qarTvelebi wminda miwaze vaxtang rCeuliSvili...
Transcript of qarTvelebi wminda miwaze vaxtang rCeuliSvili...
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qarTvelebi wminda miwaze
vaxtang rCeuliSvili
winaTqma
“ra bednierebaa, iyo qristiani”,, - vifiqre wminda miwis mosalocad
Casulma. RvTismSoblis saflavis taZris danaxvisas TiTqos mSrali burTi
gameCxira yelSi, xmas ver viRebdi uCveulo aRelvebisagan. es grZnoba TiTqmis
yvela momlocvels eufleba. - “ra bednierebaa, iyo qarTveli”, - vifiqre ukve
jvris monasterSi Sesulma. qarTvelebs monasteri samyaros centrSi agvigia.
rogorc CvenTvis, wminda gardamocemiTaa cnobili am adgilze amosul
sinanulis xisagan damzadebul jvarze CvenTvis ewama macxovari, ieso qriste.
am jvris gamosaxulebas atarebs dRes yvela qristiani. Aam monasterSi
daasrula sicocxle genialurma SoTa rusTavelma. rac unda Salon misi
freska, uflis wyalobiT, veRarc mis xsovnas da verc mis samSoblos
veRarafers daakleben. Cven xom RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis Svilebi varT.
xolo Tu amisi ar gvwams, maSin, saerTod, raRa gvinda wminda miwaze?!
dRes, saqarTvelo eklesiuri aRmSeneblobis tempiT msoflios erT-erTi
lideri qveyanaa. amis dasturia aseulobiT axladaSenebuli eklesia, maT Soris
wminda samebis grandiozuli sakaTedro taZari. uprecedentoa Tanamedrove
msoflios istoriaSi saukuneebis win gamahmadianebuli aWaris mosaxleobis
masobrivi, nebayoflobiTi dabruneba dedaeklesiaSi. aRdga momlocvelobis
mravalsaukunovani tradiciac: aTasobiT qarTvelma qristianma moiloca
palestina, aTonis mTa, sxva wminda adgilebi. beTlemSi gaixsna wminda ninos
qalTa qarTuli monasteri. bibliur qalaq lodSi, sadac wminda giorgia
dakrZaluli, oficialurad gaixsna `qarTuli saxli”, romelic saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebel eklesias gadaeca da sadac ukve qarTveli mRvdeli
moRvaweobs. yovelive es keTdeba saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis,
uwmindesisa da unetaresis, ilia meoris locva-kurTxeviTa da mrevlis
SemowirulobiT.
erT-erTi aseTi Semomwirvelis mamuka jinWaraZis xsovnas eZRvneba es
naSromic. swored misi saxsrebiT SeviZineT beTlemSi is pirveli saxli
saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis, sadac dRes wminda ninos monasteri mdebareobs.
wminda miwis mosalocad Casuli yoveli piligrimi aucileblad midis am
monasterSi da amiT pativs miagebs mis naTel xsovnasac. vinaidan aseTia
qtitorTa gamorCeuli bedi, maT mier aSenebul eklesiaSi sanTeli maT
mosaxseniebladac inTeba.
es saxli saukuneebis manZilze wminda miwaze saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis
Sewiruli pirveli qonebaa. Mmisi SeZenis istoria imdenad sainteresoa, rom
calke davurTe am wigns (ix. sarCevi).
2003 wels, qarTvel momlocvelTa jgufma, mama ilias (nasiZe)
xelmZRvanelobiT, ierusalimidan TbilisSi litaniobaze wminda cecxli
CamovitaneT. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac wminda cecxli
gadmosvlisTanave sagangebo TviTmfrinaviT imave dRes, did SabaTs, CamobrZanda
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saqarTveloSi. yovelwliurad amas mxolod berZnebi akeTeben sagangebo
samxedro TviTmfrinaviT. maSin es pirvelad qarTvelebma da rusebmac vcadeT.
kaTalikos-patriarqma im wels swored ierusalimidan Camotanili wminda
cecxliT daloca eri saaRdgomod. Cveni es pirveli delegacia sul 27
kacisagan Sedgeboda da erT patara TviTmfrinavSi moTavsda. 2006 wels ki oTxi
didi boingiT Cavidnen qarTveli piligrimebi ierusalimSi aRdgomis
dResaswaulze, magram yvela msurveli TviTmfrinavebma mainc ver daitia. wels
kidev ufro meti qarTveli piligrimi miemgzavreba wmida miwaze. swored es aris
saqarTvelos sulieri da materialuri aRorZinebis yvelaze utyuari
maCvenebeli.
me, romelmac uflis wyalobiT ramdenjerme moviloce wminda adgilebi,
Tavs ufleba miveci, es samaxsovro wigni momemzadebina wminda miwis qarTvel
momlocvelTaTvis. Tavis droze israelSi Cvens mcirericxovan momlocvelTa
jgufs megzuroba gauwies
qarTvelma monazonma deda evgeniam da dekanoz petre kenWoSvilis cnobilma
wignma - `mogzauroba wm. qalaq ierusalimsa da wm. aTonis mTaze~. cxadia,
aTasobiT adamians aseTi megzuri ver eyoleba, Tundac imis gamo, rom
kenWoSvilis wigni ukve bibliografiuli iSviaTobaa, erTi saukunis winaa
dawerili da sakmaod sqeltaniania. Tumca winamdebare naSroms,
garkveulwilad, sainformacio - saganmanaTleblo funqcia aqvs, amitomMme
uwinaresad im momentebze gavamaxvile yuradReba, rac adre ar vicodi da
Tavadac damainteresa. rogorc axalbeda avtors, gTxovT, momitevoT da Zalian
mkacrad nu ganmsjiT. miTumetes, rom Cemi namdvili mizani ara megzuroba,
aramed saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis ierusalimis gadamwyveti rolisa da
mniSvnelobis Sexsenebaa, raTa erTi mxriv, male davbrundeT wminda miwaze,
xolo meore mxriv, ukeT gaverkveT, Tu vin varT Cven, qarTvelebi, Tu romeli
civilizaciis Svilebi varT. saqme is gaxlavT, rom msoflio istoria es
civilizaciebis istoriaa. kacobrioba iyofa civilizaciebad. civilizaciebi
yovelTvis epaeqrebian erTmaneTs, cdiloben ra Tavisi faseulobebisa da
cxovrebis wesis upiratesobebis damtkicebas, zogjer ki sxvebisaTvis iZulebiT
Tavs moxvevas. civilizaciis ganmsazRvreli faqtori ki uwinaresad religiaa.
Damitom uwodeben dasavlur civilizacias xSirad ebraul-qristianuls, rusul
civilizacias - marTlmadideblurs, afro-aziur civilizacias - muslimanurs,
indur civilizacias - induisturs, Cinurs - konfucianurs, laTinuri amerikis
religiur kuTvnilebaze Tavad saxelic migvaniSnebs, magaliTad, braziliis
mosaxleobis 95 % kaTolike, anu laTini qristiania. yoveli xalxi Tavad
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli civilizaciis Svilia da Semdgom am arCevanze
pasuxismgeblobasac Tavad tvirTulobs. marTlmadideblur ruseTsa da
muslimanur irans Soris arCevanis gakeTeba CvenTvis SedarebiT martivi iyo.
Cemi Rrma rwmeniT, erekle mefis gza im droisaTvis erTaderTi swori gza iyo,
Tumca erekle maSinve eZebda pirdapir gzas evropisaken, magram UuSedegod. dRes
arCevani ruseTsa da dasavleTs Soris gvaqvs, rac bevrad ufro rTulia, imitom,
rom religiurad, ruseTis msgavsad, marTlmadi-debluri qveyana varT. arCevani
Tavad ruseTma gagvimartiva, samwuxarod, daadga ra aRa-mahmad-xanis, anu urCi
qarTvelebis dasjis gzas. aseT pirobebSi marTlmadideblurma saberZneTma,
kviprosma, bulgareTma, rumineTma da serbeTmac ki ukve gaakeTes Tavisi arCevani
evropis sasargeblod, amasTan marTlmadideblobac SeinarCunes. amavdroulad,
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dasavlur civilizaciaSi ebrauli elementic gamokveTilia, xolo ebraelebTan
qarTvelebs saukuneebis manZilze gansakuTrebulad Tbili urTierToba
Camogviyalibda. dResac israeli axlo aRmosavleTSi saqarTvelos strategiul
partniorad moiazreba.A amitomac Cveni erisaTvis am metad mniSvnelovan
gzajvaredinze winsvlis swori gza unda avirCioT. amisaTvis ki ierusalimze
sulier orientacias, Cemi azriT, udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnia.
israelis STambeWdavi warmatebebi axali teqnologiebis danergvaSi gvarwmunebs,
rom WeSmariti mecniereba da religia bunebrivi mokavSireebi arian qveynisa da
eris ayvavebis saqmeSi. amitomac didia
uwmindesis survili, danergos israelis mowinave gamocdileba Tundac
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi. saerTod, gazardos ganaTlebisa da
mecnierebis roli qveynis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. rogorc yoveli
misi wamowyeba, esec did sikeTes moutans saqarTvelos.
amasTan erTad ierusalimi muslimanuri civilizaciis erT-erTi
centricaa. dRes muslimanebis raodenoba msoflioSi miliard-naxevars, anu
mosaxleobis 25 %-s aRwevs. Qqristianebis raodenobac daaxloebiT 1,5-2
miliardi adamiania, anu 25-30%. Ee.i. msoflios mosaxleobis naxevarze
metisaTvis ierusalimi sulieri centria. marTalia, ebraelebi raodenobrivad
muslimanebis an qristianebis naxevar procentsac ki ar Seadgenen (sul 13 mln.
adamiani), msoflioSi finansuri da politikuri gavleniT isini namdvilad
aravis CamorCebian. dameTanxmebiT, rom Tanamedrove adamianma kargad unda
icodes, ara marto Tavisi religiis, aramed sxva religiebis istoriac,
miTumetes, rodesac isini mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben msoflioSi. Cven ki
kargad qristianobis istoriac ki ar viciT, rom araferi vTqvaT islamze da
iudaizmze. ierusalimSi mogzauroba dagvexmareba maT ukeT gagebaSi.cxadia,
yvelaferi rodi mogewoneba kacs israelSi. amitomac minda, gavafrTxilo yvela
axalbeda piligrimi, rom ierusalimSi sakmaod daZabuli mdgomareobaa. aq ar
vgulisxmob marto ebraul-arabul konfliqts. Cemi azriT, wminda qalaqSi
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT igrZnoba ara marto RmerTis, aramed eSmakis
arsebobac. amis magaliTia Tundac mudmivi dapirispireba sxvadasxva qristianul
konfesiebs Soris, Tundac ierusalimis marTlmadidebel da somxur-
monofizitur eklesiebs Soris, rac gansakuTrebuli simZafriT, uflis
saflavze, did SabaTs, wminda cecxlis gardamosvlisas vlindeba. swored
Aamitom daayenes osmalebma Tavis droze taZris mcvelebad muslimebi, raTa
erTmaneTTan moqiSpe qristianebi daeSoSminebinaT. amitomac iRebs israelis
policia am dRes usafrTxoebis gansakuTrebul zomebs da yvela piligrimic,
Sesabamisad, unda gafrTxildes. am sakiTxze naSromSi dawvrilebiT
mogiTxrobT. masala isea ganlagebuli, rom mkiTxvels SeuZlia misTvis
sainterso Tema sarCevSi moiZios da pirdapir iqidan daiwyos kiTxva. wigns
darTuli aqvs sagangebo damatebebi da fotogalerea mokle komentarebiT.
madlobeli dagrCebiT, Tuki vinme damatebiT masalas an SeniSvnebs momawvdiT,
Semdgom gamocemebSi gasaTvaliswineblad. Cvens gegmebs gaecnobiT damatebaSi,
romelic saqvelmoqmedo fondis saqmianobaze mogiTxrobT. axla ki, yvelas
gilocavT wminda adgilebis molocvas da uflis aRdgomis brwyinvale
dResaswauls.
qriste aRsdga!
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1.saqarTvelo da Zveli aRTqmis samyaro
a. biblia: Zveli da axali aRTqma
saqarTvelo istoriulad evropuli ki ara, axlo aRmosavluri qveyanaa, im
regionis ganapira mxarea, sadac pirveli uZvelesi civilizaciebi da udidesi
msoflio religiebi Seiqmna. Tumca, zogadad, samxreT evropelebTan erTad Cvenc
xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis didi civilizaciis Svilebi varT.
ierusalimi am regionisa da mTeli msoflios umniSvnelovanesi
religiuri centria da msoflio religiebidan mxolod budizms ar ukavSirdeba.
qristianTaTvis ierusalimi, uwinaresad, uflis jvarcmisa da aRdgomis
qalaqia. ebraelTaTvis igi istoriuli dedaqalaqi da solomonis taZris
adgilia. muslimebi mas rigiT mesame wminda adgilad miiCneven meqasa da medinas
Semdeg, saidanac, maTi rwmeniT, zecad amaRlda muhamedi. am religiebs Soris
damokidebuleba rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. samive maTgani aRiarebs bibliis
pirvel nawils – Zvel aRTqmas: samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnas erTi
RmerTisagan, samoTxidan adamisa da evas gaZevebas, pirvelqmnili codvis gamo,
warRvnas, noes kidobanisa da babilonis godolis arsebobas, noes
STamomavlobidan mravalricxovani xalxebis warmoSobas, moses aT mcnebas,
abraamis, isaakisa da iakobis patriarqobas da a.S., magram am religiebs Soris
gansxvaveba, maTi swavlebidan gamomdinare, arsebiTia. CvenTvis,
qristianebisTvis, axali aRTqmis wminda wignebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs. isini safuZvelTa safuZvelia eklesiis wiaRSi daunjebuli im ucvalebeli
rjulisa da moZRvrebisa, romelsac axali aRTqmis rjuli ewodeba.
`biblia~ berZnulad wignebs niSnavs. es sityva Zveli finikiuri qalaqis –
biblosis saxelwodebidan momdinareobs, sadac mzaddeboda masala
wignebisaTvis. aq Seiqmna Tanamedrove tipis pirveli anbani, romelsac finikiuri
ewoda da romelic, Tavis mxriv, berZnuls daedo safuZvlad. sityva `aRTqma~ ki,
bibliuri gagebiT, xelSekrulebas, kavSirs niSnavs da ara mxolod dapirebas,
aramed RmerTsa da adamians Soris dadebul SeTanxmebasac gulisxmobs,
romelzec pasuxismgeblobas orive mxare kisrulobs. diplomatiur
xelSekrulebaTa teqstebis arseboba uZvelesi droidan iRebs saTaves.
magaliTad, xeTur arqivebSi aRmoCenili diplomatiuri xelSekrulebebi
dadebulia xeTebsa da maTi mfarvelobis qveS Semosul xalxebs Soris, sadac,
pirvelad istoriaSi, dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili mxareTa
urTierTvaldebulebebi. Zveli aRTqmis wminda wignebSi aRwerilia, Tu rogor
sjida ufali Tavis rCeul ers, israels, aRTqmis darRvevis, kerpTmsaxurebisa
da RvTis mcnebebis SeusruleblobisaTvis. Zveli aRTqmis wminda wignebi,
romlebic ebraul enazea dawerili, uflis rCeuli erisTvis iyo gankuTvnili,
romelsac RmerTma rjuli ganuwesa mose winaswarmetyvelis meSveobiT. axali
aRTqmis epoqaSi RvTis rCeuli eri aris ara erTi romelime erovnebis xalxi,
aramed qristes wminda eklesiis wevrebi, miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri
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warmomavlobisa, romlebic uflis aRTqmis memkvidreni naTlobis saidumlo
madliT xdebian. amdenad, aRTqma, dadebuli RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris,
bibliis umTavresi Temaa.
saRmrTo istoriidan cnobilia, rom warRvnis Semdeg RmerTma aRTqma
misca noes, mis Svilebsa da mis STamomavlobas, rom aRar iqneboda warRvna
qveyanaze, da am aRTqmis niSnad Seqmna ci-
sartyela (dab. 9,11-13). ufalma aRTqma daudo abraamsac, rodesac dahpirda, rom
miscemda mis STamomavlobas mTel miwas egviptis sazRvridan mdinare
evfratamde (dab. 15,16). am aRTqmis dadasturebis niSnad ufalma Tavisi rCeuli
eris yvela mamakacs winadacveTa daudgina. Zveli aRTqma, romelic ufalma
israels daudo, Seicavda rogorc aT mcnebas, - aseve RvTis sxva
dadgenilebebsa da kanonebs, rac mose winaswarmetyvels ganecxada sinas mTaze.
rogorc wminda werilSia nauwyebi, RvTis kacma-mosem, msxverplad Sewirul
zvarakTa sisxli asxura sams-
xverplosa da xalxs, uwoda ra mas `aRTqmis sisxli~, `aha, sisxli aRTqmisa,
romeli aRTqma-yo RmerTma Tqvenda momarT yovelTa maT sityuaTaTÂis~ (gam.
24,8). Zveli aRTqmis wignebi (sul 50) dawerilia qristes Sobamde daaxloebiT
1600 wlidan 430-420 wlebamde, Tumca Tavad abraamis Semosvlas qanaanSi, riTac
ebraeli xalxis istoria iwyeba, mecnierebi aTariReben 2000 wliT, qristes
Sobamde.
rac Seexeba bibliis meore nawils - `axal aRTqmas~, is mogviTxrobs
macxovris gankacebis, misi amqveyniuri moRvaweobis, jvarcmis, aRdgomisa da
zecad amaRlebis, axali aRTqmis eklesiis dafuZnebis, mociqulTa moRvaweobisa
da qristianobis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. axali aRTqmis wminda wignebSi naTlad
aris miniSnebuli, rom ieso qriste adamis modgmis mxsnelia, romlis Sesaxebac
ufalma adamianebs Zvel aRTqmis epoqaSi auwya winaswarmetyvelTa piriT.
rogorc pavle mociquli wers: `RmerTma rogorc iwinaswarmetyvela yvela
Tavisi winaswarmetyvelis piriT qristes vneba, ise aRasrula~ (saqme, 3,18).
axali aRTqma Seicavs 27 wigns: oTxTavs (oTx kanonikur saxarebas),
mociqulTa saqmeebs, Svid kaTolike (sayovelTao) epistoles, pavle mociqulis
14 epistolesa da gamocxadebas (apokalifsi). axali aRTqmis wminda wignebi
daiwera a. w.-is pirveli saukunis meore naxevarsa da meore saukunis dasawyisSi.
termini `axali aRTqma~ momdinareobs Tavad ieso qristesgan, romelmac
ierusalimSi, sionis qorSi gamarTul saidumlo serobaze gamoiyena es termini,
rodesac, rogorc maTe maxarebeli gvauwyebs: `moiRo puri da hmadlobda da
gantexa da misca mowafeTa TÂisTa da hrqua maT: miiReT da WameT, ese ars Ãorci
Cemi. da moiRo sasumeli da hmadlobda da misca maT da Tqua: suT amisgan
yovelTa, ese aris sisxli Cemi axlisa aRTqmisaÁ, mravalTaTÂis daTxeuli
misatevebelad codvaTa~ (mT. 26, 26-28). jer kidev Zveli aRTqmis epoqaSi Cans,
rom ufali aRTqmas udebs mTel kacobriobas, rodesac `abraamis Sesaxeb
ambobs: `iyos naTesavad didad da mravlad da ikurTxeodian misa mimarT
yovelni naTesavni queyanisani~ (dab. 18,18) - am sityvebiT ufali hpirdeba abraams,
rom misi meSveobiT kurTxeuli iqneba yvela xalxi, rac axal aRTqmaSi
aRsrulda, radgan qristianuli eklesia, Zveli aRTqmis eklesiisagan
gansxvavebiT, qveynierebis kidiT-kidemde ganivrco da WeSmariti naTlisRebis
madliT, Tavis macxovnebel wiaRSi Semoikriba yvela erovnebis adamiani.
rogorc wminda pavle mociquli ambobs: `ara ars warmarT da huria,
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winadacueTileba da winadaucueTeleba, barbaros, skÂiTel, moneba, aznaureba,
aramed yovlad yovelsa Sina qriste~ (kol. 3, 11). Ees aris adamianebisadmi
miniWebuli uflis uzenaesi Tavisufleba.
Zveli da axali rjulis urTierTmimarTebasTan dakavSirebiT wminda
ioane RvTismetyveli wers, rom `sjuli mosesgan moeca, xolo madli da
WeSmaritebaÁ qriste iesoÁs mier iqmna~.
axali aRTqmis wminda eklesia sayovelTaoa. igi dafuZnebulia Cveni macxovris –
ieso qristes mier, romelmac sakuTari Tavi msxverplad Seswira codvis
tyveobisagan kacobriobis gamoxsnas.
b. damokidebuleba qristianebsa da muslimebs Soris
rogorc aRiniSna, biblias muslimebic aRiareben nawilobriv. Tavad
muhamedis TqmiT, is arc mTlianad unda uaryo da arc mTlianad daijero.
yuranSi noes uwodeben nuhs, abraams – ibrahims, loTs – luts, isaaks – ishaks,
ismails – izmails, iosebs – iusufs, moses – musas, aarons – haruns, daviT
mefesa da winaswarmetyvels – davuds, mefe solomons – suleimans. ieso
qristes isini `isa ibn mariams~ (e.i. ieso mariamis Svils) uwodeben da masac
winaswarmetyvelad miiCneven, magram ara RmerTad da RvTis Zed. maTi rwmeniT,
RmerTs saerTod ar SeiZleba hyavdes Ze. qristes Rvawli islamSi
erTRmerTianobis (monoTeizmis qadagebiT) amoiwureba. yuranSi masve miewereba
qadageba israelianTa Soris, momavalSi erTaderTi WeSmariti mociqulis,
ahmedis, anu muhamedis mosvlis Sesaxeb (61,6). Amuslimebs mtkiced swamT, rom
bibliuri mesia swored muhamedia, xolo uflis rCeuli xalxi arabebi da,
zogadad, muslimebi arian. muslimuri tradiciis mixedviT, abraams uflisaTvis
ara isaaki, aramed ufrosi Svili, ismaili, unda Seewira. yurban-bairami,
muslimTa udidesi dResaswauli, ismailis gadarCenas ukavSirdeba, radgan maTi
rwmeniT, ufalma ixsna ismaili rogorc msxverplad Sewirvisas, aseve
dedamisTan, agarTan, erTad udabnoSi sikvdilisagan. gadmocemiT maT udabnoSi
beduinebi Sexvdnen da swored im adgilze aages mogvianebiT qalaqi meqa.
muslimuri tradicia mogviTxrobs aseve muhamedis ierusalimSi (Soreul
meCeTSi) mogzaurobaze, sadac muhamedma iloca abraamTan, mosesTan da ieso
qristesTan erTad. yovelive es migviTiTebs islamis bibliur fesvebze. Tumca
qristianebisagan gansxvavebiT, muslimebs biblia Taviseburad esmiT.
ARvTismSobel mariams isini SecdomiT moses dasTan, mariamTan, aigiveben. amis
miuxedavad, isini biblias “wminda werils” uwodeben da swavloben mas, xolo
ebraelebsa da qristianebs “wminda werilis” xalxebad moixsenieben da sxva
religiebis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT garkveul privilegiebsac ki
aniWeben, Tumca, politikuri mosazrebebiT, “wminda werilis” xalxebsac xSirad
umowyalod devnidnen. saqarTvelos istoriidan Cven gvaxsovs musliman
dampyrobelTa mier qristianTa devnis faqtebi: 100 000 qarTveli
marTlmadideblis sikvdiliT dasja jalal-ed-inis mier, aRdgomis Rames 6000
garejeli beris amowyveta Sah-abasis mier, an Tundac TbilisSi
jvarTamaRlebis dResaswaulze sasuliero pirebis daxocva aRa-mahmad-xanis
mier. magram muslimebi xSirad aseTive sisastikiT devnidnen sxva muslimebsac
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magaliTad, Siiti sparselebi daRestnis dapyrobisas sunit daRestnelebs
urwmunoebs uwodebdnen da umowyalod Jletdnen,
iseve, rogorc laTini raindebi - marTlmadidebel bizantielebs. magram,
amavdroulad, qristianebsa da muslimebs mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis,
Semwynareblobisa da TanamSromlobis SesaSuri SemTxvevebic gvqonia. es
ierusalimis magaliTzec kargad Cans. 1229 wels, Ggermaniis imperatorma
fridrix meorem, romelmac mokle xniT ierusalimi daibruna muslimebisagan,
sulTan qamalTan miaRwia SeTanxmebas, rom muslimebi da qristianebi erTad
daeuflebodnen omaris meCeTs (meCeTi `gumbaTi kldeze~). Aam SeTanxmebiT,
meCeTSi qristianTa da muslimTa Zmobis simboluri Zeglic ki aRimarTa.
daZmobileba xanmokle aRmoCnda. is mxolod droebiTi aliansi iyo monRolTa
sawinaaRmdegod. 1250 wels jvarosnebi
sabolood gandevnes ierusalimidan. USuRli da dapirispireba qristianebsa da
muslimebs Soris ufro metad jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdeg damkvidrda.
Mmanamde aziaSi da axlo aRmosavleTSi isini mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobdnen.
mTel aziaSi gavrcelebuli iyo qristianuli moZRvrebis eretikuli
mimarTuleba - nestorianoba. Aaq milionze meti qristiani cxovrobda da
ramdenime aTeuli eparqia arsebobda, romelTac nestorianelTa kaTalikosi
marTavda. monRolTa erT-erTi yaenic nestorianeli qristiani iyo. gadmocemiT,
muhameds swored nestorianelma berma uwinaswarmetyvela `didi momavali~.
jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdeg daiw-yo marTlmadidebelebis sayovelTao
Seviwroeba da devna, aseve devnas daeqvemdebarnen sxvadasxva eretikuli
mimdinareobani: nestorianelebi, monifizitebi, iakobitebi. arsebobs mosazreba,
rom monRolTa laSqroba palestinaSi nestorianelTa waqezebiT gan-
xorcielda da mas “yviTel“ jvarosnul laSqrobasac uwodeben. monRolebi,
iseve rogorc evropeli jvarosnebi, wminda miwidan, egviptelma mamluqebma
gaaZeves. sabolood am laSqrobebma aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi muslimebi
gaabatona.
unda gvaxsovdes isic, rom swored muslimma mmarTvelebma mianiWes
qarTvelebs didi privilegiebi ierusalimSi. kaTolike mogzauris – ioane
kotoviCis cnobiT, (1598w.) `kairos sulTanis sagangebo nebarTvisa da TurqeTis
imperatoris damowmebuli privilegiis wyalobiT, yovel weliwads, rodesac,
aRmosavleTis sxva qristianTa msgavsad, qarTvelebi ierusalimSi qristes
saflavis Tayvanissacemad midian, isini, qristianTa Soris erTaderTni,
mravalricxovani SemadgenlobiT, meomrebiviT jarad modian, samxedro almebiT
Sedian qalaqSi baJis gareSe da wminda adgilebs afrialebuli bairaRebiT
naxuloben...~
rac Seexeba ierusalimis meCeTebs, muslimTa rwmeniT, am wminda adgilze
aRvlenil locvas sxva adgilebze Sesrulebul locvasTan SedarebiT 25 000 -
jer meti Zala aqvs. swored imitom, rom muslimebs swamdaT meqis, medinasa da
ierusalimis gansakuTrebuli siwmindis da sjerodaT, rom iq aRvlenili locva
pirdapir ufalTan midis, isini sikvdiliT dasjis muqaris qveS ukrZalavdnen
aramuslimebs aq arsebul meCeTebSi Sesvlas. maT eSinodaT, rom aramuslimi am
wminda adgilebze maT ganadgurebas sTxovda ufals!
yuranSi moxseniebulia muhamedis “Ramis mogzauroba”, rodesac ufalma
myisierad gadaiyvana is `xelSeuxebeli meCeTidan~ `Soreul meCeTSi~. muslimuri
tradiciiT, es Soreuli meCeTi ierusalimia, sadac jibraelma
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(mTavarangelozma gabrielma) muhamedi jadosnuri cxeniT, buraqiT, pirdapir
meqidan gadaiyvana. amitomac daarqves morias mTaze solomonis taZris adgilze
agebul meCeTs (al-masjid al-aqsa) `Soreuli meCeTi~.
muslimTa rwmeniT, al-aqsas kompleqsSi Sedis `iesos akvnis miwisqveSa
meCeTi~ - “megd-isa”. Aaq qvaSi gamokveTili didi embazis msgavsi nakeTobaa,
romelSic muslimuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad, yrma ieso iwva. Ees akvani mihrabad
gamoiyeneba, anu locvisas yiblas - meqis mimarTulebas aCvenebs muslimebs. imave
meCeTSia mariam RvTismSoblis `mihrabi~ da mRvdelmTavar zaqarias - ioane
naTlismcemlis mamis, `mihrabi~. Qqristes akvnis Tavze uamravi lampari anTia,
rogorc es qristianul taZrebSia miRebuli.
A ”al-aqsas” aSenebamde aq, RvTismSoblis taZrad miyvanebis sa-
xelobis eklesia idga. muslimebi udidesi pativiscemiT inaxaven uflisa da
mariam RvTismSobelis saxelTan dakavSirebul siwmindeebs. meCeTSi, iq sadac
qristianuli sakurTxeveli iyo, ori niSaa daculi. erTSi macxovris erTi fexis
nakvalevia (is eleonis, anu zeTis xilis mTidan CamoutaniaT, sadac meore fexis
nakvalevia darCenili), xolo meore, niSaSi, RvTismSoblis orive fexis
anabeWdia daculi.
muslimTaTvis sarwmuno gadmocemiT, mTavarangeloz jibraels “al-aqsas”
meCeTis axlos mdebare kldidan aumaRlebia cad muhamedi. cidan muhameds
mariam RvTismSoblis Sobis adgilze aRmarTuli sinaTlis sveti uxilavs. Aim
adgilze, saidanac muhamedi cad amaRlda da sadac, gadmocemiT, herodes taZari
idga, xalifa abdel-maliq ibn mervanma 687-691 wlebSi aago axali, grandiozuli
rvakuTxedis formis, meCeTi, romelsac `gumbaTi kldeze~ (arabulad “qubaT as-
saxra”) hqvia, da xSirad omaris meCeTsac uwodeben, Tumca misi aSenebis dros
xalifa omari cocxali aRar iyo. omaris mier ierusalimis dapyrobis Semdeg,
638 wels, aSenebuli meCeTi 3000 kacs itevda, Mmis adgilze aSenebuli axali
meCeTi ki ramdenejerme mets. Aaxali meCeTi imdenad grandiozuli da lamazi
iyo, rom ierusalimis dapyrobisas jvarosnebs is solomonis bibliur taZrad
miuCneviaT. omeiadebis dinastias, romelsac abdel-meliqi ekuTvnoda, saxalifos
dedaqalaqi medinidan damaskoSi, xolo sulieri centri - meqidan ierusalimSi
gadmoutaniaT. maTi mmarTvelobis dros yibla, anu locvis mimarTuleba,
droebiT meqidan ierusalimisaken Seicvala. anu muslimebs isev saxiT
ierusalimisaken mibrunebulebs unda elocaT, rogorc es Tavdapirvelad Tavad
muhamedma brZana. Mmagram, radganac, yuranis mixedviT, muhamedma ierusalims
sabolood meqa amjobina (vinaidan ebraelebma is ar scnes meSiaxad, anu mesiad),
muslimebis mTavar salocavad, sabolood mainc meqa damkvidrda. Tumca
ierusalimi, meqasa da medinas Semdeg, muslimTa mTavar sasuliero centrad
darCa.
omaris meCeTSi, kldesTan axlos, daculia adgili, sadac RvTismSobelma
qristes Sobis meormoce dRes taZarSi ganwmendis msxverpli miitana. gumbaTis
rotondaze oqros asoebiT weria ieso qristesadmi miZRvnili yuranis sura:
“ieso, mariamis Svili, RvTis mociquli, misi sityva, RmerTma ganakaca is
mariamSi, is misi amosunTqvaa”.
M meore mxriv, mihrabebs, anu specialur muslimur niSebs, romlebic
yiblas - meqisadmi mimarTulebas uCveneben morwmuneebs, dResac SexvdebiT
ierusalimis qristianul eklesiebSic, magaliTad, RvTismSoblis miZinebis
taZarSi.
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rac Seexeba arabTa warmomavlobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda miwis
saxelwodeba palestina bibliaSi naxsenebi xalxis, arasemituri
(indoevropuli) warmomavlobis filistimelebidan modis, Tavad arabebs
TavianT pirdapir winaprad Zveli aRTqmis patriarqi - abraami (muslimTaTvis
ibrahimi) miaCniaT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi pirveli Svilis, ismailis,
xaziT. ismaili (arabulad izmaili) saras mxevlis agaris, Svili iyo da amitomac
ismailis STamomaval arabebs agarianelebs uwodebdnen (samxreTeli, e.w. iemeneli
arabebi STamomavlobas abraamis meore colis, qeTurasagan iTvlian da Sesabamisad, maT
qarTaxebi ewodebaT). imdroindeli kanoniT colisa da mxevlisagan gaCenili Svilebi
absoluturad Tanasworebi iyvnen, miTumetes, rom agarma abraamisagan Svili
Tavad saras moTxovniT gaaCina, saerTod uSvilod rom ar darCeniliyvnen.
aseTive wesiT iyo gaCenili iakobis, romelic aseve israelad iwodeboda,
ramdenime Svilic, misi colebis - liasa da raqelis mxevlebisagan, Mmagram
isini ebraelTa Tormeti tomis iseTive mamamTavrebad gvevlinebian, rogorc
Tavad kanonieri colebis - liasa da rahilis Svilebi. maTgan gansxvavebiT,
Msaram isaakis gaCenis Semdeg mxevlisagan gaCenili pirveli Svilis, ismailis,
saxlidan gaZeveba moiTxova. Sewuxebuli abraami ufalma anugeSa da ismailis
mfarvelobas dahpirda. deda-Svils udabnoSi angelozi mouvlina
(mTavarangelozi gabrieli, arabulad jibraeli) da daRupvisagan ixsna, Tan
aRuTqva, rom ismailisagan mravalricxovani xalxebi da maTi mefeebi
gaCndebodnen. arabuli gadmocemiT, abraami Cavida ismailTan meqaSi da iq,
qaabas salocavTan, masTan erTad iqadaga. sakuTriv bibliaSi meqaSi locvis
Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami, magram naxsenebia, rom abraami orive Svilma, ismailma
– arabTa mamamTavarma da isaakma – Zveli aRTqmis patriarqma, erTad daitira da
daasaflava. yovelive amas imitom vixsenebT, rom warmoCndes, ramdenad didia
TiToeuli maTganisaTvis ierusalimisa da wminda miwis mniSvneloba. es istoria
sxva mxrivadac sainteresoa. swored mezobeli da yvelaze axlo naTesavi
xalxebi eqiSpebian xSirad erTmaneTs yvelaze metad.
g. damokidebuleba qristianebsa da ebraelebs Soris
rogorc aRvniSneT, muslimebi nawilobriv cnoben Zvel aRTqmas. isini
qristesac aRiareben, magram ara rogorc RvTis Zesa da macxovars, aramed
rogorc winaswarmetyvels. maT aseve miaCniaT, rom igi iqneba msajuli
gankiTxvis dRes. Zvel aRTqmaSi nawinaswarmetyveleb mesiad isini muhameds
miiCneven. Mmagram ebraelebi, Zveli aRTqmis rCeuli eri, mesiad arc qristes da,
miTumetes, arc
araebrael muhameds cnoben. isini dResac elodebian mxsnels. amasTan,
zogierTi maTgani miiCnevs, rom mesia ukve mosulia,Mmagram vinaidan mesiam, maTi
warmodgeniT, pirvel rigSi, solomonis taZari unda aRadginos, anu mis
adgilze aSenebuli meCeTi unda daangrios, muslimebi, cxadia, didi SeSfoTebiT
xvdebian aseT gancxadebebs. A
ebraelebis didma nawilma uaryo qriste, sinedrionma ki aiZula romaeli
prokuratori - pilate, sikvdiliT daesaja igi. devna qristes mociqulebzec
gavrcelda, rasac `mociqulTa saqmeebic~ adasturebs. iakobs, mociqul ioanes
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Zmas, Tavi mokveTes. uflis xorcieli Zma, romelsac aseve iakobi erqva da
ierusalimis pirveli episkoposi iyo, taZris saxuravidan gadmoagdes. qvebiT
Caqoles stefane pirveldiakoni. Mmociqulebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, gaclodnen
ierusalims. sulTmofenobis Semdgom ki isini msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi
qadagebdnen qristes moZRvrebas. Aase gavrcelda qristianoba imdroindel
samyaroSi, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic, sadac mociqulebma - andria
pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma, mataTam da barTlomem iqadages uflis
sityva. A
qristianTa devna mogvianebiTac gagrZelda. meSvide saukuneSic ki,
rodesac ierusalimi bizantiis imperiaSi Sedioda, sparselebma ierusalimi
daipyres, ebraelebi ki maT miemxrnen. sapasuxod, bizantielebi, mas Semdeg,
rac ierusalimi daibrunes, ebraelebs devnidnen da aiZulebdnen qristianoba
mieRoT, iseve,
rogorc adrec sCadiodnen amas.
istoriaSi uamravi magaliTia cnobili ebraelTa devnisa, iseve, rogorc
bevri sxva xalxebisa, magram arc erTi maTganis istoria ase sayovelTaod
cnobili ar gamxdara msofliosTvis. wminda werili mogviTxrobs im uamravi
tkivilisa da tanjvis Sesaxeb, rac Zveli aRTqmis epoqaSi uflis rCeulma erma
ganicada. rac Seexeba uaxles istorias, sayovelTaod cnobilia faSistebis mier
ebraelTa genocidi - holokosti. amis miuxedavad, devnilebma ara marto Tavi
gadairCines, aramed msoflioSi absoluturad unikaluri adgili daikaves.
EmaSin, rodesac bevri maTze ufro mravalricxovani xalxi saerTod
gadaSenda, ebraelebi dRes, Tavisi mcirericxovnobis miuxedavad (as Cinelze
dRes msoflioSi sul erTi ebraeli modis), erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
gavleniani eria msoflioSi. Ffinansebi, masmedia, mecniereba, kultura - ai,
arasruli CamonaTvali im sferoebisa, sadac maT msoflio lideris pozicia
uWiravT. ebraelebi erTgulad emsaxurebian ara marto israelis, aramed im
qveynebis ayvavebasac, sadac cxovroben.
holandia me-16 saukuneSi msoflios umsxvilesi savaWro imperia gaxda ara
marto pirveli burJuaziuli revoluciis Sedegad, aramed espaneTidan da
evropis sxva qveynebidan devnili ebraelebis Sefarebis gamo, (ebraelTa nawili
muslimurma saxelmwifoebmac Seifares )espaneTma, ki ebraelTa gandevnis
Semdeg, msoflio imperiis statusi TandaTanobiT dakarga.
ebraelebi, iseve, rogorc somxebi da Cinelebi, im erebs miekuTvnebian, romlebic
diasporebs qmnian. saukuneebis manZilze ebraelebsa da somxebs Tavisi saxelmwifo ar
hqoniaT da swored diasporebma itvirTes erovnuli enis, kulturisa da rwmenis
SenarCuneba, rac, Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos movaleobaa. rogorc
wesi, isini saukune-
ebis manZilze ar ereodnen im qveynebis mosaxleobas, sadac cxovrobdnen,
qorwindebodnen mxolod erTmaneTze, inarCunebdnen rwmenas, enasa da
tradiciebs. eweodnen vaWrobas, xelosnobas, qmnidnen pirvelad kapitals da
kapitalis saukeTeso dabandebad Svilebis ganaTleba miaCndaT. amitomac
gaunaTlebeli ojaxebis Svilebic ki meore TaobaSi eqimebi, afTiaqarebi,
advokatebi, mecnierebi, anu inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi xdebodnen. maTi am
Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, tailandis erT-erTma mefem, Cinelebs
aRmosavleTis ebraelebi Searqva, somxebs ki xSirad kavkasiis ebraelebs
uwodeben.
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diasporebs, rogorc wesi, ar qmnian is erebi, visac Tavisi saxelmwifo
aqvT. amitom aris susti qarTvelebis, rusebis, sxva qristiani erebis
saTvistomoebi ucxoeTSi. gamonaklisia, albaT, saberZneTi, romelsac
SedarebiT struqturirebuli diaspora gaaCnia aSS-Si, magram es mainc im
periodis gamoZaxilia, rodesac saberZneTi maTTvis saZulvel TurqeTis
imperiaSi Sedioda. amitom nu ganvicdiT, rom qarTvelebs susti saTvistomoebi
gvyavs ucxoeTSi. uflis wyalobiT, Cven ar Segviwyvetia saxelmwifoebrivi
arseboba ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlamde. ruseTSi yofnisas ki diasporis
Seqmnam azri dakarga, imitom, rom daisporas eTnikuri an religiuri umciresoba
qmnis, xolo TurqeTsa da ruseTSi umciresoba religiuri niSniT
ganisazRvreboda. qarTvelebi ruseTSi - marTlmadideblebi, xolo TurqeTSi -
muslimebi iyvnen, anu umravlesobas miekuTvnebodnen. somxebi da ebraelebi ki
umciresobas warmoadgendnen, iseve, rogorc berZnebi - TurqeTSi. Aamitomac
aris, rom TurqeTis imperiaSi, romelSic ierusalimic Sedioda, somxebs,
ebraelebs, laTinebsa da berZnebs, rogorc religiur umciresobebs, kanoni
icavda da maT eklesiebsa da samlocveloebs, qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT,
oficialuri statusi hqondaT imperiaSi. igive grZeldeba israelSic, romelic
Zveli Turquli kanonmdeblobiT sargeblobs da Tavisi kanoni religiis Sesaxeb
arc ki miuRia.
rac Seexeba qarTul - ebraul urTierTobebs, is marTlac unikaluria. mas
mravali faqtori ganapirobebs. keTilmezoblobis tradicia jer kidev VI
saukunidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac saqarTveloSi CamoabrZanes elia
winaswarmetyvelis xaleni, ramac saSualeba misca qarTvelebs, Semecnebodnen
mose winaswarmetyvelis rjuls da SeecnoT erTi WeSmariti RmerTi. es xaleni
ebraelTa baginSi inaxeboda. udidesi mniSvnelobisaa is faqti, rom macxovris
uwmindesi kvarTi, romelic wminda eklesiis erTianobis, ganuyo-
flobis simboloa, swored mcxeTelma ebraelebma CamoabrZanes saqarTveloSi.
sabolood kvarTi wminda sidoniasTan erTad daifla miwaSi. garda amisa,
saqarTvelos gaqristianeba qristes mociqulebs - andria pirvelwodebuls,
svimon kanonels, mataTas, barTlomes ukavaSirdeba, romlebic eTnikuri niSniT
ebraelebi iyvnen. da bolos, tolerantoba, romelic, iSviaTi gamonaklisis
garda, saqarTveloSi yovelTvis saxelmwifo politikis rangSi iyo ayvanili.
qarTul - ebrauli urTierTobebi istoriulad unikaluria, ramac erT-
erT cnobil qarTvel ebraels, rafael eligulaSvils, aTqmevina:
`saqarTveloSi Cven bevri megobari gvyavs, magram ebraeli xalxis yvelaze didi
megobari aris saqarTvelos istoria~. es moxda mas Semdeg, rac qarTvelma
emigrantebma parizSi nacistebis sakoncentracio banakebidan bevri ebraeli
ixsnes, misces ra maT oficialuri sabuTebi, rom isini mxolod rwmeniT iyvnen
ebraelebi, xolo erovnebiT qarTvelebi, qaldevelTa STamomavlebi.
dRes msoflioSi aqtiuri dialogi daiwyo ebraelebsa da qristianebs
Soris. vatikani da israeli emzadeba wminda adgilebis uprecedento
gacvlisaTvis. israeli vatikans gadascems ierusalimis sionis qors, sadac
saidumlo seroba gaimarTa, sadac xSirad ikribebodnen macxovari da misi
mowafeebi. swored aq, am saxlSi, aziara qristem mociqulebi. xolo misi zecad
amaRlebis Semdgom amave saxlSi iyvnen Sekrebilni mociqulebi, romlebzec
suli wmindis madli gardamovida. jvarosnebma iq eklesia gaxsnes, muslimebma -
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meCeTi, xolo ebraelebma - religiuri skola. sanacvlod israeli vatikanisagan
miiRebs toledos cnobil sinagogas.
2002 wels, israelSi istoriuli vizitisas, romis papma ioane-pavle
meorem, godebis kedelSi vatikanis oficialur blankze dawerili Tavisi
werilic Cado, romelic dRes ierusalimis muzeumSi inaxeba. Ppapi locavda
wminda miwas da patiebas iTxovda ebraelebis mravalsaukunovani devnisaTvis.
es romis papis pirveli viziti iyo wminda miwaze, vinaidan vatikani israels
adre ar scnobda.
G rac Seexeba godebis kedels, mogexsenebaT, rom es ebraelTaTvis wminda
adgilia. Ggodebis kadelTan ara marto loculoben, aramed mis qvebs Soris
arsebul napralebSi werilebs deben sxvadasxva TxovniT. Aase iqcevian ara
marto ebraelebi, aramed uamravi araebraeli turistic, maT Soris qristianebic.
cnobil adamianebs Soris, visi werilic kedelSi Caido, amerikis prezidenti
buSi-umcrosic aris. iTvleba, rom qristianTaTvis es dasaSvebia, vinaidan
godebis kedeli herodes taZris dasavleTis kedelis nawilia, im taZrisa,
sadac saeklesio gadmocemiT, mariam RvTismSobeli cxovrobda da izrdeboda.
Aaqve xom RvTismSoblis taZrad miyvanebis eklesia iyo agebuli.
ebraelTa godeba taZris nangrevebTan adreve dawyebula, maSin, rodesac
romaelebs taZari daungreviaT da miwasTan gausworebiaT. Sua saukuneebSi
ucnauri wesi SemouRiaT - ebraelebi Soreul qveynebSi gamgzavrebisas,
dangrevas gadarCenili taZris kedlis dasavleT nawilSi, lursmans asvamdnen,
xolo dabrunebisas, isev aZrobdnen mas. iTvleboda, rom es adamians
mogzaurobisas icavda. zogierTi ki kedelze kveTda Tavis Txovnas uflisadmi.
rabinebs aukrZalavT aseTi vandaluri meTodi da SeuTavazebiaT
mlocvelTaTvis weri-lebis Cadeba kedlis napralebSi rac aqamdec xdeba.
Tu Tqvenc gagiCndaT survili, godebis kedelSi werilis Cadebis,
girCevT, kurTxeva Tqveni moZRvrisagan aiRoT. piradad me aseTi werili
Cadebuli maqvs godebis kedelSi.
sabednierod, Cven, qarTvelebma, ebraelebTan dialogi 26 saukunis win
daviwyeT, rodesac pirveli ebraelebi dasaxldnen saqarTveloSi. Dqristianobis
istoriaSi unikaluri magaliTia evstaTe mcxeTelis arCevani, romelic, RvTis
SewevniT, qristes rjulze moeqca.
d. noes kidobani da saqarTvelo
istoriulad saqarTvelo, rogorc urartusa da SuamdinareTis sxva didi
civilizaciebis erT-erTi memkvidre qveyana, ganuyofeli nawili iyo Zveli
bibliuri samyarosi. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rom sityva eri (erin) Sumerulad
xalxs-ers niSnavs, sityva me-Cems, enim-enas da a.S. xolo bibliaSi naxseneb
ararats urartusTan akavSireben (4 mef. 19,37). maSasadame is adgili, romelsac
warRvnis Semdeg noes kidobani miadga, qarTvelTa tomebis istoriuli
samSobloa. am faqts adasturebs wm. epifanes cnobac: `roca warR
vnis Semdeg noes kidobani gaCerda araratis mTebze, somexTa da qarTvelTa
qveynebs Sua, lubarad wodebul mTaze, gaCnda pirveli adamianTa sacxovrebeli
da iq gaaSena winaswarmetyvelma noem venaxi da Seiqmna iqauri binadari~.
-
arqanjelo lamberti yuradRebas amaxvilebs Semdeg sityvebze: `somexTa da
qarTvelTa qveynis Sua~ da ambobs: `am qveyanas dResac qarTli hqvia, misi
mkvidrni ki Tavis Tavs uwodeben qarTvelebad. es kuTxe aris saqarTveloserTi
nawili~ (arqanjelo lamberti. samegrelos aRwera. Tb.,1938, gv. 9).
giorgi kedrenes cnobiT, qarTvelebi noes mesame Svilis, iafetis,
STamomavlebi arian. igi wers: ` noem Tavis mesame vaJs, iafets, romelic 425
wlisa iyo, misca CrdiloeTisa da dasavleTis qveynebi midiidan-britaneTis
kunZulebamde, armenia, iberia, ponto, kolxeTi da maT iqeTYmdebare qveynebi da
kunZulebi vidre italiamde da galebamde, ispaniamde, keltiberiamde da
listaniamde~ (georgika, t. V).
saqarTvelo rom vazis samSobloa, amaSi eWvi dRes TiTqmis aRaravis epareba.
saintereso cnobebi moepoveba italiel misioners, arqanjelo lambertis,
romelic oci wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda saqarTveloSi. 1654 wels neapolSi
gamocemul Tavis wignSi igi exeba qarTvelTa warmomavlobis sakiTxs da wers:
`iqaurebs dRemde marto saxeli ki ara, Cveulebanic Tavis pirvandel winaprisa
SerCeniaT..., marTlac, miwis damuSavebas, rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise kolxidaSi
imdenad etanebian, rom yvelas keTilSobilur saqmed miaCnia Tavis yanaSi
muSaoba. yovelgan venaxebs aSeneben da cdiloben bevri Rvino moiyvanon,
romelic Zlier uyvarT...~ bibliuri Txrobis mixedviT, noem pirvelad igema mis
mier dawuruli Rvino, daTvra da gaSiSvlda. misma SuaTana Svilma, qamma,
dascina mamas, rodesac misi siSiSvle ixila, Semdeg ki amis Sesaxeb Zmebs uambo.
semi da iafeti zurgSeqceviT miuaxlovdnen mamas da samosi gadaafares ise, rom
misi siSiSvle ar uxilavT. gamofxizlebulma noem qamis STamomavloba dawyevla
da semisa da iafetis modgmis monoba uwinaswarmetyvela.
e. qarTvelTa bibliuri warmomavloba
xalxTa warmoSobis bibliuri genealogiebi, romlebic noes SvilTa
STamomavlobasa da maTgan warmoSobil xalxebs asaxeleben (dab. 10.1-24); 1 neSt.
1.5-27), dResac mecnierTa Soris udidesi ndobiT sargeblobs. uaxlesi
arqeologiuri kvlevebiT mecnierulad dasturdeba bibliuri cnobebis
utyuaroba. sxva saqmea, rom bibliuri genealogiebi mxolod im xalxebs aRweren,
romlebic Zveli aRTqmis epoqaSi arsebobdnen da gviandeli xalxebis maTgan
momdinareoba mecnierulad naklebad dasabuTebulia, Tumca aseTi mcdelobebi
dResac ki gvxvdeba. Tavad qarTvelebic, uSualod am saxeliT moxseniebulni,
genealogiebSi ar arian iseve, rogorc somxebi da regionis bevri sxva mkvidrni,
magram bibliaSi moixsenieba urartu. qarTveluri tomebi mesxebi da
Tubarelebi, genealogiebSi ixseniebian moSeqisa da Tubalis saxiT, xolo
bibliuri noes SviliSvili da iafetis Svili, Targamosi, qarTvelTa da
somexTa saerTo winaprad aris miCneuli.
bibliis mixedviT, noes mier dawyevlili qamis STamomavlebi, anu qamitebi,
arian qanaanelebi, egviptelebi, eTiopielebi da sxva afrikelebi. ufrosi
Svilis-semisDSTamomavlebi arian semitebi: ebraelebi, sirielebi, arabebi,
aqadelebi, qaldevelebi da sxvebi. umcrosi Svilis- iafetis STamomavlebad ki
evropelebi, maT Soris qarTvelebic iTvlebian. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevris
-
azriT, Cven ufro semitebs mivekuTnebiT, vinaidan semsac hyavda SviliSvili
meSexi, romlisganac SesaZloa momdinareobdes erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis,
mesxebis, saxelwodeba. zogierTi mkvlevari qarTvelebs, kerZod, kolxebs,
saerTod, Zvel egviptelTa, anu qamitelTa, STamomavlebadac ki miiCnevs.
istoriis mamis- herodotes (Zv. w. V s.) cnobiT, faraon sesostrisis laSqarma
Savi zRvis am ukidures aRmosavleT wertilamdec moaRwia, daipyro es miwebi da
Tavisi jaric datova aq, saidanac kolxebi warmoiSvnen. ase rom, es cnobebi
kolxebis winaprebad Savkanian, xuWuWa egviptelebs asaxelebs.
qarTveli mematiane leonti mroveli (XI s.), romlis mier mocemul
kavkasiel xalxTa genealogiis udides istoriul mniSvnelobas praqtikulad
yvela kavkasieli mkvlevari iziarebs,
kavkasiel xalxTa saerTo winaprad iafetis SviliSvils, Targamoss, asaxelebs,
romelsac rva Svili: haosi, qarTlosi, movakosi, egrosi, lekosi, kavkasosi da
a.S. hyolia, romelTa Soris mas Tavisi samflobelo (savaraudod, urartu)
gaunawilebia. Targamosis Svilebisagan warmoiSvnen somxebi, qarTvelebi,
albanelebi da kavkasiis sxva xalxebi. haosi urartueli RmerTis, qaldis,
saxelTan SeiZleba iyos dakavSirebuli da rigi kavkasieli mkvlevarebis azriT,
mxolod somxebs ki ara, Tavad urartuelebsac unda gulisxmobdes. swored
amitom, haosi ufros Svilad aris moxseniebuli genealogiaSi; xolo vainaxebi,
iseve, rogorc qarTvelebi, urartus memkvidre uZveles tomebad iTvlebian.
egrosis samflobeloSi, anu egrisSi ki mTeli kolxida igulisxmeboda.
Tavis mxriv, qarTvelTa mamamTavris, anu eTnarqis (winapari, romlis
saxeli ers mieniWa)- qarTlosis Svilebs erqvaT: mcxeTosi, gardabosi, kaxosi,
kuxosi da gaCinosi, romelTa saxelebi dRevandlamde nacnobia yvela
qarTvelisaTvis Sesabamisi regionebiTa da qalaqebiT.
rac Seexeba abraamis STamomavlobas isaakis xaziT, anu ebraelebs, maTi
saxelwodeba- israeli, abraamis SviliSvilisagan, iakobisagan modis, romelsac
ufalma israeli uwoda (gam. 35.10). israelis saxelmwifo, romelic Tormeti
tomis gaerTianebas warmoadgenda, sakmaod gaZlierda daviTisa da solomonis
mefobisas. am saxelmwifoSi, aRniSnul Tormet tomTagan, gansakuTrebiT iudas
tomi iyo gaZlierebuli. solomonis Zis, robuamis, mefobisas israelis
saxelmwifo or – Crdilo da samxreT samefoebad daiyo. Crdilo samefos darCa
saxelwodeba israeli (radgan masSi israelis samefos tomTa umravlesoba
moeqca), xolo samxreT samefos iudas tomis gavleniT iudeis samefo ewoda.
iakobis STamomavloba egvipteSi gadasaxlebisas sul 70 suls Seadgenda. maTgan
warmoiSva yvela ebrauli tomi, romelTa warmomadgenlebma, moses dros 70 -
kaciani uxucesTa sabWo Seqmnes. israelis Tormeti tomis msgavsad, macxovarma
12 upiratesi mociquli gamoarCia, romlebic yvelaze daaxloebulni iyvnen
masTan. 12 mociqulTan erTad axal aRTqmaSi ixsenieba uflis 70 mowafe. Zvelsa
da axal aRTqmaSi xSirad fiqsirdeba erTi da igive ricxvi sxvadasxva
movlenasTan dakavSirebiT, rac maT bunebriv kavSirze miuTiTebs. Zveli da
axali aRTqma erTi mTliani wignis – bibliis ori Semadgeneli nawilia.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tavad macxovaric da misi mowafeebic xSirad
imowmeben sityvebs Zveli aRTqmis wignebidan. rogorc cnobilia, VI saukuneSi
qarTlSi asureli mamebi – wm. ioane zedazneli da misi Tormeti mowafe
movidnen marTlmadideblobis gansamtkiceblad da samonastro cxovrebis
-
dasafuZneblad. maTi raodenobac, ra Tqma unda, garkveul simbolur kavSirs
gulisxmobs macxovarTan da mis mowafeebTan.
v. ierusalimis daarseba
saqarTvelo, iseve rogorc israeli, uZvelesi civilizaciebis keris,
axlo aRmosavleTis samyaros, nawilia da istoriulad am qveynebs bevri ram
akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. SuamdinareTis civilizaciaTa akvani- babiloni,
asureTisa da Semdeg sparseTis, aseve egviptis imperiebi did rols TamaSobdnen
orive eris istoriaSi. rodesac patriarqi abraami, Tavisi saxleuliTa da
avladidebiT, Zv. w.-is II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi SuamdinareTidan qanaanSi
movida, iq centraluri xelisufleba ar arsebobda. erT-erT brZolaSi
gamarjvebis Semdeg, melqisedekma, maRali RmerTis mRvdelma, romelic
maradiuli mRvdelmTavris- macxovris winasaxea da salimis mefed iwodeba,
uflis saxeliT akurTxa abraami. abraamma ki mas Tavisi nadavlis meaTedi
Seswira (dab. 14.18-20). meaTedis Sewirva aRuTqva ufals iakobmac (dab. 28.21), rac
mogvianebiT moses rjuliTac dakanonda.
ierusalimi iudevelTa, qristianTa da muslimTa wminda qalaqia. saxeli
`salimi~ momdinareobs ebrauli `Salemi~-sagan, rac `mSvidobas~ niSnavs. aqedanaa
warmomdgari sityva `salami~. arabuli saxeli `al-kudsi~-wmindas niSnavs.
amitomac ierusalims yvela `wminda qalaqs~ uwodebs.
iebusevelni (qanaanelTa erT-erTi tomi), romlebic ierusalimis istoriul
teritorias daviTis mier dapyrobamde flobdnen, qalaqs sakuTar saxels - `iebus~-s
uwodebdnen (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Zv. w.-is XIX-XVIII saukuneebSi, anu abraamis epoqaSi.
egviptur wyaroebSi moixsenieba qanaanuri qalaqi ruSalimu, mogvianebiT ki -urusalimi,
rac aseve dasturdeba gviandeli asuruli wyaroebiTac). swored iebusevelebma aages
saTvalTvalo koSki qalaqis Crdilo-eTiT mdebare sionis mTaze. sainteresoa, rom
qarTveli mematianis - leonti mrovelis cnobiT, aleqsandre makedonelis laSqars
mcxeTaSi swored ierusalimidan gandevnili iebusevelebis STamomavlebi daxvdnen. es
cnobac, garkveulwilad, asaxavs saqarTvelos istoriul kavSirs bibliur xalxebTan
mefe daviTmac qalaqs Tavisi saxeli `ir-daviTi~ uwoda da sionis mTaze Tavisi
koSki aago. qalaqis am ubans sioni erqva da xSirad mTel qalaqsac sions
uwodebdnen. swored daviTma aqcia ierusalimi israelis dedaqalaqad, xolo,
rodesac solomonis sikvdilis Semdeg israeli iudead da israelad gaiyo,
ierusalimi iudeis dedaqalaqad darCa.
paralelebi israelsa da saqarTvelos Soris bevri SeiZleba gaivlos.
daviTisa da solomonis dros, israelma gareSe mtrebis sisustiT isargebla da
Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmna. man daimorCila mezobeli qveynebi da qalaqebi, maT
Soris, qalaqi damasko. im epoqaSi israeli regionalur zesaxelmwifod iqca,
romelic Semdeg or samefod gaiyo. daviT winaswarmetyvelma udidesi mefis
saxeli daimkvidra istoriaSi. mas araerTi winaswarmetyveleba aqvs macxovris
Sesaxeb.
Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelo axlo aRmosavleTSi uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca
daviT aRmaSeneblisa (1089-1125) da Tamar mefis (1178-1213) dros. orive mefe
wmindanis SaravandediT Seimosa. daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~
-
Tavisi Rrma sulierebis wyaros bibliuri mefisa da winaswarmetyvelis
`fsalmunebsa~ da andria kritelis `did kanonSi~ poulobs.
`wm. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi” uaRresad sagulisxmo cnoba moipoveba imis
Sesaxeb, rom bagrationTa samefo dinastia saTaves iRebs daviT
winaswarmetyvelisagan. amasve adasturebs daviT aRmaSeneblis mematianec. mefeTa
genealogias xom gansakuTrebuli politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda (grigol
xanZTeli xom gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos ideologiis Semqmneli
gaxldaT: “yovelive is saqarTveloa, sadac wirva-locva qarTulad aRevlineba”).
Tavad konstantine porfirogeneti (X s.), bizantiis imperatori, mis mier 952
wels daweril TxzulebaSi “imperiis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” wers: `...iberebi
amboben, rom isini daviTis- winaswarmetyvelisa da mefis naTesavebi arian da
aqedan- yovladwmida RvTismSoblisac... isini, rogorc TviTon amboben,
ierusalimidan STamomavloben da, radgan didi rwmena aqvT- maTi da Cveni
uflis, ieso qristes saflavisa, isini gansazRvrul xanebSi uxvad ugzavnian
fuls wm. qalaqis patriarqs da iqaur qristianebs~.
bagrationebis ebraul warmomavlobaze, rogorc qarTuli, aseve somxuri
wyaroebic miuTiTeben. amitomac iwerebodnen saqarTvelos mefeni iesian-
daviTian-solomonian-bagrationebad (iese daviT winaswarmetyvelis mama iyo).
aseTi warmomavloba amtkicebda bagrationebis gansakuTrebul, RvTis mier
boZebul uflebas samefo taxtze. vinaidan mefe daviTisa da solomonis
STamomavlebs, bibliis mixedviT, ufalma mudmivi mefoba aRuTqva: “ganvamtkiceb
Sens samefo taxts israelSi samaradisod” (mes.mef. 9:5). eTiopuri tradiciiT,
daaxloebiT aseTive warmomavloba aqvT eTiopelTa mefeebsac, romlebic Tavis
winaprad meneliq pirvels, mefe solomonisa da bibliuri sabas dedoflis
(mes.mef.10:1-13) Svils (romelic bibliaSi ar aris moxsenebuli) miiCneven da
amiT asabuTeben maT mefur warmomavlobas.
Uunda aRiniSnos, rom orive dinastiam saukuneebis manZilze SeinarCuna
Zalaufleba. eTiopiam - 1974 wlamde, xolo saqarTvelom ruseTTan SeerTebamde,
anu sanam qveyanaSi monarqia arsebobda, daviTis STamomavlobas veravin Seecila
mefobaSi, rac monarqizmis msoflio istoriaSi iSviaTi gamonaklisia.
2. saqarTvelo da axali aRTqma
ierusalimis udidesi mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis, cxadia, qristianobis
gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom VII saukuneSi,
islamis gavrcelebamde da ufro gvianac, bizantiis dasustebamde, palestinasa
da saqarTvelos Soris mdebare qveynebi-siriaca da mcire aziis (dRevandeli
TurqeTis teritoria) sxva saxelmwifoebic-ZiriTadad qristianebiT iyvnen
dasaxlebulni, rac, cxadia, aadvilebda saqarTvelos kavSirs palestinasTan.
udidesia sirieli (asureli) wminda mamebis roli saqar-Tvelosa da mTel axlo
aRmosavleTSi qristianobis gavrcelebaSi. ufali, iseve rogorc ebraelTa didi
nawili, axlo aRmosavleTSi maSin farTod gavrcelebul (arameul) enaze
laparakobda. jvarze sulis gantevebis win iesom arameul enaze warmoTqva
Semdegi sityvebi: `eloi, eloi, lama sabaqTani?~, rac Semdegnairad iTargmneba
- `RmerTo, RmerTo Cemo, raÁsaTvis damiteveb me~ (mk. 15.34). antioqiis eklesia,
romelmac saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalia mianiWa jer kidev V saukuneSi,
-
xom swored siriaSi mdebareobs, da, gadmocemiT, Tavad wmida petres mieraa
dafuZnebuli. wminda mociquli pavle mcire aziis qalaq tarsus mkvidri iyo
(amJamad Turquli qalaqi side). yvela msoflio saeklesio kreba bizantiis
imperiis sazRvrebSi (dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoria) gaimarTa. aqve, qalaq
patraSi, daibada wminda nikoloz miron-lukiis episkoposi. q. efesoSi
mdebareobs wm. ioane maxareblis saflavic. aqve moRvaweobda da miicvala wm.
mariam magdalineli. aq qristianoba wminda mociqulebma: andria
pirvelwodebulma, svimon kananelma da iuda iskariotelis nacvlad arCeulma
mataTam iqadages, romlebmac trapizonis gavliT aWaramde moaRwies. maT
moaqcies lazebi, kolxebi, mesxebi, svanebi, afxazebi da alanebi, anu saqarTvelo
moeqca im qveynebis ricxvSi, sadac mociqulebs unda eqadagaT qristes
macxovnebeli moZRvreba. qarTlis moqcevis Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanesi wyaroebi
arsebobs rogorc ucxouri, aseve qarTuli, romlebSic dawvrilebiT aris
aRwerili Cveni qveynis istoriaSi momxdari yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena -
qristianobis miReba.
a. RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyana
ierusalimis dapyrobis Semdeg mefe daviTma sionis mTaze, qalaqis
samxreTiT, daido bina. iq Seqmnes savane, sadac aRTqmis kidobani daasvenes.
Semdeg daviTma iyida miwa qalaqis CrdiloeT nawilSi taZris asaSeneblad,
magram ufalma ar darTo daviT mefes taZris aSenebis ufleba, radgan mas
mravalricxovan omebSi adamianTa sisxli hqonda daRvrili. RmerTma auwya daviT
winaswarmetyvels, rom taZars misi Svili-solomoni aaSenebda, romlis mefobis
drosac israelSi mSvidoba daisadgurebda. vinaidan taZarSi gadasvenebamde
aRTqmis kidobani sionze inaxeboda, mTas wminda adgili, uflis samyofeli
daarqves da es saxeli man taZris aSenebis Semdegac SeinarCuna. axal aRTqmaSi
sionma axali brwyinvaleba SeiZina. aq mdebareobda is saxli, romelSic
macxovari da misi mowafeebi ikribebodnen. aq aRasrula macxovarma saidumlo
seroba; aq gadmovida wminda suli uflis mowafeebze macxovris aRdgomidan
ormocdameaTe dRes. aqve, sionis mTaze, cxovrobda ioane maxarebeli. aqve miiZina
yovladwmida RvTismSobelma. saqarTveloSi Zalze gavrcelebulia
RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesiebi, romlebic sionad iwodeba. magaliTad,
Tbilisis sioni, bolnisis sioni, atenis sioni da a. S.
sulTmofenobis Semdeg, mociqulebma wili yares, Tu vin, romel qveyanaSi
unda wasuliyo saqadageblad. yovladwminda RvTismSobels wilad xvda
saqarTvelo. gadmocemis mixedviT, RvTismSobeli saqarTveloSi wamosasvlelad
emzadeboda, rodesac ufali gamoecxada da auwya, rom moaxloebuli iyo misi
miZineba – gardacvaleba da amitom mis nacvlad saqarTveloSi mas unda
waregzavna wm. andria pirvelwodebuli. andriam saqarTveloSi yovladwmida
RvTismSoblis xelTuqmneli xati CamoabrZana, romelic wminda qalwulis saxeze
dadebiT gamoisaxa. igi awyuris RvTismSoblis xatis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
mociqulTa moRvaweobis epoqaSi kviprosis episkoposi iyo macxovris mier
mkvdreTiT aRdgenili lazare, romelmac, gadmocemis mixedviT, wm. qalwuli -
mariami kviprosSi miiwvia. qariSxalma xomalds, romelsac RvTismSobeli da
mociquli ioane kviprosSi gadahyavda, gezi Seucvala da is aTonis mTas miadga.
-
aTonis na-xevarkunZuli savse iyo warmarTuli kerpebiT, aqve iyo apolonis
uzarmazari taZaric. rodesac RvTismSoblis moaxloeba igrZnes, kerpebi Tavad
daimsxvrnen. RvTismSoblis qadagebis Semdeg mosaxleoba moeqca. amitom
uwodeben eklesiis mamebi, maT Soris maqsime berZeni, dimitri rostoveli,
serafim saroveli da sxvebi, aTonis mTas, iveriis Semdeg, RvTismSoblis
wilxvedrs.
SemTxveviTi rodia, rom swored aTonis mTasTan micurda RvTismSoblis
saswaulmoqmedi xati, romelic xatmbrZolobis dros (IX saukune) bizantielma
meomarma SubiT gangmira. xatis naiarevidan sas-waulebrivad daiwyo sisxlma
dena. nikielma RvTismoSiSma qvrivma, xatmebrZolTa mxridan Sebilwvisa da
ganadgurebisagan rom exsna yovladwminda RvTismSoblis xati, zRvis talRebs
miando igi. erT dRes, ivironis monastris berebma zRvis zedapiridan camde
aRmarTuli sveti SeniSnes. es saswauli ramdenime dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi kvlav
ganmeorda. monastrebidan Sekrebilma berebma sanapiroze moiyares Tavi da
SeamCnies, rom cecxlovani sveti RvTismSoblis xatze iyo aRmarTuli. rodesac
masTan miaxloeba daapires, xatma ukan daixia. ase ganmeorda ramdenjerme.
winamZRvris rCeviT, iveronis berebi taZarSi Seikribnen da cremlismieri
locviT SesTxov-
dnen ufals, raTa maTTvis miemadlebina es fasdaudebeli saunje - uwmidesi
xati misi yovladwmida dedisa. im dros iverTa savaneSi angelozebrivi
cxovrebiT gamorCeuli qarTveli beri - gabrieli moRvaweobda. wmida bers
ZilSi zeciuri naTliT gabrwyinebuli RvTismSobeli gamoecxada da uTxra:
`gadaeci winamZRvarsa da sulier Zmebs, rom saTnod miCns Cemi xatis TqvenTvis
momadleba. niSnad amisa, guldajerebiT Sedi zRvaSi da rwmeniT gaiare mis
talRebze. am saswauliT yvela Seityobs Tqveni monastrisadmi Cems Sewevnasa da
mfarvelobas~.
berma gamocxadeba winamZRvars mouTxro da imave diliT ivironis
monastris mamebi savedrebeli galobiT gavidnen zRvis napirze. berma gabrielma
saswaulebrivad gaiara zRvis talRebze da RvTismSoblis xati krZalviT da
sasoebiT amoabrZana napirze. saRvTo sixaruliT aRvsilma mamebma, iqve, patara
samlocvelo aRmarTes da sami dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi daucxromlad
samadlobel paraklisebs aRuvlendnen mowyale RmerTs. am adgilidan oci
nabijis moSorebiT mdgara gumbaTovani eklesia, sadac dausvenebiaT
yovladwminda RvTismSoblis xati. Semdeg ki igi monastris sakurTxevelSi
gadaubrZanebiaT. meore dRes erT-erT bers, romelsac sakurTxevelSi kandeli
unda aenTo, xati sakurT-
xevelSi aRar daxvedria. xangrZlivi Zebnis Sedegad berebs igi monastris
karibWis kedelze aRmouCeniaT. rogorc ki berebi mas sakurTxevelSi
SeabrZanebdnen, meore diliT kvlav karibWis kedelze poulobdnen. yovladwmida
qalwuli kvlav gamocxadebia gabriel bers da ubrZanebia: `auwyeT Zmebs, rom ar
mnebavs, viyo Tqven mier daculi, aramed ufro is msurs, Tavad viyo Tqveni
mcvelica da mfarvelic...~ am gamocxadebis Semdgom xati monastris karibWesTan
daabrZanes sagangebod agebul patara taZarSi. amitom eZaxian RvTismSoblis
saswaulmoqmed xats `portaitisas~, anu `karibWisas~.
uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom RvTismSoblis xati dResac ivironis
monasterSia dasvenebuli, monasterSi, romelic qarTvelTa mier aris aSenebuli.
am monastris mniSvneloba gansakuTrebulia Cveni qveynisTvis, radgan wlebis
-
ganmavlobaSi aq uaRresad nayofier saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobas eweodnen
wminda ioane da eqvTime mTawmindelebi, wminda giorgi mTawmindeli, ioane beri
da sxva qarTveli mamebi.
andria pirvelwodebulTan erTad, marTalia, saqarTveloSi uflis sxva
mociqulebmac, maT Soris, svimon kananelma, barTlomem, Tadeozma da mataTam
iqadages qristianuli moZRvreba, magram pirvelobis pativi wminda andrias
ekuTvnis da swored is iTvleba saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis
damaarseblad.
trapizonidan saqarTveloSi Semosulma mociqulebma iqadages lazeTsa
da WaneTSi, Semdeg ki aWaraSi gadainacvles. andria pirvelwodebulma gzad,
mTaSi, zaden-goraze, rkinis didi jvari aRmarTa. RvTismSoblis xelTuqmneli
xatiT mravali saswauli moaxdina: adgilobrivi mTavris qvrivis Svili
mkvdreTiT aRadgina, ris Semdeg dedac, Svilic da samcxelebic moinaTlnen.
aRSfoTebul warmarT qurumebs andriam uflis Zalis dasamtkiceblad
SesTavaza RamiT RvTismSoblis xatis datoveba artemidas warmarTul taZarSi.
diliT kerpebi damsxvreuli, xati ki gabrwyinebuli daxvdaT.
samcxelebis TxovniT, andriam xati awyurSi sagangebod agebul patara
ekvderSi daasvena. mogvianebiT bizantiis imperatorma, heraklem, wminda xatis
pativsacemad didi taZari aaSena awyurSi. awyuris RvTismSoblis xelTuqmneli
xati saukuneebis manZilze icavs saqarTvelos.
andriam, simon kananelma da mataTam iqadages taoSi, klarjeTSi,
samegreloSi, svaneTSi, afxazebSi, alanebSi, jiqebSi. svimon kananeli afxazeTSi
miicvala da afxazeTSivea dakrZaluli (axal aTonSi). mataTa-aWaraSi, gonioSia,
dakrZaluli. andria pirvelwodebuli q. patraSi (saberZneTSi) ewama laTinuri
`X~ formis jvarze. dRes am qalaqSia misi Tavis qala dasvenebuli.
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti iwodeba
andria pirvelwodebulis saydrad, radgan Cveni eklesia mis mier aris
dafuZnebuli. saqarTvelodan wminda andria pirvelwodebuli gaemarTa skviTur
hersonesSi da Semdeg patara daba-bizantionSi da iqac pirveli episkoposi
daadgina. patara bizantioni SemdgomSi marTlmadidebluri samyaros centrad-
konstantinopolad iqca. teritoria, sadac skviTebi cxovrobdnen, SemdegSi
ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom
ruseTis imperiis samxedro sazRvao droSaze andrias jvari gamosaxes. ruseTis
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis umaRlesi jildo aris andria pirvelwodebulis
ordeni. giorgi mciris cnobiT, xatmebrZolobis periodSi, guTebis saepiskoposo
kandidati, ioane, episkoposad swored saqarTveloSi, mcxeTaSi ikurTxa, rac
naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia
yovelTvis ubiwod icavda wminda marTlmadideblur moZRvrebas. Cveni eklesiis
roli yovelTvis mniSvnelovani iyo msoflio marTlmadideb
lobaSi. amis safuZveli uwinaresad unda veZeboT imaSi, rom saqarTvelo
RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveyanaa, romlis kurTxeviTac aq qristes pirvelma
mowafem andria pirvelwodebulma jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi daaarsa
qristianuli eklesia.
xucesmonazon giorgi mciris cnobiT, 1047 wels swored andria
pirvelwodebulis saqarTveloSi qristianobis qadagebis faqtma saSualeba misca
giorgi aTonels daecva antioqiis patriarqis winaSe saqarTvelos eklesiis
avtokefalia, romelsac maSin eWvqveS ayenebdnen. `wmidao meufeo~, - mimarTa man
-
patriarqs-`Sen ityÂ, viTarmed Tavisa mis mociqulTaÁsa petres saydarsa vzio
(antioqiis eklesia dafuZnebulia petre mociqulis mier-v.r.). xolo Cuen _
pirvelwodebulisa da Zmisa TÂsisa mwodebelisa (pirvelad andria daemowafa
ufals da Semdeg man miiyvana macxovarTan Tavisi Zma petre), (in. 1.42) nawilni
varT da samwysoni, da mis mier moqceulni da ganaTlebulni,...- wmidao meufeo,
Suenis esreT, raTa wodebuli igi mwodebelsa mas daemorCilos, rameTu petresi
jer ars, raÁTa daemorCilos mwodebelsa TÂssa da Zmasa andrias da raÁTa
Tqven Cuen dagvemorCilneT~. (giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba).
cxadia, rogorc mTel danarCen qristianul samyaroSi, qristianobis
saboloo gamarjvebas da mis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas saukuneebi
dasWirda. romis imperiaSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad iqca IV saukunis
dasawyisSi. amave periodSi qristianoba saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadda
saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. bizantiis gavlenis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos
eklesia uZveles epoqaSi yvelaze metad ierusalimis eklesiasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, rasac adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom es uZvelesi tipikoni,
romelic saqarTvelos eklesia-monastrebSi gamoiyeneboda, ierusalimuri
warmoSobisa iyo. uaRresad mniSvnelovania isic, rom andria mociqulis Rvawlis
gamgrZelebeli, mociqulTa swori nino, ierusalimidan gamoemgzavra
saqarTveloSi saqadageblad yovladwminda RvTismSoblisa da Tavisi biZis,
ierusalimis patriarqis, iubenalis, kurTxeviT.
g. mcxeTa - `meore ierusalimi~
gasuli saukunis miwuruls saqarTvelom izeima qarTlSi ebraelTa pirvelad
Semosvlis 2006 wlisTavi. sazeimo marTlac gvqonda, vinaidan, qarTvelebisa da
ebraelebis mravalsaukunovani keTilmezobluri tradicia uaRresad
mniSvnelovani magaliTia sarwmunoebiT gansxvavebuli am ori uZvelesi eris
mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa. Zv.w.aR. VI saukuneSi ebraelebi pirvelad movidnen
qarTlSi da mcxeTaSi dasaxldnen. elia winaswarmetyvelis xalenTan erTad maT
Tan moitanes erTi RmerTis rwmena, rac qarTvelobas gzas uxsnida, Semecneboda
Zveli aRTqmis sarwmunoebas.
,,qarTlis moqcevis” Satberdul redaqciaSi sagulisxmod aris moTxrobili
elioz mcxeTelisa da longinoz karsnelis ierusalimSi gamgzavrebis ambavi,
mas Semdeg, rac mcxeTaSi mcxovrebma ebraelebma werili miiRes
mRvdelmTavrisagan, rom vinme, rjulismcodne, Casuliyo ierusalimSi da
monawileoba mieRo macxovris gansjaSi. eliozis dedam Svili daariga, rom
damorCileboda mRvdelmTavris mowodebas da wasuliyo ierusalimSi, magram
Tanaziari ar gamxdariyo im ganzraxvisa, rac gulisxmobda macxovris
sikvdiliT dasjas. rodesac macxovari jvars acves golgoTaze, eliozis dedas,
suliwmidis madliT, mcxeTaSi esma jvarze uflis mimsWvalvis (milursmvis) xma
da myisve aResrula im tkiviliT, rom kacTa modgmis mxsneli jvars acves.
macxovris sikvdilis Semdgom, romaelma jariskacebma misi samoseli
gainawiles oTx nawilad. xolo kvarTi, romelic iyo mTliani, daunawevrebeli,
uflis gangebiT, wilad xvdaT mcxeTel ebraelebs. mcxeTaSi Camosul eliozs
daxvda misi da, sidonia da dedis sikvdili auwya. sidoniam gulSi Caikra
macxovris kvarTi da iqve suli ganuteva. igi kvarTTan erTad dakrZales.
-
sidonias saflavze kiparisis xe amovida. rusuli da sparsuli wyaroebis
mixedviT ki, uflis kvarTi Sah-abasma gaitana saqarTvelodan, xolo Semdgom
ruseTs wargzavnilma Sahis despanma igi imperators miarTva. kvarTi
mogvianebiT, imave cnobis mixedviT, ruseTis erT-erT monasterSi daasvenes. ra
Tqma unda, amgvar cnobebs araviTari saerTo ara aqvs WeSmaritebasTan, radgan
qsovili, romelic mcxeTidan waiRes Sah-abasis laSqrobis dros, ar iyo
macxovris kvarTi. kvarTi, romelic wminda eklesiis mTlianobis simboloa,
mcxeTaSia dafluli da is aravis amouRia sidonias saflavidan. uflis
kvarTzea dafuZnebuli sveticxovlis wmida taZari, romelic saqarTveloSi
arsebuli yvela eklesiis deda eklesiad iwodeba. sveticxovelSi inaxeba aseve
elia winaswarmetyvelis xaleni, romelic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi siwmindea.
swored macxovris kvarTisadmi Tayvaniscemis survilma STaagona
kabadokiel qalwuls, wm. giorgis naTesavs, cnobili RvTismosavi mSoblebis,
mxedarTmTavar zabulonisa da ierusalimis patriarqis - iubenalis dis,
sosanas, erTaderT qaliSvils saqarTveloSi Camosvla. locvebSi is yoveldRe
evedreboda RvTismSobels mis wilxvedr qveyanaSi gamgzavrebisa da misive
xeliT moqsovili uflis kvarTis Tayvaniscemis nebarTva mieca. Semweobisa da
dalocvis niSnad RvTismSobelma wmida ninos vazis jvari gadasca, romlis
ZaliTac igi sZlevda xilul da uxilav mters. vazis jvari wmindanma Tavisi
TmiT Sekra. (es jvari amJamad sionis sakaTedro taZarSia dasvenebuli)
saqarTveloSi gamomgzavrebis win wminda nino misma biZam, ierusalimis
patriarqma - iubenalma, daloca.
wminda nino samcxe-javaxeTis gziT Semovida qarTlSi da mcxeTaSi
imyofeboda eliozis STamomaval ebrael mRvdelTan, abiaTarTan, da mis asul -
sidoniasTan erTad. dauRalavi qadagebiT, locviT, gaWirvebulTa SewevniTa da
sneulTa kurnebiT (gankurnebulTa Soris iyo dedofali nanac) man jer abiaTar
mRvdeli da misi Svili sidonia, Semdeg dedofali nana, mefe miriani da mTeli
qarTli, Semdeg ki kaxeTi moaqcia qristes rjulze. mefis brZanebiT, daiwyes
didi taZris mSenebloba. moWres erTi naZvi, romlisganac Svidi sveti daamzades.
mSeneblebma verafriT SeZles umTavresi svetis saZirkvelSi damagreba. Sewuxda
mefe miriani, wmida nino da yoveli eri. xalxi mimoifanta. mSeneblobis adgilas
mxolod wmida nino darCa sulier debTan erTad. igi mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi
loculobda da RmerTs evedreboda Semweobas, raTa ar dabrkolebuliyo taZris
mSenebloba. ganTiadisas man ixila uflis angelozi sxivmosili Wabukis saxiT,
romelmac xeli mohkida svets, zemoT waiRo da misTvis gankuTvnil adgilze
daamyara. es umniSvnelovanesi saswauli wmida ninos locvis Sedegad aRsrulda,
rac safuZveli gaxda upirvelesi qarTuli taZris dafuZnebisa.
wminda ninos TxovniT, mirian mefem werili gaugzavna imperator
konstantines da iTxova misgan sasuliero pirebis qarTlSi gamogzavna, raTa
maT aResrulebinaT naTlobis uwmidesi saidumlo. qarTlSi moavlines
episkoposi ioane, mRvdlebi da diakvnebi, romlebmac Tan CamoabrZanes uflis
cxovelmyofeli jvris nawili (ferÃTa ficari) da samsWvalni. qarTuli
werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT, wmida ninosa da mirian mefis TanxmobiT,
mcxeTaSi mokveTes saswaulmoqmedi xe da misgan sami jvari daamzades. mravali
dRis ganmavlobaSi RamiT eklesias varskvlavebiT garSemortymuli cecxlovani
jvari adgeboda Tavs, ganTiadisas ori varskvlavi gamoeyofoda sxvebs, erTi
aRmosavleTisken moZraobda, meore ki - dasavleTisken. Tavad cecxlovani jvari
-
ki aragvis gaRma, kldovani borcvis Tavze Cerdeboda. wm. ninos rCeviT, erTi
jvari erTi varskvlavis mimarTulebiT, anu dasavleTiT waiRes da TxoTis
mTaze aRmarTes, meore aRmosavleTiT - ujarmaSi, xolo mesame jvris dasadgami
adgili Tavad ufalma amcno mefe mirians - aragvis gadaRma mdebare kldovani
borcvi, sadac aRmarTes umTavresi siwminde - mcxeTis jvari. mogvianebiT aq
aSenda msoflio saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis unikaluri nimuSi - mcxeTis jvris
monasteri. yovelive zemoTqmuli naTlad mianiSnebs saqarTvelos umWidroes
kavSirs qristianuli samyaros imdroindel centrTan - ierusalimTan. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom sulierebis TvalsazrisiT, mcxeTa aris meore ierusalimi, rasac
adasturebs is saxeldebani, romlebic ierusalimTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba.
ierusalimis sionis taZari, romelic agebulia Tormeti mociqulis saxelze,
analogs poulobs pirvel qarTul taZarTan, sveticxovelTan, romelic `did
sionad~ iwodeba da, romelic aseve Tormeti mociqulis saxelzea aSenebuli.
mcxeTaSi aseve aris beTlemad saxeldebuli gamoqvabuli, Taboris mTa, eleonis,
anu zeTisxilis mTa, golgoTa, beTania, geTsimania da sxva. saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi SesamCnevia qarTvelTa swrafva wmida miwisken. gansakuTrebiT es
exeba ierusalims, sadac araerTi monasteri aaSenes Cvenma winaprebma. wmida
ilia marTlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cveni mefeebi, dedoflebi da didebulebi
aranair saxsrebs ar zogavdnen, raTa Semweoba aRmoeCinaT im uwmidesi
samonastro kerebisadmi, romlebic warmoadgenda umniSvnelovanes sulier da
saganmanaTleblo
centrebs. vin icis am monastrebSi, ramdeni qarTveli sasuliero piri, wmida
beri Sevedrebia RmerTs Cveni samSoblos aRorZinebisa da sulieri
gabrwyinebisTvis. RmerTma Seiwiros RvTisTvis saTno maTi locva da Rvawli.
ierusalimi, sulierebis TvalsazrisiT, qarTvelTaTvis meore samSobloa,
romelTanac aris dakavSirebuli macxovris amqvey
niuri moRvaweoba. uZveles epoqaSi qarTvelebi macxovris Sobas, ierusalimuri
tradiciis mixedviT, savaraudod, 6 ianvars, macxovris naTlisRebis dRes,
aRniSnavdnen. ierusalimi qarTvelebisaTvis udidesi siwmindea, rac ganapirobebs
sxvebTan erTad qarTvelTa swrafvas wminda miwis mosalocad.
d. qarTvelebi ierusalimSi
rogorc aRvniSneT, pirvel qarTvel piligrimad da ierusalimis qarTuli
koloniis damfuZneblad qarTveli ufliswuli, bizantiaSi kargad cnobili
saeklesio piri da filosofosi, maiumis episkoposi petre iberi (412-491)
iTvleba. mis mier dafuZnebuli pirveli qarTuli (lazTa) monastris nangrevebi,
uZvelesi qarTuli warwerebiTurT, italieli arqeologis virjilio korbos
mier aris aRmoCenili beTlemis udabnoSi. warwerebSi moxseniebuli arian,
rogorc petre iberi, aseve misi winaprebic, rac saqarTveloSi qristianobis
adreul gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs. xolo `lazTa monasteri~ petre iberis
aRmzrdelis, ioane lazis, pativsacemad ewoda. petrem aago qarTuli monasteri
ierusalimSic, sionis mTaze, romelic mogvianebiT imperator iustinianes
ganuaxlebia. V saukunidan XVIII saukunemde qarTuli kolonia erT-erTi
uZlieresi iyo ierusalimSi. qarTvelebi palestinaSi 19 monastersa da eklesias
flobdnen.
-
qarTuli kulturis, sulierebisa da mwerlobis umniSvnelovanesi da amave
dros, uZvelesi sazRvargareTuli centri, sadac VIII-X saukuneebSi qarTveli
berebi intensiur saganmanaT-
leblo moRvaweobas eweodnen, iyo sabas lavra, sadac moRvaweobdnen cnobili
qarTveli mwignobrebi: martvili monazoni, seiTi, makar leTeTeli, amona,
basili sabawmindeli, arseni, ioane-zosime (romelic aris gadamweri
mniSvnelovani qarTuli Zeglisa - `qebaÁ da didebaÁ qarTulisa enisaÁ~),
svimeon mgalobeli, miqael Cixuareli da sxvebi. aq unda iyos Sesrulebuli IX
saukuneSi qarTuli oTxTavis sabawminduri redaqcia, romelic ixsenieba wm.
giorgi mTawmindlis cnobil anderZSi.
sabas lavra, anu `sabawmindas~ lavra, ierusalimidan samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT, 13-15 kilometrze mdebareobs. monastris
damaarsebeli wm. saba ganwmendili (439-532) warmoSobiT (iseve, rogorc wminda
nino) kabadokiidan iyo da qarTvelebTan misi axlo urTierToba gasakviri ar
unda iyos. aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis cno-
biT, bevr kabadokiels qarTuli enac ki esmoda.
kirile skviTopolelis cnobiT, rodesac sabawmindis lavras eretikos
origenes momxreebi daesxnen Tavs, besni (ase uwodebdnen ierusalimSi
qarTvelebs, kerZod lazebs) iordanedan movidnen mo-nastris dasaxmareblad.
eretikosebisgan Seviwroebulma marTlmadidebelma mamebma didi lavris
qsenadoqs Seafares Tavi. hagiografi mogviTxrobs: `miuÃdes mbrZolni igi
didiTa guliswyromiTa da unda, raÁTamca mamani warwymidnes. da viTarca
qsenadoqisa karni daÃSulni povnes, sarkumelni qviTa dalewnes da Sina myofTa
maT qviTa esrodes. da viTarca didad Seaurves mamaTa, erTman vinme, Teodulos
saxeliT, besi monazoni, SewyudobilTa maTgani, aman pova niCabi da aRiRo igi
da qsenadoqiT gamovida. xolo mbrZolni igi iyvnes viTar samas oden, da aman
martoman yovelni ganabnivna. xolo uxeTqna aravis, xolo amas uxeTqnes maT
qviTa, da daeca. da Semdgomad mciredTa dReTa aResrula~. (`mamaTa cxovrebani~,
Tb., 1975, gv. 121).
wm. saba ganwmendilis anderZidan Cans, rom qarTvelebs lavraSi Tavisi
eklesia hqoniaT da RvTismsaxurebas qarTul enaze aRavlendnen. arabTa
batonobis dros monasteri araerTxel daarbies, magram masSi samonastro
cxovreba ar Sewyvetila. aq uaRresad nayofierad moRvaweobdnen qarTvelebi.
sabawmidis saxelganTqmul lavraSi IX saukuneSi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi
mosagreobda wm. ilarion qarTveli, XI saukuneSi ki - wm. giorgi - proxore,
jvris monastris aRmaSenebeli. monasterSi qarTvelTa nakadi arc mogvianebiT
Sewyvetila: 1567 wels aq imyofeboda f. SaqaraSvili, XVIII - saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi - i. gedevaniSvili, 1820 wels - g. avaliSvili, 1899 wels - p. konWoSvili,
1883 wels _ a. cagareli. SoTa rusTavelis 800 wlis saiubileo dResaswaulis
mzadebisas sabawmindas ewvia qarTvel moRvaweTa jgufi i. ruruas, reJisor g.
pataraias da operator g. melqaZis SemadgenlobiT, rac adasturebs, rom
komunisturi reJimis drosac ki qarTvelebis interesi wminda miwisadmi ar
ganelebula. amis brwyinvale magaliTia ara marto saxelovani qarTveli
mecnierebis saqmianoba, aramed i. abaSiZis Semoqmedebac, misi `palestinuri
dRiurebi~.
X-XI saukuneebSi bevri qarTveli mwignobari beri moRvaweobda palavraSi
_ xaritonis lavraSi, romelic aseve ierusalimTan axlos mdebareobs. eseni
-
arian: ioane safareli, pavle palavreli, Teodore palavreli, grigol
xaritonwmideli, stefane palavreli da sxv. qarTveli dedebi moRvaweobdnen
ierusalimis dedaTa monasterSi, romelsac dertavi erqva.
wminda miwaze gansakuTrebuli adgili qarTvelebis saqmianobaSi da,
saerTod, saqarTvelos istoriaSi, jvris monasters ukavia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom jvris monastris aRorZineba da misi qarTuli
samonastro da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo cxovrebis udides kerad gadaqceva
dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos `oqros xanasTan~, daviTisa da Tamaris epoqasTan
(XI-XIII ss). saqarTvelo axlo aRmosavleTis Zlier saxelmwifod iqca da
qarTulma kulturam ganviTarebis manamde arnaxul dones miaRwia.
aleqsi tolstois TqmiT, `saqarTvelom Seqmna renesansis yvela
winapiroba da Seqmna jotos donis xelovnebis nimuSebi ori saukuniT jotoze
adre~. imaves amtkicebda didi rusi mecnieri aleqsi losevi. Seiqmna gelaTisa
da iyalTos akademiebi, romlebic saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri azrovnebis
aRiarebul kerebad iqca. gelaTis akademia iwoda `meore ierusalimad” da `sxvad
aTinad~, radgan Sua saukuneebis es umniSvnelovanesi saRvTismetyvelo skola
Tavis wiaRSi amTlianebda rwmenasa da mecnierebas,
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, WeSmarit rwmenas da WeSmarit codnas. amave epoqaSi,
romelsac `oqros xana` ewoda, Seiqmna SoTa rusTavelis genialuri qarTuli
poema `vefxistyaosani~, romelic qarTuli mravalsaukunovani poeziis
mwvervalia. masSi naTlad ikveTeba misi avtoris, SoTa rusTavelis, udidesi
saRvTismetyvelo da filosofiuri ganswavluloba.
bagrat IV kurapalatis dros, 1030-1060 wlebSi, jvris monasteri
aRadgina wminda mamam, proxore qarTvelma (giorgi SavTelma), romelic iyo
didi qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli da eqvTime aTonelis mowafe. masTan erTad
moRvaweobdnen ioane dvali, miqael dvali, ioane Savi da sxvani. monasterSi
didi mTargmnelobiTi muSaobis paralelurad iqmneboda originaluri
nawarmoebebi, daiwera ramodenime hagiografiuli Txzuleba da Sedga
himnografiuli krebulebi. amave periods ukavSirdeba udidesi wignsacavis
Seqmnac. ierusalimTanaa dakavSirebuli wmida mowameebis, luka ierusalimelis
da nikoloz dvalis, moRvaweobac.
jvarosnebis dros TiTqmis yvela marTlmadidebluri monasteri
kaTolikebis xelSi gadavida, Tumca jvris monasteri qarTvelebs darCaT.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom SoTa rusTavelis freska XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnazea
Sesrulebuli. mas miewereba jvris monastris aRdgena da moxatva. amgvari didi
Rvawlis gamo mo-
nasterSi misi aRapic dauwesebiaT. gadmocemiT, berad aRkvecili genialuri
poeti amave monasterSia dakrZaluli. erT-erTi gavrcelebiuli mosazrebis
mixedviT, Tamaris saflavic aq unda iyos. aseTi versiis safuZvels iZleva erTi
saintereso werili, romelic gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi aRmouCeniaT
safrangeTis arqivebSi. ai, ras wers kaTolike mTavarepiskoposs jvarosani
raindi debua ierusalimidan: `jer yurmokvriT Sevityve, xolo Semdeg sarwmuno
elCebis meSveobiT danamdvilebiT Sevamowme, rom iberieli qristianebis,
romelnic georgianebad(qarTvelebad) iwodebian, didZalma cxenosanma da qveiTma
jarma, RvTis SemweobiT aRfrTovanebulma da Zalzed kargad SeiaraRebulma,
gamoilaSqra urwmuno warmarTebis winaaRmdeg, swrafad dahkra maT da ukve
aiRo samasi cixe da cxra didi qalaqi, romelTaganac Zlierni daipyro, xolo
-
sustni nacartutad aqcia. zemoaRniSnuli jari moeSureba, raTa gaaTavisuflos
ierusalimis wminda miwa-wyali da daipyros warmarTTa mTeli samyaro. maTi
warCinebuli mefe 16 wlis Wabukia. igi aleqsandre makedonels hgavs vaJkacobiT
da saTnoebiT, magram ara sarwmunoebiT. am Wabuks Tan moaqvs Zvlebi Tavisi
dedisa, uZlieresi mefis Tamarisa, romelsac Tavis droze ierusalims
wamosvlis aRTqma daudvia da uTxovia SvilisaTvis, Tu aRTqmis asruleba ar
damcaldes, Cemi Zvlebi qristes saflavze waiReo. Svils ar daviwyebia dedis
Txovna da gadauwyvetia, wminda qalaqSi gadmoitanos dedis neSti, miuxedavad
imisa, moisurveben amas warmarTni Tu ara~.
laSa-giorgis (1213-1222) es laSqroba sxva masalebiT jerjerobiT ar
dasturdeba, magram savsebiT marTebulad asaxavs daviT aRmaSeneblis mier
gaZlierebul saqarTvelos rols mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom mematiane daviT aRmaSenebels uwodebs mesiis maxvils da qristianobis
damcvels.
1244 wels jvarosnebma sabolood dakarges ierusalimi. sanam saqarTvelo
Zlieri iyo, igi qristianobis damcvelad gvevlineboda axlo aRmosavleTSi. im
epoqaSi mcxovrebi erT-erTi kaTolike episkoposis, vitriusis, cnobiT,
`cxovrobs aRmosavleTSi qristiani xalxi - omis moyvaruli da brZolaSi
gamocdili. mas hyavs uamravi mebrZoli, metad daSinebuli hyavs sarkinozni da
Tavdasxmebis dros did zarals ayenebs sparselebs, midielebsa da asurelebs,
romelTa siaxlovesac cxovrobs, vinaidan garSemortymulia urjuloebiT, maT
ewodebaT qarTvelebi. rodesac isini midian qristes saflavis Tavyanissacemad,
wminda qalaqSi Sedian gaSlili droSebiT, baJis gadaxdis gareSe, rac Seexeba
sarkinozebs, isini ver bedaven maTs Sewuxebas, raTa ukan dabrunebisas
qarTvelebma javri ar iyaron maT mezoblad mcxovreb sarkinozebze. qarTvelebi
Zalian aRSfoTebulni arian da emuqrebian koradinuss, damaskos princs, imis
gamo, rom man ganizraxa imaTi survilis gareSe ierusalimis kedlis dangreva,
maSin, rodesac laTinni damietas iRebdnen~. (m. TamaraSvili `qarTuli eklesia
dasabamidan dRemde~, Tb. 1995, gv. 474.)
saqarTvelos dasustebasTan erTad sustdeboda misi poziciebic wminda
miwaze. 1273 wels, mamluqi sulTnebis dros, jvris monasteri meCeTad gadakeTda
da qarTveli berebi monastridan gaaZeves. monastris winamZRvari, `jvris mama~,
wm. luka ierusalimeli, awames da Tavi mohkveTes. aRSfoTebulma qarTvelebma,
monRolTa laSqarSi yofnisas, rodesac monRolebi egviptel sulTans
eomebodnen, brZoliT scades monastris dabruneba, magram uSedegod. mxolod
diplomatiuri molaparakebebis gziT moaxerxa mefe daviT VIII-m monastris
dabruneba da aRdgena. amitomac moixsenieba is monastris aRapSi mis
aRmSeneblad. 1314 wels damaskoSi ewama jvris monastris beri, wm. nikoloz
dvali. Zveli dideba kidev didi xnis manZilze mohyvebodaT qarTvelebs wminda
miwaze. sulTanma ara marto daubruna qarTvelebs jvris monasteri, aramed
jvarosnebis gaZevebis Semdeg mxolod maT misca ufleba-daecvaT uflis
saflavi. amaze didi pativi ers ar Rirsebia. aTwleulebis manZilze mxolod
qarTveli berebi rCebodnen Rame uflis saflavis
taZarSi, mxolod qarTvelebi aRavlendnen wirva-locvas uflis saflavze, maT
epyraT uflis saflavis samlocvelos gasaRebi da ekuTvnodaT golgoTa.
rodesac qristianobis udides siwmindes, macxovris saflavs, uaxlovdebiT da,
miTumetes, rodesac wminda cecxlis gardamosvlas veswrebiT, unda gvaxsovdes,
-
rom uflis wyalobiT am wminda adgils Cveni winaprebi flobdnen da icavdnen.
dideba mamasa da Zesa da wmida sulsa aw da maradis da ukuniTi ukunisamde!
Aamin.
400 wels ierusalimi da jvris monasteri Temur lengs auoxrebia. 1454
wels bizantiis dacemiT qristianTa da maT Soris - qarTvelTa mdgomareoba
kidev ufro gauaresda. Tumca drodadro qarTvelebis gavlena izrdeboda. 1525
wels aRdga qarTvelTa ufleba golgoTaze, beTlemsa da jvris monasterze,
aseve yvela is privilegia, rac qarTvelebs gaaCndaT ierusalimSi. am dros
jvris monasterSi moRvaweobda vinme ColoyaSvili, romelmac laTinebisa da
somxebis mier mitacebuli sakuTrebis dabrunebasTan erTad mo-nasterSi
saganmanaTleblo saqmianobac aRadgina. udidesi wvlili Seitana jvris
monastrisa da qarTvelTa koloniis saqmianobaSi `jvris mamam~, anu monastris
winamZRvarma, nikoloz ColoyaSvilmac. magram, sabolood, qarTvelebma ver
gauZles gaWirvebasa da im did gadasaxadebs, romlebic Turqebma
qristianebisTvis daaweses. maRali gadasaxadebis gamo, ierusalimis berZenma
patriarqebmac ki patriarqis rezidencia konstantinpolSi gadaitanes da
konstantinopolis patriarqs Seekedlnen. somxebs ierusalimSi TavianTi
diaspora hqondaT, maT Soris iyvnen vaWrebi, xelosnebi, SeZlebuli xalxi.
isini somxur-monofizitur eklesias exmarebodnen da amitom gadasaxadebis
gadaxda SeZles. laTinebsa da berZen marTlmadideblebs rogorc maTi
adgilobrivi mrevli, aseve romi da konstantinopolis eparqia exmareboda.
qarTvel berebs mxolod samSoblodan daxmarebis imedi hqondaT, magram,
samwuxarod, yovelTvis ver xerxdeboda daxmarebis gaweva qarTveli berebisTvis.
amitom ierusalimeli qarTvelebi TandaTan iZulebulni gaxdnen, monastrebisa
da eklesiebis qoneba daegiravebinaT. es qoneba saukuneebis manZilze mTlianad
berZnebis, somxebisa da laTinebis xelSi gadavida. ruseTis imperiis mier
saqarTvelos mierTebas, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da qarTuli
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebas Sedegad mohyva
ierusalimTan kavSiris gawyveta da wminda miwaze arsebuli qarTuli savaneebis
sabolood dakargva. uflis wyalobiT, dRes am kavSirebis TandaTanobiTi
aRdgena xdeba.
e. ebraelTa da qristianTa saeklesio dResaswaulebi
aRdgoma udidesi saeklesio dResaswaulia da momlocvelebi xSirad
wminda miwaze piligrimobas mas ukavSireben. saxarebidan viciT, rom qristes
wameba da jvarcma swored im dRes moxda, rodesac ebraelebs paseqi unda
aReniSnaT. wminda sulis gardamosvla mociqulebze aRdgomidan ormocdameaTe
dRes aRsrulda, maSin rodesac ierusalimSi ormocdaaTianobis dResaswauli
aRiniSneboda, es Zveli aRTqmis rjulis miRebas ukavSirdeboda, ra kavSiri
aqvT ebraul da qristianul dResaswaulebs erTmaneTTan?
ebraelebis paseqi udidesi religiuri dResaswaulia, romelic
ukavSirdeba egviptis tyveobidan ebraelTa gamosvlas. sityva `fasek~, ebraulad
_ `fesax~ `gverdis avlas~ niSnavs da uflis mier egviptel pirvelSobilTa
sikvdiliT dasjisas ebraelTa saxlebis gverdis avlas ukavSirdeba. egviptidan
gamosvlis wina dRes yoveli ebraelis ojaxSi unda dakluliyo sapaseqo
-
tarigi, romlis sisxliTac jvris niSi unda gamoesaxaT sakuTari saxlebis
karebze. RmerTma mose winaswarmetyvels amcno yvela is wesi, rac daculi unda
yofiliyo paseqis aRsrulebisas.
paseqze yvela ebraelis ojaxi vaxSmad ikribeba, ixseneben tyveobidan
gamosvlas. sadResaswaulo vaxSami iwyeba locva-kurTxeviT, RvTisadmi
madlobiT. qaSeruli RviniT ismeva oTxi sadResaswaulo sadRegrZelo, magram
sufraze aseve dgamen mexuTe Wiqas ilia winaswarmetyvelisaTvis, rac, maTi
rwmeniT, dakavSirebulia bibliur winaswarmetyvelebasTan, rom uflis
sasufevlis dadgomamde da mesiis mosvlamde RmerTi moavlens caSi cocxlad
amaRlebul ilia winaswarmetyvels (mal. 4.5). amitomac ekiTxebodnen
farisevlebi ioane naTlismcemels, Tu vin iyo is - mesia Tu ilia
winaswarmetyveli (in. 1.19-21).
ebrauli paseqis wina dRes ufalma ieso qristem gamarTa saidumlo
seroba Tavis mowafeebTan sionis qorSi. es iyo macxovris mier aRsrulebuli
axali paseqi Zvelis nacvlad. swored am dRes daawesa qristem wminda ziarebis
saidumlo. amave dRes man fexebi dabana Tavis mowafeebs, riTac Tavmdablobis
udidesi magaliTi misca maT. Zveli aRTqmis rjulis miRebis dRes mosem
samsxverplod Sewiruli zvarakis sisxli apkura ers da uTxra: `ese ars sisxli
aRTqumisaÁ, romeli aRuTqua ufalman yovelTaTÂs sityvaTa amaT~ (gam. 24.8).
macxovarma ki, rogorc wminda luka maxarebeli gvauwyebs, saidumlo serobisas
Tavis xorcsa da si