O Papel Dos Comentaristas Nos Programas Bola Na Rede e Terceiro Tempo

8/9/2019 O Papel Dos Comentaristas Nos Programas Bola Na Rede e Terceiro Tempo

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C`cr{of Plajo Ichl~c Ahyc{

ISPCBOH C O^LFLËO7

O ~a~ch `o{ koecfparl{pa{ fo{ ~rojraea{ Boha fa Rc`c c Pcrkclro Pce~o

Bcho Morlwofpc Kcfpro Sflycr{lpárlo `c Bcho

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C`cr{of Plajo Ichl~c Ahyc{

ISPCBOH C O^LFLËO7

O ~a~ch ò{ koecfparl{pa{ fo{ ~rojraea{ Boha fa Rc`c c Pcrkclro Pce~o

Eofojraila a~rc{cfpaà ao ksr{o `c Gorfahl{eo ò Kcfpro Sflycr{lpárlo `c BchoMorlwofpc -SFL%BM,( koeo rcqsl{lpo ~arklah ~ara obpcfêëo ò påpsho `c bakmarch ceGorfahl{eo&

Orlcfpaòra7 Âfjcha Eosra

Bcho Morlwofpc Kcfpro Sflycr{lpárlo `c Bcho

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@c`lko c{pa kofqsl{pa î{ ~c{{oa{ qsc @cs{ {chcklofos c ~crelpls ~ara qscilwc{{ce ~arpc `c elfma ylà c( ~or l{{o( {ëo ~ra há `c c{~cklal{& Î elfmac{~o{a c cpcrfa koe~afmclra Go{lafc( ao ~rc{cfpc eal{ hlfò qsc @cs{ ecoicrpos( Ylkpor Jabrlch( î elfma eëc Khás`la ~cha{ lfpcrkc{{óc{ ce iayorà elfma ylà( ao{ ecs{ lreëo{ Jháskla c Goëo âsho( {ce~rc porkcfò

~or ele& Ao{ ‘kohcja{““ `c iakshà`c qsc {c porfarae aeljo{ ~ara a ylàlfpclra( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc a Hskìhla( qsc ec a~olos cforececfpc fc{pc{qsapro afo{& Ao ecs â-l,{por Rlkarò Fa{klecfpo( ~or ec cf{lfar okaelfmo eal{ le~orpafpc a {cjslr7 Gc{s{ Krl{po& A poà Koesflà`cBapl{pa da|rû{( ~cho a~olo c oraêóc{ ce iayor à elfma ylà& Fëo ~o{{o

c{qsckcr ò ecs ~al Ch{of( plo{( ayû{ c ~rleo{ c à elfma aeaà {ojra&C{pa ylpûrla pce se ~osko `c kaà se `c yokç{&



Ce ~rleclro hsjar( ajra`cêo a Gc{s{ Krl{po( ~or psò qsc Chc icw c

kofplfsa a iawcr fa elfma ylà( lfilflpaecfpc eal{ àqslho qsc ~c`l os~cf{cl& A Âfjcha Eosra( ~cho karlfmo( koe~rccf{ëo c `c`lkaêëo qsc~o{{lblhlparae a kofkrcplwaêëo c{pc prabahmo( rc{shpaò a irspåicra~arkcrla cfprc orlcfpaòr c orlcfpafò&



C{pc prabahmo a~rc{cfpa sea afáhl{c {obrc a ~arplkl~aêëo ò{ koecfparl{pa{ c{~orplyo{ Rofahò

Jloyafchl c Rlkarò Earplf{ ò ~rojraea Boha fa Rc`c( à Rc`c PY4 Fcpo c O{ear `c Ohlyclra(ò Pcrkclro Pce~o( à Rc`c Baf`clrafpc{& O obgcplyo ì a~ofpar `licrcfêa{ fo{ koecfpárlo{c}crklò{ ~cho{ qsc {ëo gorfahl{pa{ ioreaò{ c o{ qsc {ëo c}%aphcpa{ `c ispcboh& O rcicrcfklahpcûrlko aborà o kofpc}po kshpsrah ò ispcboh fo Bra{lh( bce koeo o{ ~ara`ljea{ ò gorfahl{eoc{~orplyo( à ìplka gorfahå{plka c à hlfjsajce& O qsc {c c{~cra ì eo{prar a le~orpâfkla `c{paisfêëo fo gorfahl{eo bra{lhclro( c( koeo ~roil{{lofal{( `c `licrcfpc{ ioreaêóc{( c}crkce a ec{eaaplylà`c&



1 LFPRO@SKËO &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 9

2 O ISPCBOH( O KOFPC]PO PCHCYL[LYO C A ^RÁPLKA @O

GORFAHL[EO C[ÔRPLYO &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& =2&1 O{ ~rleclro{ rcjl{pro{ a{ ~ráplka{ ispcbohå{plka{&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& <

2&2 [srjlecfpo( ~o~sharlwaêëo c o haò {oklohûjlko ò ispcboh fo Bra{lh &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1>

2&; O c{~aêo kofqsl{paò ~cha PY fo ~aå{&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1;

2&;&1 A ml{pûrla a PY fo Bra{lh&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1;

2&0 O c{~orpc fa PY&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 13

; HLFJSAJCE( ÌPLKA GORFAHÅ[PLKA C O GORFAHL[EO @C

O^LFLËO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1:;&1 A{ licrcfpc{ isfêóc{ c hlfjsajce c a hlfjsajce pchcyl{lya &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 1:

;&2 Obgcplylà`c ycr{s{ [sbgcplylà`c &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 21

;&; A ~ráplka ò koecfparl{eo&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2;

0 A ÂRPLKLÂÊËO @O[ KOECFPARL[PA[ FO BOHA FA RC@C CPCRKCLRO PCEÔ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 29

0&1 A Rc`c PY c o Boha fa Rc`c &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 29

0&2 PY Baf`clrafpc{ c o Pcrkclro Pce~o &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2:

0&; O{ koecfparl{pa{&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 2<

0&0 koecfparl{pa{ fo{ ~rojraea{ Pcrkclro Pce~o c Boha fa Rc`c&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ;>

3 KOFKHS[ËO&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ;=

RCICRÇFKLA[ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 02

AFC]O[ &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& 00



1 LFPRO@SÊËO

O ispcboh( c{~orpc eal{ ~o~shar ò ~aå{( ì kofmcklò koeo a ~al}ëo ò{ bra{lhclro{& Fa ml{pûrla à

eoàhlà`c c{~orplya( iorae rcjl{praà{ jraf`c{ ~arplà{( koe c{pá`lo{ koe~hcpaecfpc hopaò{(

~ro~orklofafò se hlfò c{~cpáksho( pafpo ~ara qsce {c cfkofpra fo hokah ò gojo( {cga

prabahmafò( os ~rc{pljlafò( qsafpo ~ara aqschc{ qsc ~rcicrce akoe~afmar o{ gojo{ fa

koeo`là`c c {cs{ harc{&

âra qsce ~rcicrc akoe~afmar à ~rû~rla rc{l`çfkla( a PY {c porfos sea jraf`c ~arkclra & Ce

ka{a( o pchc{~ckpaòr ~o`c a{{l{plr î ~arplà kofpafò koe o as}åhlo `c `lycr{a{ kâecra{( rc~rl{c{

`c joh{( hafkc{ `sylò{o{( ahìe `c akoe~afmar o{ koecfpárlo{ `c c{~cklahl{pa{ `c arblprajce c `c

ispcboh&

O ~rokc{{o pchcyl{lyo iol se jraf`c ahlaò ò ispcboh fo ~aå{( `cylò î cforec `lis{ëo à PY fo

~aå{& Bosr`lcs -1<<:, gá `lwla qsc a pchcyl{ëo ì o eclo qsc aplfjc a poò{& O{ rc{~of{áycl{ ~cha

eå`la pchcyl{lya hojo ~crkcbcrae o qsafpo o bra{lhclro jo{paya ò c{~orpc c qsc a praf{el{{ëo `c

~arplà{ ~o`crla rc~rc{cfpar sea jraf`c hskraplylà`c( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc ~or pcr a PY se `licrcfklah

~o{lplyo ce rchaêëo ao rá`lo( qsc gá mayla lflklaò a{ kobcrpsra{ ispcbohå{plka{& C{{c ~ofpo

ahpaecfpc iayoráych î pchcyl{ëo ì a leajce&

Psò o qsc afpc{ cra a~cfa{ farraò ~cho hokspor( obrljafò o porkcòr a prabahmar a leajlfaêëo(

jafma ylà& O ~÷bhlko ~a{{a a akoe~afmar {leshpafcaecfpc( yow c leajce& C( koe a cyohsêëo

pckfohûjlka( kaà `la eal{ ce c}~af{ëo( a qsahlà`c `c praf{el{{ëo ispcbohå{plka krc{kc

~ro~orklofahecfpc& [cjsfò Echo -2>>;,( ì `cylò ao jraf`c {skc{{o `c as`lçfkla( à kofgckpsra

ispcboh/pchcyl{ëo qsc {c ~crkcbcs a fckc{{là`c `c {c lfkor~orar î{ praf{el{{óc{ sea iljsra qsc

c}~hlka{{c o c{~orpc( ao ~ofpo `c iawcr koe qsc apì ec{eo aqschc qsc fëo {cga se akoe~afmafpc

a{{å`so o c{~orpc kof{lja cfpcf`cr a eoàhlà`c&

[srjc( a{{le( a iljsra ò koecfparl{pa c{~orplyo( lhs{prafò c cfrlqsckcfò alfà eal{ a{

kobcrpsra{& Koe o ~a{{ar ò{ afo{( ycrlilkos%{c ~or ~arpc ò{ ycåksho{ `c koesflkaêëo( sea

mcpcrojcfclà`c fa c{kohma ò{ ~roil{{lofal{ ~ara `c{ce~cfmar a isfêëo `c afahl{ar o ispcboh&

Lflklos%{c sea ec{kha cfprc koecfparl{pa{ ioreaò{ ce gorfahl{eo c ~roil{{lofal{ orlsfò{ àkarrclra `c aphcpa{ `c{pc c{~orpc&



A ~c{qsl{a orlcfpa{{c ce `c{kobrlr `licrcfêa{ fo koe~orpaecfpo `c{{a{ `sa{ eoàhlà`c{ `c

koecfparl{pa{( ~or {cr o ispcboh sea à{ ~al}óc{ faklofal{( c( paebìe( ~or kas{a à rc~rc{cfpaêëo

qsc a isfêëo( `c{ce~cfmaà ~or aqschc{ qsc afahl{ae ispcboh( kofqsl{pos fa{ kobcrpsra{

c{~orplya{( c{{a{ aprlbslêóc{ kof{plpsårae%{c ce apraplyo{ ~ara a rcahlwaêëo c{pa lfyc{pljaêëo&

Iorae c{kohmlò{ ~roil{{lofal{ kofmcklò{ ò ~÷bhlko ò ispcboh c fo eclo gorfahå{plko( ahìe `c

poò{ c{parce fa isfêëo `c koecfparl{pa má ~cho ecfo{ òl{ afo{( o qsc {c porfa rcicrçfkla `c

qsahlà`c ò{ koecfparl{pa{ Go{ì Icrrclra Fcpo( os {le~hc{ecfpc ‘Fcpo(― Rofahò Jloyafchl(

Rlkarò Earplf{ c O{ear `c Ohlyclra&

Afpc{ à afáhl{c ce {l( ~ara o `c{cfyohylecfpo `c se prabahmo klcfplilko kocrcfpc( ì fckc{{árlo

qsc {c pcfma isfàecfpaêëo pcûrlka( àfò o {s~orpc fckc{{árlo î ~c{qsl{a& C{pa eofojraila iol

chaboraà koe o{ ka~åpsho{ lflklal{ `c{krcycfò o prabahmo `c `lycr{o{ asporc{( fa{ árca{

abrafjlà{ ~cho pcea à ~c{qsl{a&

O ka~åpsho lflklah rcprapa o ispcboh( pafpo fo {srjlecfpo esf`lah( qsafpo fo Bra{lh c( paebìe( {cs

a{~ckpo {oklohûjlko c a rc~rc{cfpaplylà`c ahkafêa a ~or c{pc c{~orpc( ahìe `c sea `l{ks{{ëo {obrc

o kofpc}po pchcyl{lyo c a ~ráplka ò gorfahl{eo c{~orplyo fo ~aå{&

O ka~åpsho {cjslfpc c{pabchckc ~arâecpro{ qsc abrafjce o{ kae~o{ à hlfjsajce pafpo fo

ioreapo hlfjøå{plko( qsafpo fo el`láplko& [ëo ob{cryaò{ a{~ckpo{ rcicrcfpc{ î ìplka gorfahå{plka(

lf`l{~cf{áych qsafò {c prapa `c chaboraêëo `c koecfpárlo{ ~o{{åycl{ `c ahkafêar jraf`c

rc~crks{{ëo faklofah& O Gorfahl{eo `c O~lflëo c {cs{ kofkclpo{ pcûrlko{ paebìe {ëo a~rc{cfpaò{

fc{pc ka~åpsho&

A ÷hplea ~arpc `c{pc prabahmo kofpce~ha a afáhl{c( orlcfpaà ~cha ecpoòhojla a~hlkaà ce {cs

~rokc{{o& Iol a~rc{cfpaò o kofpc}po ml{pûrlko à{ cel{{ora{( koe çfia{c ~ara a abrafjçfkla

`c{{a{ rc`c{ `c PY fo pcrrlpûrlo faklofah& O{ ~rojraea{ iorae ljsahecfpc `c{krlpo{( a~rc{cfpafò

åf`lkc{ `c as`lçfkla( ioreapo{ c ~creafçfkla fo ar( ahìe à pragcpûrla ò{ ~roil{{lofal{(

`c{pakafò o{ ~rlfkl~al{ ycåksho{ of`c prabahmarae c {sa{ ioreaêóc{ aka`çelka{( fo ka{o ò{

orfahl{pa{& Fo qsc pafjc ao{ koecfparl{pa{( qsc {ëo c}%aphcpa{ `c ispcboh( Rofahò Jloyafchl cFcpo( c{pëo `cpahmaò{ o{ ~rlfkl~al{ khsbc{ ~or of`c ~a{{arae&



2 O ISPCBOH( O KOFPC]PO PCHCYL[LYO C A ^RÁPLKA @O GORFAHL[EO

C[ÔRPLYO

O ispcboh jafmos c{~aêo fa {oklcà`c bra{lhclra& Kofmcklò koeo ‘a ~al}ëo faklofah(― {c porfos

fopûrla a {sa `l{{celfaêëo ~or poò o ~aå{( o qsc ~o`c {cr koe~royaò ~cha le~orpâfkla qsc a

eå`la( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc a pchcyl{ëo( `chcjos î ~ráplka c{~orplya& Mogc( {c akoe~afma ispcboh aprayì{

à{ ~arplà{ praf{elplà{ ~cha{ ~rlfkl~al{ cel{{ora{ ò Bra{lh( ~cho{ foplklárlo{ c{~orplyo{ qsc

oks~ae c{~aêo `lárlo fa pchlfma( koeo paebìe( ce poò{ ospro{ eclo{ `c koesflkaêëo( koeo

orfah( rá`lo c lfpcrfcp& Poà c{{a ~ro~ajaêëo ispcbohå{plka ì `cylò ao jraf`c f÷ecro `c ië{ c

a`c~po{ qsc kaà khsbc pce& [û o Ihaecfjo( khsbc `c ealor porklà ò Bra{lh( {cjsfò ~c{qsl{a ò

Lf{plpspo @apaiohma rcahlwaà ce `cwcebro `c 2>>:( ~o{{såa fa ì~oka ò hcyafpaecfpo( eal{ `c ;>

elhmóc{ `c porkcòrc{( ce sea faêëo `c a~ro}leaàecfpc 1=0 elhmóc{ `c mablpafpc{& Ì jraf`c a

rckclpa jcraà koe ycfà{ `c kael{a{ c lfjrc{{o{& âra {c pcr se c}ce~ho( o{ prç{ ~rlfkl~al{

c{paò{ ò ~aå{( [ëo âsho( Rlo `c Gafclro c Elfa{ Jcral{( rcjl{prarae rcfà{ fa{ blhmcpcrla{

{s~crlorc{ a 1 elhmëo `c rcal{( kaà se( fa ~rleclra ~arplà à{ `ckl{óc{ ò{ kae~cofapo{

c{pa`sal{ c 2>><&

A Isfàêëo Jcp÷hlo Yarja{ kof{papos( ce ~c{qsl{a rcahlwaà ce ealo ò afo 2>>>( qsc o ispcboh

eoylecfpaya kcrka `c 23> blhmóc{ `c rcal{ ~or afo( kofpafò a ~arplkl~aêëo `c ajcfpc{ `lrcpo{(

koeo khsbc{ c ic`craêóc{( c lf`lrcpo{( koeo iabrlkafpc{ `c eapcrlal{ c{~orplyo{ c a eå`la& O

c{psò paebìe a~ofpos( fo Bra{lh( a c}l{pçfkla `c =>> khsbc{ c 11 elh aphcpa{ ic`craò{& C{{c{

f÷ecro{ koe~royae o c{~aêo qsc o ispcboh kof{cjsls ahkafêar ce pcrrlpûrlo faklofah&

A pchcyl{ëo kofprlbsls ce jraf`c ~arpc ~ara a a{kcf{ëo ò ispcboh fo Bra{lh& [cjsfò Bosr`lcs

-1<<:,( a pchcyl{ëo ì o eclo qsc pcorlkaecfpc ~o{{lblhlpa aplfjlr a poò{( os {cga( a PY kofqsl{pos

sea cforec `lis{ëo fa {oklcà`c( ~crelplfò qsc {cs{ ~ro`spo{ {cgae `lyshjaò{ a se chcyaò

f÷ecro `c rckc~porc{& C{pc iapo a{{cjsra o jras `c rchcyâfkla qsc a pchcyl{ëo pce fa ~o~sharlwaêëo

ò ispcboh( a ~arplr ò eoecfpo( ce qsc o c{~orpc ì se ~ro`spo pchcyl{lyo&

[cjsfò Bskkl -1<<:,( a karakpcrå{plka `c kof{prsêëo `c se esfò l`cah leajlfárlo ì se ò{~lharc{ à kof{ohlàêëo à pchcyl{ëo fo ~aå{& A{{le( o ispcboh {cryls koeo iorea `c ~roeoêëo ò~aprlopl{eo( {cfò lfkcfplyaò koe leajce c rc~rc{cfpafpc a faêëo& Ce



praf{el{{óc{ `c Ko~a{ ò Esfò( ~or c}ce~ho( ilka ba{pafpc cyl`cfklaà c{{a c{prapìjla `cc}ahpaêëo à ~áprla( o qsc( kofiorec Bskkl -1<<:,( ì se ò{ chcecfpo{ splhlwaò{ ~cha PY ~araprabahmar o leajlfárlo ò{ rckc~porc{& C}ce~ho{ `c{pc a{~ckpo ~o`ce {cr ob{cryaò{ fa koeoêëoc {cfplecfpo `c prl{pcwa qsc {c lf{pasrae fo ~aå{ `c~ol{ `c sea chlelfaêëo à {chcêëo bra{lhclra

`c se esf`lah( koeo ce 1<=2

1

( qsc ~royokos cforec irs{praêëo faklofah( c qsc apì mogc ì hcebraà ~or yárlo{ gorfahl{pa{( osao kofprárlo( qsafò {c jafma sea Ko~a ò esfò( o{ gojaòrc{ {ëo aòraò{ koeo mcrûl{ à faêëo( o qsc lhs{pra o prabahmo fo leajlfárloà{ ~c{{oa{ qsc a PY kof{cjsc ~roeoycr& @crropa{ c ylpûrla{ fo esfò ispcbohå{plko earkae a{ ylà{ ò{ aphcpa{( porkcòrc{( gorfahl{pa{ c `csea {oklcà`c( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc( a bra{lhclra qsc aòpos c{pc c{~orpc koeo o {cs iayorlpo&

2&1 O{ ~rleclro{ rcjl{pro{ à{ ~ráplka{ ispcbohå{plka{

O ispcboh ì se c{~orpc ~raplkaò ce poò o esfò& [cjsfò Zlppcr -1<<9,( fëo má koeo

`cpcrelfar ~rckl{aecfpc qsafò {srjls a eoàhlà`c& O eoplyo ~ara a lfkcrpcwa( qsafpo î orljce(

c{pá rchaklofaò î{ yárla{ ycr{óc{ qsc pcorlwae a rc{~clpo& O aspor c{kharckc qsc c}l{pce rcjl{pro{

`c ~lfpsra{ cfkofpraò{ ce kaycrfa{ ~rì%ml{pûrlka{ qsc ~o`crlae rcecpcr î c}l{pçfkla ò c{~orpc&

Má paebìe se rchapo( fo qsah kof{pa qsc( fa{ rcjlóc{ ò C}prceo Orlcfpc( o Dcearl cra sea

~ráplka c{~orplya( má eal{ `c 2&>>> afo{( qsc hcebraya o ispcboh& C{pc gojo( `c orljce ga~ofc{a(

kof{l{pla ce ~a{{ar sea boha iclpa à kaesrêa `c gojaòr ce gojaòr( splhlwafò%{c a~cfa{ ò{ ~ì{

~ara pah&

A ycr{ëo oilklah ~ara o {srjlecfpo à eoàhlà c ì aòpaà ~or Zlppcr -1<<9, koeo pcorla {obrc o

lfåklo ò ispcboh eo`crfo( fa qsah {c rchapa qsc a orljce {c `cs fa Lfjhapcrra( {ce ~rckl{ar o afo(

c qsc cra `l{~spaò fa{ sflycr{là`c{ c c{koha{ ~÷bhlka{ àqschc ~aå{& O aspor klpa qsc apì 1=;>( o

ispcboh cra ~raplkaò {ce rcjra{ c{krlpa{( os {cga( orjaflwaò lfioreahecfpc&

O {srjlecfpo `c forea{ ~ara a eoàhlà`c {c `á ~or lfpcreì`lo ò ~rokc{{o `c lf`s{prlahlwaêëo(

qsc akarrcpa esàfêa{ ce porfo à{ c{koha{ ~÷bhlka{ lfjhc{a{( c kof{cqscfpcecfpc( ~ara o ispcboh&

Zlppcr -1<<9, lhs{pra a{{le c{pc ~rokc{{o7

1

Esf`lah `l{~spaò fa C{~afma( of`c a {chcêëo bra{lhclra( qsc cfkafpaya o esfò koe o ispcboh ~raplkaò ~orWlko( Iahkëo c C`cr( `cfprc ospra{ c{prcha{( iol chlelfaà ~cha Lpáhla `c âoho Ro{{l( aspor ò{ prç{ joh{ à ylpûrlalpahlafa ~or ;}2( fa {cjsfà ia{c à Ko~a&



C{pabchckc%{c se foyo pl~o `c rchaêóc{ ko`lilkaà{ cfprc c{psàfpc{& O gojo rckcbcpaebìe rcjra{ ~rckl{a{( c{krlpa{7 `cpcrelfa%{c o paeafmo à boha( o{ hlelpc{ òkae~o( o f÷ecro `c gojaòrc{( a `sraêëo ò gojo cpk& C{{a{ rcjra{( koe

eo`lilkaêóc{ fëo eslpo {ljflilkaplya{( {ëo splhlwaà{ apì mogc -ZLPPCR( 1<<9( ~&<,&

Ce 1<93( {srjc a ~rleclra cfplà`c ~ara rcjshaecfpar c `lrcklofar o ispcboh( a IA -Ispcboh

A{{oklaò{,( c ~o{pcrlorecfpc( a ILIA -Ic`craêëo Lfpcrfaklofah `c Ispcboh c A{{oklaò{,( ûrjëo

qsc jcrcfkla o ispcboh apì o{ `la{ apsal{&

2&2 [srjlecfpo( ~o~sharlwaêëo c o haò {oklohûjlko ò ispcboh fo Bra{lh

C{pc c{~orpc( qsc pëo rá~lò {c ~o~sharlwos fo Bra{lh( {cjsfò Zlppcr -1<<9,( paebìe a~rc{cfpa

kofproyìr{la{ qsafpo a {sa orljce fo ~aå{& Fa ycr{ëo plà koeo oilklah kof{pa qsc fo afo `c 1=<0(

Kmarhc{ Elhhcr2

`c{cebarkos ce pcrra{ bra{lhclra{ yohpafò à Lfjhapcrra( of`c iora c{psàr(

prawcfò kof{ljo a{ ~rleclra{ boha{& Má rcjl{pro{ `c gojo{ qsc pcrlae okorrlò fo{ hlporal{ `c

^crfaebsko c `c [afpo{( fo c{paò `c [ëo âsho( afpc{ à àpa aòpaà koeo oilklah&

Prabahmafò koe a ycr{ëo rckofmcklà oilklahecfpc( Zlppcr -1<<9, rchapa qsc a ~ráplka ò ‘c{~orpc

brcpëo―( koeo cra kofmcklò o ispcboh( pcrá lfåklo koe ~arplà{ `l{~spaà{ c}khs{lyaecfpc ~or

ilhmo{ à{ iaeåhla{ `c ~o{{c{( a chlpc ce ioreaêëo fo ilfah ò {ck& ]L]& A c}~hlkaêëo ~ara c{{c iapo

ì c{pabchcklà( {cjsfò o aspor( ~or kas{a ò{ ahpo{ ks{po{ `c boha{( kmspclra{ c sfliorec{ qsc fëo

crae iabrlkaò{ fo Bra{lh( pcfò qsc {cr le~orpaò{ `c ospro{ ~aå{c{&

A lf`÷{prla pcyc ~a~ch isfàecfpah ~ara rcycrpcr o qsa`ro `c o ispcboh {cr ~raplkaò a~cfa{ ~cha

chlpc& Ao lfkcfplyar a ~ráplka ò c{~orpc cfprc o~crárlo{( ~or yohpa `c 1<2>( koecêaya o ~rokc{{o `c

~o~sharlwaêëo ò ispcboh& [cjsfò Zlppcr -1<<9,( c{pa lflklaplya à{ iábrlka{ {c `cs koeo

c{prapìjla `c lfpcjraêëo koe o{ isfklofárlo{& Gá Raeo{ -1<=0, akrc`lpa qsc a eoàhlà`c iol

splhlwaà ~cha bsrjsc{la koeo iorea `c ahlcfaêëo ~ohåplka& O c{~orpc {crla s{aò ~ara eafpcr o

~rohcparlaò aia{paò à{ qsc{póc{ ~ohåplka{( cylpafò( a{{le( a{ orjaflwaêóc{ `c isfklofárlo{ ce

{lf`lkapo{ ~ara rclylf`lkaêëo c echmorla{ ~roil{{lofal{&

2

Ilhmo `c ~al c{kokç{ c eëc bra{lhclra( iol c{psàr fa Lfjhapcrra ao{ 1> afo{( of`c a~rcf`cs o ispcboh& Yohpafò aoBra{lh( iol o ~rleclro a le~hafpar o c{~orpc fo ~aå{& Ì kofmcklò koeo o ~al ò c{~orpc fa faêëo&



âra o aspor( o ispcboh ì splhlwaò koeo iorea `c òelfaêëo l`cohûjlka& Chc kofkclpsa o pcreo

l`cohojla à {cjslfpc iorea7 ‘a l`cohojla lfycrpc a{ rchaêóc{ cfprc kas{a{ c ciclpo{& Ab{pral o{ iapo{

ò {cs kofpc}po {oklah c ml{pûrlko& Ì sea yl{ëo `l{porklà( iah{a à rcahlà`c& L{{o fëo akofpckc ~or

`c{kslò( ea{ ~or obgcplyo bce c{~ckåilko à{ kha{{c{ òelfafpc― -RAEO[( 1<=0( ~&1<,&

Ì ~o{{åych cfpcf`cr c{{a ailreaêëo( ao ~cf{ar qsc( ~ara sea kha{{c {c porfar òelfafpc( ì ~rckl{o

qsc cha ~o{{sa `lrcprlwc{ l`cohûjlka{ {obrc o rc{pafpc à {oklcà`c& C{{c òeåflo l`cohûjlko ì

krsklah ~ara qsc a hl`crafêa {c eafpcfma& Raeo{ -1<=0, c{pabchckc òl{ pl~o{ `c òelfaêëo( a

{oklah( obplà ~cha rc~rc{{ëo( c a ~{lkohûjlka( kofkcblà aprayì{ `c prç{ ahpcrfaplya{7 a hcjlpleaêëo(

a el{plilkaêëo c a mcjceofla& Fo ka{o c{~cklilko ò ispcboh( Raeo{ -1<=0, apcfpa ~ara a

òelfaêëo ~{lkohûjlka c}crklà ~or lfpcreì`lo a mcjceofla&

[cjsfò o aspor( c{pa c{prapìjla ab{ohsplwa se eo`cho `c ylà( koeo ÷flka o~êëo yláych& Fo

kofpc}po `c òelfaêëo ~{lkohûjlka ~or mcjceofla c{pá lf{crlà ospra c{prapìjla qsc jarafpc a

hcjlpleaêëo {obrc a{ `ceal{ kaeaà{ à {oklcà`c& Prapa%{c à mcjceofla kshpsrah& âra o aspor( ì

aprayì{ `cha qsc a kha{{c òelfafpc {c le~óc {obrc o ~rohcparlaò jarafplfò o ~o`cr ò c{paò&

Chc klpa o ispcboh koeo c}ce~ho `c{pc ~rokc{{o7O ispcboh ì se bcho c}ce~ho `c mcjceofla kshpsrah& A kha{{c òelfafpc o ce~srrajocha abal}o ò ~rohcparlaò( koeo sea o~êëo ickmaà& L{{o okorrc koe pah c{ecro`c el{plilkaêëo( qsc má sea lfycr{ëo& Chc a{{sec( arplilklahecfpc( se yahor ~o~sharkshpsrah& Fo cfpafpo( rc~rc{cfpa a~cfa{ se ajcfpc ~o~shl{pa kof{cryaòr `c`c{~ohlplwaêëo -RAEO[( 1<=0( ~&22,&

Fc{pa klpaêëo( koecêa%{c a cfpcf`cr koeo se c{~orpc( qsc pcyc {sa{ raåwc{( fo Bra{lh( koeo

cfprcpcflecfpo yohpaò ~ara a bsrjsc{la( kof{cjsls {c porfar o eal{ ~o~shar ò ~aå{& ô`c%{c

ob{cryar qsc o ispcboh koeo mcjceofla kshpsrah iol le~o{po ao ~rohcparlaò( ea{( poò c{pc~rokc{{o okorrcs `c sea eafclra {splh c ~o{lplyl{pa( kmcjafò ao ~ofpo `c ea{karar sea

òelfaêëo `cl}afò%a koe kara `c sflilkaòra& Raeo{ -1<=0, c}~hlka c{pc kofpc}po ao rchapar qsc

a kha{{c òelfafpc ~rckl{a `c arpliåklo{ ~ara {cr `lisf`là& C c{{a `lis{ëo okorrcrá ~or s{o `c

a~archmo{ l`cohûjlko{ ò C{paò& C{pc ec{eo splhlwa a ~cr{sa{ëo koeo iorea `c ahkafêar ç}lpo&

[cjsfò o aspor( o ispcboh ì se a~archmo l`cohûjlko ò C{paò( rc~ro`swlfò a{ kof`lêóc{ {oklal{(

~ohåplka{ c ckofðelka{ o esfò ka~lpahl{pa&

C}ce~ho{ `c{pa rchaêëo ò c{~orpc koe a faêëo ~o`ce {cr ob{cryaò{ fo a~olo ~ohåplko a ~rogcpo{{oklal{ qsc splhlwae o ispcboh koeo {cs ioko `c apsaêëo( os fa ~rû~rla lfpcjraêëo à



{oklcà`c( qsc okorrc ce porfo ò c{~orpc( ce qsc ~c{{oa{ `c `licrcfpc{ kaeaà{ {oklcpárla{ {csfce ~ara porkcrce ~or se ec{eo plec&

Fëo {û o ispcboh( ea{ poò{ o{ c{~orpc{ ~o`ce {cr yl{po{ koeo a~archmo{ l`cohûjlko{ ò c{paò&

C}ce~ho{ `l{{o {ëo yl{po{ ircqscfpcecfpc& Fa{ koe~cplêóc{( o ~aprlopl{eo ì c}ahpaò( ecàhma{

`c aphcpa{ rc~rc{cfpae mofra ~ara se ~aå{& Ce sea Ohle~åaà( ilka ba{pafpc cyl`cfklaà c{{a

pcorla& Raeo{ -1<=0, klpa o c}ce~ho `c Mlphcr qsc aèlraya ba{pafpc o c{~orpc c `lwla qsc {cs ~aå{

pcrla le~orpâfkla rckofmcklà ~or pcr 9 elhmóc{ `c kor~o{ prclfaò{ ~cha ~ráplka c{~orplya&

Fëo {û Mlphcr( ea{ má paebìe o c}ce~ho `c Ksba( koe Il`ch Ka{pro( qsc {ce~rc yahorlwos o

c{~orpc( ahìe ò{ C{paò{ Sflò{( qsc {ce~rc c{pëo fo ~árco ~ara bs{kar a ~rleclra kohokaêëo ò

qsa`ro `c ecàhma ohåe~lko& A qsc{pëo l`cohûjlka ì pëo iorpc qsc( fa ÷hplea c`lêëo ohåe~lka( o{

forpc%aecrlkafo{ fëo ilkarae fa hl`crafêa ~cho krlpìrlo oilklah( qsc hcya ce kof{l`craêëo a ealor

qsafplà`c `c ecàhma{ `c osro;

& A le~rcf{a àqschc ~aå{ ea{karos o rc{shpaò aòpafò koeo

ba{c o f÷ecro popah `c ecàhma{&

Yohpafò ao ispcboh c ao Bra{lh c{~cklilkaecfpc( ì ~o{{lych ~crkcbcr o qsafpo c{pc c{~orpc ì

prabahmaò l`cohojlkaecfpc fa faêëo& Ì koese c{kspar fo{ eclo{ `c koesflkaêëo ira{c{ `c

`lycr{o{ gorfahl{pa{( ce yarlaò{ ~rojraea{ pchcyl{lyo{( qsc cfahpckce o c{~orpc& Pçe%{c koeo

c}ce~ho( a{ {cjslfpc{ kohokaêóc{7 ‘O Bra{lh pce o echmor ispcboh ò esfò― os ‘[û a {chcêëo

bra{lhclra ì klfko ycwc{ kae~cë esf`lah―& A PY kofprlbsls eslpo ~ara a c}ahpaêëo `c{pc

~aprlopl{eo( koeo paebìe ~ara a ~o~sharlwaêëo o c{~orpc( o qsc ycrceo{ fo ~rû}leo {sbpåpsho&

;

Ohle~åaà{ `c 2>>=( fa Kmlfa( ~cho{ krlpìrlo{ oilklal{( o ~aå{ afilprlëo pcrelfos ce ~rleclro hsjar koe 31ecàhma{ `c osro( 21 `c ~rapa c 2= `c brofwc popahlwafò 1>> ecàhma{& O{ CSA ilkarae fa {cjsfà ~o{lêëokoe ;9 `c osro( ;= `c ~rapa c ;9 `c brofwc fo popah `c 11>&



2&; O c{~aêo kofqsl{paò ~cha PY fo ~aå{

[obrc a ~arplkl~aêëo à pchcyl{ëo fo ~rokc{{o ispcbohå{plko bra{lhclro( ~o`c {c ailrear qsc cha iol

`c jraf`c yahla ~ara qsc c{{c c{~orpc kofqsl{pa{{c o a~cjo ~o~shar qsc pce mogc& [cjsfò

Bosr`lcs -1<<:,( a PY ì o eclo qsc pcorlkaecfpc ~o{{lblhlpa aplfjlr a poò{( os {cga( c{{a eå`la

kofqsl{pos sea cforec `lis{ëo fa {oklcà`c( ~roeoycfò a{{le jraf`c rckc~plylà`c ~ara {cs{

~ro`spo{& O ispcboh( {cfò se ~ro`spo ò eclo( ~a{{a a pcr jraf`c yl{lblhlà`c& âra Zohpof

-1<<9,( o {skc{{o à pchcyl{ëo c{pá fa kofplfslà`c c el{psra `c leajcf{( ce qsc a rckc~êëo c

lfpcr~rcpaêëo flfjsìe ì ka~aw c òelfar7A pchcyl{ëo ì se c{~cpáksho `c jçfcro ~arplkshar( `c{plfaò a se ~÷bhlko lecf{o(afðfleo c mcpcrojçfco( lf{c~aráych `c sea ~rojraeaêëo qsc jarafpc sea oicrpa

qsa{c kofpåfsa `c leajcf{ `c jçfcro{ c {paps{ `licrcfpc{ -ZOHPOF( 1<<9( ~&9:,&

ôr pah ob{cryaêëo( koe~rccf`c%{c qsc o {skc{{o à PY c{pá gs{paecfpc faqslho qsc hmc kofkc`c

~arplksharlà`c( ce rchaêëo ao{ `ceal{ eclo{ `c koesflkaêëo( a leajce& O iapo `c o ~÷bhlko

pchcyl{lyo {cr afðfleo iaw koe qsc {c porfc lfkcrpa a iorea koeo a leajce {crá lfpcr~rcpaà&

Kaà se( ce {sa ~arplksharlà c( c `c akorò koe {cs{ ~arâecpro{ kshpsral{( `cilfc o {cs eoò `c

rckcbcr c `l{kcrflr a c}lblêëo yl{sah ò{ iapo{&

Zohpof -1<<9, akrc{kcfpa qsc a{ leajcf{ ~o`ce rcihcplr a rcahlà`c( os a iafpa{lar& Ì aprayì{ `cha{

qsc a pchcyl{ëo kofprlbsl `lrcpaecfpc ~ara rcprapar c eo`lilkar a{ rc~rc{cfpaêóc{ ò esfò7 ‘A

leajce `cl}a sea yla `c akc{{o ao {cfplò( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc ~or lfpcreì`lo ò leajlfárlo( eal{

ljsahlpárlo( ~or c}ce~ho( ò qsc aqschc ~crelplò ~cha hclpsra( ~ol{ o akc{{o î leajce ì eal{ iáklh

ò qsc o pc}po― -ZOHPOF( 1<<9( ~&9=,& âra o aspor( c{pc ì o eoplyo ~cho qsah a PY {c porfos

sea iorea `c koesflkaêëo ba{pafpc ~arplkshar fa {oklcà`c bra{lhclra( a ka~aklà`c `c prabahmar

fo leajlfárlo( qsc paebìe {crá aboràà fo `ckorrcr `c{pc c{psò& Afpc{( ~orìe( ì fckc{{árlo

a~rc{cfpar àò{ {obrc a kmcjaà à pchcyl{ëo fo ~aå{&

2&;&1 A ml{pûrla à PY fo Bra{lh

A PY kmcjos ao Bra{lh fo `la 1= `c {cpcebro `c 1<3>( koe a lfasjsraêëo à ~rleclra cel{{ora`c pchcyl{ëo bra{lhclra& [cjsfò apcrfo{pro -1<<<, c{pa àpa earka a ~rleclra praf{el{{ëo oilklah`c pchcyl{ëo fo ~aå{& A ^RI%; PY @lis{ora pcyc {cs earko ~lofclro fo



~aháklo ò rá`lo( ce [ëo âsho0

& [cs lfåklo iol eslpo ~arcklò koe o ò ispcboh fo ~aå{( pcfò ~rleclro o {cs ~÷bhlko ioreaò~cha chlpc( paebìe ~cho{ ahpo{ ks{po{ o a~archmo pchcyl{lyo&

A ~o~sharlwaêëo ò ycåksho fo Bra{lh iol le~sh{lofaà ce jraf`c ~arpc ~cho rcjlec elhlpar qsc {c

lf{pasros fa faêëo aprayì{ ò joh~c `c 1<903

& Ahlá{( poò{ o{ eclo{ `c koesflkaêëo `c ea{{a

iorae s{aò{ koeo `lis{orc{ à l`cohojla elhlpar `c joycrfo& O{ qsc fëo c{plyc{{ce `c akorò

koe c{{a ~o{lêëo plfmae {cs{ `lrclpo{ `c praf{el{{ëo kcf{sraò{ os ka{{aò{&

A le~orpâfkla àà î{ cel{{ora{ pchcyl{lya{( gsfpaecfpc koe o krc{klecfpo à ckofoela

bra{lhclra( {cryls `c {s~orpc ~ara o asecfpo kof{l`cráych fa ycfà `c pchcyl{orc{& âra {c pcr l`cla(

`c akorò koe a ~c{qsl{a rcahlwaà ~cho Lf{plpspo Bra{lhclro `c Jcojraila c C{papå{plka(

o LBJC( ce 2>>:( o ~crkcfpsah `c pchcyl{orc{ fo{ harc{ bra{lhclro{ {sbls `c :0#( ce 1<<2( ~ara

<0(=#( ce 2>>:& O krc{klecfpo( fëo {û ce f÷ecro `c ycfà{( ea{ koeo ce rchcyâfkla ~ara

{oklcà`c bra{lhclra( ì pëo c}~rc{{lyo qsc7 ‘O c{~aêo ~÷bhlko fo Bra{lh koecêa c pcrelfa fo{

hlelpc{ ~o{po{ ~cha pchcyl{ëo― -BSKKL( 1<<:( ~&2:,&

ôr pah ailreaêëo( cfpcf`c%{c qsc apì a ~rû~rla foêëo `c pcrrlpûrlo ~÷bhlko c{pá ropshaà î PY& Os

echmor( a{ cel{{ora{ pchcyl{lya{ `cilfce c ropshae o qsc ì c{~aêo ~÷bhlko fo ~aå{& Ì aprayì{ ò{

hlelpc{ ~o{po{ ~or cha qsc o Bra{lh {c rckofmckc koeo Bra{lh( yç%{c a {l ec{eo( os {cga( psò o qsc

ì rcprapaò ~cha{ kâecra{ à pchcyl{ëo jafma le~orpâfkla c rc~crks{{ëo kof{plpslfò%{c ce c{~aêo

~÷bhlko& O qsc ì ljforaò ~cha{ obgcplya{ akaba {cfò `c{~rcwaò ce rchcyâfkla& Ospro `c{åjflo

pchcyl{lyo ì a ka~aklà`c `c sflr o ~oyo `c se ~aå{ ce porfo `c se l`cah& O {cfplecfpo `c

~aprlopl{eo `c{~crpaò fa faêëo `srafpc sea Ko~a ò Esfò `c ispcboh( os a prl{pcwa c koeoêëo

ce porfo c sea prajì`la( lhs{prae c{pa karakpcrå{plka o ycåksho&

Pal{ {cfplecfpo{ {ëo ajsêaò{ ~cha rc~rc{cfpaêëo ò{ iapo{ fa pcha( o qsc koe~roya a lfihsçfkla

à PY fa {oklcà`c( c rciorêa a pcorla `c òelfaêëo {obrc o c{~aêo ~÷bhlko bra{lhclro& Ec{eo

koe pafpa rc~rc{cfpaplylà`c ~crafpc o{ bra{lhclro{( Bskkl -1<<:, fëo

0

Lfioreaêëo rcplraà ò {lpc zzz&fcp{abcr&koe&br & Akc{{o ce 2>/></><3

O{ elhlparc{ rcahlwarae sea {ìrlc`c lfyc{plà{ qsc rc{shparae ce se joh~c `c C{paò fo `la 1¾`c Abrlh `c 1<90( lfpcrroe~cfò o joycrfo `ccfpëo ~rc{l`cfpc Goëo Josharp c lf{pasrafò o rcjlec elhlpar&



koe~arplhma à o~lflëo `c qsc a pchcyl{ëo iaw o qsc qscr koe {sa as`lçfkla( hcyafò a poear

`ckl{óc{ eckâflka{& O aspor cilfc a{{le a lfihsçfkla pchcyl{lya7

Cha TPYU fëo `cpcrelfa o qsc kaà se yal iawcr os ~cf{ar( fëo má se kìrcbroeaqslayìhlko ~or prá{ `c kaà cel{{ora ~roksrafò òsprlfar a ea{{a akråplka T&&&U oqsc akofpckc ì qsc a pchcyl{ëo {c a~rc{cfpa koe o{ eckafl{eo{ fckc{{árlo{ ~aralfpcjrar c}~ckpaplya{ `lycr{a{ c `l{~cr{a{ T&&&U -BSKKL( 1<<:( ~&12,&

Eakmaò -2>>1, akrc{kcfpa a c{pc ~cf{aecfpo7 ‘O cqsåyoko ~rlfkl~ah T&&&U c{pá ce ~rc{{s~or qsc

o{ pchc{~ckpaòrc{ {ëo lfjçfso{ a ~ofpo `c rc~cplr `c iorea akråplka a ‘lfpcfêëo― T&&&U à ce~rc{a

os à cqsl~c qsc iaw o pchcgorfah― -EAKMA@O( 2>>1( ~&1>>,&

ôr c{pc a{~ckpo( ~crkcbc%{c qsc fëo má sea òelfaêëo arqslpcpaà ~cha pchcyl{ëo {obrc a

~o~shaêëo& O qsc {c pce {ëo arpliåklo{ ~ara ~rccfkmcr haksfa{ yawla{ fo leajlfárlo à {oklcà`c(

c{~aêo{ `cl}aò{( pahycw( apì ~or sea karçfkla kshpsrah( qsc a{ cel{{ora{ kof{cjsce {s~rlr c

c}crkcr sea yl{ëo `c rcahlà`c qsc apcfà ao lfpcrc{{c `c se l`cah fa leajlfaêëo ò bra{lhclro&

C{pc l`cah ~o`c {cr kof{plpsåò ce ~aprlopl{eo( sflëo( kof{sel{eo( ~aw( os {cga( fo{ af{clo{

àqslho qsc a {oklcà`c cfpcf`c koeo {cfò eo`cho `c esfò ~criclpo( qsc pahycw fëo okorra fa

rcahlà`c( ea{ a PY ~o`c rc~rc{cfpá%ho&

Ì ~o{{åych `lwcr qsc c}l{pc se Bra{lh fa PY( os alfà( c}l{pce yárlo{ ‘Bra{l{― `cfpro ò

Bra{lh à{ pchlfma{& A{ cel{{ora{ pçe a ka~aklà`c `c iorfckcr yárla{ l`cahlwaêóc{ `c esfò

~criclpo( àfò a kaà lf`lyå`so( o `lrclpo `c c{kohmcr a qsc eal{ apcf`c ao {cs `c{cgo7Cha TPYU `c~cf`c à okorrçfkla rcjshar `c cycfpo{ qsc pcfmae a ~áprla ~or obgcplyoT&&&U psò aqslho qsc khaec ~cha kofirapcrflwaêëo( ~cho kofjraêaecfpo( ~cha sflëo à~áprla ì ylpah fa ~rojraeaêëo7 yahce a{ prajì`la{( o{ kae~cofapo{ lfpcrfaklofal{( a{ic{pa{ ~o~sharc{( a{ àpa{ rchljlo{a{ -BSKKL( 1<<:( ~&;;%;0,&

Ahìe `c prabahmar a leajce ò{ gojaòrc{ cfprc o{ pchc{~ckpaòrc{( a pchcyl{ëo( fo ka{o ò

ispcboh( ~rckl{a iawcr koe qsc o c{~cpáksho {cga rc~crksplò ce eclo ao ~÷bhlko( ~ara a{{le(

ycf`cr o {cs foplklárlo c{~orplyo `srafpc a {ceafa&

2&0 O c{~orpc fa PY

O lfåklo à ~ráplka lfioreaplya ò c{~orpc fa PY okorrcs fo{ afo{ 3>( qsafò a PY Ps~l c}lblssea rc~orpajce {obrc a ~arplà cfprc ôrpsjsc{a [^ c [ëo âsho( qsc ilkos kofmcklà koeo a~rleclra lf{crêëo o gorfahl{eo c{~orplyo fa pchcyl{ëo bra{lhclra& Apì o lfåklo o{ afo{



:>( a{ c}~crlçfkla{ `c foplklárlo{ `c{pc {cjecfpo gorfahå{plko fo Bra{lh crae ~arpc ò{lfioreaplyo{ jcral{ à{ cel{{ora{& O eoplyo ~ara o ~osko c{~aêo kc`lò î kobcrpsra c{~orplya iola iahpa `c boa c{prspsra( ~ol{( a{ cel{{ora{ fëo `l{~oflblhlwayae `c eo`crfo{ c cilkawc{ rcksr{o{pckfohûjlko{& Ospro iapor lf`lkaò ~ara a ~oska rc~rc{cfpaplylà c c{~orplya fo{ pchcgorfal{ a

ì~oka ì o iapo `c qsc o c{~orpc fo ~aå{ fëo a~rc{cfpaya sea orjaflwaêëo cicplya c fce serc{~ahò kshpsrah qsc hmc ~crelpl{{c `c{irspar `c sea ealor ~arkcrla koe o ycåksho&

Ec{eo koe c{pc lfåklo `c bal}a rc~rc{cfpaplylà`c( o gorfahl{eo c{~orplyo kof{cjsls ahkafêar

jraf`c c{~aêo fa eå`la pchcyl{lya mogc( oks~afò morárlo{ ce poà{ a{ jra`c{ `c ~rojraeaêëo à{

cel{{ora{ faklofal{& O ispcboh ì o ‘~rapo― ~rlfkl~ah fo ‘kar`á~lo― ò{ pchcc{~orplyo{ faklofal{&

Kochmo -2>>;, iaw kråplka ao kcfárlo ò gorfahl{eo c{~orplyo bra{lhclro rcychafò qsc iahpae

~roil{{lofal{ koe kofmcklecfpo ce ospro{ pl~o{ `c eoàhlà`c{& O aspor ailrea qsc( fa{

rcàêóc{( `ceoros%{c a ~crkcbcr a fckc{{là`c `c ~roil{{lofal{ c{~cklahlwaò{ fo raeo c{~orplyo c

qsc {û a ~al}ëo ò porkcòr fëo cra {silklcfpc ~ara àr rchcyâfkla a c{pa ~ráplka gorfahå{plka&

âra o aspor( kaà árca `cycrla pcr se c{~cklahl{pa gorfahl{pa koecfpafò7 ‘O ecrkaò {û ~crelpc a

krlaêëo `c gorfahl{pa{ `c ispcboh( `c aspoeoblhl{eo( ~or ycwc{ `c pçfl{― -KOCHMO( 2>>;( ~&;:,&

C{pa kråplka ~crelpc o cfpcf`lecfpo `c qsc se ò{ eoplyo{ qsc ~ro~orklofa a c}%aphcpa{

c}crkcrce a isfêëo `c koecfparl{pa{ c{~cklahlwaò{( fo{ ycåksho{ à eå`la( ì iahpa a `c

~roil{{lofal{ gorfahl{pa{ jabarlpaò{ ~ara pah& Kabc î ce~rc{a el`láplka {ohsklofar a qsc{pëo koe

qsce kofmckcs a eoàhlà`c fa ~ráplka& Yohpafò ao ispcboh( Kochmo -2>>;, paebìe kråplka a

yl{ëo `c qsc ~ara {c koecfpar( os lfiorear {obrc o c{~orpc fëo ~rckl{a {c c{~cklahlwar& O {le~hc{

iapo `c poò esfò gá pcr yl{po sea ~arplà se `la( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc {c prapafò `c Bra{lh( fëo

{ljflilka c{par popahecfpc a~po ~ara ‘iawcr ispcboh― gorfahl{plkaecfpc&

O koecfparl{pa ~rckl{a {c aà~par î{ c}ljçfkla{ c ~arplksharlà`c{ ò eclo( koeo( c{prspsra

pchcyl{lya( hlfjsajce pafpo fa iorea hlfjså{plka( qsafpo fa el`láplka( o{ ~rcâebsho{ ò

orfahl{eo( lfkhslfò ìplka c a ~ráplka o~lfaplya& C{pc{ lpcf{ {crëo aboràò{ fo ka~åpsho

{sb{cqscfpc&



; HLFJSAJCE( ÌPLKA GORFAHÅ[PLKA C O GORFAHL[EO @C O^LFLËO

C{pc ka~åpsho c{pabchckc ~arâecpro{ qsc ~creclae c{pc{ prç{ kae~o{ pcûrlko{ fckc{{árlo{ ~ara

o `c{cfyohylecfpo `c{pa afáhl{c& Fo qsc {c rcicrc î hlfjsajce( {crëo c{psàà{ a{ isfêóc{ `c{{a

iorea ~rû~rla qsc o{ {crc{ mseafo{ pçe `c {c koesflkar& A hlfjsajce pchcyl{lya c {cs{ a{~ckpo{

paebìe {crëo aboràò{ fc{pc ka~åpsho&

A ìplka ~ara o{ ilhû{oio{ ì `cilflà koeo aqslho qsc `chlfcla o eoò `c {cr `c kaà lf`lyå`so& O

lpce {crá aboràò fc{pc prabahmo `cfpro à ~cr{~ckplya à koesflkaêëo& A{~ckpo{ koeo

obgcplylà`c c {sbgcplylà`c qsc ~creclae o kae~o gorfahå{plko {crëo `l{ksplò{ {ob o ohmar `c

`licrcfpc{ asporc{& [cjsfò Barro{ Ilhmo -1<<3,( a pcorla ò cpmo{ iol a~hlkaà fo gorfahl{eo ~or

Icrfafò Ho~ìw âf9

( qsc `cilfls à {cjslfpc iorea c{pc pcea7 ‘O cpmo{ ìo cfprc( o ~ofpo `c

kofihsçfkla c kofpapo( o esfò koese `c yahorc{( l`ìla{ c aplps`c{ `lafpc à ylà( a lfpcraêëo ò{

sflycr{o{ ~c{{oal{ ò gorfahl{pa c ò hclpor&― -ÂF( a~s` BARRO[ ILHMO( 2>>1( ~&1>0, Os {cga(

o cpmo{ fo gorfahl{eo {c kof{plpsl fo eclo cfprc a{ kofylkêóc{ ò gorfahl{pa c ò rckc~por fo

~rokc{{o à ~ro`sêëo gorfahå{plka qsc ~roeoyc a lfpcraêëo cfprc c{{c{ òl{ ajcfpc{& Ospro{

a{~ckpo{ qsc korrc{~of`ce paebìe a c{{c klkho {crëo a~rc{cfpaò{ fo `ckorrcr ò ka~åpsho&

ôr ile( o gorfahl{eo o~lfaplyo qsc( {cjsfò Echo -2>>;,( ì se ò{ f÷khco{ `c lfpcrc{{c ce qsc

{c arplksha o gorfahl{eo( {cfò o ospro( a lfioreaêëo& âra o aspor( àå fa{kc o iapo ò rchapo

orfahå{plko pcr a{{selò `sa{ eoàhlà`c{4 a `c{krlêëo c a ycr{ëo ò{ iapo{& âra Echo -2>>;,( a

le~hafpaêëo à iljsra ò koecfparl{pa fa ~ro`sêëo gorfahå{plka {c `á ~cho iapo à{ ~c{{oa{

{cfplrce a fckc{{là`c `c ahjsìe qsc c}~hlka{{c se pcea qsc cha{ fëo òelfae koe~hcpaecfpc&

;&1 A{ `licrcfpc{ isfêóc{ `c hlfjsajce c a hlfjsajce pchcyl{lya

âra àr lfåklo a sea afáhl{c {obrc a hlfjsajce aòpaà ~cho{ koecfparl{pa{ c{~orplyo{( iaw{c

fckc{{árlo( ~rleclro( cfpcf`cr a hlfjsajce c {sa{ `licrcfpc{ isfêóc{& [cjsfò Kmahmsb -2>>1,( a{

ecf{ajcf{ praf{elpce yárla{ iorea{ `c {ljflilkaêóc{ c eo{prae fa {sa earka( fo {cs praêo c fo

{cs ciclpo( o {cs eoò `c ajlr( os {cga( fo eo`cho à ecf{ajce ì qsc {c9

C{~afmoh( @ospor ce gorfahl{eo c ~roic{{or `c koesflkaêëo fa Sflycr{là`c `c Fayarra fa C{~afma&



ycrlilka {cs isfklofaecfpo( {sa isfêëo `c hlfjsajce& Alfà `c akorò koe a aspora( a ilfahlà`c

`c praf{elplr ì ~rû~rla ò ~crilh à ecf{ajce( sea ycw qsc ~arplkl~ae ò ~rokc{{o

koesflkaklofah7 se cel{{or qsc yclksha a ecf{ajce c se rckc~por qsc a rcpçe( s{afò ò

kû`ljo -hlfjsajce, ~ara cicpsá%ha( {cfò c{pa rcicrcfpc a se kofpc}po& O kaelfmo à ~a{{ajce à

cel{{ëo ~ara a rckc~êëo okorrc aprayì{ ò {s~orpc iå{lko qsc ì o kafah&

C{pëo c}~håklpo{( ~orpafpo( o{ iaporc{ qsc {s{pcfpae o{ eoh`c{ a koesflkaêëo( {cfò chc{7

cel{{or( rckc~por( kafah( kû`ljo( rcicrcfpc c ecf{ajce& Kmahmsb -2>>1, afahl{a qsc a{ aprlbslêóc{

`c {cfplò c ~o{{lblhlà`c{ `c lfpcr~rcpaêóc{ qsc ~o`ce {cr `c`swlà{ `c sea ecf{ajce( c{pëo

{lpsaà{ ~rleclraecfpc( fa ~rû~rla `lrcêëo lfpcfklofah o iapor koesflkaklofah( qsc cpcrelfa o

~crilh à ecf{ajce& Cfpcf`c%{c ~or c{pc ~rc{{s~o{po qsc of`c c{pá a çfia{c à ecf{ajce( ahl

paebìe {c hokahlwa a {sa isfêëo&

A aspora `c{krcyc a{ isfêóc{ `c hlfjsajce c}l{pcfpc{ `c akorò koe kaà ~ofpo koesflkaplyo(

c{pafò cha{ a{{le c{pabchcklà{7 ecf{ajce iokaà fo rcicrcfpc {s{pcfpa a isfêëo rcicrcfklah( ioko

fo cel{{or rcecpc î isfêëo ceoplya( rckc~por î kofaplya( kafah î iáplka( ecf{ajce î ~oìplka( c

kû`ljo î ecpahlfjså{plka& Afpc{ c a~roisfàr c{~cklilkaecfpc ce kaà isfêëo( ì c ~rleawla

{ahlcfpar qsc( {cjsfò Kmahmsb -2>>1,( o ~rokc{{o `c koesflkaêëo mseafo paebìe ì

c{pabchcklò ~rû~rlo kor~o qsc iaha( a{{le koeo sea iopojraila iaha( a arqslpcpsra rckorpa o{

c{~aêo{( a ~lfpsra le~rlec( os {cga( c{{a{ c}~rc{{óc{ rc~rc{cfpae ahjo( iorfckce {ljflilkaò{( {c

koesflkae( ec{eo fëo {cfò `c iorea ycrbah( lfpcrajce( a{ ~rû~rla{ isfêóc{ `c hlfjsajce {c

el{psrae ce sea {û ecf{ajce&

A~û{ c{pc cf{alo akcrka à hlfjsajce `c sea iorea eal{ ae~ha( {crá `cpahmaà `c iorea

c{~ckåilka kaà sea à{ isfêóc{( a lflklar( ~cha rcicrcfklah& Fo ~rû~rlo foec( gá ì ~o{{åych

ob{cryar qsc c{pá hljaà ao kofpc}po( {obrc o qsc {c iaha& âra orlcfpar {obrc isfêëo rcicrcfklah(

Kmahmsb -2>>1, c{kharckc qsc ~rleclro ì ~rckl{o qsc {c {c~arc òl{ fåycl{ `c hlfjsajce& O

~rleclro prapa%{c ò kofopaplyo( qsc ì eal{ koe~rccf`lò koeo ‘hlfjsajce iljsraà―7

[c `l{{creo{ ‘~ì à ec{a―( c{paeo{ fo{ rcicrlfò î {cechmafêa cfprc o {ljfo ~ì qscc{pá fo kae~o orjâflko ò {cr mseafo%c o praêo qsc koe~óc a {s{pcfpaêëo à ec{a(fo kae~o ò{ obgcpo{& Se {ljfo ce~rc{pa {sa {ljflilkaêëo ~ara òl{ kae~o{`lycr{o{( sea c{~ìklc `c praf{icrçfkla `c {ljflilkaò& A{{le( a hlfjsajce ‘iljsra― o

obgcpo qsc {s{pcfpa a ec{a( koe ba{c fa {lelharlà`c ò ~ì mseafo c c{{a rchaêëo {c`á cfprc {ljfo{ -KMAHMSB( 2>>1( ~& <,&



O ospro fåych ì o à `cfopaêëo qsc prabahma sea iorea eal{ `lrcpa cfprc o pcreo c o obgcpo7O ~ì ò afleah( o ~ì ò {cr mseafo {crlae {ljfo{ `cfopaplyo{( hlfjsajcekorrchaklofaà a se rcah( qsc rc{~of`crla {ce~rc î ~crjsfpa ‘qsc ì pah obgcpo?― koeo foec ò obgcpo {ce iljsraêëo os lfpcrec`lárlo{ -KMAHMSB( 2>>1( ~&<,&

âra iaklhlpar a koe~rccf{ëo `c{pc{ òl{ fåycl{( a aspora c{pabchckc a {cjslfpc kl{ëo7 hlfjsajce

hcjåych( `cfopaplya c hlfjsajce iljsraà kofopaplya& O{ ec{eo{ {c iawce fckc{{árlo{ fc{pa cpa~a(

~orqsc kse~rce a isfêëo `c orjaflwar o{ {ljfo{( kaà se ao {cs eoò( ce isfêëo ò rcicrcfpc&

A karakpcrå{plka ceoplya à hlfjsajce c{pá ba{caà fa çfia{c ò `l{ksr{o fo cel{{or& [cjsfò

Kmahmsb -2>>1,( a ecf{ajce ì earkaà ~cho praêo lf`lklah ò ~rofoec ce ~rleclra ~c{{oa&

A isfêëo kofaplya c{pá ceba{aà fa ecf{ajce orlcfpaà ~ara o `c{plfapárlo& [cjsfò a aspora( pah

~ro~rlcà`c paebìe rckcbc o foec `c a~chaplya c {c prapa `c sea aêëo ycrbah ~ara {c iawcr fopar

~cho rckc~por( {cga ~or eclo `c sea or`ce( c}orpaêëo( kmaeaecfpo os lfyokaêëo( {asàêëo os

{÷~hlka& Kmahmsb -2>>1, alfà c{kharckc qsc `c{`c qsc maga a pcfpaplya `c kofycfkcr o `c{plfapárlo

`c ahjo( a isfêëo Kofaplya ~o{{sl praêo{ c arjsecfpaêëo/~cr{sa{ëo&

A isfêëo iáplka ì qsafò a ecf{ajce {c ~ro{pra fo {s~orpc iå{lko à ecf{ajce& [cjsfò Kmahmsb

-2>>1,( ~o`c {cr lhs{praà koeo rc~cplêóc{ rlpsahlwaà{( qsa{c rsåò{( bahbsklo{( jajsclra( kakocpc{

`c koesflkaêëo -ec{eo jc{psal{,( iûresha{ yawla{ c kofycfêóc{ {oklal{&

A karakpcrå{plka ~oìplka à hlfjsajce qsc gá iol ra{ksfmaà aklea pce {sa kofkrcplwaêëo fa

chaboraêëo à ecf{ajce koe o ioko fcha ~rû~rla& A~rc{cfpa sea hlfjsajce eal{ roeafkl{pa( `c

a~cho ceoklofah&

ôr ile( a isfêëo ecpahlfjså{plka ì c{prspsraà fo kû`ljo( os {cga( faqslho qsc ì splhlwaò koeo

iorea `c koesflkaêëo& Kmahmsb -2>>1, c{kharckc qsc se l`loea( os {lfahlwaêëo `c prâf{lpo {ëo

c}ce~ho{ `c{pa ioreshaêëo ce klea `c kû`ljo{( os {cga( kû`ljo ì o foec ~cho qsah {c

kofycfklofos kmaear os `cilflr ahjo( c a hlfjsajce c{prspsraà fc{pc{ ~arâecpro{ ì a

Ecpahlfjså{plka&



A hlfjsajce qsc iol a~rc{cfpaà prapafò `c {ljfo{ lfpcrfo{ à hlfjså{plka fëo pce {oecfpc c{pa

rcicrçfkla koeo iorea `c {cr c}~rc{{a& [cjsfò Kmaras`cas -2>>9, a lfioreaêëo ì se icfðecfo

{oklah qsc `c~cf`c lf`sblpaychecfpc à hlfjsajce& O c{psò `c{{a rchaêëo prapa%{c à hlfjsajce

cfqsafpo apo `c `l{ksr{o( ì a eafclra ~cha qsah {c orjaflwa a klrkshaêëo à iaha fsea {oklcà`c ao

~ro`swlr {cfplò& O aspor c{kharckc qsc a lfioreaêëo le~hlka ce ~rokc{{o `c chaboraêëo `c

`l{ksr{o ce {lpsaêëo `c koesflkaêëo( os {cga( o apo `c lfiorear c o qsc lfiorear c{parëo

`lrcpaecfpc hljaò{ ao `l{ksr{o kof{prsåò ~ara pah& Kmaras`cas -2>>9, orlcfpa qsc o `l{ksr{o fëo

ì sea håfjsa( cebora o ec{eo {cga iabrlkaò ~or pah7A håfjsa ì yohpaà ~ara {sa ~rû~rla orjaflwaêëo( ce `lycr{o{ {l{pcea{ qsc rcjl{praeo{ pl~o{ `c rchaêëo qsc {c lf{pasrae cfprc a{ iorea{ -eoriohojla,( {sa{ koeblfaêóc{-{lfpa}c, c o {cfplò( eal{ os ecfo{ c{páych c ~ropopå~lko `c qsc c{{a{ iorea{ {ëo~orpaòra{ {cjsfò {sa{ rc`c{ `c rchaêóc{ -{ceâfplka, -KMARAS@CAS( 2>>9(~&0>,&

A `licrcfêa ì qsc o `l{ksr{o c{pá yohpaò ~ara ospra ilfahlà`c( ahìe à{ rcjra{ {obrc o s{o à

håfjsa& [cjsfò o aspor( rc{shpa à koeblfaêëo à{ klrksf{pâfkla{ ce qsc {c iaha os c{krcyc koe a

eafclra ~cha qsah {c iaha& @cfpro à{ kof`lêóc{ àqschc qsc iaha( c{pëo le~håklpa{ a l`cfplà`c

`c{pc ajcfpc( a qsce c{pc {c `lrljc( a rchaêëo `c lfpcfklofahl a`c qsc o{ hlja c a{ kof`lêóc{ iå{lka{

à proka& ^crkcbc%{c( cfpëo( qsc o `l{ksr{o ì forpcaò ~or qsc{póc{ ~crplfcfpc{ ao{ òl{ ajcfpc{

qsc ~arplkl~ae ò ~rokc{{o koesflkaklofah7 cel{{or c rckc~por& A lfioreaêëo yclkshaà ~cha PY(~or c}ce~ho( pcrá {cs `l{ksr{o chaboraò `c akorò koe a{ c{~cklilklà`c{ ò eclo&

Poò pl~o `c eå`la ~o{{sl karakpcrå{plka{ ~rû~rla{& Ahìe à hlfjsajce jhobah( os a lfioreaplya

qsc akabos `c {cr `chlfcaà( a pchcyl{ëo koeo ycåksho `c koesflkaêëo pce {sa{ ~ro~rlcà`c{ bce

`cilflà{ c paebìe a~rc{cfpa a {sa hlfjsajce qsc ì lfcrcfpc a poò{ qsc ~arplkl~ae ò ~rokc{{o

pchcyl{lyo( lfkhslfò o{ koecfparl{pa{ c{~orplyo{& [cjsfò âpcrfo{pro -1<<<,( ce PY( a leajceyahc eal{ ò qsc a ~ahayra& A{{le {cfò( o gorfahl{pa pce se ~rleclro `c{ailo ao ioreshar o {cs

pc}po7 a leajce yal koeafàr a c{krlpa& A{ ~ahayra{ `cyce {crylr `c a~olo ~ara a leajce(

koe~hcecfpafò%a& O `licrcfklah à pchcyl{ëo( ce rchaêëo ao rá`lo c ao gorfah ì gs{paecfpc a

lfioreaêëo yl{sah( ì o qsc ~roeoyc ia{kåflo c lfpcrc{{c fo ~÷bhlko& [cjsfò a aspora(

kohoqslahl{eo( kharcwa( ~rckl{ëo( obgcplylà`c( lfioreaêëo `lrcpa {le~hc{ c ~as{aà {ëo

karakpcrå{plka{ ò pc}po -hlfjsajce, pchcyl{lyo c paebìe kof{plpsce fo `c{ailo a {c ycfkcr ~ara a

chaboraêëo `c se pc}po `c qsahlà`c( `c sea hlfjsajce eal{ a~sraà&



âpcrfo{pro -1<<<, c{kharckc qsc a fopåkla fa pchcyl{ëo ì ab{orylà ~cho rckc~por `c iorea

lf{pafpâfca c `cyc {cr koe~rccf`là pëo hojo akabc `c {cr ka~paà ~cha as`lêëo& @licrcfpcecfpc

`c se gorfah le~rc{{o( ~or c}ce~ho( qsc ~o`c {cr rchlò qsafpo ycwc{ o kof{selòr à

lfioreaêëo akmar fckc{{árlo ~ara cfpcf`ç %ha( fa PY a fopåkla fëo yohpa c o pchc{~ckpaòr fëo pce

pce~o ~ara rcihcplr {obrc sea ecf{ajce ~a{{aà( {ce o ~rcgsåwo `c ~cr`cr a{ {sb{cqscfpc{&

ôr l{{o( a aspora `c{krcyc a{ karakpcrå{plka{ à hlfjsajce ò gorfahl{eo pchcyl{lyo( koeo iaporc{

kof`lklofaò{ ~cha c{~cklilklà`c ò eclo c a iorea ~cha qsah chc aplfjc {cs ~÷bhlko&

;&2 Obgcplylà`c ycr{s{ {sbgcplylà`c

O{ òl{ kae~o{( obgcplyl a`c c {sbgcplyl a`c( ~creclae o iawcr gorfahå{plko ~royokafò `cbapc{ c

rcihc}óc{ ce porfo à c{prspsra à fopåkla `c{`c {sa ~aspa apì o rc~a{{c ao ~÷bhlko& [cjsfò

Aearah -1<<9,( a obgcplylà`c ì a~ofpaà koeo sea à{ ~rlfkl~al{ ylrps`c{ à eapìrla

orfahå{plka( ~a`rëo a~rc{cfpaò c `cicf`lò ~cha le~rcf{a forpc%aecrlkafa má qsa{c se {ìksho c

qsc {c porfos c{~chmo `c eslpa{ ospra{( lfkhs{lyc a bra{lhclra& A obgcplylà`c( fo raeo à

lfioreaêëo( ì yl{pa koeo se l`cah a {cr aplfjlò c `c{`c {sa akclpaêëo( {ce~rc iol kofirofpaà

koe o {cs o~o{po( a {sbgcplylà`c& O aspor c{kharckc qsc o eoplyo ~ara qsc c{{a{ `sa{ ycrpcfpc{

c{pcgae {ce~rc {c kofpra{pafò c ioreshafò pcorla{ a rc{~clpo ò ~a~ch à le~rcf{a( c{pá fo iapo

`c qsc poò{ {ëo ~rl{lofclro{ `c {l{pcea{ `c yahorc{ a`qslrlò{7

O{ fo{{o{ apo{ {ëo lfihscfklaò{( qsafò fëo `cpcrelfaò{( ~or fo{{a eafclra~rû~rla `c ycr( {cfplr c rcajlr î aêëo ò{ ajcfpc{ c}pcrfo{& O {cr mseafo yç o esfò~or eclo `c sea c{~ìklc `c ilhpro c koe ba{c fc{{a a~rcklaêëo kof{prûl a {sarcahlà`c -AEARAH( 1<<9( ~&1=>,&

A jraf`c koe~hc}là`c `c{pa pcorla `c obgcplylà`c gorfahå{plka c{pá c}~hlklpaà fa klpaêëo `c

Aearah -1<<9, o gorfahl{pa qsc( koeo poò {cr mseafo( ì ioreaò ~or kofkc~êóc{ c l`cal{

kof{plpsåò{ ~or {sa ~rû~rla {sbgcplylà`c( `cyc {c `c{ycfklhmar `c {sa{ kofylkêóc{ ~c{{oal{( ~ara

`c{krcycr a{ kol{a{ à eafclra koeo cha{ {ëo os okorrce( {ce a~rc{cfpar fcfmse gsåwo os

~rcicrçfkla& Aearah -1<<9, `c{paka qsc a obgcplylà`c c a {sbgcplylà`c kof{plpslce o ~robhcea

kcfprah à ilho{oila( ~or c{par o ~cf{aecfpo kof`lklofaò a c{pc{ òl{ iaporc{ o~o{po{& [cjsfò o

@lklofárlo à Håfjsa ôrpsjsc{a( obgcplylà`c ì `cilflà koeo o qsc c}~óc( lfyc{plja os krlplka a{kol{a{( aia{pafò qsal{qscr {cfplecfpo{ ~c{{oal{&



Gá o pcreo {sbgcplylà`c iol rc{{ahpaò( ~cha ilho{oila okl`cfpah eo`crfa ~or @c{karpc{& O ~cf{aòr

kmcjos( ~or eclo `c {cs{ c{psò{( î ÷flka kcrpcwa qsc ì a c}l{pçfkla ò {sgclpo& O ilhû{oio

akrc`lpaya( ~or c{{c ~cf{aecfpo( ~o`cr aplfjlr a foêëo ò qsc ì ycrà`c {ce ~rckl{ar aia{par%{c `c

{l ec{eo( koeo ~rcja a obgcplylà`c&

Barro{ Ilhmo -1<<3, a~ofpa `sa{ korrcfpc{ ~ara lf{crlr o{ `lycr{o{ ~cf{aecfpo{ ilho{ûilko{ a

rc{~clpo `c obgcplylà`c lfioreaplya( kofkclpo splhlwaò ~cho aspor( qsc `cilfc o pcea fa ~ro`sêëo

orfahå{plka& A ~rleclra ì a Obgcplylà`c Le~o{{åych L`cah%På~lka& C{{a aha korrc{~of`c a pcûrlko{

qsc `c{krcyce obgcplylà`c koeo se kofgsfpo `c karakpcrå{plka{ c ab{praêóc{ qsc fëo c}l{pc ce

c{paò ~sro& Fa rcahlà`c( prapa%{c `c sea Spo~la& [cjsfò o aspor( o{ ilhû{oio{ `c{pa korrcfpc

akrc`lpae qsc( cebora fëo ~o{{a {cr aplfjlà fa {sa ~hcflps`c( a obgcplylà`c `cyc rc~rc{cfpar

sea pcf`çfkla( sea orlcfpaêëo( sea `lrcêëo a {cr bs{kaà&

Barro{ Ilhmo -1<<3, splhlwa o c{psò rcahlwaò ~or Celh @oyliap:

~ara lhs{prar c{pa hlfma `c

raklokåflo& O c{psò c{kharckc qsc o gorfah lfioreará o echmor qsc ~o{{a( fëo {cfò obgcplyaecfpc

ycrà`clro( ea{ {le {sbgcplyaecfpc ycro{{åelh&

A ospra aha `c ~cf{aecfpo ì foecaà ~cho aspor ~or Obgcplylà`c Le~o{{åych%Lf`c{cgáych& O{

pcûrlko{ `c{pa árca a~ofpae qsc a obgcplylà`c ab{ohspa ì lfaplfjåych ~or rawóc{ lfcrcfpc{ î ~rû~rla

~ro`sêëo el`láplka( c paebìe ~orqsc a{ forea{ `c ~rokc`lecfpo gorfahå{plko qsc a{{cjsrarlae a

obgcplylà`c {ëo krlplkáycl{& @cfpro `c{pa rcjra{( c{pëo o{ kofkclpo{ `c yahor à lfioreaêëo(

hcjlblhlà`c( kmckablhlà`c c le~arklahlà`c&

O yahor à lfioreaêëo( {cjsfò Barro{ Ilhmo -1<<3,( ì sea ~ro~o{pa `c ec`lr a yahlà`c

lfioreaplya `c akorò koe prç{ ~arâecpro{7 `cf{là`c -~ro~orêëo `c ~ofpo{ lfioreaplyo{

rchcyafpc{,( o f÷ecro `c `licrcfpc{ ~ofpo{ ecfklofaò{ ce rchaêëo ao popah `c ~o{{lblhlà`c{ c a

~roisf`là`c -koeo c{{c{ ~ofpo{ agsàe a cfpcf`cr o{ ~ofpo{ bá{lko{,& O yahor à lfioreaêëo ì

qsc{plofaò koeo aprlbspo `c obgcplylà`c gs{paecfpc ~cho iapo `c qsc a rchcyâfkla `c se a{{sfpo

ì c~cf`cfpc c pce~o( hsjar( ob{cryaòr c( ~rleor`lahecfpc( o rckc~por&

:

Ilhû{oio ahceëo( se ò{ ~lofclro{ ò gorfahl{eo klcfpåilko ahceëo ce {cs c{psò {obrc Koesflkaêëo lfplpsha o7^crlo`l{eo&



Hcjlblhlà`c( {cjsfò o aspor( prapa%{c ò jras `c rc`sf`âfkla `c se pc}po obc`ckcfò ao{

krlpìrlo{ `c lfkl`çfkla `c iapo{ c kharcwa `c o~lflóc{& O kofkclpo `c kharcwa `c o~lflóc{ paebìe ì

{sbgcplyo ao rckc~por( ì chc qsc pce o ~ro`spo ilfah fa{ eëo{( ~ara c{pabchckcr {c o pc}po ì `c iáklh

koe~rccf{ëo& Cfpëo( a hlfjsajce aòpaà fa ~ro`sêëo lfioreaplya ì `lrcklofaà ao ~÷bhlko `c

akorò koe ~rì%kofkclpo{ qsc `cilfce a ka~aklà`c `c {cr cfpcf`là ~cho ec{eo&

Kmckablhlà`c `lw rc{~clpo a( qsafpo ealor ior a ~o{{lblhlà`c `c o `c{plfapárlo kmckar a{

rcicrçfkla{ splhlwaà{ fa lfioreaêëo( ealor {crá a obgcplylà`c ò pc}po& C{pa qsc{pëo c{barra fo

{cjrcò ~roil{{lofah ò gorfahl{pa( ~ol{( aprayì{ `c{pa ~rcrrojaplya( o ~÷bhlko pcrla akc{{o î{ iofpc{

à rc~orpajce&

ôr ile( a le~arklahlà`c qsc( {cjsfò Barro{ Ilhmo -1<<3,( prapa%{c `c sea pcfpaplya `c c}crkcr

sea rcihc}ëo fa `lycr{là`c& @c eafclra eal{ {le~hc{( ì o apo `c `cpckpar a{ `lycr{a{ o~lflóc{ c

ycr{óc{ {obrc o ec{eo pcea& C{pc iapor ì hlelpaò apì ec{eo ~cho c{~aêo qsc {c ~o{{sl ~ara a

`lyshjaêëo à lfioreaêëo( kofpra{pa paebìe koe ~cril{ c`lporlal{ `c ce~rc{a{& Koeo iol ~o{{åych

ob{cryar( obgcplylà`c c {sbgcplylà`c {ce~rc c{parëo {cfò `cbaplà{( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc fo ~rokc{{o

orfahå{plko& Cfpëo( kabcrá ao ~roil{{lofah c ao{ eclo{ `c koesflkaêëo `cilflr a echmor eafclra `c

prabahmar cfprc c{pc{ ol{ ~arâecpro{&

;&; A ~ráplka ò koecfparl{eo

A ~ráplka ò koecfparl{eo kofqsl{pos c{~aêo fo gorfahl{eo bra{lhclro( `lycr{a{ c`lporla{ ~o{{sce

c{~cklahl{pa{ o~lfafò akcrka ò{ akofpcklecfpo{ rchcyafpc{ `c `cpcrelfaò {cjecfpo& Fo ~aå{( a

~ráplka c{pá a{{oklaà( {cjsfò Earqsc{ `c Echo -2>>;,( î ra~l`cw koe qsc o ~rokc{{o `c

yclkshaêëo `c fopåkla{ ahkafêos& âra cfpcf`cr eal{ {obrc a{ rc~orpajcf{( porfos%{c fckc{{árla a

~rc{cfêa `c sea iljsra qsc lhs{pra{{c c celpl{{c o~lflëo {obrc `cpcrelfaò{ a{{sfpo{& âra

Earqsc{ `c Echo -2>>;,( o ~roil{{lofah qsc qscr `c{ce~cfmar c{pa isfêëo `cyc ~o{{slr sea iarpa

bajajce kshpsrah {obrc o pcea ao qsah iol `c{ljfaò&

A{ afáhl{c{ ò koecfparl{pa `cyce pcr kofpc÷ò( c fëo sea kofgsfpsra `c kohokaêóc{ {cekofc}óc{& Alfà {cjsfò o aspor( o kofmcklecfpo popah ò a{{sfpo àrá ao ~roil{{lofahkrc`lblhlà c gsfpo ao{ rckc~porc{& Earqsc{ `c Echo -2>>;, c{kharckc qsc qsce afahl{a o{



iapo{ fëo `cyc {cr ~arpl`árlo( {cfò qsc l{{o fëo {ljflilka {cr fcspro( a~cfa{ {sjcrc qsc {ca~rc{cfpc a o~lflëo {ce qsc cha c{pcga kof`lklofaà î obpcfêëo `c yafpajcf{ ~o{pcrlorc{&

Earqsc{ `c Echo -2>>;, a{{okla ao koecfparl{eo a karakpcrå{plka `c kofplfslà`c koeo

obrljaporlcà c( lf`lkafò qsc a arplkshaêëo à afáhl{c {obrc a fopåkla `cyc a~rcklar o{ iapo{ qsc a

afpckc`crae c o{ qsc a {skc`crëo&

[obrc koecfpárlo c{~orplyo( Earqsc{ `c Echo -2>>;, cfpcf`c koeo {cfò o kae~o qsc {c ailjsra

hlyrc ~ara a{ cel{{óc{ `c afáhl{c{& Chc c{kharckc qsc a ~rc{cfêa ò koecfparl{pa c{~orplyo ì

le~rc{klf`åych fa{ praf{el{{óc{( ~ara qsc apì ec{eo aqschc rckc~por qsc fëo ì akoe~afmafpc

a{{å`so ò c{~orpc cfpcfà o qsc c{pá akofpckcfò& Poà{ a{ karakpcrå{plka{ klpaà{ ~or Earqsc{

`c Echo -2>>;, korrc{~of`ce î isfêëo `c{ce~cfmaà ~cho ~roil{{lofah koecfparl{pa( rchapafò a

le~orpâfkla qsc c{pc ~roil{{lofah pce( ~or {cr se ioreaòr `c o~lflëo c se afahl{pa `c iapo{ qsc

cfyohyce c {ëo `c lfpcrc{{c à {oklcà`c&

Fo ka{o c{~ckåilko o ispcboh( o koecfparl{pa prabahma ~roksrafò c{pabchckcr sea afáhl{c raklofah

ce se eclo c{prlpaecfpc ~a{{lofah& O afahl{pa `c{pc c{~orpc fëo {oecfpc c}~óc {sa{ o~lflóc{ a

rc{~clpo ò a{{sfpo& [cjsfò @rsb{kd| -2>>;,( o koecfparl{pa pce o kofmcklecfpo ~ara ajrcjar

yahorc{ páplko{ koe kofkclpo{ c pìkflka{ `c akorò koe a kshpsra bra{lhclra& Os {cga( ì fckc{{árlo

qsc {c cfpcfà `c ispcboh c `c {cs{ ~rcâebsho{ koeo c{papå{plka{( àò{( a{~ckpo{ páplko{( ~ohåplka(

ml{pûrla( c psò o qsc cfyohya a eoàhlà`c( c qsc {c praf{elpa c{pc kofmcklecfpo kofpc}psahlwaò

koe o{ yahorc{ kshpsral{ à {oklcà`c& O koecfparl{pa porfa%{c se cho cfprc o ispcboh c o ~÷bhlko&

ôr l{{o( a rc{~of{ablhlà`c `c{pc ~roil{{lofah asecfpa( ~ol{ se koecfpárlo ~o`c ahkafêar jraf`c

rc~crks{{ëo pafpo ~o{lplya qsafpo fcjaplya& C o iapo `c a~rc{cfpar a o~lflëo fëo ì(

fckc{{arlaecfpc( `lwcr a ycrà`c ab{ohspa {obrc o{ iapo{& âra Ylha{ Boa{ -2>>3,( a isfêëo à

le~rcf{a pcrla qsc {cr a~cfa{ a `c a~rc{cfpar a echmor ycr{ëo ~o{{åych ò{ iapo{ c fëo ~roksrar o

jraah à ycrà`c7

Ea{ a le~rcf{a aòra aòpar se Eafsah `c Ycrà`c{ Lf`l{kspåycl{ c [s~rcea{ àRcàêëo& Ce c{~cklah( a fo{{a raêa ispcbohå{plka& @c{kofilc {ce~rc `c qsce `lw ‘a

jraf`c ycrà`c ì qsc&&&―& C{{c ì se balpa `c se cforec `c se jraf`c ecfplro{o

-YLHA[ BOA[( 2>>3( ~&10,&

O aspor iaw c{pa kråplka `lrcklofaà ao ispcboh( ~cho iapo `c qsc eslpo{ a{~ckpo{ fc{pc c{~orpc {ëo le~rcyl{åycl{(koeo ~or c}ce~ho( o rc{shpaò `c se gojo& O gorfahl{pa qsc {c arrl{kar ce



~ah~lpar qsc se plec ì iayorlpo c jafmará ò ospro( ka{o o ec{eo fëo okorra( ~o`c( {cjsfò Ylha{ Boa{ -2>>3,(pcr a {sa krc`lblhlà`c aecaêaà c ilkar pargaò `c `c{lfioreaò( arrojafpc( c{p÷~lò( `cfprc ospro{ a`gcplyo{`c{~rcwåycl{&

Ospra kråplka( a~rc{cfpaà ~cho aspor ao{ gorfahl{pa{ ispcbohå{plko{( ì o iapo `c o{ koecfpárlo{

c{parce rc~hcpo{ ò qsc chc kmaea `c haàlfma& Ira{c{ iclpa{ c {le~hl{pa{ koeo7 ‘C{pá iahpafò

aplps`c―( O jrs~o c{pá sflò( C{pá iahpafò ~cjaà( {c porfarae korrlqsclra{ fo yokabshárlo ò{

koecfparl{pa{ `c ispcboh& âra Ylha{ Boa{ -2>>3,( `c{{a iorea( qsahqscr bå~c`c ~o`c koecfpar

ispcboh fo Bra{lh& âra o aspor( se ò{ eoplyo{ ~ara sea afáhl{c `c ~osko kofpc÷ò fo ispcboh(

c{pá rchaklofaò ao iapo `c o{ gorfahl{pa{ akmarce qsc o ispcboh {û {c rc{ohyc `cfpro ò kae~o( fa

mora ò gojo& O ~roil{{lofah qsc pce c{pc ~cf{aecfpo `c{~rcwa poò o prabahmo `c prclfaecfpo c

a~criclêoaecfpo qsc o khsbc c{cfyohyc srafpc a {ceafa&

Ylha{ Boa{ -2>>3, krlplka o iapo `c qsc raraecfpc se koecfparl{pa ~rc{cfkla se prclfo `c sea

cqsl~c& âra o aspor( o a~arcfpc `c{lfpcrc{{c ò gorfahl{pa ce {c ceba{ar `c kofpc÷ò( ~ara

chaboraêëo `c sea o~lflëo eal{ koe~hcpa( c{pá fo ~osko lfpcrc{{c ò ~÷bhlko ~or ahjsf{ a{~ckpo{

ò ispcboh( koeo a ~arpc páplka( ~or c}ce~ho& âra Kochmo -2>>;,( ~cho iapo `c o ispcboh c{par

lfpleaecfpc hljaò î ceoêëo( a afahl{c páplka ò{ gojo{ {crá iclpa ~or rchapo{ qsc ~roeoyae o

{cfplecfpahl{eo ò porkcòr c ~royoqsce fchc pafpo ‘arrc~lo― qsafpo a `c{krlêëo à kofqsl{pa `c

se påpsho& Prabahmar o ispcboh cqslyahcfò î ceoêëo c î rcahlà`c ì o qsc iaw koe qsc a

praf{el{{ëo ispcbohå{plka ahkafkc jraf`c as`lçfkla c qsc rc~crkspa o c{~orpc fo ~aå{&

ôr iahar ce rc~crks{{ëo( a lfkhs{ëo ò koecfparl{eo fo ~rokc{{o ò ispcboh pchcyl{lyo ~o`c {cr

yl{pa koeo sea c{prapìjla `c `lyshjaêëo ò c{~orpc& A PY ~o{{sl foplklárlo{ `lárlo{ {obrc

o c{~orpc( fckc{{lpafò a{{le `c sea iljsra qsc `l{kspa o a{{sfpo `c sea eafclra qsc ~royoqsc

fo ~÷bhlko sea kofplfslà`c ò lfpcrc{{c akcrka àqschc `cpcrelfaò a{{sfpo( {cfò c{pa sea

karakpcrå{plka gá klpaà ~or Echo -2>>;, koeo ~crplfcfpc ao koecfparl{pa( qsc paebìe isfklofa

koeo sea iorea `c a~ro}leaêëo à PY koe o pchc{~ckpaòr& A{ karakpcrå{plka{ klpaà{ ~ara o{

~roil{{lofal{ ò koecfparl{eo iorae ob{cryaà{ ce c{psò{ pcûrlko{ {obrc o{ ec{eo{& A

a~hlkaêëo `c{{a pcorla( fa ~ráplka ò{ ~roil{{lofal{( {crá aboràà fo ~rû}leo ka~åpsho&



0 A ÂRPLKLÂÊËO @O[ KOECFPARL[PA[ FO BOHA FA RC@C C PCRKCLRO

PCEÔ

O obgcplyo `c{pc ka~åpsho ì a~rc{cfpar a ~c{qsl{a `c{cfyohylà {obrc o koe~orpaecfpo ò{

koecfparl{pa{ c{~orplyo{ Rlkarò Earplf{ c Rofahò Jloyafchl( ò ~rojraea Boha fa Rc`c( à

Rc`c PY( gsfpaecfpc koe Go{ì Icrrclra Fcpo( o Fcpo( c O{ear `c Ohlyclra aebo{ ò Pcrkclro

Pce~o à PY Baf`clrafpc{& A{ `sa{ apraêóc{ yëo ao ar ao{ òelfjo{&

Fa afáhl{c( o ~c{qsl{aòr {c a~roisfà fo{ `cpahmc{ {obrc o{ àò{ `ckorrcfpc{ àlfyc{pljaêëo( a ile `c kof{cjslr rc{~o{pa{ î{ {sa{ lfàjaêóc{( c ~roksra c{pabchckcra{ rchaêóc{ fckc{{árla{ cfprc o{ àò{ obplò{ c a{ ml~ûpc{c{ ioreshaà{& C{pa{ {ëokoe~royaà{ os rcispaà{( ec`lafpc a afáhl{c -HADAPO[ C EARKOFL( 2>>1(

~&19=,&

[cjslfò c{pc{ ~arâecpro{ fckc{{árlo{ ~ara a obpcfêëo `c rc{shpaò{ ce ~c{qsl{a{ klcfpåilka{(

iorae afahl{aò{ o{ koecfpárlo{ ò{ ~roil{{lofal{ fo{ ~rojraea{ Boha fa Rc`c c Pcrkclro Pce~o(

obc`ckcfò î ecpoòhojla le~rc{klf`åych ~ara pah& Elfa|o -2>>1, cfpcf`c ~or ecpoòhojla o

kaelfmo ò ~cf{aecfpo c a ~ráplka c}crklà fa rcahlà`c&

âra ~rokc`cr î afahl{c à hlfjsajce ò{ koecfparl{pa{( iorae jrayaà{ a{ c`lêóc{ ò{ `la{ 2>/><(

>0/11 c 11/1>/>< `c aeba{ a{ apraêóc{& O obgcplyo ì `cpckpar `licrcfêa{ fa hlfjsajce aòpaà ~or

~roil{{lofal{ qsc {ëo ioreaò{ ce gorfahl{eo( ce koe~araêëo koe o{ c}%aphcpa{ `c ispcboh& âra

pah( a{ ob{cryaêóc{ celplà{ ~cho{ koecfparl{pa{ {crëo kof{l`craà{ `c akorò koe o{ krlpìrlo{

rcicrcfpc{ î ~roil{{ëo `c koecfparl{pa( a{{oklaò{ î{ c{~cklilklà`c{ à PY( ìplka gorfahå{plka c

hlfjsajce&

Afpc{( ~orìe( `c {c a~rc{cfpar o c{psò( {cjsc sea brcyc `c{krlêëo à{ cel{{ora{ `c PY( ò{

~rojraea{ c o{ koecfparl{pa{&

0&1 ARc`cPYco Boha fa Rc`c

[cjsfò o {lpc à cel{{ora(=

a Rc`c PY ì mogc( o ~rleclro c ÷flko kafah `c pchcyl{ëo koe

praf{el{{óc{ 1>># `ljlpah fo esfò& Cfpros fo ar ~cha ~rleclra ycw( oilklahecfpc( ce 13 `c

foycebro `c 1<<<( aprayì{ à aqsl{lêëo( ~or ~arpc ò ce~rc{árlo Aelhkarc @ahhcyo( `c ;>#

= zzz&rc`cpy&koe&br

( akc{{aò ce >2/1>/><&



à{ `åylà{ à c}plfpa PY Eafkmcpc<

c( kof{cqscfpcecfpc( à mcrafêa à kofkc{{ëo qsc ~crpcfkla a

c{pa cel{{ora& @c akorò koe Mlfj{p -2>>0,( c{pa aqsl{lêëo okorrcs( ce = `c ealo `c 1<<<( a~û{

lf÷ecra{ pcfpaplya{ irs{praà{ c {ahyaêëo a PY Eafkmcpc&

Ce pcreo{ `c kobcrpsra( `c{`c {sa c{prcla( a Rc`c PY yce krc{kcfò ce koe~araêëo koe a{

ospra{ cel{{ora{ bra{lhclra{ fc{pc ec{eo lfpcryaho `c pce~o& A~cfa{ fo{ {cs{ ~rleclro{ {cl{

ec{c{ fo ar( asecfpos {sa abrafjçfkla ce :9;#( ~a{{afò `c klfko ~ara klfqscfpa c prç{

cel{{ora{ ~rû~rla{ fo ~aå{( c{pafò ~rc{cfpc ce =2# ò pcrrlpûrlo faklofah( {cfò fo popah

;&39> esflkå~lo{ kofpce~haò{ koe o {lfah à Rc`c PY& Elfa{ Jcral{ ì o ealor c{paò ce

f÷ecro `c esflkå~lo{ qsc rckcbce o {lfah à cel{{ora fo Bra{lh& [ëo 2;0 klà`c{ qsc ka~pae {sa

~rojraeaêëo& Fo Bra{lh( {ëo 29 c{paò{ qsc ~o{{sce kobcrpsra à cel{{ora( {cfò qsc {sa rc`c ì

jcraà ce [ëo âsho( {sa{ ilhlal{ c{pëo fa{ klà`c{ `c Bcho Morlwofpc( Rlo `c Gafclro( Rcklic c

Iorpahcwa( qsc ioreae {sa{ cel{{ora{ ~rû~rla{( ahìe à{ 0> ailhlaà{ c{~ahmaà{ ~or poò o Bra{lh&

Boha fa Rc`c ì o ~rojraea `cbapcòr `c ispcboh qsc c{pá má eal{ pce~o fo ar `c iorea

lflfpcrrs~pa c ce sea ec{ea rc`c `c pchcyl{ëo& @c{`c 1<<<( a apraêëo yal ao ar ao{ òelfjo{ î

folpc ~cha Rc`c PY& A~c{ar à{ esàfêa{ `c ~arplkl~afpc{1>( o ~rojraea eafpìe o ec{eo

ioreapo `c ec{a rcòfà `c ispcboh( koe `cbapc{ {obrc a roàà ò ile `c {ceafa( hlfd{ ao ylyo

ò{ yc{plárlo{ ò{ khsbc{ koe a{ cfprcyl{pa{ ~û{ gojo{( rc{seo ò{ iapo{ à {ceafa qsc {c ~a{{os

c qsc eal{ {c `c{pakarae fo esfò c{~orplyo( c a ~arplkl~aêëo `c kofylàò{ c{~cklal{ fo{

c{p÷`lo{( ce {sa ealorla gojaòrc{ `c ispcboh& O Boha fa Rc`c ì a~rc{cfpaò ~cho gorfahl{pa

Icrfafò Yaffskkl( c pce koeo koecfparl{pa{ il}o{ Rofahò Jloyafchl c Rlkarò Earplf{&

0&2 PY Baf`clrafpc{ c o Pcrkclro Pce~o

[cjsfò o {lpc oilklah à cel{{ora(11

a pragcpûrla faklofah à PY Baf`clrafpc{ pcyc lfåklo fo ilfah

ò{ afo{ 9>( {cfò a cel{{ora irspo `c se ~rogcpo `c c}pcf{ëo ò ce~rc{árlo à árca `c

<

Cel{{ora `c PY bra{lhclra lfasjsraà ce 3 `c gsfmo `c 1<=;( fa klà`c ò Rlo `c Gafclro( qsc a~û{ se ~cråoò`c {skc{{lya{ krl{c{ ilfafkclra{ cfprc o{ afo{ `c 1<<; a 1<<=( pcyc {sa kofkc{{ëo a`qslrlà ~cho ce~rc{árlo

Aelhkarc @ahhcyo( qsc lfasjsros a Rc`c PY fa ircqsçfkla afpc{ ~crpcfkcfpc î Eafkmcpc& 1> @srafpc o{ afo{ ceqsc c{pá fo ar( yárlo{ iorae o{ lfpcjrafpc{ à bafkaà( koeo o{ gorfahl{pa{ Gorjc Dagsrs( Robcrpo Ayahhofc( GskaDiosrl( Earkcho Blafkofl c o c}%aphcpa `c ispcboh Wcppl( `cfprc ospro{&

11

zzz&baf`&koe&br( akc{{aò ce>2/1>/><&



koesflkaêóc{ Goëo [aa`& Afpc{ ec{eo à isfàêëo à rc`c `c pchcyl{ëo( [aa` gá ~o{{såa

c}~crlçfkla koe eå`la ~or pcr a`qslrlò a rá`lo Baf`clrafpc{( ce 1<0=& Ce 1<30( obpcyc a

kofkc{{ëo ò kafah 1; c( a~û{ prcwc afo{ `c ~c{qsl{a {obrc o raeo à pchcyl{ëo( ì lfasjsraà ~cho

ce~rc{árlo( ce 1; `c ealo `c 1<9:( a PY Baf`clrafpc{ `c [ëo âsho&

Ce gsfmo `c 1<9<( fo {cs {cjsfò afo `c c}l{pçfkla( a Baf`clrafpc{ iol aplfjlà ~or se lfkçf`lo

qsc kof{sels o ~rì`lo qsc abrljaya a{ lf{pahaêóc{ à cel{{ora fo balrro ò Eorsebl& Ahìe ò

~rcgsåwo ilfafkclro koe a ~crà `c poà a c{prspsra c a~arapo{ pckfohûjlko{( a Baf`( koeo ì

kofmcklà a rc`c( pcyc {sbpraåò ;># ò{ {cs{ arqslyo{( qsc lfkhsåae ilhec{ c ka~åpsho{ lfì`lpo{

`c sea foycha praf{elplà fa ì~oka&12

âra Mlfj{p -2>>0,( ahìe ò lfkçf`lo( a iahpa `c

~roil{{lofahlwaêëo à c{prspsra aèlfl{praplya( a{ {ìrla{ `lilkshà`c{ ilfafkclra{ c a c}kc{{lya

kcfprahlwaêëo fa iljsra `c Goëo [aa` kofprlbsårae ~ara qsc a Baf`clrafpc{ fsfka kofkorrc{{c( fo{

ec{eo{ ~apaearc{( koe a ~rlfkl~ah cel{{ora ò ~aå{( a Jhobo&

â{{aà{ a{ `lilkshà`c{ ~û{ lfkçf`lo( a cel{{ora {c rccrjscs( c ce `cwcebro `c 1<:3( a~û{ a

aqsl{lêëo( ~or ~arpc `c Goëo [aa`( à PY Ylha Rlka( praf{ioreaà ce PY Baf`clrafpc{ `c Bcho

Morlwofpc( lflklaya o {cs ~rokc{{o c praf{el{{ëo ce Rc`c Faklofah&

Fo{ àl{ apsal{( o Jrs~o Baf`clrafpc{ ì koe~o{po ~or :> cel{{ora{ qsc ioreae a Rc`c

Baf`clrafpc{ `c pchcyl{ëo& Koe ilhlal{ c{~ahmaà{ ~or poò o ~aå{( a Baf` {c porfos sea{ à{

ealorc{ cel{{ora{ `c PY ae~araà ~or se iorpc jrs~o `c koesflkaêëo( qsc ~o{{sl paebìe sea

ka`cla `c rá`lo{( kafal{ lfpcraplyo{ fa lfpcrfcp c PY ~or a{{lfapsra1;

&

O Pcrkclro Pce~o( ce {cs ~rleclro ioreapo( cra sea ec{a rcòfà `cbapcòra `c ispcboh( qsc

koecêaya ~or yohpa à{ 2; mora{ ò òelfjo( ce qsc o{ koecfparl{pa{ `cbaplae {obrc a roàà

cfkcrraà faqschc `la ò Kae~cofapo Bra{lhclro( kofpafò paebìe koe a ~arplkl~aêëo `c

kofylàò{ c{~cklal{( pìkflko{ c gojaòrc{ `c ispcboh& Fo{ `la{ apsal{( o ioreapo {oircs ahpcraêóc{(

a~c{ar `c kofplfsar c}l{plfò o `cbapc cfprc o{ koecfparl{pa{& A ec{a rcòfà {c c}plfjsls koe a

esàfêa ò morárlo ~ara a{ 1= mora{( hojo a~û{ a12

Foycha lfplpshaà ‘O Bohma―( ò{ `lrcporc{ Záhpcr Jcorjc @sr{p c [|hyae âcwwo( ilkos fo ar( ~cha Baf`( fo

~cråoò `c 21 `c gshmo a 1< `c {cpcebro `c 1<9<&1;

Jrs~o Baf`clrafpc{ `c Koesflkaêëo ioreaò ~or yárla{

cel{{ora{( `cfprc cha{( o{ kafal{ ~or a{{lfapsra7 Baf` Fcz{ c Baf` [~orp{( a{ rá`lo{7 Faplya IE-[ëo âsho<3(;IE( Rlo `c Gafclro 1>:(;IE( Bra{åhla 1>0(1IE c ôrpo Ahcjrc 1>;(: IE, c Baf` Fcz{ IE -[ëo âsho<9(<IE( Kae~lfa{ 1>9(:IE( Rlo `c Gafclro <0(<IE( ôrpo Ahcjrc <<(;IE( Bcho Morlwofpc =<(3IE( [ahyaòr<<(1IE( Bra{åhla <>(3IE c Ksrlplba <9(;IE,&



praf{el{{ëo à ~arplà {chcklofaà ~ara aqscha roàà& A{{le {cfò( o{ koecfparl{pa{ qsc alfà {c

cfkofprae fo{ c{pá`lo{( of`c prabahmarae fa c}lblêëo ò gojo( koecfpae o{ rc{shpaò{ à roàà(

a{ fopåkla{ qsc eal{ rc~crksplrae fo c{~orpc `srafpc a {ceafa c( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc( a ~arplà ce qsc

prabahmarae( lrcpo a{ kablfc{ a Baf`clrafpc{ fo{ ~ahko{ o{ gojo{& Cfprcyl{pa{ c yc{plárlo{

a~û{ a{ ~arplà{ {ëo akoe~afmaà{ ao ylyo( î{ ycwc{( koe a ~arplkl~aêëo ò{ gojaòrc{ c pìkflko{(

sfpo ao{ `ceal{ ~arplkl~afpc{ ò ~rojraea( aprayì{ ò iofc ò rc~ûrpcr& Ahìe à PY( a apraêëo

a`qslrls sea ycr{ëo ~ara rá`lo c}lblà fa Baf`clrafpc{ fa ircqøçfkla =0> AE c <>(< IE& O

Pcrkclro Pce~o rcjl{pra eì`la `c 3 ~ofpo{ c ~lko{ `c 1> fo Lbo~c( porfafò%{c o ~rojraea {obrc

ispcboh òelflkah `c ealor as`lçfkla fo morárlo à folpc&

0&; O{ koecfparl{pa{

Go{ì Icrrclra Fcpo( os a~cfa{ Fcpo( ì se ò{ åòho{ à ml{pûrla ò Korlfpmlaf{( plec qsc pce a

{cjsfà ealor porklà ò Bra{lh( ~cr`cfò {oecfpc ~ara o Khsbc `c Rcjapa{ Ihaecfjo& Ao hofjo

`c {sa karrclra( `l{~spos 0:> gojo{ earkafò 1=0 joh{& Lflklos {sa pragcpûrla koeo gojaòr fo

lfiafplh à ôfpc ^rcpa [^( `c~ol{ ~a{{afò ~or Jsarafl [^( Bafjs RG( [ëo âsho( rcporfos ao

Jsarafl( `c há iol ~ara o âheclra{ [^( Korlfpmlaf{ [^( Elhlofárlo{ à Kohðebla( [afpo{ [^(

Aphìplko EJ( Araêapsba [^( âshl{pa `c Gsf`laå [^ c @c~orplyo à Ycfcwscha& Fcpo paebìe iol

earkaò ~or ~ohçelka{ ce {sa karrclra& Ce {cs ksrråksho kof{pae brlja{ koe prclfaòrc{ c sea

ajrc{{ëo kofpra se árblpro& ^cha {chcêëo bra{lhclra( Fcpo `l{~spos 29 gojo{ earkafò {cpc joh{&

Apsahecfpc( koecfpa ispcboh fa Baf`( pafpo fo Pcrkclro Pce~o qsafpo fa{ praf{el{{óc{ a{

~arplà{& Paebìe ~arplkl~a à praf{el{{óc{ fo kafah ~or a{{lfapsra Baf`{~orp c fa rá`lo

Praf{aeìrlka%[^&

Rofahò [oarc{ Jloyafchl iol johclro `c `lycr{o{ khsbc{ bra{lhclro{ c pcyc ealor `c{paqsc fo

Korlfpmlaf{ ce qsc ì rckofmcklò koeo jraf`c åòho( ahìe `c {cr a{{selàecfpc porkcòr ò

khsbc ~ashl{pa& Ahìe ò plec ò ârqsc [ëo Gorjc( Jloyafchl apsos ~cho Ihselfcf{c RG( Krswclro

EJ( Lfpcrfaklofah c Hleclra [^( orpsjsc{a%[^( ofpc ^rcpa%[^( Jaea%@I( ABK Ispcboh

Khsbc%RF( c ôrpsjsc{a [afpl{pa%[^& Fa apsahlà c( ì se ò{ koecfparl{pa{ à ec{a rcòfà ò

Boha fa Rc`c à Rc`c PY&

Rlkarò Earplf{ lflklos a karrclra fa rá`lo C`skaòra `c ^lraklkaba( ce 1<<0( of`c ~creafckcsapì 1<<=& Prabahmos fa rá`lo [afpa Kckåhla IE%[^( fa klà`c `c [afpo{( hlporah



~ashl{pa( `c 1<<= a 2>>>( iawcfò ~arpc ò ~rojraea C{~orpc ~or C{~orpc( of`c ~creafckc apì mogckoecfpafò ispcboh& Fa rá`lo Kaklqsc IE%[^( c{pcyc `c 2>>> a 2>>;( fa {cqsçfkla iol ~ara ará`lo Aphâfplka `c [afpo{( `c 2>>; a 2>>3& Cfpëo( iol ~ara a 1>3IE koeo rc~ûrpcr rc{~of{áych~cha kobcrpsra ò `la a `la ò [afpo{ Ispcboh Khsbc& A~û{ se afo( porfos%{c koor`cfaòr `c

c{~orpc `c{pa rá`lo( of`c alfà c}crkc c{pa isfêëo& Apsahecfpc( fa Rc`c PY( ì koecfparl{pa ò~rojraea Boha fa Rc`c&

O{ear `c Ohlyclra ì eì`lko c gorfahl{pa& Ioreos%{c ce Ec`lklfa ~cha ^SK( ce 1<9<( fa klà`c

`c [orokaba%[^& ô{{sl paebìe o ksr{o `c Ec`lklfa C{~orplya c Iakshà`c `c C`skaêëo Iå{lka

~cha S[^( ce 1<:1& Koeo eì`lko( prabahmos fo [~orp Khsb Korlfpmlaf{ âshl{pa( Koelpç

Ohåe~lko Bra{lhclro c [chcêëo Bra{lhclra `c Ba{qscpc& Fo gorfahl{eo( ì ioreaò ~cha Iakshà`c `c

Koesflkaêóc{ [oklal{ Ká{~cr Håbcro %[^& Afpc{ ec{eo `c lflklar o{ c{psò{ fc{pa árca( O{ear

cra rcàpor à rcyl{pa ò Korlfpmlaf{( c ao ec{eo pce~o( ò gorfah Korlfjëo ce 1<99& Ce 1<:=(

koecêos a prabahmar fa PY c fa Rá`lo Jawcpa( `srafpc a `l{~spa à Ko~a ò esfò fa Arjcfplfa&

Fo afo `c 1<=>( O{ear ~a{{os a {cr hokspor à PY Jhobo& Prç{ afo{ `c~ol{( iol ~ara a

Baf`clrafpc{ koeo farraòr& Ce 1<=9( koeafòs a cqsl~c `c c{~orpc{ à PY[( apsah [BP( of`c

~creafckcs apì o ilfah à Ko~a ò Esfò fo Eì}lko àqschc afo& A~û{ a Ko~a( iol ~ara a Baf`(

c ce {cjslà( ~ara c}plfpa PY Eafkmcpc& Fo{ `la{ apsal{( `c yohpa î Baf`clrafpc{ ì koecfparl{pa

ò{ ~rojraea{ Gojo Abcrpo c Pcrkclro Pce~o&

0&0 O{ koecfparl{pa{ fo{ ~rojraea{ Pcrkclro Pce~o c Boha fa Rc`c

Iorae jrayaà{( ce ilpa{ YM[( prç{ c`lêóc{ `c kaà ~rojraea fo{ `la{ 2>/><( >0/1> c 11/1>/><&

@c{{a{ c`lêóc{( iorae ob{cryaà{ cpa~a{ qsc lhs{pra{{ce a{ kapcjorla{ a ~arplr à{ qsal{ a afáhl{c

iol iclpa& Pal{ kapcjorla{ c{pëo a{{le c{pabchcklà{7

1 ^rcicrçfkla{7 O koe~orpaecfpo ò{ koecfparl{pa{ ce rchaêëo a c{{a ~rcel{{a {crá `l{ksplò(

kof{l`crafò o{ ~rlfkå~lo{ aboràò{ fo rcicrcfklah pcûrlko `c{pc c{psò& C{pa cpa~a iol `lyl`là

ce `sa{ ~arpc{& A ~rleclra prapa à rcychaêëo ò khsbc ò koraêëo ~or ~arpc ò{ afahl{pa{

c{~orplyo{ c a {cjsfà iaw ecfêëo î ~rcicrçfkla ~or plec{ iayorlpo{ {cgae fa ylpûrla ce se gojo(

{cga fo påpsho `c se kae~cofapo os aqschc{ qsc fa o~lflëo `chc{( {ëo a{ ~lorc{ cqsl~c{ à `l{~spa&



2 Hlfjsajce pchcyl{lya7 C{pa ~arpc à afáhl{c koe~rccf`crá a a~rc{cfpaêëo ò `l{ksr{o ò{

koecfparl{pa{& Fc{pc qsc{lpo( qsc{póc{ rcicrcfpc{ î c{prspsra ò pc}po pchcyl{lyo( koeo rc{~clpo a

leajce( kohoqslahl{eo( kharcwa( ~rckl{ëo( obgcplylà`c( lfioreaêëo `lrcpa( {le~hc{ c ~as{aà

{crylrëo c rcicrcfklah ~ara o c{psò o koe~orpaecfpo o{ ~roil{{lofal{ ob{cryaò{&

; Cplka Gorfahå{plka7 C{pa kapcjorla `c afáhl{c ì orlcfpaà `c akorò koe krlpìrlo ~crplfcfpc{ î

obgcplylà`c c î {sbgcplylà`c aboràà fo rcicrcfklah pcûrlko& O{ koecfparl{pa{ iorae ayahlaò{

`c akorò koe a c}~o{lêëo os fëo `c {sa{ {sbgcplyl a`c{ c gsåwo{&

0 Isfêóc{ `c hlfjsajce7 ×hplea kapcjorla a {cr koe~rccf`là ~or c{pc prabahmo( a~rc{cfpa a

isfêëo ~or qsah o{ koecfparl{pa{ orlcfpae {sa{ o~lflóc{ c qsah a eoplyaêëo ~ara qsc pah isfêëo {c

`c{paqsc cfprc a{ `ceal{ fa c{prspsra `c {sa{ o~lflóc{&

Lflklafò ~cho{ krlpìrlo{ rcicrcfpc{ î ~roil{{ëo `c koecfparl{pa( Kochmo -2>>;, c{kharckc qsc fëo

c}l{pc gorfahl{pa `c c{~orpc{( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc qsc prabahmae koe ispcboh( qsc fëo pcfma se plec `c

lfiâfkla& Rlkarò Earplf{ {cjsc sea hlfma `c gorfahl{pa{ qsc prabahmae ce jraf`c{ kcfpro{ c qsc(

ao {crce lfpcrrojaò{ a rc{~clpo `c {sa ~al}ëo ispcbohå{plka( ~rcicrce {c ‘c{qslyar― à rc{~o{pa(

ahcjafò porkcr ~or se plec kof{l`craò `c ecfor c}~rc{{ëo fo kcfárlo ò c{~orpc fo ~aå{&

O c}ce~ho `l{{o okorrcs fo ~rojraea Boha fa Rc`c ò `la 2>/ ><( qsafò {c `l{kspla cfprc o{

lfpcjrafpc{ à bafkaà a {cjsrafêa qsc se plec ~o{{sl os fëo qsafò kof{cjsc iawcr ircfpc ao

{cs a`ycr{árlo koe o ~hakar `c 2}>& A ec{a kofpaya( ahìe ò{ òl{ koecfparl{pa{ afahl{aò{( koe

a ~arplkl~aêëo ò e÷{lko Fa{l( qsc paebìe pce ~rc{cfêa il}a( c ì a{{selàecfpc porkcòr ò [ëo

âsho( c ò kofylàò c{~cklah ò c}%árblpro Roelhò Korrcla( c ò a~rc{cfpaòr Icrfafò

Yaffskkl& Poò{( c}kcêëo `c Roelhò Korrcla( `crae {sa{ o~lflóc{ {obrc a yafpajce fo

earkaòr& Yafskkl c Fa{l kof{l`crarae sea yafpajce ~crljo{a& Gá Rofahò Jloyafchl c Rlkarò

Earplf{ `l{{crae qsc c{pc ~hakar ì ~crljo{o {le( ea{( ~ara qsce c{pá ~cr`cfò& Earplf{( ao

chaborar {cs ~cf{aecfpo( `c{krcycs7 ‘@á òl{ a wcro ~ro ecs ]Y `c ^lraklkaba( plec ò lfpcrlor

`c [ëo âsho( qsc chc fëo yal ~cr`cr fcfmsea―& Gá o c} %johclro Rofahò Jloyafchl ì

a{{selàecfpc korlfplafo c fëo iaw qsc{pëo ahjsea `c c{kof`cr {sa ~rcicrçfkla khsbå{plka7 ‘Ilko

eslpo ichlw ce iawcr ~arpc `c{pc bafò `c hosko{&― -Jloyafchl fo ~rojraea ò `la 2>/>< {c

lfkhslfò fo rûpsho qsc a porklà ò Korlfpmlaf{ krlos ~ara {c lfplpshar,&



Fo Pcrkclro pce~o koe Elhpof Fcyc{( o{ òl{ koecfparl{pa{ afahl{aò{( Fcpo c O{ear `c Ohlyclra

paebìe( fëo c{kof`ce a ~al}ëo `c kaà se ~cho [~orp Khsbc Korlfpmlaf{ âshl{pa( eal{

kofmcklò koeo pleëo& Aebo{ plycrae ~a{{ajcf{ ~cho khsbc ce `licrcfpc{ árca{& Cfqsafpo O{ear

iol eì`lko ò plec ~ashl{pa( Fcpo( ~or {sa ycw( ì se ò{ ealorc{ gojaòrc{ à ml{pûrla korlfplafa&

O{ òl{ {ëo ahyo{ kof{pafpc{ à{ brlfka`clra{ `c Elhpof Fcyc{( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc qsafò o pleëo gá

~cr`cs( os yal ~cr`cfò fa roàà( qsafò o gojo c{pá praf{korrcfò {leshpafcaecfpc î apraêëo&

‘Aòro iahar ò Korlfpmlaf{ ~cr`cfò― -Elhpof Fcyc{ `cbokmafò `c O{ear c Fcpo `srafpc o

~rojraea ò `la 2>/>< ce qsc fo ec{eo morárlo( o pleëo ~cr`la ~ara o Jolá{ ~or ;}>,& A ~al}ëo

`c O{ear ~cho khsbc ilka ba{pafpc fåplà ce {cs{ koecfpárlo{ {obrc o `c{ce~cfmo ò plec fo{

ojo{& Fo gojo aklea klpaò( qsafò a ~arplà c{paya fo lfpcryaho c o{ ~ashl{pa{ ~cr`lae ~or òl{ a

wcro( o gorfahl{pa pckla a{ {cjslfpc{ afahl{c{ {obrc a ~arplà7 ‘A waja ò Korlfpm laf{ c{pá `c

brlfka`clra( o ~rleclro pce~o iol ~ì{{leo( o Korlfpmlaf{ c{pá eah―& Poò{ o{ koecfpárlo{

`chlbcrayae {obrc o rc{shpaò ò gojo( a {s~o{pa eá apsaêëo korlfplafa( {ce hcyar ce

kof{l`craêëo a ~arplà rcahlwaà ~cho ospro plec( o Jolá{&

Fo ~rojraea ò `la >0/1>( qsafò o pleëo plfma {lò `crropaò fa yì{~cra( ~ara o Aphìplko

ârafacf{c ~or ;}1 ce ~hcfo c{pá`lo ò âkacebs( qsc ~crpcfkc ao khsbc ~ashl{pa( O{ear `cilfls

a{{le7 ‘O Korlfpmlaf{ icw ~ra ele mogc a ~lor ~arplà `chc fo Kae~cofapo―& Gá fo `la 11/11(

qsafò o Jrçelo%R[ iol `crropaò ~cho plec à ~rcicrçfkla `c O{ear `c ohlyclra ~or 2}>( a{{le

iol ob{cryaò ~or chc o rc{shpaò ò gojo7 ‘O Korlfpmlaf{ iol koe~hcpaecfpc {s~crlor―& Fc{pc ka{o

iorae( a{ qsahlà`c{ ò plec ~ashl{pa qsc {obrc{{aårae c fëo o{ `ciclpo{ ò plec ja÷kmo qsc

iorae cpcrelfafpc{ ~ara c{pabchckcr o ~hakar&

Gá Fcpo `ceof{pra {cs karlfmo ~cho ec{eo khsbc `c O{ear& Ao iahar ~or `lycr{a{ ycwc{ qsc lrá

~arplkl~ar ò{ cycfpo{ ~roeoylò{ ~cho khsbc( fo ~rojraea ò `la 11/11( chc c}lbls koe

cfps{la{eo a kael{a koeceoraplya ò{ 1>> afo{ ò Korlfpmlaf{ c pcyc {sa ~rc{cfêa kofilreaà

~or Elhpof Fcyc{ ce se ~rogcpo ahs{lyo a c{pa àpa fo ~rû}leo afo& O ~rû~rlo Elhpof pce ~or

máblpo {c rcicrlr ao c}%gojaòr koeo Go{ì Icrrclra ‘Korlfpmlaf{― Fcpo( lfkor~orafò o foec ò

khsbc ao o koecfparl{pa&



[cjsfò Echo -2>>;,( qsce afahl{a o{ iapo{ fëo `cyc {cr ~arpl`árlo( {cfò qsc l{{o fëo {ljflilka

{cr fcspro( a~cfa{ qsc {c a~rc{cfpc a o~lflëo {ce kof`lklofá%ha î obpcfêëo `c yafpajcf{

~o{pcrlorc{& Poò{ o{ koecfparl{pa{ `ceof{prarae {sa{ ~rleawla{( koeo c}ce~hlilkaò abal}o(

fa{ qsal{ fëo {c ~o`c ycrlilkar a lfpcfêëo `c {c bcfcilklar& Ahlá{ {c l{{o okorrc{{c( {crla koe~hc}o

~ara l`cfplilkar ~or qsc c{pá rchaklofaò î {lfjsharlà`c `c kaà ~roil{{lofah( c( a{ yafpajcf{

a`qslrlà{ fëo {crlae c}~rc{{a{ koe kharcwa& A{ iorea{ ce qsc o{ gorfahl{pa{ celpce {sa{

~rcicrçfkla{ shpra~a{{ae o iapo `c `ceof{prarce o plec ~ara qsah chc{ porkce& L{{o paebìe okorrc

qsafò o~lfae {obrc khsbc{ fo{ qsal{ a~o{pae qsc pcrelfarëo o Kae~cofapo Bra{lhclro fa{

~rleclra{( os fa{ ÷hplea{ ~o{lêóc{( pafpo fa {ìrlc A( qsc rc~rc{cfpa a chlpc ò ispcboh bra{lhclro(

qsafpo fa [ìrlc B( qsc ì `lyl{ëo `c akc{{o ò ispcboh faklofah&

Fc{pc qsc{lpo( Rlkarò Earplf{ ì apì lrðflko7

O Ihselfcf{c gá kals( o Ihselfcf{c koe poò rc{~clpo ì o Elkmach Gakd{of bra{lhclroT&&&U O Elkmach Gakd{of eorrcs c o{ ‘kara― hcyarae qsa{c òl{ ec{c{ ~ara

cfpcrrar( o Ihselfcf{c eorrcs c o{ ‘kara― yëo hcyar eal{ òl{ ec{c{ ~ara cfpcrrar

- Boha fa Rc`c ò `la 22/><,&

O koecfparl{pa iawla sea afahojla cfprc a ~o{{åych qscà ò khsbc karloka ~ara a {cjsfà `lyl{ëo

ò Faklofah koe a eorpc ò kafpor ~o~& Fo Boha fa Rc`c ò `la >0/1>( o a~rc{cfpaòr Icrfafò

Yaffskkl lflklos a roàà `c o~lflóc{( qsc jcros ~ohçelka( {obrc o kaf`làpo ao påpsho bra{lhclro

`c{pc afo7

Yaffskkl7 ‘^ra ele Esrlk| kae~cëo― -pìkflko ò ~aheclra{,( Earplf{7 ‘Cra ~ra {cr o qslfpo påpsho

`chc T&&& Esrlk|&&&U 2>>3 a jcfpc {abc koeo o Korlfpmlaf{ iol kae~cëo ce 2>>3( {cfëo {crla 2>>3(

2>>9( 2>>:( 2>>= c 2>><― -o koecfparl{pa ‘ahilfcpos― o korlfplafo Jloyafchl ao {s~or qsc o pleëo

{û iol kae~cëo ce 2>>3 ~or eoplyo{ ahmclo{ ao ispcboh `l{~spaò `c eafclra khara( c ~or l{{o(

Esrlk| Raeahmo( fa ì~oka pìkflko ò Lfpcrfaklofah%R[( fëo iol kae~cëo& Ao ilfah( o gorfahl{pa

lfkhsls o påpsho ce `l{~spa fc{pc afo ao ksrråksho ò prclfaòr&

[obrc a ~royokaêëo ò koe~afmclro `c bafkaà( Jloyafchl qsc{plofos7 ‘Koeo o Korlfpmlaf{

jafmos ce 2>>3?―( Earplf{7 Poò esfò {abc( yokç fëo {abc? ( Jloyafchl7 ‘Iol fo kae~o( c {c o

Korlfjëo -Korlfpmlaf{, cfpra koe ~ì ilrec fc{pc kae~cofaplfmo aå gá plfma {lò kae~cëo!―&@c~ol{ Jloyafchl celpls {sa o~lflëo {obrc o ~o{{åych kae~cëo bra{lhclro `c 2>><7 ‘Cs c{pos koe

Yaffskkl( o âheclra{ ~ra ele yal {cr o kae~cëo―&



Fo Pcrkclro Pce~o o{ koecfparl{pa{ paebìe c}~rc{{ae {sa{ ~rcicrçfkla{ ~or ospro{ khsbc{(

~rlfkl~ahecfpc Fcpo7 ‘O [afpo Af`rì%[^ ~ra ele ì se plec qsc yal kalr ~ara a {cjsfà `lyl{ëo(

a{{le koeo o Ihselfcf{c c Bopaiojo( c o Fásplko( {cfëo ilkar c{~crpo( paebìe yal kalr―

-~rojraea 22/><,& [obrc o{ khsbc{ qsc `l{~spae a {ìrlc B c a{~lrae sea yaja ~ara ~rleclra

`lyl{ëo( Fcpo {ahlcfpos7 ‘@sa{ yaja{ gá c{pëo jarafplà{( Ya{ko c Jsarafl( a ospra ~ra ele ì ò

Aphìplko%JO c aå ilka a ospra ~ra {cr `l{~spaà ~or Iljsclrcf{c( [ëo Kacpafo c ospro{ eal{

-Pcrkclro Pce~o 22/><,&

O{ear `c Ohlyclra( qsafò ~crjsfpaò ~or Elhpof Fcyc{ {obrc qsce {crla kae~cëo `c{pc afo(

c{qslyos%{c à {cjslfpc iorea7 ‘qsce yal {cr kae~cëo cs fëo {cl( o iayorlpo ì o âheclra{―&

Qsafò o{ koecfparl{pa{ c}~óce kharaecfpc {obrc rc{shpaò{ `c gojo{ os `c qsce yal {cr

kae~cëo( c{{a o~lflëo ~o`c akarrcpar `sa{ kof{cqøçfkla{( poà{ cfyohycfò a qsc{pëo à

krc`lblhlà`c& A ~rleclra ì qsc( ka{o chc akcrpc( {sa krc`lblhlà`c ~crafpc o ~÷bhlko pcrá se

akrì{kleo ce {cs ~apaear( ~ol{( ~a{{ará a leajce `c se jraf`c cfpcf`còr `c ispcboh& Pafpo

cfpcf`c qsc akcrpos& C{{a rchaêëo ì c}~hlkaà ~or Echo -2>>;, qsc `lw qsc o kofmcklecfpo popah

ò a{{sfpo àrá ao ~roil{{lofah krc`lblhlà`c gsfpo ao rckc~por&

O kofprárlo paebìe okorrc fa ec{ea ~ro~orêëo& @c akorò koe Ylha{ Boa{ 2>>3( o gorfahl{pa qsc

{c arrl{kar ce ~ah~lpar qsc se plec ì iayorlpo {obrc ospro c qsc jafmará o gojo(

o ec{eo fëo okorrcfò( ~o`c pcr {sa krc`lblhlà`c aecaêaà c ilkar pargaò `c `c{lfioreaò(

arrojafpc( c{p÷~lò( `cfprc ospro{ a`gcplyo{ `c{~rcwåycl{& Poò{ o{ ~roil{{lofal{ afahl{aò{

celplrae {sa{ o~lflóc{ a~ofpafò iayorlpo{ c c{{a{ afahl{c{ c{pëo o{klhafò {obrc c{pa{ `sa{

ycrpcfpc{ apì o ile ò kae~cofapo& Ec{eo qsc o ~ah~lpar fëo c}~ofma a krc`lblhlà`c ò

koecfparl{pa( ~arpc ò ~÷bhlko qsc ~o{{sl c{plea ~or se khsbc( c qsc o ec{eo pcyc {cs ~opcfklah

`c{~rcwaò ~cho afahl{pa( a pcf`çfkla ì qsc c{pc ~÷bhlko ~a{{c a qsc{plofar a ycraklà`c c

krc`lblhlà c a{ o~lflóc{ o ~roil{{lofah ce qsc{pëo&

Rlkarò Earplf{( ao rchaklofar o plec ò Ihselfcf{c î eorpc ò kafpor Elkmach Gakd{of( ~o`c pcrapì ~royokaò jarjahmaà{( ea{ koe kcrpcwa ~royokos a lra `c eslpo{ porkcòrc{ ò khsbc karloka&@c{pa iorea( {sa{ ~rû}lea{ kråplka{ a c{pa ajrcelaêëo ~o`crëo {cr yl{pa{ ~cho{ qsc {le~aplwae~cho khsbc koeo ecra ~royokaêëo( afáhl{c {ce isfàecfpo& Koeo c{pá c}~håklpo( poò{ o{koecfparl{pa{ celplrae ~rcicrçfkla{& [cjsfò Echo -2>>;,( o koecfpárlo c{~orplyo ì o kae~o qsc

{c ailjsra hlyrc ~ara cel{{óc{ `c afáhl{c{& ôr c{{a ~rû~rla



{obrc sea iahma ò johclro Ilhl~c ò Korlfpmlaf{ kofpra o Aphìplko%^R c qsc rc{shpos ce se joh òplec `c Ksrlplba7 ‘Fa elfma ì~oka( cs fëo paya ako{pseaò a poear pafpo irafjo a{{le

Fcpo( fo `la 11/11( icw rcicrçfkla ao joh ò Ihaecfjo earkaò ~cho gojaòr Wì Robcrpo kofpra o

[ëo âsho7 ‘Chc ecpcs a boha fo ‘kofpra% ~ì― ò johclro―& A c}~rc{{ëo ispcbohå{plka ì splhlwaà ~ara

lf`lkar o eoecfpo ce qsc o gojaòr ~rogcpa o kor~o ~ara se haò c o a`ycr{árlo goja a boha ~ara

o ospro( le~o{{lblhlpafò sea rcpoeaà `c ~rogcêëo ò kor~o ò aphcpa qsc {c pcf`cs ~ara o haò

o~o{po à boha&

Ospro krlpìrlo `c afahl{c ì a Ìplka Gorfahå{plka& @cfpro `c{pc kae~o cfkofpra%{c a Obgcplylà`c( qsc

{ce~rc ~crecos o kae~o gorfahå{plko c( {cjsfò Aearah -1<<9,( o gorfahl{pa qsc( koeo poò {cr

mseafo( ì ioreaò ~or kofkc~êóc{ c l`cal{ kof{plpsåò{ ~or {sa ~rû~rla {sbgcplylà`c( `cyc {c

`c{ycfklhmar `c {sa{ kofylkêóc{ ~c{{oal{( ~ara `c{krcycr a{ kol{a{ à eafclra koeo cha{ {ëo( {ce

a~rc{cfpaêëo `c gsåwo os ~rcicrçfkla& Koeo c{pa eofojraila gá eo{pros( poò{ o{ koecfparl{pa{

`ceof{prarae {sa{ ~rcicrçfkla{ ce se `cpcrelfaò eoecfpo( {cfò qsc prç{ `chc{( Oear( Fcpo c

Rofahò Jloyafchl a{{sece {cr korlfplafo{& O qsc ~o`c {cr kohokaò ce qsc{pëo ì a aboràjce

qsc ì iclpa qsafò o plec ò koraêëo c{pá gojafò& O{ear `c Ohlyclra( koeo gá iol klpaò( c}ahpos

o {cs plec fa ylpûrla c{qsckcfò à{ iahma{ ò a`ycr{árlo c( qsafò ~or `sa{ ycwc{ a {lpsaêëo iol

lfycr{a( `c{ecrckcs a ylpûrla à{ ospra{ cqsl~c{( ~rcicrlfò ceba{ar {cs{ koecfpárlo{ fa{ iahma{

korlfplafa{ c fëo fo{ eìrlpo{ ò{ a`ycr{árlo{&

O ÷hpleo krlpìrlo `c{pa afáhl{c rcicrc%{c î{ isfêóc{ `c hlfjsajce& [ce `÷ylà( a isfêëo qsc eal{

{c a~rc{cfpos iol a Kofaplya ~or {cr c{pa a ecf{ajce qsc ì c{prspsraà koe o ioko fo rckc~por(

s{paecfpc o ealor lfpcrc{{c `c se ~rojraea pchcyl{lyo& [cjsfò Kmahmsb -2>>1, a isfêëo

Kofaplya( qsc paebìe rckcbc o foec `c a~chaplya( {c prapa `c sea aêëo ycrbah ~ara {c iawcr fopar

~cho rckc~por( {cga ~or eclo `c or`ce( c}orpaêëo( kmaeaecfpo os lfyokaêëo( {asàêëo os {÷~hlka&

C{pa isfêëo paebìe ~o{{sl praêo{ `c arjsecfpaêëo/ ~cr{sa{ëo qsafò ì ò lfpcrc{{c ò cel{{or

kofycfkcr o `c{plfapárlo `c ahjo7

‘Ecs qscrlò ~rc{l`cfpc ò Kcará fëo yohpa koe o plec ~ara o {cjsfò pce~o yokç iol a{{ahpaò ~ð― -Rlkarò Earplf{ 2>/><,& C{{a c}~rc{{ëo rc{{ahpa bce c{pa karakpcrå{plka& O koecfparl{pa

splhlwafò {sa afáhl{c ~ara kofycfkcr o ~rc{l`cfpc ò plec rcicrlò( `c qsc chc c{paya {cfò~rcgs`lkaò c qsc fëo `cycrla pcr `cl}aò o plec rcporfar a kae~o koeo iorea



`c ~ropc{po& ‘Chc fëo ~o`c( `c~ol{ qsc cfkcrrar a karrclra( {cr `lrcpor ò [ëo âsho T&&&U Chc pce

qsc {cr ~rc{l`cfpc― -Rofahò Jloyafchl( ce 11/1>( {sa o~lflëo {obrc o ispsro `c Rojìrlo Kcfl,&

‘O Rofahò ì c}praor`lfárlo c fëo ~rckl{a pa eajrlfmo fëo― -Fcpo( ce >0/><( {obrc Rofahò

icfðecfo,&

A ~rû~rla isfêëo `c koecfparl{pa iaw koe qsc c{{c ~a~ch {c porfc eal{ korrlqsclra fc{pc kae~o

orfahå{plko& Ao pcr qsc c}~or {sa o~lflëo( o ~roil{{lofah pce qsc c{par kofylkpo `c {sa{ l`cla{( apì

ec{eo ~or qsc{pëo `c krc`lblhlà`c& @c akorò koe Echo -2>>;,( o koecfparl{pa ì sea iljsra qsc

lhs{pra c celpc gsåwo {obrc `cpcrelfaò a{{sfpo& C{pa kof{l`craêëo {crylrá pafpo koeo ba{c ~ara

ioreshaêóc{ c ospra{ afáhl{c{( qsafpo c{~chmo ~ara qsce koe~arplhma o ec{eo ~cf{aecfpo&



3 KOFKHS[ËO

O ispcboh( koe o as}åhlo à PY ahkafêa( a kaà `la( eal{ a`c~po{ fo Bra{lh& O pce~o ce qsc o{

~rojraea{ Pcrkclro Pce~o c Boha fa Rc`c c{pëo fo ar( `cbapcfò o c{~orpc eal{ ~o~shar ò

Bra{lh( `ceof{pra o {skc{{o qsc a ~arkcrla ispcboh/pchcyl{ëo obpcyc ~ara aeba{ a{ ~arpc{& O

bra{lhclro jo{pa `c akoe~afmar a rc~crks{{ëo à{ ~arplà{( a{ ~ohçelka{ jcraà{ pafpo fa ~arplà

qsafpo fa{ o~lflóc{ ò{ koecfparl{pa{( o{ `cpahmc{ qsc lfihscfklarae o rc{shpaò ò{ gojo{( a

leajce `c se âfjsho `licrcfpc `c se joh( os {cga( o sflycr{o ispcbohå{plko c{pá lfpleaecfpc

hljaò î kshpsra faklofah&

O{ koecfparl{pa{( ~cho ecfo{ pcorlkaecfpc( qsc prabahmae a rawëo fo c{~orpc eal{ a~al}ofafpc ò

~aå{( pçe kcrpa orlcfpaêëo ~ara fëo rcychar {sa{ ~rcicrçfkla{ c kofylkêóc{ ~c{{oal{( pcecfò qsc a

~o{lêëo kofprárla a c{pc ~ara`ljea ~o{{a ~rcgs`lkar {sa krc`lblhlà`c gsfpo ao rckc~por& A rawëo

~ara `lwcr qsc {c prapa `c sea qsc{pëo pcûrlka c{pá fo foyo eo`cho qsc koecêa a {cr `chlfcaò(

~cho ecfo{ fa krðflka c{~orplya( fo qsc pafjc ao{ koecfparl{pa{&

@c poò{ o{ koecfparl{pa{ afahl{aò{( {oecfpc Rlkarò Earplf{ fëo `ceof{pros kharaecfpc {sa

~rcicrçfkla khsbå{plka& A~c{ar `c {c `lwcr porkcòr ò ]Y `c ^lraklkaba( a ailreaplya fëo

praf{elpls a kofilablhlà`c fckc{{árla( ~ara {c ailrear koe kcrpcwa( {cr c{{a a jraf`c ~al}ëo

ispcbohå{plka ò gorfahl{pa& A rc{~o{pa iol cfpcf`là koeo sea ahpcrfaplya `c {c c{qslyar `c sea

lfàjaêëo a rc{~clpo&

Gá o{ `ceal{( Fcpo( Rofahò Jloyafchl c O{ear `c Ohlyclra( fëo ilkae rckco{o{ ce `lyshjar

o plec ò koraêëo `chc{& Poò{ o{ prç{ pçe iorpc{ hljaêóc{ koe o [~orp Khsb Korlfpmlaf{ âshl{pa&

O{ òl{ ~rleclro{ iorae c}%aphcpa{ ò plec( cfqsafpo O{ear( qsc ahìe `c gorfahl{pa( ì eì`lko(

c}crkcs {sa c{~cklahlà`c khåflka fo pleëo&

Iol ycrlilkaò fa ~c{qsl{a qsc c{{a o~êëo ~or rcychar o khsbc ~o`c le~akpar fa krc`lblhlà`c òkoecfpárlo( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc( qsafò a o~lflëo celplà ì rcicrcfpc ao khsbc `c koraêëo chc{( foka{o o Korlfpmlaf{& O{ ~rû~rlo{ ~arplkl~afpc{ o ~rojraea qsc{plofae a kofilablhlà c okoecfpárlo& Fo Pcrkclro Pce~o( ~or c}ce~ho( a~û{ a{ afáhl{c{ `c Fcpo c O{ear {obrc o ~rleclropce~o ò gojo ce qsc o pleëo c{paya ~cr`cfò ~ara o Jolá{ ~or 2}>( ~arplà qsc praf{korrla{leshpafcaecfpc ao ~rojraea( o a~rc{cfpaòr Elhpof Fcyc{ ~royokos o{ ol{ koecfparl{pa{ailreafò qsc chc{ koecfpayae a ~arplà koeo {c o Korlfpmlaf{ plyc{{c



~cr`cfò ÷flka c c}khs{lyaecfpc ~or {cs{ ~rû~rlo{ crro{( c{qsckcfò `c rc{{ahpar a{ ylrps`c{ òJolá{&

Pah kohokaêëo ~o`c ~arckcr( a ~rlfkå~lo( sea brlfka`clra( ea{ ~o`c ahcrpar o c{~ckpaòr ~ara sea

ospra yl{ëo a rc{~clpo à{ o~lflóc{ ò{ ~roil{{lofal{( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc qsafò o{ ec{eo{

rcicrlrce%{c fcjaplyaecfpc ao{ ~rlfkl~al{ rlyal{ ò plec à ~rcicrçfkla `c kaà se& O{ porkcòrc{

`c{{a{ cqsl~c{( orlcfpaò{ ~cho ec{eo ~cf{aecfpo `c Elhpof Fcyc{( pcf`ce a akrc`lpar qsc a

o~lflëo ò koecfparl{pa c{pá iokaà ce {sa ~al}ëo( c fëo ce isfàecfpo{ `c rawëo& Fc{pc qsc{lpo(

{c ~crkcbcs qsc a ~ráplka `c fëo rcychar o plec ò koraêëo( a c}ce~ho `c Rlkarò Earplf{( os(

o~par ~or a~rc{cfpar%{c koeo porkcòr `c se khsbc ecfo{ pra`lklofah fo ispcboh bra{lhclro( oicrckc

eal{ {cjsrafêa ao gorfahl{pa c l{cfêëo ce {sa{ afáhl{c{&

C{pa ~c{qsl{a paebìe ycrlilkos qsc o{ koecfparl{pa{ Rlkarò Earplf{( Fcpo c Rofahò Jloyafchl

rcycharae ~rcicrçfkla{ a rc{~clpo `c qsah khsbc {crlae o{ kae~cóc{ à{ {ìrlc{ A c B ò

Kae~cofapo Bra{lhclro( o{ qsc {sblrlae ~ara a ~rleclra `lyl{ëo( o{ qsc {crlae rcbal}aò{ c o{ qsc

{c kha{{lilkarlae ~ara a Ko~a Hlbcrpaòrc{& O{ear `c Ohlyclra ~rcicrls fëo eaflic{par kharaecfpc

{sa o~lflëo `lwcfò fëo {abcr qsce yal {cr kae~cëo cra o âheclra{ ì qsc cra o iayorlpo& C{pa{

o~lflóc{ paebìe {c lf{crce fa qsc{pëo à krc`lblhlà`c( ~ol{ o ~roil{{lofah qsc crrar a ‘a~o{pa―

~o`crá pcr le~rlelò ce {sa karrclra o rûpsho `c ~ah~lpclro( {ce l`cla{ isfàecfpa a{&

Fo qsc{lpo `c a~rc{cfpar c rchapar o~êóc{ c ~rcicrçfkla{( a{ `sa{ kapcjorla{ afahl{aà{ {c

a~ro}learae eslpo& Fëo {c l`cfplilkos sea o~o{lêëo `c aplps`c koe~hcpa fa{ `sa{ ~arpc{& O{ òl{

c}%aphcpa{ rcycharae o plec qsc porkce gsfpaecfpc koe se gorfahl{pa& Fa qsc{pëo à a~o{pa ce

rc{shpaò{ c kofqsl{pa( okorrcs o ec{eo( `licrcfklafò a~cfa{ o gorfahl{pa ce qsc{pëo& O

~roil{{lofah koe ioreaêëo aka`çelka( qsafò c{paya ce haò kofprárlo î ealorla qsc c}~rc{{aya

a ~rcicrçfkla( {c c{qslyaya( ea{ `c kcrpa iorea `ceof{prafò sea ~rcicrçfkla ec{eo qsc ychaà&

Fo{ a{~ckpo{ rcicrcfpc{ î isfêëo `c koecfparl{pa( ycrlilkos%{c sea ealor a~ro}leaêëo ò{

orfahl{pa{ ò qsc o{ c}%aphcpa{ koe o{ `c{åjflo{ a~rc{cfpaò{ ~ara c{pa ~roil{{ëo( `c akorò koe a

pcorla cyl`cfklaà fc{pc prabahmo&



O{ gorfahl{pa{ `ceof{prarae sea echmor orlcfpaêëo fa bs{ka ~or koecfpárlo{ qsc {c ahlkcrêa{{ce

fo lec`lapl{eo c fo kofplfså{eo à fopåkla( karakpcrå{plka rc{{ahpaà ~or Echo -2>>;, koeo {cfò

~rû~rla ò koecfparl{eo( cfqsafpo o{ c}%aphcpa{ fëo {c a~rc{cfparae koe foya{ ycr{óc{( ea{ {le

celplfò {sa{ o~lflóc{ ba{caò{ fa{ lfioreaêóc{ qsc o{ ~rû~rlo{ koe~afmclro{ gorfahl{pa{

~a{{ayae& [sa{ eaflic{paêóc{ {c isfàecfpae eal{ ce karápcr o~lfaplyo ò qsc lfioreaplyo o

qsc ì ~rcgs`lklah ao `c{cfyohylecfpo `c sea afáhl{c kofkl{a( ~or fëo `ceof{prar iapo{ qsc a

lhs{prc& C{{a `l{plfêëo ~o`c {cr cfpcf`là koeo fapsrah( kof{l`crafò a ioreaêëo ò{ gorfahl{pa{(

sea ycw qsc a aka`cela aborà koeo {cfò ~arpc{ kof{plpslfpc{ `c se koecfpárlo kof{l`craò

koe~hcpo( a lfioreaêëo c o gsåwo& A cel{{ëo `c o~lflëo {ce o ceba{aecfpo ce iapo{ lfioreaplyo{

`c{qsahlilka a o~lflëo&

O a{~ckpo qsc Ylha{ Boa{ -2>>3, rchapos koeo {cfò sea iahma ò koecfparl{pa c{~orplyo ce fëo

koecfpar a ~arpc páplka `c se plec `c{~rcwafò a{~ckpo{ qsc {ëo prabahmaò{ fa roplfa `c se

khsbc `c ispcboh `srafpc a {ceafa( iol ycrlilkaò ~or c{pa ~c{qsl{a& Eslpo ~osko {c iahos ò

sflycr{o páplko ò ispcboh fa{ `sa{ kapcjorla{ afahl{aà{& Qsafò {c c}~rc{{os ahjo a rc{~clpo

plfmae ~osko kofpc÷ò( ceba{aò{ ce ~rc{{s~o{po{ ûbylo{( qsc fëo fckc{{lpae `c sea echmor

aboràjce& O{ koecfparl{pa{ ~rcicrlrae `c~o{lpar o{ eoplyo{ ò{ rc{shpaò{ `c ~arplà{ ce iahma{

lf`lyl`sal{ ò{ aphcpa{( arblprajce c ospro{ iaporc{ eal{ kðeoò{( c{qsckcfò qsc se plec pce

sea ~rojraeaêëo `c prclfaecfpo{ `srafpc o{ `la{ qsc afpckc`ce o{ gojo{ c qsc a{ ~arplà{

qsafò fëo lfpclraecfpc( koecêae a {cr `ckl`là{ ahl&

Fo qsc {c rcicrc î hlfjsajce( pafpo pchcyl{lya koeo fa hlfjøå{plka( o{ gorfahl{pa{ ~o{{sce {cs{

pc}po{ eal{ bce chaboraò{( cylpae jårla{ c ~ahayra{ c}~rc{{a{ `c iorea crraà( os {cga( ob{cryae

se kslàò ealor koe a{ rcjra{ jraeaplkal{ ò ôrpsjsç{& O{ c}%aphcpa{ cyl`cfklarae pcr sea

hlbcrà`c ealor( os ecfor ~rcoks~aêëo( fc{pc qsc{lpo( {sa{ kohokaêóc{ poeae iorea eslpo eal{

`c mseor ò qsc ~ro~rlaecfpc gorfahå{plka o qsc ~o`c c{par hljaò a sea c{prapìjla `c

a~ro}leaêëo koe o ~÷bhlko ~or ~arpc à{ ~rû~rla{ cel{{ora{& O{ c}%aphcpa{ `ceof{prarae c{par

popahecfpc î yofpa`c koe o aeblcfpc pchcyl{ëo( o qsc rcecpc a l`cla qsc fc{pc qsc{lpo( o

~roil{{lofah {c aà~pa eslpo eal{ ~cha ~ráplka ò qsc ~cha pcorla ce {aha `c asha& O qsc paebìe ì

rc{{ahpaò fa{ sflycr{là`c{( of`c o{ ispsro{ gorfahl{pa{ prabahmae a c{prspsra{ ò{ {cs{ pc}po{ c

paebìe {c iaelhlarlwae koe o pl~o `c eå`la&

Cfyohycfò a qsc{pëo ìplka fo qsc pafjc ~rlfkl~ahecfpc qsc{póc{ rchaklofaà{ î obgcplylà`c(~crkcbcs%{c qsc( pah orlcfpaêëo c{pá eslpo rchaklofaà ao kae~o aka`çelko( c qsc ec{eo



a{{le( ce cpcrelfaò{ eoecfpo{( o{ gorfahl{pa{ celplrae o~lflóc{ isfàecfpaà{ ce gsåwo{ cyahor( o qsc eo{pra fa ~ráplka( o pafpo qsc ì kofpra`lpûrla a pcorla a iayor `c sea obgcplylà`corfahå{plka ~rc{{s~o{pa koeo l`cah&

ôr ile( ilkos `ceof{praà a le~orpâfkla ò koecfparl{pa c{~orplyo fo{ ~rojraea{ c{~orplyo{ à

pchcyl{ëo& O{ koecfparl{pa{ krlae ~ohçelka( a~rc{cfpae iapo{( `lycrpce o ~÷bhlko( iawcfò koe

qsc o c{~orpc jafmc rc~crks{{ëo c a{ cel{{ora{( as`lçfkla& [cgae chc{ gorfahl{pa{ ioreaò{ os

c}%gojaòrc{( kaà se kse~rc se ~a~ch qsc ~o`c ~arckcr( ~ara o{ eal{ kråplko{( {ce

rc~rc{cfpaêëo( ea{ qsc kof{cjsc ahjse obgcplyo( ec{eo qsc pcfma {lò iawcr o kråplko a{{l{plr o

~rojraea( o qsc rc~rc{cfpa as`lçfkla ~ara a cel{{ora&

[ahlcfpo qsc c{pa ~c{qsl{a {oircs ahpcraêóc{ fo ~crksr{o `c{pa eofojraila( ~rlfkl~ahecfpc ~cha

lfpcf{a ropaplylà`c ò{ ~roil{{lofal{ `c{pa árca `c apsaêëo( ea{ qsc yahcrae a ~cfa o c{iorêo c a

`c`lkaêëo c{~cf`lò{ fc{pa lfyc{pljaêëo&



RCICRÇFKLA[

AEARAH( Hslw& A obgcplylà`c gorfahå{plka& ôrpo Ahcjrc7 [ajra %@&K& Hswwappo( 1<<9&

BARRO[ ILHMO( Khûyl{ `c& Ìplka fa koesflkaêëo7 à lfioreaêëo ao rckc~por& [ëo âsho7

Eo`crfa( 1<<3& BOSR@LCS( lcrrc& [obrc a pchcyl{ëo7 {cjslò `c7 a lfihsçfkla ò gorfahl{eo c

o{ gojo{ ohåe~lko{&Pra`sêëo `c Earla H÷kla Eakmaò& Rlo `c Gafclro7 Gorjc Wamar( 1<<:&

BSKKL( Csjçflo& Bra{lh ce pce~o `c PY & [ëo âsho7 Bolpce~o( 1<<:& KMAHMSB( [aelra&

Isfêóc{ à hlfjsajce& 11& c`& [ëo âsho7 Áplka( 2>>1& KMARAS@CAS( âprlkd& @l{ksr{o à{

eå`la{& [ëo âsho7 Kofpc}po( 2>>9& KOCHMO( âsho Ylflkls{& Gorfahl{eo c{~orplyo& [ëo âsho7

Kofpc}po( 2>>;& -Koesflkaêëo ) Hlfjsajcf{( 2>>;&,& @RSB[KD\( Rlkarò & O Sflycr{o Páplko

ò Ispcboh7 c{koha bra{lhclra& Bcho Morlwofpc7 Mcahp( 2>>;& MLFJ[P( Brsfo& Sea yl{ëo ml{pûrlka

à pchcyl{ëo fo Bra{lh& Håbcro7 Iakshà`c Ká{~cr Håbcro( f&1;/10( ~& 23%;<( 2>>0& EAKMA@O(

Arhlfò& A pchcyl{ëo hcyaà a {ìrlo& 2& c`& [ëo âsho7 [cfak( 2>>1& ECHO( Go{ì Earqsc{ `c&

Gorfahl{eo O~lfaplyo7 jçfcro{ o~lfaplyo{ fo gorfahl{eo bra{lhclro& ;¾c`& Kae~o{ ò Gor`ëo( RG7

Eafplqsclra( 2>>;& ELFA\O( Earla Kckåhla `c [oswa& ^c{qsl{a [oklah7 pcorla( eìpoò c

krlaplylà c& cprû~ohl{7 RG7 Yowc{( 2>>1&

ÂPCRFO[PRO( Ycra Årl{& O pc}po fa PY 7 eafsah `c pchcgorfahl{eo& 1: c`& Rlo `c Gafclro7

Ch{cylcr( 1<<<& RAEO[( Robcrpo& Ispcboh7 l`cohojla ò ~o`cr& ^cprû~ohl{( RG7 Yowc{( 1<=0&YLHA[ BOA[( [crjlo& Ioreaêëo c lfioreaêëo c{~orplya& [ëo âsho7 [sees{( 2>>3& 19>~&

ZLPPCR( Go{ì [cba{plëo& Brcyc ml{porla ò ispcboh bra{lhclro& [ëo âsho7 IP@( 1<<9&

ZOHPOF( @oelflqsc& Chojlo ò ~÷bhlko jraf`c ~÷bhlko7 sea pcorla kråplka à pchcyl{ëo&

[ëo asho7 Áplka( 1<<9&



Rcicrçfkla{ Chcprðflka{7

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akc{{aò ce 2>/></>< zzz&lbjc&joy&br( akc{{aò ce

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AFC]O[7

Fcpo -a c{qscrà, ao haò ò koecfparl{pa `c arblprajce O{kar Robcrpo Joò|&

Fcpo fa ì~oka `c gojaòr fo Korlfpmlaf{&



Hojoearka o Pcrkclro Pce~o c {cs a~rc{cfpaòr Elhpof Fcyc{&

Rofahò Jloyafchl fo joh korlfplafo&

Rofahò fo Boha fa Rc`c&



Bafkaà ò Boha fa Rc`c - à c{qscrà ~ara `lrclpa( Rlkarò Earplf{( Cèsfò( IcrfafòYaffskkl( Fa{l c Rofahò Jloyafchl,&

Hojoearka c morárlo ò Boha fa Rc`c&

O Papel Dos Comentaristas Nos Programas Bola Na Rede e Terceiro Tempo

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