TCC Análise sensorial Refrigerantes Cola

8/10/2019 TCC Anlise sensorial Refrigerantes Cola

1/47

CEQ^C^]^K OMNMXDG NM MN]ADK ACEACD M ^MAEKGKFCD NM FKCQ

COF

AD@Y]Q FKCECD

NMYDX^D@ME^K NM XMDQ DADN@CADQ CC

AKKXNMEDADK NM T]@CAD MAEKGFCAD

A]XQK Q]YMXCKX NM MAEKGKFCD T]@CAD DFXKCEN]Q^XCDG

Ormnmrcak nm Odrcd Dgvms

DEGCQM QMEQKXCDG NM XMOXCFMXDE^M QDHKX AKGD M@

M@HDGDFMEQ NCOMXME^MQ

Fkcecd, 8944


2/47

CEQ^C^]^K OMNMXDG NM MN]ADK ACEACD M ^MAEKGKFCD NM FKCQ

COF

AD@Y]Q FKCECD

NMYDX^D@ME^K NM XMDQ DADN@CADQ CC

AKKXNMEDADK NM T]@CAD MAEKGFCAD



Degcsm Qmeskrcdg nm Xmorcfmrdetm Qdhkr Akgd m` M`hdgdfmes Ncomrmetms

^rdhdgjk nm Akeagusk nm Aursk^AA dprmsmetdnk

Akkrnmedk nd rmd nm Tu`cad ^maekgfcad nkCOF pdrd d khtmek nk ttugk nm ^maegkfk m`

Tu`cad Dfrkcenustrcdg skh krcmetdk nk prkomsskr

@s. Ogvck Adrvdgjk @drqums.

FKCECD, 8944


3/47

Ocajd adtdgkfrocad mgdhkrdnd pmgk Hchgcktmarck Dgcsske nm Qkusd H. Qdetks AXH-4/8.8??Hchgcktmad Yrkomsskr Lkrfm Ogcx nm Qkuzd,

Cestctutk Omnmrdg nm Mnuadk, Aceacd m ^maekgkfcd nm Fkcs

D>6>c

Dgvms, Ormnmrcak nm Odrcd.

Degcsm smeskrcdg nm rmorcfmrdetm sdhkr akgd m`hdgdfmes ncomrmetms / Ormnmrcaknm Odrcd Dgvms Fkcecd, 8944.

14p. < cg.

Krcmetdnkr< Yrko. @sa. Ogvck Adrvdgjk @drqums

^AA (Akeagusk nm Aursk) Akkrnmedk nm Tu`cad Dfrkcenustrcdg,Aursk nm ^maekgkfcd m` Tu`cad Dfrkcenustrcdg, Cestctutk Omnmrdg nm Mnuadk,Aceacd m ^maekgkfcd nm Fkcs

4.

Censtrcd nm rmorcfmrdetm degcsm smeskrcdg. 8. Adrhkedtdk. 1.M`hdgdfmes nm Gdtd m YM^. C. @drqums, Ogvck Adrvdgjk (krcmetdnkr) CC.Cestctutk Omnmrdg nm Mnuadk, Aceacd m ^maekgkfcd nm Fkcs, AurskQupmrckr nm ^maekgkfcd m` Tu`cad Dfrkcenustrcdg

ANN ??>


4/47

CEQ^C^]^K OMNMXDG NM MN]ADK ACEACD M ^MAEKGKFCD NM FKCQCOF

AD@Y]Q FKCECD

NMYDX^D@ME^K NM XMDQ DADN@CADQ CCAKKXNMEDADK NM T]@CAD MAEKGFCAD



Degcsm Qmeskrcdg nm Xmorcfmrdetm Qdhkr Akgd m` M`hdgdfmes

Ncomrmetms

^rdhdgjk nm Akeagusk nm Aursk ^AA dprmsmetdnk Akkrnmedk nd rmd nm Tu`cad

^maekgfcad nk COF pdrd d khtmek nk ttugk nm ^maegkfk m` Tu`cad Dfrkcenustrcdg skh

krcmetdk nk prkomsskr @s. Ogvck Adrvdgjk @drqums.

Hdead mxd`cednkrd ADXHKED^DK..................................................................................49

8.8.= ME_DQM...................................................................................................44

8.8.=.4 M@HDGDFMEQ ]^CGC\DNDQ EK ME_DQM......................48

8.1 YM^......................................................................................................................41

8.1.4 JCQ^XCD NK YM^..................................................................................41

8.1.8 YXKAMQQK NM YXKN]K ND XMQCED YM^...................................4>

8.1.1 XMACAGDFM@.........................................................................................46

8.> GD^D....................................................................................................................4:

8.>.4 JCQ^XCAK.............................................................................................4:

8.>.8 ODHXCADK ND GD^D......................................................................43

8.= DEGCQM QMEQKXCDG.......................................................................................84

ADY^]GK 1@M^KNKGKFCD..................................................................................88

1.4 DHKXNDFM@ @M^KNKGFCAD......................................................................88

1.8 @M^KNKGKFCD NM DEGCQM...........................................................................88

1.8.4 NCQYKQCMQ CECACDCQ...............................................................................88

1.8.8 @^KNK DEDG^CAK.................................................................................8>

1.8.8.8 DEGCQM NM ADXHKED^DK...................................................8>

ADY^]GK >DEGCQM M NCQA]QQK NKQ NDNKQ............................................8=

>.4 GCEJD 94............................................................................................................... 8=

>.8 GCEJD 91............................................................................................................... 8?

>.1 ^MQ^M NM YMXND NM AK8

.................................................................................. 86


10/47

>.> ^MQ^M QMEQKXCDG.........................................................................................86

AKEAG]QMQ............................................................................................................... 83

XMOMXEACDQ...............................................................................................................19


11/47

c

XMQ]@K

Ak` d mvkguk nks emfacks m k du`metk nd akeakrreacd, ds m`prmsds v` sm

prmkaupdenk adnd vmz `dcs ak` d prknuk ak` qudgcndnm nm smus prknutks, fmrdenk u`d

akestdetm husad ed `mgjkrcd nd `ms`d. Dssc` armsam d ak`pmtctcvcndnm nds censtrcds nm

rmorcfmrdetms ak` d ocedgcndnm nm komrmamr prknutks ak` u` prmk hdcxk m hkd qudgcndnm pdrd

dtmenmr k `mradnk akesu`cnkr. D oc` nm dtmenmr mssm `mradnk mxcfmetm, k aketrkgm nm

qudgcndnm ek rmorcfmrdetm prmacsd smr rcfkrksk, smenk d degcsm smeskrcdg nm mxtrm`d

c`pkrteacd pdrd fdrdetcr k fkstk adrdatmrstcak nd hmhcnd. `uctk c`pkrtdetm qum dps d

nmtmr`cedk nd adrhkedtdk, k rmorcfmrdetm smld `detcnk pdnrk mstdhmgmacnk pdrd `detmr kfkstk adrdatmrstcak nd hmhcnd. Dssc` d pdrtcr nds degcsms ak` ds d`kstrds okc pkssvmg

mstdhmgmamr ds ncomrmeds nk sdhkr nd hmhcnd dtrdvs nd degcsm smeskrcdg nk rmorcfmrdetm

mevdsdnk m` YM^ m gdtd `kstrdenk k qudetk mgms pmrnm` nm fs nm dakrnk ak` k prdzk nm

vdgcndnm nk prknutk m dprmsmetdenk sufmstms pdrd akesmrvdr k sdhkr nd hmhcnd.

Ydgdvrds ajdvm< rmorcfmrdetm2 adrhkedtdk2 m`hdgdfm`.


12/47

cc

DHQ^XDA^

Vctj tjm nmvmgkp`met ko huscemss den cearmdsmn ak`pmtctcke, ak`pdecms jdvm hmme

cearmdscefgy akeamremn `krm wctj tjm prknuatcke qudgcty ko cts prknuats, rmsugtcef ce d

akestdet smdraj okr c`prkvm`mets. Qk frkw tjm ak`pmtctcvmemss ko tjm skot nrceb ce krnmr tk

koomr prknuats wctj d gkw prcam den fkkn qudgcty tk `mmt tjm akesu`mr drbmt. Ce krnmr tk

`mmt tjcs nm`dencef `drbmt, qudgcty aketrkg ce tjm sknd emmns tk hm rcfkrkus, den tjm smeskry

dedgyscs ko mxtrm`m c`pkrtdeam tk mesurm tjm ajdrdatmrcstca tdstm ko tjm nrceb. Ct cs vmry

c`pkrtdet tjdt dotmr nmtmr`cedtcke ko tjm adrhkedtcke, tjm rmorcfmrdet cs `dcetdcemn stdendrn

mstdhgcsjmn tk `dcetdce tjm ajdrdatmrcstca tdstm ko tjm nrceb. ^jus ork` tjm dedgyscs wctj tjmsd`pgms wds pksschgm tk mstdhgcsj tjm ncoomrmeams ce tjm ogdvkr ko tjm hmvmrdfm hy tjm smeskry

dedgyscs ko sknd hkttgmn ce YM^ den sjkwcef jkw tjmy ade gksm fds daakrncef tk tjm vdgcncty

ko tjm prknuat den `dbcef suffmstckes tk sdvm tdstm ko tjm nrceb.

Bmywkrns< sknd2 adrhkedtcke2 pdabdfcef.


13/47

ccc

GCQ^D NM FXOCAKQ

Frocak 4 - Adrtd nm aketrkgm nm adrhkedtdk gcejd 4..............................................................8=

Frocak 8 - Adrtd nm aketrkgm nm adrhkedtdk gcejd 8..............................................................8?


14/47

cv

GCQ^D NM OCF]XDQ

Ocfurd 4Mstruturd @kgmaugdr nk Dadr..................................................................................?

Ocfurd 8Oguxk nk prkamssk nm prknuk nm rmorcfmrdetms.......................................................:

Ocfurd 1Mtdpd nm Okr`dk nd Hmhcnd.................................................................................44

Ocfurd >Mtdpd nm mevdsm, akncocadk m pdgmtczdk.............................................................48

Ocfurd =Khtmek nk YM^.....................................................................................................4>

Ocfurd ?Mstruturd nk YM^.....................................................................................................4>

Ocfurd 6Xmdk nm okr`dk nk Ykgcstmr.............................................................................4=

Ocfurd :Nmstcek nk YM^ rmacagdnk........................................................................................46

Ocfurd 3 - Ydrtcacpdk nds Gdtds nm Dgu`eck ek @mradnk nm Hmhcnds Fdsmcocadnds.............43Ocfurd 49 - Adpdacndnm nm Yrknuk nm Gdtds nm Dgu`eck ek Hrdscg.....................................89

Ocfurd 44Dpdrmgjk nm `mnck nm AK8....................................................................................................................... 8>

Ocfurd 48Ocajd nm Dvdgcdk Qmeskrcdg................................................................................8:


15/47

v

GCQ^D NM ^DHMGDQ

^dhmgd 4 - ^cpks nm m`hdgdfm` utcgczdnd ek mevdsm nm rmorcfmrdetms.......................................48

^dhmgd 8 - Yrdzk nm vdgcndnm (m` `msms) nm rmorcfmrdetms nm dakrnk ak` ds m`hdgdfmes.......41

^dhmgd 1Akesu`k nm m`hdgdfmes pkr dek............................................................................4?


16/47

vc

GCQ^D NM DHXM_CD^]XDQ M QCFGDQ

DE_CQDDfeacd Edackedg nm _cfcgeacd Qdectrcd

GQMGc`ctm Qupmrckr nm Mspmacocadk

GCMGc`ctm Ceomrckr nm Mspmacocadk

GQAGc`ctm Qupmrckr nm Aketrkgm

GCAGc`ctm Ceomrckr nm Aketrkgm

YM^ - Ykgcmtcgmek ^mrmotdgdtk


17/47

4

CE^XKN]K

Ak` k du`metk nd prknutcvcndnm fmrdnk pmgd frdenm nm`dend nm prknutks mxcfcnks

pmgk `mradnk akesu`cnkr ds m`prmsds mstk eu`d akestdetm akeakrreacd pdrd akequcstdr

smus agcmetms. Ydrd cssk emamssrck prknuzcr u` prknutk nm hkd qudgcndnm m ak` `mekr

austk, vcsdenk tdetk k guark, qudetk d sdtcsodk nks smus akesu`cnkrms.

KXmorcfmrdetm u`d hmhcnd ak` mgmvdnds qudetcndnms nm akrdetms m akesmrvdetms, m

qum qudenk ek sk gcfjt ku ncmt aket` td`h` u` mgmvdnk tmkr nm dadr, ak` drk`d

scetmtczdnk nm orutd m fs adrhecak ndenk k dspmatk adrdatmrstcak hkrhugjdetm. @uctk

akesu`cnd m` tknd d pdrtm nk `uenk mssd hmhcnd m suds prceacpdcs m`hdgdfmes smrk k mstunk

nmssm trdhdgjk.K aketrkgm nm qudgcndnm nmssm prknutk prmacsd smr rfcnk pdrd fdrdetcr u` sdhkr

adrdatmrstcak nk prknutk, m d m`hdgdfm` tmenk u` pdpmg c`pkrtdetm pdrd `detmr suds

adrdatmrstcads.

Ds degcsms smeskrcdcs omctd m` censtrcds sk ak` u`d mqucpm nm prkocssckedcs

trmcednks pdrd dedgcsdr ds adrdatmrstcads krfdekgptcads nm u` prknutk. Ks prceacpdcs smetcnks

d sm pmramhmr qum sk d vcsk, kgodtk m pdgdndr. D qudgcndnm smeskrcdg nk dgc`metk m d

pdnrkeczdk nd `ms`d odvkrmam d ocnmgcndnm nk akesu`cnkr d mssm prknutk.Mssm trdhdgjk vcsd nm`kestrdr k prkamssk nm odhrcadk nk rmorcfmrdetm m` suds

rmspmatcvds mtdpds, `kstrdenk ds nuds prceacpdcs m`hdgdfmes gdtd m YM^, ak`pdrdenk qudg

rmt` `dcs k fs adrhecak m akesmrvd k sdhkr nm dakrnk ak` k tm`pk.


18/47

8

ADYC^]GK 4D YXKHGM@^CAD

4.4 - K prkhgm`d

D prknuk ak` qudgcndnm u`d nds prc`mcrds mstrdtfcds pdrd d ak`pmtctcvcndnm ek

`mradnk. Dssc` ds m`prmsds vcsd` prknuzcr ak` d `mgjkr qudgcndnm pkssvmg, ak` u`

`mekr austk. @ds pdrd cssk prmacsk tmr cevmstc`metk tdetk m` mqucpd`metks nm pketd,

mqucpm hm` qudgcocadnd m husad nm `mgjkrcds m` smus prknutks.

4.8 - Khlmtcvks

4.8.4 - Fmrdg

K khlmtcvk fmrdg nk trdhdgjk dedgcsdr smeskrcdg`metm d`kstrds nm rmorcfmrdetms

mevdsdnks m` gdtd m YM^ `kstrdenk dtrdvs nd de qudg nmgds tm` d prmomreacd nk

akesu`cnkr.

4.8.8 - Mspmaocak

Nmsarmvmr k prkamssk prknutcvk nk rmorcfmrdetm m` tknds ds mtdpds nmsnm d prmpdrdk nk

xdrkpm dt k mevdsm2

@kstrdr ak`k omctd d degcsm nm rktced nm adrhkedtdk nk rmorcfmrdetm m nm`kestrdr d

`ncd nks vdgkrms meaketrdnks2

Dprmsmetdr ks rmsugtdnks nks vdgkrms nm adnd gcejd m metk `kstrdr qudg prknutk tmvm `mgjkr

damctdk ed degcsm smeskrcdg pmgks akesu`cnkrms, dpketdenk dgfu` pketk qum pknm smr`mgjkrdnk.

4.1 - Lustcocadtcvd

Ks rmorcfmrdetms pkssum` ndtds nm vdgcndnm vdrcvmcs qum sm nmvm ds ncomrmetms

m`hdgdfmes m` qum mgms sk mevdsdnks. Mssd ncomrmed sm n pmgd adpdacndnm nm adnd

m`hdgdfm` rmtmr k AK8nd hmhcnd, dgtmrdenk metk ncrmtd`metm ek sdhkr nk rmorcfmrdetm.


19/47

1

Akejmamr ds m`hdgdfmes, d qudetcndnm nm AK8pmrncnd dk gkefk nk tm`pk c`pkrtdetm

pdrd tmr u` `dckr aketrkgm skhrm d qudgcndnm nk prknutk, prmsmrvdenk metk k sdhkr nd

hmhcnd.

ADYC^]GK 8XMOMXMEACDCQ MXCAKQ

8.4 - K rmorcfmrdetm

8.4.4 - Jcstrcak

Ks prc`mcrks rmorcfmrdetms edsamrd` eu`d pkad m` qum sm akeouencd` ds

prkprcmndnms `mncacedcs nds oketms nm fuds `cemrdcs ak` ds rmametms cevmems nm LksmpjYrcmstgmy (46?6) m Lkje @dtjmws (4:18). Yrcmstgmy arcku u` `mck nm prknuzcr fud

fdsmcocadnd drtcocacdg`metm, d sknd. @dtjmws nmsmevkgvmu k qum ocadrcd akejmacnk ak`k sknd

okuetdce, u` dpdrdtk qum prknuzcd fud ak` fs nm okr`d sc`pgms, ncrmtd`metm ek hdgak nd

odràcd. Darmnctdvd-sm qum d fud fdsmcocadnd tcejd prkprcmndnms tmrdputcads m pkr cssk mgd

mrd rmak`mendnd pdrd ncvmrsks tcpks nm trdtd`metk, nm sc`pgms agcads pkgck`cmgctm.

(@CXDEND, 8949).

Ykr vkgtd nd `mtdnm nk saugk 43, l mrd akù` meaketrdr oketms nm sknd cestdgdndseds odràcds pkr tknks ks Mstdnks ]ecnks. Ds prc`mcrds mxpmrceacds okrd` omctds ak`

xdrkpm nm gc`k, d sknd gc`kednd. C`mncdtd`metm nmpkcs vcmrd` ds `csturds ak` `krdefk,

ekz-nm-akgd (u` orutk dorcadek pdrmetm nk adadu, rcak m` adomed, akejmacnk ek Hrdscg ak`k

krkh) m fcefmr-dgm (omctk nm fmefchrm). Emssd pkad, mgms dcend ek tcejd` k ek`m nm

rmorcfmrdetms m mrd` ajd`dnks nm xdrkpms fdsksks (@CXDEND, 8949).

K armsac`metk nkakesu`k omz ùctds odràcds sm trdesokr`drm` m` pketks nm

meaketrk. Kutrds nmcxdrd` nm gdnk d vmend nm rm`ncks pdrd du`metdr k mspdk nmdtmenc`metk nks vcnks hmhmnkrms nm xdrkpms fdsksks. Ome`mek sm`mgjdetm kakrrmu ak` ks

prkprcmtrcks, qum ak`mdrd` d ak`pmtcr pmgks ormfumsms arcdenk xdrkpms adnd vmz `dcs

mgdhkrdnks, omajdenk suds gklds pdrd sm nmncadr prknuk m vmend ek dtdadnk. Ds trs

`dckrms `drads ekrtm-d`mrcadeds dtudcs okrd` arcdnds eu` mspdk nm pkuak `dcs nm nmz

deks, pkr trs nmssms mx-odr`dautcaks. Ajdrgms Dgnmrtke cevmetku d orùgd nd Nr. Ymppmr,

m` 4::=. Ek dek smfucetm Lkje Ym`hmrtke tcrku nd `defd u` akeametrdnk ak` qudgcndnms

mstcùgdetms hdsm nm ekz-nm-akgd, okgjds nm akad m kutrks cefrmncmetms dk qudg ndrcd k ek`m

nm Akad-Akgd. M` 4:3: surfcu d Ympsc-Akgd, qum usdvd d `ms`d ekz-nm-akgd m u`d mezc`d

pdrd dlundr ed ncfmstk, d pmpsced (@CXDEND , 8949).
http://supermundo.abril.com.br/busca/?qu=consumohttp://supermundo.abril.com.br/busca/?qu=consumo


20/47

>

K gc`ctdnkr, emssms prc`mcrks tm`pks nd censtrcd, mrd d m`hdgdfm`. Dpmsdr nm k

prc`mcrk xdrkpm mefdrrdodnk ndtdr nm 4:1=, detms nd cevmek nd `quced pdrd `kgndr vcnrk,

khrd nk d`mrcadek @cajdmg Kwme, m` 439>, ds fdrrdods mrd` skprdnds drtmsdedg`metm m

vdrcdvd` ed okr`d m td`dejk, ncocaugtdenk k trdespkrtm m k m`pcgjd`metk. Kutrd ncocaugndnm

mrd d vmndk nds fdrrdods. Nds rkgjds ak` drd`m (sc`cgdrms s nm ajd`pdejm) s td`pds

Jutajceske, qum smfurdvd` d prmssk nm nmetrk pdrd okrd, ks prkfrmssks okrd` t`cnks m ks

dacnmetms m` nmpsctks, akestdetms, trdesokr`denk k mstkqum nm rmorcfmrdetms eu`d dtcvcndnm

hdrugjmetd (m ncspmencksd). D rmvkguk qum gmvku nmocectcvd`metm k rmorcfmrdetm pdrd nmetrk

nds adsds nds pmsskds okc td`pcejd akrkd, cevmetdnd m` 4:38 pmgk d`mrcadek Vcggcd`

Ydcetmr. D rkgjd `mtgcad rmakhmrtd nm akrtcd (pkstmrckr`metm trkadnd pmgk pgstcak) mrd

pmromctd pdrd aketmr d prmssk nk gqucnk fdsksk. Nd pkr ncdetm, ks xdrkpms aketceudrcd`smenk vmencnks eks hdgams, `ds k ad`cejk dt d `msd nk dg`kk nm nk`cefk mstdvd

nmocectcvd`metm dhmrtk (@CXDEND, 8949).

K rmorcfmrdetm ajmfku dk Hrdscg m` 43>4, smenk prknuzcnd ed acndnm nm Xmacom. ^menk

smu dufm nm akesu`k ek saugk ZZ ak` ds prkpdfdends nds nuds `dckrms `drads Akad-Akgd

m Ympsc qum nmt` nk `mradnk `uencdg, dvdgcdnk m` amrad nm ]Q$ ?? hcgjms deudcs

(XKQD, 899?).

Jklm d censtrcd nm rmorcfmrdetms au`prm ds ekr`ds mstdhmgmacnds pmgk @cecstrck ndDfrcaugturd, Ymaurcd m Dhdstmac`metk, dtrdvs nk Nmarmtk e ?.:64, nm> nm luejk nm8993,

rmfugd`metd d Gmc e :.34:, nm4> nm lugjk nm433>, qum ncspm skhrm pdnrkeczdk,

agdsscocadk, rmfcstrk, cespmk, prknuk m ocsadgczdk nm hmhcnds (HXDQCG, 8949).

K Hrdscg k tmramcrk prknutkr `uencdg nm rmorcfmrdetms, nmpkcs nks Mstdnks ]ecnks m

@xcak (YDGJD, 899=2 XKQD, 899?). D prknuk nm rmorcfmrdetms nurdetm tknk dek nm 899?

okc nm 41 hcgjms nm gctrks, l ks `msms nm ldemcrk, omvmrmcrk m `drk nm 8996 nm 1,6 hcgjms,

okrd` `mgjkrms nk qum k `ms`k pmrknk nm 899? m` tknks ks smf`metks nk smtkr. (DHCX,8996)

Aketunk, k akesu`k pmr adpctd nd krnm` nm ?3 gctrks pkr jdhctdetm pkr dek, k qum

akgkad k pds m` 8: gufdr emssm dspmatk. (XKQD, 899?).

D nm`dend nm rmorcfmrdetm td`h` mst rmgdackednd tm`pmrdturd agc`tcad. Ek

pmrknk ak`prmmencnk metrm ks `msms nm smtm`hrk d `drk, k akesu`k ajmfd d nupgcadr sm

ak`pdrdnk d `msms nm tm`pmrdturd `dcs d`med (Q^MCENG, 43=8).
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_de_junhohttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_de_julhohttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_de_julhohttp://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/4_de_junho


21/47

=

8.4.8 - Ak`pksck nk Xmorcfmrdetm

K rmorcfmrdetm u` mxm`pgk nm ak`k d qu`cad mst cesmrcnd m` ekssk aktcncdek, ek

dpmeds ek qum ncz rmspmctk prmpdrdk nmssm prknutk, `ds td`h` ek aketrkgm nm qudgcndnm

emamssrck pdrd qum smld akesu`cnk sm` rcsak sdnm. D Tu`cad tm` u` pdpmg mssmeacdg ed

degcsm nm qudcsqumr prknutks akesu`cnks pmgds pmsskds (GC@D, 8993).

Ks cefrmncmetms qum ak`pm` d okr`ugdk nk rmorcfmrdetm t` ocedgcndnms mspmaocads

m nmvm` sm mequdnrdr eks pdnrms mstdhmgmacnks. Qk mgms) usdnk eks rmorcfmrdetms nm sdhkr uvd pkr smr u` nks smus

ak`pkemetms edturdcs.


23/47

6

Detckxcndetm< Yrmvcem d ceogueacd emfdtcvd nk kxcfeck ed hmhcnd. Dgnmnks, stmrms m

kutrks ak`pkemetms nk sdhkr sk susamptvmcs d kxcndms pmgk kxcfeck nk dr nurdetm

d mstkadfm`. Guz skgdr m adgkr damgmrd` ds kxcndms. Ykr cssk, ks rmorcfmrdetms euead

nmvm` smr mxpkstks dk skg. Cssk ceogumeacd ncrmtd`metm ed qudgcndnm nk rmorcfmrdetm m`

fdrrdod YM^, smenk mgd trdespdrmetm, sm okr mxpkstd dk skg, mst `dcs prkpacd d mssd

kxcndk pmgd ceacneacd nks rdcks skgdrms luetk ak` k du`metk nd tm`pmrdturd. L d

gdtd tm` u` `dtmrcdg oksak, ek nmcxdenk d guz skgdr ceacncr ek prknutk, domtdenk

dpmeds d qumstk nd mgmvdk nd tm`pmrdturd.

Ks acnks dsarhcak m cskdsarhcak (CEQ 199) sk `uctk usdnks pdrd mssd ocedgcndnm.

Akesmrvdetm< Ks rmorcfmrdetms mstk sulmctks nmtmrckrdk adusdnd pkr gmvmnurds,`koks m hdatrcds (`carkkrfdecs`ks dacnocgks ku acnk-tkgmrdetms), prkvkadenk turvd-

ms m dgtmrdms ek sdhkr m knkr. K akesmrvdetm vcsd cechcr k nmsmevkgvc`metk nmssms

`carkkrfdecs`ks (YDGJD, 899=). K acnk hmezcak (CEQ 844) dtud prdtcad`metm

aketrd tknds ds mspacms nm carkkrfdecs`ks.

Mnugakrdetm< u`d suhsteacd qum akeomrm sdhkr nkam s hmhcnds m` gufdr nd

sdadrksm. Ds hmhcnds nm hdcxd adgkrcd (ncmt) smfum` ks pdnrms nm cnmetcndnm mqudgcndnm nds hmhcnds akrrmspkenmetms, ak` mxamk nk tmkr adgrcak.

Ncxcnk nm Adrhkek


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8.8 - Yrkamssks nm Odhrcadk nk Xmorcfmrdetm

K prkamssk nm odhrcadk nk rmorcfmrdetm ek `uctk ak`pgmxk, `ds mxcfm aucndnks

nm jcfcmem pkr smr u` prknutk nm femrk dgc`metack.

K prkamssk nm odhrcadk nm rmorcfmrdetms pknm smr agdsscocadnk m` ? odsms

c`pkrtdetms< Nksdfm`, @csturd m rmsorcd`metk (`cxmr), Adrhkedtdk, Mevdsm, Akncocadk m

Ydgmtczdk.

Ocfurd 8Oguxk nk prkamssk nm prknuk nm rmorcfmrdetms

K prkamssk nm odhrcadk sm cecacd ak` d prmpdrdk nd fud m nk xdrkpm, nkcs

cesu`ks hscaks nk prkamssk.

8.8.4 - Yrmpdrk nk Zdrkpm Qc`pgms

k prknutk nd ncsskguk nk dadr m` fud. D akeametrdk vdrcd metrm == m ?>%

`/`. D ncsskguk nk dadr arcstdg m` fud qumetm rmnuz k rcsak nm aketd`cedk`carkhcded. K xdrkpm trdtdnk ak` adrvk dtcvdnk, qum pkr dnskrk rm`kvm ak`pkstks

rmspkesvmcs pkr pdgdndrms m knkrms mstrdejks m rmnuz d akr nmssm xdrkpm (XKNXCF]MQ,

89992 GC@D, 8993).

Ks rmorcfmrdetms ncmttcaks rmamhm` mnugakrdetms scettcaks, m` suhstctuck dk dadr,

ed mgdhkrdk nk xdrkpm sc`pgms.

Dps d smpdrdk nd ordk sgcnd nk ocgtrdnk, k xdrkpm sc`pgms rmsorcdnk m`

trkadnkrms nm adgkr dt u`d tm`pmrdturd dprkxc`dnd nm 89A (D@HM_, 8993)


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8.8.8 - Yrmpdrk nk Zdrkpm Ak`pkstk

Mssd d pdrtm kenm sk dncackednks dnctcvks ek xdrkpm sc`pgms pdrd khtmr k xdrkpm

ak`pkstk. Cstk qum ncomrm` ks rmorcfmrdetms m` suds adrdatmrstcads nm akr, sdhkr, knkr m

td`h` ds prkprcmndnms qu`cads rmomrmetms sud akesmrvdk (AM^MQH 899=).

Mssd mtdpd omctd m` tdequms nm dk cekxcnvmg, mqucpdnks ak` dfctdnkr, nm okr`d d

fdrdetcr d pmromctd jk`kfmemczdk nks ak`pkemetms m mvctdr d dn`cssk nm dr. D dnck nks

cefrmncmetms nmvm kakrrmr nm okr`d gmetd m aucndnksd m nm dakrnk ak` d smqueacd

mstdhmgmacnd ed okr`ugdk. K akesmrvdetm k prc`mcrk ak`pkemetm d smr dncackednk. M`

adsk nm dnck dps k dacnugdetm, okr`d-sm u`d ogkaugdk crrmvmrsvmg (k hmezkdtk nm snck

prmacpctd). D dnck nk detckxcndetm kakrrm `ceutks detms nd dnck nk akeametrdnk (YDGJD,899=).

Ks dnctcvks ceakrpkrdnks pknm` smr suaks edturdcs nm orutds, ogdvkrczdetms,

mstdhcgczdetms, akesmrvdetms, akrdetms, detckxcndetms, metrm kutrks. Dgfues mxtrdtks vmfmtdcs

sk dncackednks, ak`k eks rmorcfmrdetms nm fudrde m akgd. Ek adsk nks rmorcfmrdetms nm

akgd, ks mxtrdtks sk khtcnks d pdrtcr nm okr`ugdms vmfmtdcs smarmtds, qum akestctum` u`

nks smfrmnks nk smtkr.

8.8.1 - Nksdfm`

D nksdfm` omctd ak` prkpkrms pdrtcaugdrms d adnd tcpk nm rmorcfmrdetm, rmsugtdenk

ed `csturd qum oguc nk nksdnkr ak` u`d vdzk m tm`pmrdturd d`hcmetm. D `csturd pdssd pmgk

trkadnkr nm adgkr d pgdads m tm` sud tm`pmrdturd rmnuzcnd.

K trkadnkr nm adgkr ak`pkstk nm u`d srcm nm pgdads mstd`pdnds nm dk cekx. Ds

pgdads sk ncspkstds m` pdrdgmgk, nm okr`d dgtmrednd, m dpdrdousdnds metrm mstruturds pdrdokr`dr adedcs dtrdvs nks qudcs ogum` ks `mcks gqucnks qumetm m orck. Ks adedcs okr`dnks

pmgds pgdads prkpkracked` `dckr vmgkacndnm m turhugeacd dk gqucnk, ak` d ocedgcndnm nm

mgc`cedr rmds nm mstdfedk nm vdzk, prk`kvmenk d `xc`d trdesomreacd nm adgkr. K ogucnk

qumetm pmrakrrm u` gdnk nd pgdad, mequdetk k ogucnk orck oguc ek kutrk gdnk. Ak`k ks gqucnks

ogum` m` smetcnk aketrrck eks adedcs metrm ds pgdads, k gqucnk orck msqumetd m k gqucnk

qumetm msorcd.

Ks cesu`ks fud m xdrkpm sk prmpdrdnks smpdrdnd`metm m` ncomrmetms tdequms m

ncspkechcgczdnk pdrd d nksdfm` nds prkpkrms nm adnd u` nmgms. Ek `cxmr, rmdgczdnd d


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`csturd m k rmsorcd`metk nks cefrmncmetms. K rmsorcd`metk c`pkrtdetm, pkcs akencackedr d

`csturd d u`d `mgjkr dhskrk nm AK8ed odsm smfucetm, adrhkedtdk.

D tm`pmrdturd prmacsd smr hdcxd, `ds sm jkuvmr akefmgd`metk ek jdvmr u`d hkd

dhskrk nm AK8.

8.8.> - Adrhkedtdk

D Adrhkedtdk rmprmsmetd k prkamssk kenm d `csturd rmamhm AK8nm dakrnk ak` suds

prkprcmndnms qu`cads, dtcefcenk u` evmg nm dhskrk pdnrkeczdnk pdrd adnd tcpk nm

rmorcfmrdetm. Qk utcgczdnds ed censtrcd tdhmgds qum nmsarmvm` k ak`pkrtd`metk nm dhskrk

nm fs, pdrd adnd tcpk nm `csturd mxcstm d tdhmgd dprkprcdnd qum rmtkred k fs dhskrvcnk ndnk dtm`pmrdturd m prmssk.

Ed prtcad, k fs adrhecak ku ncxcnk nm adrhkek (AK8) k ecak fs dprkprcdnk pdrd

akesmfucr rmormsaks mspu`detms. Qud skguhcgcndnm tdg qum pmr`ctm qum sm rmtmejd d

tm`pmrdturd d`hcmetm pkr amrtk tm`pk m prk`kvm d gchmrdk nm u` dtrdtcvk rmnm`kcejk nm

hkgjds ek akrpk nd hmhcnd qudenk sm dfctd sudvm`metm (_DXED@, 4336).

K evmg nm momrvmsaeacd prkvdvmg`metm d prkprcmndnm `dcs c`pkrtdetm nds hmhcnds

rmormsadetms adrhkedtdnds. D qudetcndnm nm ncxcnk nm adrhkek akeomrm sud mspu`dadrdatmrstcad qum ak`pgm`metd k sdhkr nd hmhcnd. ]`d vdrcdk nmssm vkgu`m domtdr

ncrmtd`metm ek sdhkr m drk`d nk rmorcfmrdetm (OXDEACQ, JDX@MX,43312 ^KAAJCEC,

ECQCND, 433=).

K fs adrhecak suh`mtcnk d tmstms nm purmzd, knkr m dpdreacd pdrd fdrdetcr qum mstm

mstmld nmetrk nks pdnrms nm qudgcndnm mxcfcnks. dr`dzmednk m` tkrrms pdrd pkstmrckr`metm

smr dncackednk ed hmhcnd dtrdvs nd adrhkedtdk. K evmg nm adrhkedtdk vdrcd nm dakrnk

ak` ds hmhcnds. Ekr`dg`metm rmorcfmrdetms nm orutds sk adrhkedtdnks d u` evmgrmgdtcvd`metm `dcs hdcxk, ks rmorcfmrdetms akgd d evmg `nck m ks tecaks d evmg dgtk

(_DXED@, 433>).

D ocfurd d smfucr `kstrd u` msqum`tcak nds mtdpds nm nksdfm` m adrhkedtdk


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Ocfurd 1Mtdpd nm okr`dk nd hmhcnd

8.8.=Mevdsm

D mtdpd nm mevdsm akescstm ek mevck, pkr tuhugdms nm dk cekx, nk xdrkpm ak`pkstkdt d gcejd nm mevdsd`metk (meajmnkrd) ak`k `kstrdnk ed ocfurd >, ed qudg sk dncackednks

fud m AK8m` prkpkrms dnmqudnds d adnd prknutk. K rmorcfmrdetm mevdsdnk m` hdcxd

tm`pmrdturd (1 d 48 A) m skh prmssk pdrd dssmfurdr u`d mgmvdnd akeametrdk nm AK 8ek

prknutk. (YDGJD, 899=)

Dtrdvs nm u`d mstmcrd vm` ds fdrrdods, prkfrd`dnds pdrd smrm` mevdsdnds ed

qudetcndnm nmtmr`cednd. Ds meajmnkrds prmacsd` sm`prm nm u`d akestdetm `deutmek m

adgchrdk pdrd fdrdetcr d qudetcndnm mxdtd nk gqucnk d smr mevdsdnk. K kpmrdnkr nmssd

`quced ocad sm`prm dtmetk d pkssvmcs prkhgm`ds m sm prmacsk pdrdr smu oueacked`metk pdrd

akrrcfcr, m td`h` tmr aketrkgm skhrm d vmgkacndnm m` qum k mqucpd`metk trdhdgjd.

Dps k meajc`metk, d fdrrdod c`mncdtd`metm drrkgjdnd m akncocadnd ak` ndtd nm

vdgcndnm, jkrd m gcejd nm mevdsd`metk (YDGJD, 899=).

Ks rmacpcmetms nmvcnd`metm prmmeajcnks m mtcqumtdnks smfum` pdrd d pdgmtczdnkrd pdrd

okr`dr pdabs, qum sk okr`dnks ak` dqumac`metk nm u` pgstcak qum akgkadnk skhrm ds

m`hdgdfmes pdrd uec-gds odacgctdenk k adrrmfd`metk m ak`mracdgczdk nks prknutks ak`k

pknm smr vcstk ed ocfurd


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Ocfurd >Mtdpd nm mevdsm, akncocadk m pdgmtczdk

8.8.=.4 - M`hdgdfmes utcgczdnds ek mevdsm

Ds m`hdgdfmes `dcs utcgczdnds pdrd rmorcfmrdetms sk< `mtgcads (gdtds nm dgu`eck),

pkgcmtcgmek tmrmotdgdtk (YM^) m nm vcnrk. Ek mevdsm nm rmorcfmrdetms m` 8993 ds m`hdgdfmes nm

YM^ okrd` `dcs vmencnds, ak` 63,3% nd pdrtcacpdk ek `mradnk, smfucnd nk vcnrk (48,8%)

m nd gdtd (6,:%).

^dhmgd 4. ^cpks nm m`hdgdfm` utcgczdnds ek mevdsm nm rmorcfmrdetms_cnrk Gdtd YM^

48,8% 6,:% 63,3%

Oketm< Tu`cad nk Xmorcfmrdetm (DFKQ^K 8993)

K prdzk nm vdgcndnm pdrd akesu`k nks rmorcfmrdetms mst ncrmtd`metm rmgdackednk

m`hdgdfm` qum k prknutk mevdzdnk m dk smu sdhkr. Ykr cssk ds m`hdgdfmes YM^, sk ds qum

pkssum` `mekr vdgcndnm, pkcs d m`hdgdfm` tm` u`d `dckr pkrkscndnm m` ak`pdrdk dk


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41

vcnrk m dk dgu`eck, dg` nm smr trdespdrmetm suh`mtcnd d ceacneacd nm guz jdvmenk metk

kxcndk gmvdenk d u`d pmrad nm AK8`dcs damgmrdnd.

^dhmgd 8. Yrdzk nm vdgcndnm (m` `msms) nm rmorcfmrdetms nm dakrnk ak` ds m`hdgdfmes

Qdhkr _cnrk 839`g Gdtd 1=9`g YM^ 8G

Akgd 3 3 >

Akgd gcfjt ? > >

Gdrdeld ? ? >

Gc`k ? ? ?

Fudrde 3 3 ?

Fudrde ncmt ? ? ?

Oketm< Tu`cad nk rmorcfmrdetm (DFKQ^K 8993)

8.1YM^

8.1.4 - Jcstrcd nk YM^

YM^ d dhrmvcdturd nm pkgcmtcgmek tmrmotdgdtk, u`d rmsced pgstcad m u`d okr`d nmpkgcstmr. K pkgcmtcgmek tmrmotdgdtk u` pkg`mrk qum rmsugtd nd ak`hcedk nm nkcs

`ke`mrks nmek`cednks `kekmtcgmekfgcakg (@MF) m acnk tmrmotdgtcak (Y^D). Ed hdsm

nmstm mstk nuds `dtrcds prc`ds nmrcvdnds nk pmtrgmk< k mtcgmek m k pdrdgcxmek.

D prc`mcrd d`kstrd nmssm `dtmrcdg okc nmsmevkgvcnd pmgks cefgmsms Vjceocmgn m

Ncabske, m` 43>4. Ds pmsqucsds qum gmvdrd` prknuk m` gdrfd msadgd nk pkgcstmr

ak`mdrd` sk`metm dps d Qmfuend Fumrrd @uencdg, m` `mdnks nks deks =9, m`

gdhkrdtrcks nks M]D m Murkpd. Hdsmdvd`-sm, qudsm tktdg`metm, eds dpgcadms txtmcs. M`43?8, surfcu k prc`mcrk pkgcstmr pemu`tcak. Ek ceack nks deks 69, k YM^ ak`mku d smr

utcgczdnk pmgd censtrcd nm m`hdgdfmes (DHCYM^, 8949).

K YM^ ajmfku dk Hrdscg m` 43:: m smfucu u`d trdlmtrcd sm`mgjdetm dk rmstk nk

`uenk, smenk utcgczdnk prc`mcrd`metm ed censtrcd txtcg. Dpmeds d pdrtcr nm 4331 pdssku d tmr

okrtm mxprmssk ek `mradnk nm m`hdgdfmes, ektdnd`metm pdrd ks rmorcfmrdetms (DHCYM^,

8949).


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4>

Ocfurd =Khtmek nk YM^

K YM^ - Ykgc (^mrmotdgdtk nm Mtcgmek) - u` pkgcstmr, pkg`mrk tmr`kpgstcak, smenk k

`mgjkr m `dcs rmscstmetm pgstcak pdrd odhrcadk nm fdrrdods m m`hdgdfmes pdrd rmorcfmrdetms,

fuds, suaks, gmks ak`mstvmcs, `mncad`metks, aks`tcaks, prknutks nm jcfcmem m gc`pmzd,

nmstcgdnks, csktecaks, amrvmlds, metrm vrcks kutrks ak`k m`hdgdfmes tmr`kokr`dnds, ajdpds

m adhks pdrd msakvd nm nmetm.

Qmenk u` pkg`mrk, ds `kgaugds nk YM^, akescstm` m` gkefks adedcs nm uecndnms

rmpmtctcvds qum dpmeds aket` adrhkek (A), kxcfeck (K) m jcnrkfeck (J) ak`k `kstrdnk ed

ocfurd ? dhdcxk.999 tkemgdnds

899? 16:.999 tkemgdnds

8996 >18.999 tkemgdnds

899: >?8.999 tkemgdnds

Oketm< DHCYM^ 8949


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46

8.1.1 - Xmacagdfm`

K akesu`k nm fdrrdods YM^ vm` armsamenk adnd vmz `dcs pkr ncvmrsks `ktcvks. Qk

499% rmacagvmcs m d sud ak`pksck qu`cad ek gchmrd emeju` prknutk txcak.

D mxprmssk rmacagdr vm` nk cefgs rmayagm (rm 0 rmpmtcr, m ayagm 0 acagk). Mssd

dtcvcndnm ocaku akejmacnd ek ocedg nd nadnd nm 43:9, ak` d akestdtdk nk rpcnk

msfktd`metk nds oketms nm pmtrgmk m nm kutrds `dtrcds-prc`ds ek rmekvvmcs. Dg`, nd odgtd

nm mspdk ed edturmzd, pdrd d ncspksck nm gcxk m nm kutrks nmlmtks.

D rmacagdfm` u` akeluetk nm taecads qum tm` pkr ocedgcndnm dprkvmctdr ks nmtrctks

rmutcgczdenk ek acagk nm prknuk, ku smld, k rmsugtdnk nm u`d srcm nm dtcvcndnms, pmgds

qudcs `dtmrcdcs qum sm tkredrcd` gcxk, ku mstk ek gcxk, sk akgmtdnks, smpdrdnks m prkamssdnkspdrd smrm` utcgczdnks ak`k `dtrcd-prc`d ed `deuodturd nm ekvks prknutks. (D@HCME^M

HXDQCG, 8944)

D rmacagdfm` odvkrmam d edturmzd, pkcs `cec`czd d rmtcrdnd nm `dtmrcdcs nd `ms`d,

ak`k oketm nm prknuk, dg` nm nc`ceucr d qudetcndnm nm rmsnuks qum prmacsd nm trdtd`metk

ocedg, ak`k dtmrrd`metk, ku ceacemrdk.

Ed ocfurd dhdcxk `kstrd pdrd kenm vdc k YM^ rmacagdnk

(DE_CQD, 8944).

8.>Gdtd

8.>.4Jcstrcak

D prc`mcrd gdtd nm amrvmld, omctd nm okgjd-nm-ogdenrms eks Mstdnks ]ecnks, m` 431=,

pmsdvd := frd`ds. Jklm, d gdtd nm hmhcnd omctd nm dguèck pmsd `meks nm 4= frd`ds. @ds k

qum nm odtk akeskgcnku k usk nk dguèck ek `mradnk okc d sud `dckr `dgmdhcgcndnm, qum

pmr`ctcu d odhrcadk nm gdtds utcgczdenk meks `mtdg (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

M` 43?1, d Xmyekgns @mtdgs Ak., m`prmsd ak` smnm ek mstdnk nd _crfcecd, nmu ceack prknuk nm gdtds nm dguèck - usdnds ak`k m`hdgdfmes pdrd hmhcnds fdsmcocadnds - eks

Mstdnks ]ecnks. Eks deks ?9, okrd` cetrknuzcnds ds gdtds nm dguèck ak` ks scstm`ds nm

dhmrturd mdsy-kpme (oacg nm dhrcr). @dcstdrnm, m` `mdnks nks deks 69, okc cetrknuzcnk k

scstm`d nm dhmrturd stdy-ke-tdh (demg prmsk td`pd). Dk gkefk nks deks smfucetms, ekvds

tmaekgkfcds okrd` nmsmevkgvcnds m dpgcadnds armsametm censtrcd ekrtm-d`mrcaded m ùencdg

(DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

Jklm, d prknuk ùencdg ugtrdpdssd 899 hcgjms nm gdtds, m ks `dckrms odhrcadetms skds ekrtm-d`mrcadeds Hdgg Akrpkrdtcke, Arkwe Akrb & Qmdg, @mtdg Aketdcemr Akrpkrdtcke m

Xmxd` Hmvmrdfm Ade (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

Ds prc`mcrds gdtds odhrcadnds ek Hrdscg, m` okgjd-nmogdenrms, sdrd` nd @mtdgrfcad

@dtdrdzzk ek dek nm 43::, d pmncnk nd Qbkg Cetmredtckedg Hmmr, jklm Qbkg Amrvmld Ycgsme. D

gdtd nm dguèck ajmfku s `ks nk akesu`cnkr hrdscgmcrk dpmeds m` 43:3 ekvd`metm u`

gded`metk nd `drad Qbkg qum c`pkrtdvd ds m`hdgdfmes pdrd dtmenmr d nm`dend edackedg

(DHXDGD^DQ, 899>). D pdrtcacpdk nm gdtds ek `mradnk nm hmhcnds fdsmcocadnds okc

armsametm nm dakrnk ak` k pdssdr nks deks ak`k `kstrdnk ed ocfurd


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Ocfurd 3Ydrtcacpdk nds Gdtds nm Dguèck ek @mradnk nm Hmhcnds Fdsmcocadnds

OketmDHXDGD^DQ 899>

8.>.8 - Odhrcadk nd gdtd

Qk ùctds m hdstdetm ak`pgmxds ds mtdpds emamssrcds pdrd trdesokr`dr ajdpds nm

dguèck m` gdtds nm dguèck. K prkamssk m`prmfdnk ak`md ak` d okr`dk nk akrpk, ku

nk akpk, ak`k prmomrm` dgfu`ds m`prmsds. K dguèck gd`cednk ajmfd ed ohrcad m`

frdenms hkhceds m metrd ed prmesd nm mstd`pdfm`. ^rdtd-sm nm u` mqucpd`metk

ak`putdnkrczdnk qum tm` d ouek nm akrtdr d ajdpd m` vrcks ncsaks skh d okr`d nm uàkpk hdcxcejk (nm dprkxc`dnd`metm 8 amet`mtrks). Emssd prc`mcrd mtdpd, k dguèck tm`

mxdtd`metm d `ms`d mspmssurd nd g`ced krcfcedg (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

Nmpkcs, ks akpks smfum` pdrd kutrd prmesd. G, suh`mtcnds d u`d frdenm prmssk, ds

pdrmnms mxtmreds sk mstcadnds pdrd ajmfdrm` prxc`ds dgturd pdnrk nds gdtds.

Edturdg`metm, ds pdrmnms nc`ceum` nm mspmssurd. Ed sdnd nd prmesd, ds hkrnds supmrckrms

sk dpdrdnds nm `knk qum tknks ks akrpks ocqum` nd `ms`d dgturd (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

^mramcrd mtdpd< gdvdfm` m smadfm`. Ykr nmetrk m pkr okrd, ds gdtds pdssd` pkr smcs

hdejks akesmautcvks pdrd gdvdfm` m sk mstmrcgczdnds eu` okrek nm smadfm` (DHXDGD^DQ,

899>).

K pdssk smfucetm, d c`prmssk nk rtugk, akescnmrdnk u` nks `dcs ak`pgmxks. ûnk

omctk pkr `mck nm u` skocstcadnk scstm`d nm ogmxkfrdocd (u`d c`prmssk m` rmgmvk, rktdtcvd,

ak` agcajs pgstcaks m tcetds ogucnds nm smadfm` rpcnd), qum pmr`ctm k usk nm vrcds akrms

scùgtdemd`metm. D pdrtm `dcs nmgcadnd sk ks dlustms nm tk` m `dtczms, pkcs ds ohrcads

odzm` qumstk nm `detmr tktdg ocnmgcndnm s akrms krcfcedcs nks drrkldnks m arcdtcvks nmscfes

nm rtugks okremacnks pmgk agcmetm. Ymromck, dquc, d pdgdvrd nm krnm`. @quceds nm gtc`d

fmrdk c`prc`m` ak` dgtd qudgcndnm `dcs nm nuds `cg gdtcejds pkr `ceutk. Ydrd prktmfmr d


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c`prmssk, ad`dnds nm vmrecz sk dpgcadnds skhrm k akrpk m k ouenk nds gdtds nm dguèck. K

cetmrckr nd gdtcejd rmamhm dcend ldtks nm u` sprdy mspmacdg pdrd rmvmstc-gd nm u`d pmgaugd nm

prktmk mxtrd, qum mvctd k aketdtk ncrmtk nk dguèck ak` k gqucnk. Ed smqueacd, ekvd

smadfm` m` okrek qumetm. D `kgndfm` nks pmsakks m nk pmrocg nd hkrnd nd gdtd -

prmpdrdk pdrd k pkstmrckr meadcxm nd td`pd - d gtc`d mtdpd nd odhrcadk. Eks gtc`ks

deks, k nc`mtrk nd hkad okc rmnuzcnk, m cssk pmr`ctm d utcgczdk nm td`pds `mekrms.

Akesmqumetm`metm, k austk ocedg nd m`hdgdfm` td`h` okc rmnuzcnk (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

Ak` k akrpk nd gdtd nm dguèck prketk, tm` ceack d smfuend pdrtm nk prkamssk. ]`d

d u`d, ds uecndnms prknuzcnds pdssd` pkr u` prc`mcrk, c`pkrtdetm m rcfkrksk aketrkgm nm

qudgcndnm< u` tmstm nm guz nm dgtd cetmescndnm adpdz nm nmtmatdr qudgqumr nmomctk. Nm adnd gktm

odhrcadnk sk rmtcrdnds d`kstrds pdrd aketrkgm mstdtstcak nm qudgcndnm, hm` ak`k skrmdgczdnks tmstms `maecaks nm rmscsteacd prmssk cetmred m mxtmred (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

Ds td`pds rmprmsmetd` amrad nm 8=% nk pmsk tktdg nd gdtd m tm` adrdatmrstcads

mssmeacdcs d qudgcndnm m d rmscsteacd. Mgds sk omctds nm u`d gcfd nm dguèck `dcs rmscstmetm

(ak` `meks `defdes m `dcs `dfesck) qum d nk akrpk nd gdtd m rmamhm` vmrecz nm d`hks ks

gdnks (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

Ocedg`metm, ds td`pds sk akgkadnds m` prmesd nm dgtd prmacsk pdrd okr`dk m

ocxdk nks decs. Ydssd` pkr ekvd cespmk - d gtc`d mtdpd rmgdtcvd dk aketrkgm nm qudgcndnmpdrd, metk, smrm` m`hdgdnds, dr`dzmednds m, `dcs tdrnm, trdespkrtdnds pdrd ds m`prmsds

mevdsdnkrds, kenm smrk dpgcadnds dk akrpk nd gdtd ak` u` ak`pkstk smgdetm, qum fdrdetm

u`d vmndk pmromctd (DHXDGD^DQ, 899>).

D prknuk nm gdtds nm dguèck ek Hrdscg nm dakrnk ak` d adpdacndnm `kstrdnd ed

ocfurd


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8.= -Degcsm smeskrcdg

D degcsm smeskrcdg u` odtkr-ajdvm ed censtrcd nm dgc`metks pdrd smgmk,

pmsqucsd m nmsmevkgvc`metk nm ekvks prknutks, aketrkgm nm qudgcndnm m tmstms nm `mradnk

ak` akesu`cnkrms. Mgd cetmrprmtd ds rmdms s adrdatmrstcads nks dgc`metks m ak`k sk

pmramhcnds pmgks smetcnks ju`deks (FKXM^^C 899=)2 AJD_MQ,

433:).

Dssc` ak`k d degcsm smeskrcdg `uctk c`pkrtdetm ed nmtmr`cedk nd qudgcndnm nk

prknutk pdrd k akesu`cnkr, c`prmsacenvmg qum dgfues pdr`mtrks ks qudcs tm` mekr`m

ceogueacd skhrm mstms qumsctks smld` cetmesd`metm mstundnks m aketrkgdnks, d oc` nm `detmr

u` prkamssk aketrkgdnk, qum dtmend ds emamsscndnms nm u`d prknuk smfurd, mocacmetm m nm

qudgcndnm.

D pmrnd nm fs adrhecak m` hmhcnds u` c`pkrtdetm odtkr d smr akescnmrdnk ek

aketrkgm nm qudgcndnm nm u` prknutk. Mstm aketrkgm mevkgvm ek s d mtdpd nm prknuk, `ds

td`h` ds adrdatmrstcads nd m`hdgdfm` utcgczdnd m nks scstm`ds nm dr`dzmedfm`, trdespkrtm

m ncstrchuck (NDE^DQ, 4333).

mxtrm`d`metm c`pkrtdetm qum, dps d sud nmtmr`cedk, d adrhkedtdk smld `detcnd

ek pdnrk mstdhmgmacnk m` ouek nk tcpk nm hmhcnd m nk frdu nm damctdk pkr pdrtm nk

akesu`cnkr (^KAAJCEC, ECQCND, 433=2 VJC^M @DX^CEQ, 899:).


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M` rmgdk dk aketrkgm nk prknutk, ncvmrsks dspmatks nmtmr`ced` d qudgcndnm nd

adrhkedtdk tdcs ak`k d prmssk nm AK8 ek sdturdnkr, tm`pmrdturd nm adrhkedtdk,

`deutmek nm tm`pmrdturd, duseacd nm dr ek xdrkpm m qudgcndnm nd fud. Dg` ncssk, mxcstm

d qumstk nd m`hdgdfm`, akescnmrdenk-sm smu `dtmrcdg (vcnrk, pgstcak ku `mtdg) m k tcpk nm

omajd`metk nd `ms`d, m td`h` smu nmsm`pmejk oscak-`maecak ormetm s akencms nm

trdespkrtm m dr`dzmedfm`, ak`k vdrcdms nm tm`pmrdturd, `kvc`metdk m m`pcgjd`metk

(NDE^DQ, 4333).

ADYC^]GK 1 - @M^KNKGKFCD

1.4 - Dhkrndfm` @mtknkgfcad

D nmtmr`cedk nd pmr`mdhcgcndnm nds m`hdgdfmes, ds akencms nm dr`dzmed`metk,

trdespkrtm m ak`mracdgczdk nds hmhcnds adrhkedtdnds nm frdenm c`pkrteacd ed pmrnd nm

adrhkedtdk nds hmhcnds, pmgk odtk nm akesmrvdr d mstdhcgcndnm nmstds nurdetm d vcnd nm

prdtmgmcrd.

Kutrk odtkr c`pkrtdetm d rktdtcvcndnm nk prknutk, pkcs sm tcvmr u` dgtk fcrk nm

ak`mracdgczdk k tm`pk m` qum mgm smr akesu`cnk ek vdc smr suocacmetm pdrd dhdcxdr kevmg nm AK8dk pketk nm smr pmramhcnk pmgk akesu`cnkr, pkcs k prknutk mstdr dcend nmetrk

nds mspmacocadms damctvmcs.

1.8 - @mtknkgkfcd nm Degcsm

1.8.4 - Ncspkscms Cecacdcs

Ydrd d khtmek nks ndnks, okrd` rmdgczdnds degcsms ek gdhkrdtrck nm Aketrkgm nm

Tudgcndnm nm u`d censtrcd nm hmhcnds m` ^rcendnm ek pmrknk nm Omvmrmcrk d Dhrcg 8949.

Okrd` akgmtdnks rmorcfmrdetms nm nuds gcejds nd prknuk nd smfucetm okr`d

1.8.8 - @tknk Dedgtcak

1.8.8.4 - Degcsm nm Adrhkedtdk

Okrd` akgmtdnds :9 d`kstrds nm rmorcfmrdetms m` gdtd 1=9`g m :9 d`kstrds pmt ?99`g

nm sdhkr akgd pdrd smrm` suh`mtcnds dk tmstm nm adrhkedtdk. Ds kutrds okrd` dr`dzmednds

m` fmgdnmcrds pdrd k tmstm nm degcsm smeskrcdg m` 68 jkrds m m` >= ncds.

Ydrd `mncr k evmg nm AK8ed hmhcnd nmvm smfucr dgfues pdssks pdrd meaketrdr k vdgkr

`dcs mxdtk pkssvmg.

Qk emamssrcks dgfues `dtmrcdcs pdrd d degcsm m dtrdvs nk rmsugtdnk pkssvmg khtmr

k evmg nm adrhkedtdk nd hmhcnd.4 - Gcejd 4

Ks pdr`mtrks nm Gc`ctms nm Mspmacocadk Qupmrckr m Ceomrckr nmtmr`cednks

pmgd m`prmsd okrd`,99 f G-4

Ydnrk< 1,6= f G-4

GCM< 1,=9 f G-4

Ks Gc`ctms nm Aketrkgm Qupmrckr m Ceomrckr adgaugdnks d pdrtcr nks ndnks nds

d`kstrds usdnds pdrd k mstunk okrd`< GQA< 1,: f G-4

GCA< 1,6 f G-4

Dssc` pksscvmg khsmrvdr qum d tdxd nm AK8mxprmssd m` f/g nds d`kstrds nd gcejd 4

(rmorcfmrdetms mevdsdnks m` gdtds) qum okrd` usdnks pdrd k mstunk mstk nmetrk nk

mspmacocadnk pmgd m`prmsd.

Frocak 4Adrtd nm aketrkgm nm adrhkedtdk gcejd 4


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>.8 - Gcejd 1

Ks pdr`mtrks nm Gc`ctms nm Mspmacocadk Qupmrckr m Ceomrckr nmtmr`cednks pmgd

m`prmsd okrd`,>= f G-4

Ydnrk< > f G-4

GCM< 1,:= f G-4

Ks Gc`ctms nm Aketrkgm Qupmrckr m Ceomrckr adgaugdnks d pdrtcr nks ndnks nds

d`kstrds usdnds pdrd k mstunk okrd`,84 f G-4

GCA< >,9= f G-4

Dssc` pksscvmg khsmrvdr qum d tdxd nm AK8mxprmssd m` f G-4nds d`kstrds nd gcejd

1 (rmorcfmrdetms mevdsdnks m` YM^) usd` u`d ak`pmesdk nk fs, ku smld, akgkadenk u`d

`dckr qudetcndnm nm AK8 ed adrhkedtdk nd hmhcnd ed tmetdtcvd nm qum mgd ajmfum dt k

prdzk nm vdgcndnm mstcpugdnk dcend ak` k sdhkr adrdatmrstcak.

Frocak 8Adrtd nm aketrkgm nm adrhkedtdk gcejd 1


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>.1 - ^mstm nm Ymrnd nm AK8

Dps 68 jkrds nm dr`dzmed`metk okc omctk ekvd`metm tmstms nm adrhkedtdk, smenk ds

pmrnds nm d`hds ds m`hdgdfmes qudsm cescfecocadetms. Ds d`kstrds m` gdtd tcvmrd` u`d

`ncd nd tdxd nm AK8nm 1,: f G-4m ds d`kstrds YM^ >,9 f G-4

Ykrtdetk dps >= ncds ks tmstms `kstrdrd` pmrnd hm` `mekr ed gdtd, khtmenk u`d

`ncd nd tdxd nm AK8 nm 1,6 f G-4nk qum ed YM^, qum tmvm u`d `ncd nm 1,1 f G-4.

>.> - ^mstm Qmeskrcdg

Ds d`kstrds nm gdtd m YM^ okrd` suh`mtcnds d degcsm smeskrcdg dps 68 jkrds nmdr`dzmed`metk m nmpkcs dps >= ncds.

K `tknk nm tmstm utcgczdnk k nm ak`pdrdk pdrmdnd smenk qum sk nuds d`kstrds

m` qum d msakgjd ncrmackedg, D prkhdhcgcndnm nm damrtks nm =9% (p 0 4/8). D cetmrprmtdk

nk rmsugtdnk sm hdsmcd ek e`mrk nm lugfd`metks tktdcs vmrsus k e`mrk nm lugfd`metks

akrrmtks. Qm k e`mrk nm lugfd`metks akrrmtks okr `dckr ku cfudg dk vdgkr tdhmgdnk akeaguc-sm

qum mxcstm ncomrmed scfecocadtcvd metrm ds d`kstrds dk evmg nm prkhdhcgcndnm akrrmspkenmetm.

m`prmfdnk metk k tmstm hcgdtmrdg smenk qum ks lugfdnkrms ek sdhm` sm j ncomrmededs d`kstrds.

Ydrd cssk pdrtcacpdrd` 19 akgdhkrdnkrms nd censtrcd qum ek mrd` nd rmd nk aketrkgm

nm qudgcndnm, ek tmvm trmced`metk skhrm degcsm smeskrcdg, nm d`hks ks smxks m ak` cndnm

qum vdrcdvd` nm 4: d >9 deks. Ds d`kstrds okrd` akncocadnds ak` e`mrks dgmdtrcks (ks

e`mrks m` krnm` armsametm mrd` m`hdgdfmes YM^ m ks nm krnm` nmsarmsametm mrd` ks nm

gdtd) m ak` dprkxc`dnd`metm >9 `g adnd. Ks vkguetrcks okrd` smrvcnks nds d`kstrds luetk d

u` akpk ak` fud pdrd meajdfum nd hkad m u`d ocajd nm dvdgcdk pdrd `dradr qudg ndsd`kstrds okc prmomrcnd.


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Ocfurd 48Ocajd nm Dvdgcdk Qmeskrcdg

Dssc`, k rmsugtdnk nd degcsm smeskrcdg nds d`kstrds qum ocadrd` dpmeds 68 jkrds ed

fmgdnmcrd dps d sud prknuk rmvmgku qum 88 nks 19 vkguetrcks prmomrcrd` k rmorcfmrdetm

mevdsdnk m` fdrrdod, ku smld, nm dakrnk ak` d tdhmgd hcgdtmrdg nk tmstm nm ak`pdrdk pdrmdnd

kuvm scfecocaeacd d =% `kstrdenk qum rmdg`metm jdvcd ncomrmed metrm ds d`kstrds, smenk d

akrrmtd prmomrcnd metrm ks vkguetrcks k rmorcfmrdetm mevdsdnk m` gdtd.

L ds d`kstrds dr`dzmednds >= ncds m` fmgdnmcrd 8> vkguetrcks prmomrcrd` k

rmorcfmrdetm mevdsdnk m` gdtd, ku smld, jkuvm scfecocaeacd d 4% nm dakrnk ak` d tdhmgd

hcgdtmrdg nm ak`pdrdk pdrmdnd, `kstrdenk `dcs u`d vmz ncomrmed metrm k sdhkr nks

rmorcfmrdetms.

D prmomreacd pmgk rmorcfmrdetm nm YM^ m` 68 jkrds dps sdcr nd prknuk sm nmvm,

pkcs mgm mevdsdnk ak` u`d `dckr qudetcndnm nm AK8, pkcs d m`hdgdfm` YM^ tm` u`d

`dckr pkrkscndnm, gmvdenk d pmrnd nm AK8pkr `meks tm`pk sm ak`pdrdnk gdtd nm dgu`eck.

Mssd prtcad usdnd eds censtrcds nm rmorcfmrdetms pdrd ak`pmesdr d pmrnd nm AK 8qum vdc

kakrrmr pkstmrckr`metm, pkr cssk ks rmorcfmrdetms mevdsdnks m` YM^ pkssum` u` prdzk nm

vdgcndnm mekr.

L d prmomreacd pmgk rmorcfmrdetm dps >= ncds nm dr`dzmed`metk smr k nm gdtd sm nmvm

d rmtmek `dckr nm AK8qum mssd m`hdgdfm` pkssuc, akesmrvdenk `mgjkr k sdhkr nd hmhcnd.

D m`hdgdfm` YM^ dps mssm pmrknk pmrnmu u`d qudetcndnm nm fs `dckr qum d gdtd,

dgtmrdenk k sdhkr nk rmorcfmrdetm.

Ds d`kstrds okrd` dr`dzmednds nmetrk nm u`d fmgdnmcrd ak` d tm`pmrdturd nm

dprkxc`dnd`metm :A, ku smld, smenk u`d tm`pmrdturd cnmdg pdrd dr`dzmedr mssm tcpk nm

hmhcnd. Qm mssds d`kstrds okssm` dr`dzmednds m` gkadcs d tm`pmrdturd d`hcmetm, dk adgkr m

guz skgdr d pmrnd smrcd hm` `dckr.


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AKEAG]QK

Khtmenk ks rmsugtdnks nk mxpmrc`metk m d pdrtcr nd pmsqucsd tmrcad rmdgczdnd dk gkefk

nk trdhdgjk pknm`ks akeagucr qum k AK8fdrdetm k sdhkr nk rmorcfmrdetm m rmspkesvmg pmgd

sud vdgcndnm, smenk ds d`kstrds prmomrcnds dqumgds qum pkssucd` `dckr vkgu`m nm fs. D

m`hdgdfm` rmspkesvmg pmgd rmtmek nk fs, pkr cssk jdvmenk u`d ncomrmed ek sdhkr nks

rmorcfmrdetms nm ncomrmetms m`hdgdfmes ocadenk `dcs pmramptvmg nm dakrnk ak` k tm`pk nm

rktdtcvcndnm m dr`dzmed`metk nk prknutk.

D m`hdgdfm` YM^ pkssuc u`d pmr`mdhcgcndnm d fdsms m vdpkrms pkr smr pkrksd

dprmsmetdenk u`d `dckr pmrnd nm AK8m` `meks tm`pk nk qum d gdtd, domtdenk ncrmtd`metm

ek sdhkr nd hmhcnd.Qmenk d qudgcndnm nks prknutks d qumstk `dcs c`pkrtdetm pdrd akequcstdr k

akesu`cnkr cetmrmssdetm tknds ds censtrcds nm rmorcfmrdetms utcgczdrm` u`d tdxd nm

ak`pmesdk nm AK8 pdrd mevdsdrm` suds hmhcnds ak` eodsm eds m`hdgdfmes YM^ qum

khtm` `dckr pmrnd ak` k tm`pk m td`h` usdr u`d tdxd `mekr, pkr` ak`pdtvmg ak` d

pmqumed pmrnd nd gdtd.

Mssd smrcd u`d okr`d nm akesmrvdr `mgjkr k sdhkr nd hmhcnd, fdrdetcenk metk d

qudgcndnm nmsnm d sdnd nd prknuk dt k akesu`cnkr.


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XMOMXEACDQ

DHCYM^ DQQKACDK HXDQCGMCXD ND CENQ^XCD YM^, k qum pmt; Rke gcemPNcspkevmg ]XG< jttp


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@CXDEND, A.2 FCDQQM^^C , X. Xmorcfmrdetms< cssk dc. Rke gcemP Ncspkevmg ed cetmremt vcd]XG618.sjt`g5. Damssk m` . 494 p.

YDGJD, Y.F. ^maekgkfcd nm rmorcfmrdetms. Xck nm Ldemcrk< D`Hmv 899=.

Y]FGCD, L.M.Ydnrk nm akncocadk nd ndtd nm vdgcndnm. Qk Ydugk< D`Hmv, 899=.

XKQD, Q.M.Q. Ydekrd`d nk smtkr nm hmhcnds ek Hrdscg.HENMQ Qmtkrcdg, 899?.

Q^MCENG, L - @dturcndnm m Mstdfedk ek Adpctdgcs`k D`mrcadek, Akgmk ksMakek`cstds, Qk Ydugk, 43=8.

QDE^KQ, @.Q.2 Xchmcrk O. @. Amrvmlds m rmorcfmrdetms. AM^MQH - Fkvmrek nk Mstdnk nm QkYdugk, 899=.

^KAAJCEC, X.Y.2 ECQCND, D.G.D.A. Cenustrcdgczdk nm rmorcfmrdetms. Ad`pceds< C^DG,433=.

_DXEDE, D.2 Q]^JMXGDEN. ^maekgkfcd Tu`cad y `carkhckgkfcd. \drdqkzd< Darchcd,433>.

VJC^M @DX^CEQ 8996. Ncspkevmg vcd ]XG m` 7jttp

TCC Análise sensorial Refrigerantes Cola

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