Post on 02-Nov-2018
Reservoir Average Residence Time
Glaciers 20 to 100 years
Seasonal Snow Cover 2 to 6 months
Soil Moisture 1 to 2 months
Groundwater: Shallow 100 to 200 years
Groundwater: Deep 10,000 years
Lakes 50 to 100 years
Rivers 2 to 6 months
TIEMPO MEDIO DE RESIDENCIA = VOLUMEN / FLUJO
• Glacial ice covers 10 - 11 percent of all land.
• If all glaciers melted today the seas would rise about 70 m.
• During the last ice age (glaciers covered ca. 1/3 of the land) the sea level was 122 m lower.
• During the last warm spell, 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 5.5 meters higher.
• About three million years ago the seas could have been up to 50 m higher.
C. P
OLA
RES
OC
EÁN
OS-
C. P
OLA
RES
H. ergaster 1,3 Ma H. erectus 0,75 Ma H. sapiens 0,25 Ma
C. P
OLA
RES
http://globalfloodmap.org/SpainOC
EÁN
OS-
C. P
OLA
RES
• El nivel del mar aumentará entre 20 y 60 cm en 2100 respecto al nivel actual
EVA
PO
TRA
NSP
IRA
CIÓ
N P
OTE
NC
IAL
(ETP
)EV
AP
OTR
AN
SPIR
AC
IÓN
PO
TEN
CIA
L (E
TP)
ETP: reference crop under optimal conditions; well
watered grass with an assumed height of 12 cm, a fixed
surface resistance of 70 seconds m-1 and an albedo of 0.23
www.worldclim.org
http://www.fao.org/NR/climpag/pub/EN1102_en.asp
EVA
PO
TRA
NSP
IRA
CIÓ
N P
OTE
NC
IAL
(ETP
)
• En España la ETP media anual es de 800 mm y ETR 445 mm
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-056-1/page003.htmlEVA
PO
TRA
NSP
IRA
CIÓ
N P
OTE
NC
IAL
(ETP
)
EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN REAL (ETR)
•M
ed
ia d
e <
1 m
m d
ia-1
a 4
mm
dia
-1e
n o
céa
no
s
EVAPOTRANSPIRACIÓN REAL (ETR)
EVA
PO
TRA
NSP
IRA
CIÓ
N R
EAL
(ETR
)
Mu, Q., F. A. Heinsch, M. Zhao and S. W. Running (2007). Development of a global evapotranspiration
algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 111: 519-536.
• En Continentes 64% de la precipitación se evapotranspira
EVA
PO
TRA
NSP
IRA
CIÓ
N R
EAL
(ETR
)
PR
ECIP
ITA
CIÓ
N
• Todo el vapor de agua de la atmósfera correspondería a una lluvia de 25 mm
• 25-50% de la precipitación en Amazonas proviene de la propia cuenca
PR
ECIP
ITA
CIÓ
N
AP
LIC
AC
ION
ES D
E LA
ET
• Irrigation efficiency (%): water lost via transpiration as a % of water added through irrigation
(www.eu-watch.org/about/two-years-of-collaboration)
AP
LIC
AC
ION
ES D
E LA
ET
AP
LIC
AC
ION
ES D
E LA
ET
Aridity Index (AI) = MAP / MAE
AP
LIC
AC
ION
ES D
E LA
ET
Classification Aridity Index Global land area
Hyperarid AI < 0.05 7.5%
Arid 0.05 < AI < 0.20 12.1%
Semi-arid 0.20 < AI < 0.50 17.7%
Dry subhumid 0.50 < AI < 0.65 9.9%
• La eficiencia en el uso del agua media del planeta es de 1,28
mmol CO2 mol agua-1
AG
UA
S SU
BTE
RR
ÁN
EAS
• Sólo 10% de la precipitación pasa a aguas subterráneas
AG
UA
S SU
BTE
RR
ÁN
EAS
ContinentRunoff Per Unit
Area (mm/year)
Europe 300
Asia 286
Africa 139
North and Central
America265
South America 445
Australia, New
Zealand and New
Guinea
218
Antarctica and
Greenland164
ESC
OR
REN
TÍA
• La escorrentía en Australia es de sólo 40 mm año-1
• El Amazonas transporta el 20% del agua de todos los ríos que llega anualmente al mar
ESC
OR
REN
TÍA
Meteorological factors affecting runoff:• Type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.)
• Rainfall intensity
• Rainfall amount
• Rainfall duration
• Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
• Direction of storm movement
• Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting
soil moisture
• Other meteorological and climatic conditions
that affect evapotranspiration, such as
temperature, wind, relative humidity, and
season
INU
ND
AC
ION
ES
season
Physical characteristics affecting runoff:• Land use
• Vegetation
• Soil type
• Drainage area
• Basin shape
• Elevation
• Topography, especially the slope of the land
• Drainage network patterns
• Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc. in the basin,
which prevent or delay runoff from continuing
downstream
INU
ND
AC
ION
ES
http://www.eyeonearth.org/en-us/Pages/Home.aspx
INU
ND
AC
ION
ES
Catastrophic floods cause human tragedy, endanger lives and bring heavy economic losses. In addition to
economic and social damage, floods can have severe environmental consequences, for example when
installations holding large quantities of toxic chemicals are inundated. The coming decades are likely to see a higher flood risk in Europe and greater economic damage.
During the last five years Europe has suffered over 100 major damaging floods, including the catastrophic floods
along the Danube and Elbe rivers in summer 2002, in northern Caucasus in July and August 2002, in the Alps in
summer 2005 and along the Danube in spring 2006. Since 2000, floods in Europe have caused at least 700 deaths, the displacement of about half a million people and at least EUR 25 billion in insured economic losses.
INU
ND
AC
ION
ES
The 7-day maximum flow trends
across Europe, 1963 – 2000. Blue
denotes positive trends, red
negative. Units are in % of the
Recent analyses suggest that global warming is likely to reduce flood hazard in areas that are
dominated by annual snowmelt floods, except in those regions where a sharp increase in winter
snowfalls outweighs the effects of a warmer and shorter snow season (Dankers & Feyen, 2009). In
other parts of Europe there is considerably more uncertainty in how flood hazard will change due
to climate change. Increases in extreme river flows have, however, been predicted in several
studies and may occur over relatively short time spans (Kay & Jones, 2011)
INU
ND
AC
ION
ES
negative. Units are in % of the
average 7-day flow for the
respective catchment or model grid
for the period 1963–2000. Ensemble
mean from eight models for Europe.
Modified from Stahl et al., 2012.
INU
ND
AC
ION
ES
RAINFALL/FLOODING SIMULATIONS WORLDWIDE: Near Realtime Global Hydrological Simulation
and Flood Monitoring Demonstration System (Using Distributed CREST Model and Satellite
Remote Sensing Technology) http://eos.ou.edu/
SectorWater
Withdrawals
Water
Consumption
Agriculture 66 % 93 %
Industry 20 % 4 %
Domestic use 10 % 3 %
Evaporation from reservoirs 4 %
Most water is consumed by agriculture. In the following table of global water use,
note that some uses withdraw water from reservoirs, but the water is returned. The
difference between what is withdrawn and what is returned is consumption. Most
domestic water is returned to streams via city sewage systems.
IMPA
CTO
HU
MA
NO
SectorWater
Withdrawals
GLO
BA
L
• Globalmente, los humanos usan 54% del agua de los ríos
• 77% de la descarga de los ríos proviene de ríos regulados (embalses, canales, etc.)
IMPA
CTO
HU
MA
NO
SectorWithdrawals
Agriculture 44 %
Industry 40 %
Domestic use 15 %EUR
OPA
SectorWater
Withdrawals
Agriculture 80 %
Industry 6 %
Domestic use 14 %ESPA
ÑA
EEA: Percentage of natural, heavily modified, artificial and unknown
status for river, lake, transitional and coastal water bodiesIM
PAC
TO H
UM
AN
OIM
PAC
TO H
UM
AN
O
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
PRECIPITACIÓN
ESCORRENTÍA CORTICAL
INTERCEPTACIÓN
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
TRASCOL
ESCORRENTÍA SUPERFICIAL
DRENAJE PROFUNDO
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
Rosmarinus officinalis
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
Belmonte Serrato, F. (2001). Balance hídrico, distribución de flujos y modelización de la interceptación
en dos arbustos semiáridos mediante lluvia simulada. Papeles de Geografía 33: 23-34
PLANTPLANT--SOIL RELATIONS SOIL RELATIONS -- WATERWATERBulk precipitation 554
Interception 195ET 280
PINUS HALEPENSIS + GRASSESC
ICLO
LO
CA
L
Interception 125
ET 266Runoff 10
Runoff 6
Soil storage -11Soil storage 14
Deep drainage 80
Deep drainage 142
GRASSLAND
From Bellot et al., 2001 (data in mm)
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
Annual rainfall and streamflow in several Mediterranean catchments (Puigdefábregas & Mendizabal, 1998)
CIC
LO L
OC
AL
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Reduction in flood peakdue to forest (%)
CICLO LOCAL
0 5
10
15
0.1
11
01
00
10
00
Reduction
Retu
rn p
erio
d (ye
ars)
CICLO LOCAL
• Turner et al. (1990). The Earth as transformed by human action. Cambridge Univ. Press
• Calder, I.R. (2005). Blue Revolution. Integrated land and water resource management. Earthscan.
• Schlesinger, W.H. (2000). Biogeoquímica. Un análisis del cambio global. Ariel Ciencia.
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclerunoff.html
http://www.physicalgeography.net/weblinks_ch8.html
USGS, EEA