk k

xmb`îb î z{`cnomhe oeb {bm oebzesnçïe hnsxnlxm hms e{xpms khnxepnms,



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E e`dkxnqe hksxm zks}{nsm aen hk klxklhkp oebe a{lonelm e zpedkxe gpíanoe {xncntmhe lms

zígnlms he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm kb khnxepnms hnsxnlxms oebe Zecâxnom# Kszepxk k O{cx{pm, K zmpm

pkszelhkp m zkpg{lxm zpezesxm zkcm zks}{nsm# antkbes {bm mlícnsk klxpk e bmxkpnmc kbzâpnoe k

es opnxîpnes a{lhmbklxmhes xkepnombklxk les m{xepks nlhnomhes lm zks}{nsm# }{k aepmb es hk

mlmcnsmp nxkls nbzepxmlxks le deplmcnsbe nbzpksse oebe kckbklxes gpíanoes# aexes# xâx{ces k m

nhklxnhmhk qns{mc he zkpnÿhnoe,

E oelxkôhe hksxm mlícnsk m`ephm m aepbm oeb }{k e deplmc Fedk kb Hnm zesnonele{ es nxkls

aexe# xâx{ce# kckbklxes gpíanoes k oebe aen mzpksklxmhm m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc lms zígnlms

z{`cnomhms he hnm == me hnm =7 hk e{x{`pe hk 0:=:,

M khnxepnm hk Zecâxnom# lm bmnepnm hms zígnlms mlmcnsmhms# aen z{`cnomhm oeb {b qec{bk bmnep

hk xkvxe he }{k es e{xpes omhkples, Xmb`îb aen e`skpqmhe }{k ms zígnlms xäb bmns kszmçes

z{`cnonxípnes k bklep }{mlxnhmhk hk kckbklxes gpíanoes k nlaegpmanms, M Zecâxnom nlnonmsk cege

hkzens hm omzm he deplmc# lm zígnlm 0# sklhe kssm m khnxepnm oeb bklep lôbkpe hk zígnlms#

onloe le xexmc,

M Zecâxnom# hnakpklxk hms e{xpms khnxepnms mlmcnsmhms# lïe oelxîb {b omhkple zpÿzpne zmpm s{m

z{`cnomçïe, Kcms aepmb z{`cnomhms lms zígnlms 0# ?# 1# 7 k 6# sklhe ms zígnlms 8 k ; pkskpqmhms

zmpm m khnxepnm hk eznlnïe he deplmc, E qec{bk xkvx{mc z{`cnomhes lm zecâxnom oelxîb xâx{ces hk

bmxîpnms k pkxpmloms,

E omhkple hk O{cx{pm# mcîb hk aexes k nbmgkls &nc{sxpmçûks# ofmpgks k cegebmpoms.# oelxîb

bmnep lôbkpe hk nlaegpmanms# sklhe m bmnepnm pkakpklxk ê zpegpmbmçïe o{cx{pmc,

E omhkple hk kszepxk xkb# kb s{m z{`cnomçïe# bmnep kszmçe hksxnlmhe ês aexes# skdm zkcm

}{mlxnhmhk e{ zkce xmbmlfe, M oebzesnçïe xkvx{mc î bmnep }{k m he omhkple hk o{cx{pm k# lm

bmnepnm hms zígnlms# fí nlaegpmanms oeb anofms hk deges k xm`kcms hk ocmssnanomçïe,

Me oebzmpmp ms xpäs khnxepnms mlmcnsmhms# e`skpqmsk }{k# kb omhm {bm hkcms# oelsxmb kb

s{ms zígnlms# es nxkls m`ephmhes zkces m{xepks zks}{nsmhes, Kssms khnxepnms bmlxäb e bksbezpedkxe gpíanoe mhexmhe zkce deplmc Fedk kb Hnm# xklhe m Zecâxnom bmns xkvxe# m O{cx{pm oeb



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bmns nlaegpmanms k bmns kckbklxes gpíanoes k m khnxepnm hk Kszepxks z{`cnomlhe aexes bmnepks

kb s{ms zígnlms,

Ofkgmsk m oeloc{sïe hk }{k# mxpmqîs hes nxkls m`ephmhes zkces m{xepks zks}{nsmhes k zkcm

mlícnsk aknxm lms zígnlms hms khnxepnms hk Zecâxnom# O{cx{pm k Kszepxk# m nhklxnhmhk qns{mc k e

zpedkxe gpíanoe he deplmc Fedk kb Hnm zpkhebnlmb lms xpäs khnxepnms mlmcnsmhms# xklhe ms

ompmoxkpâsxnoms hk omhm skgbklxe hnsxnlg{nlhe ksxms khnxepnms,

M mlícnsk he aepbmxe k hm cÿgnom hksxms khnxepnms î nbzepxmlxk zmpm oebzpkklhkp e opnxîpne

ksxm`kckonhe zep hkxkpbnlmhm kbzpksm deplmcâsxnom# zmpm –mgpmhmp‒ k omzxmp cknxepks zmpm e

zkpnÿhnoe, E{xpms khnxepnms# he deplmc Fedk Kb Hnm# oebe e omhkple Bnlms# m Koelebnm# eB{lhe k es s{zckbklxes# hkqkb skp zks}{nsmhms# zmpm bkcfep oebzpkklsïe hm ompmoxkpâsxnom

hksxk zkpnÿhnoe, [bm zks}{nsm {xncntmlhe e bksbe zmpàbkxpe k es bksbes opnxîpnes# xmb`îb#

skpí hk gpmlhk nbzepxàlonm# sk fe{qkp {bm oebzmpmçïe oeb es omhkples hk deplmns

oeloeppklxks oebe e Ksxmhe hk Bnlms k E Xkbze,



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@MP@KNPE# Fkpÿhexe9 PMLGKC# Zmxpâonm, Bml{mc he Deplmcnsbe Kszepxnqe, _ïe Zm{ce4Oelxkvxe# 0::1,

@MFNM# D{mpkt, Deplmc# Fnsxÿpnm k Xîolnom9 Ms Xîolnoms he Deplmcnsbe, 8, kh, _ïe Zm{ce4Íxnom# =>>:,

OEKCFE# Zm{ce Qnlnon{s# Deplmcnsbe Kszepxnqe9 0,kh, _ïe Zm{ce4 Oelxkvxes# 0::6,

OECCMPE# Mlxelne Okcse, Zpedkxe Gpíanoe9 Xkepnm k Zpíxnom hm Hnmgpmbmçïe, _ïe Zm{ce4_{bb{s# =>>1,

KP@ECMXE# Bmpne C, Xîolnoms hk Oehnanomçïe kb Deplmcnsbe9 Pkhmçïe# omzxmçïe k khnçïele deplmc hnípne, ;,kh, _ïe Zm{ce4 Íxnom# 0::6,

GMPONM# C{nt, E Gceè9 Bml{mc hk Pkhmçïe, _ïe Zm{ce4 Gceè# 0:::,

GEBK_# Wncsel, Xpmlsaepbmçûks hm Zecâxnom lm Kpm hm Oeb{lnomçïe hk Bmssm , 0, kh, _ïeZm{ce4 Zm{c{s# 0::7,

G[KHK_# Qnqnmlk Bmp}{ks, M Oelsxp{çïe hm O{cx{pm le Oexnhnmle he Deplmcnsbe Nbzpkssekb Deïe Zkssem, @n`cnexkom El"Cnlk hk Onälonm hm Oeb{lnomçïe, Deïe Zkssem# z, :0:6,0::=, Hnszelâqkc kb4 fxxz4%%www,èoo,{aa,`p%zmg%g{khksqnqnmlkoelsxp{omehmo{cx{pmleoexnhnmle,zha< Moksse kb :0 akq 0:==,

GPMHNB# Mlm`kcm, Bml{mc hk Deplmcnsbe Cnqpe hk Ksxnce he [p`n kx Ep`n, @n`cnexkom El" Cnlk hk Onälonm hm Oeb{lnomçïe, Oe{qncfm# z, :776, 0:::, Hnszelâqkc kb43fxxz4%%www,èoo,{aa,`p%zmg%gpmhnbmlm`kcmbml{mcdeplmcnsbe=,zha< Moksse kb 00 e{x0:=:,

GP[_T^L_IN# Mlm, Hksngl Gpíanoe4 He Nlqnsâqkc me Qnsâqkc, _ïe Zm{ce4 Pesmpn# 0::6,

FKCCKP# _xkqkl# Cnlg{mgkb he Hksngl4 Oebzpkklhklhe e Hksngl Gpíanoe9 xpmh{çïe hkD{cnmlm _mmh9 _ïe Zm{ce4 Pesmpn# 0::7,

FEKCXT# Bnpkcm, Hksngl Gpíanoe# hes kszkcfes ês dmlkcms hk zmzkc, @n`cnexkom El"Cnlk hkOnälonm hm Oeb{lnomçïe, _mlxm Op{t he _{c# z,:?:7# 0::=, Hnszelâqkc kb43fxxz4%%www,̀ eoo,{aa,`p%zmg%fekcxtbnpkcmhksnglgpmanoe,zha <, Moksse kb4 => hk e{x{`pe hk0:=:

C[_XE_M# Kconms, E Xkvxe hm Lexâonm, @pmsâcnm4 Kh, [L@# =>>1,

BE[NCCM[H# Bm{pnok9 ZEPXE# _kpgne Hm~pkcc &epgs,., E Deplmc9 Hm aepbm me sklxnhe, 0,kh, @pmsâcnm4 [L@# 0::0,

ZKPKNPM D[LNEP# C{nt Oesxm, G{nm zmpm m Khnçïe Deplmcâsxnom, 0, kh, Zkxpÿzecns# PD4Qetks# 0::>,

http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/hoeltz-mirela-design-grafico.pdf

http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/hoeltz-mirela-design-grafico.pdf



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PK@KCE# Desî, E Hnso{pse he Deplmc9 E Oebe k e Zep}{ä, Cnsèm4 Lexâonms# 0:::,

_MLXE_# Bmpnkcck _mlhmceqsin, Hksngl hk lexâonms4 {bm }{ksxïe fecâsxnom, @n`cnexkom El"

Cnlk hk Onälonm hm Oeb{lnomçïe, Zelxm Gpessm# z, :?:;, 0::;, Hnszelâqkc kb43fxxz4%%www,èoo,{aa,`p%zmg%smlxesbmpnkcckhksnglhklexâonms,zha< Moksse kb4 => e{x0:=:,

_NCQM# Pmamkc _e{tm# Hnmgpmbmçïe9 E zcmlkdmbklxe qns{mc gpíanoe lm oeb{lnomçïenbzpkssm, ?,kh, _ïe Zm{ce4 _{bb{s# =>6;,

_E[TM# Depgk Zkhpe, Kckbklxes hk deplmcnsbe, @n`cnexkom El"Cnlk hk Onälonm hmOeb{lnomçïe, Zepxe# z, ?7=8:;, 0::=, Hnszelâqkc kb4 3fxxz4%%www,èoo,{aa,`p%zmg %se{sm

depgkzkhpekckbklxeshkdeplmcnsbenbzpksse,zha< Moksse kb => e{x 0:=:,

WFNXK# Hmqnh Bmllnlg# E Gmxkikkzkp4 [bm Mlmcnsk hk Omse lm _kckçïe hk Lexâonms# nl4Lkcsel Xpm}{nlm, Deplmcnsbe4 ]{ksxûks# Xkepnms# k –Ksxepnms‒, Cnsèm4 Qkgm# =>>>,



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O DESENHO DA INFORMAÇÃO: Estudo do projeto gráfico do jornal impresso, Hoje em Dia, nas editorias...

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Transcript of O DESENHO DA INFORMAÇÃO: Estudo do projeto gráfico do jornal impresso, Hoje em Dia, nas editorias...