RESTAURAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA NA AMAZÔNIA · 0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000) Restauração...

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RESTAURAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA

NA AMAZÔNIACatarina Jakovac

CONTEXTOS AMAZÔNICOS• Com estrada x sem estrada• Grandes distâncias• Pouca infraestrutura• UCs e Terras indígenas

CONTEXTOS AMAZÔNICOS

Mineração

Pastagem, 65%

TerraClass, 2014

Agricultura, 5,9%

Mineração, 0,2%

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INICIATIVAS DE RESTAURAÇÃO MAPEADAS327 iniciativas43.430 ha

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Restauração Ecológica

SAF

Silvicultura Tropical

INICIATIVAS DE RESTAURAÇÃO MAPEADAS

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ESTUDOS DE CASO

Mineração

Pastagem

Agricultura itinerante

Barragem de rejeito

Cava da mina

Piso de lavra

MINERAÇÃO DE CASSITERITA (ESTANHO)FLONA DO JAMARI, RO

Rejeito seco Rejeito úmido

3 anos de adubação verde e incorporação no solo + adubação química + composto

Plantio de mudas*Plantios de 5 a 21 anos

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MONITORAMENTO ANUAL

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➢ Grande heterogeneidade de taxas de recuperação

Jakovac et al, em prep.

• ~ 600 ha em recuperação• 8 minas• 132 parcelas monitoramento

DETERMINANTES DAS TAXAS DE RECUPERAÇÃO

Species richness

marginal r2 | conditional r2

Shannon diversity

Basal area

Density

Height

-0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Soil class : Soil texure

Soil texture

Sp. Comp 2

Amount of surrounding forest : Soil texture

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Soil class

Sp. Comp. 1 : Soil class

Sp. Comp. 1 : Soil fertility

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Sp. Comp. 1

Soil class : Soil texture

Surrounding forest : Soil texture

Soil fertility

Surrounding forest

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Amount of surrounding forest

effect size of model coefficient

Significant factors

ESTRUTURA: Composição florística do plantio * textura e fertilidade do solo

Jakovac & Konig, em prep.

DETERMINANTES DAS TAXAS DE RECUPERAÇÃO

Species richness

marginal r2 | conditional r2

Shannon diversity

Basal area

Density

Height

-0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Soil class : Soil texure

Soil texture

Sp. Comp 2

Amount of surrounding forest : Soil texture

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Soil class

Sp. Comp. 1 : Soil class

Sp. Comp. 1 : Soil fertility

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Sp. Comp. 1

Soil class : Soil texture

Surrounding forest : Soil texture

Soil fertility

Surrounding forest

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Amount of surrounding forest

effect size of model coefficient

Significant factors

DIVERSIDADE: Cobertura de floresta do entorno * textura e fertilidade do solo

Jakovac & Konig, em prep.

Regeneração natural

RESTAURAÇÃO DE ÁREAS MINERADAS

Lições aprendidas

1. Solo + Composição plantio => Estrutura da vegetação

2. Paisagem * Solo => Diversidade e composição de espécies=> Regeneração natural

3. Melhoria das condições locais antes do plantio é crucial para o sucesso da restauração

AGRICULTURA ITINERANTE

DETERMINANTES DA ESTRUTURA VEGETAÇÃO

Jakovac et al. 2015 J. of Ecol.Previous land use =>regrowth rate

DETERMINANTES DA DIVERSIDADE DE ESPÉCIES

Jakovac et al. 2015 J. of Ecol.

Soil * Landscape configuration => diversity

P Fe

Soil quality

DETERMINANTES DA COMPOSIÇÃO FLORÍSTICA

Jakovac et al. 2016 JVS

PASTAGEM

SUCESSÃO A LONGO PRAZO

Altaintensidade

Composição florística (< 30 anos)

Mesquita, Jakovac et al 2015 BioScience

Baixaintensidade

Mesquita, Jakovac et al. 2015 BioScience

Alta intensidade de uso

Baixa intensidade de uso

SUCESSÃO A LONGO PRAZO

SUCESSÃO ESTAGNADA

RESTAURAÇÃO PASSIVA PÓS AGRICULTURA E

PASTAGEM

Lições aprendidas

1. Histórico de uso do solo • Disponibilidade de sementes e rebrotos no banco local

• Disponibilidade de nutrientes e água no solo

2. Configuração e composição da paisagem• Disponibilidade de dispersão de novas sementes (lenta)

MANEJO DA REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL

Rezende & Vieira 2018 ForEco

MENSAGENS

• Escolha da técnica depende do contexto

• A permeabilidade à RN é chave para o sucesso da restauraçãopassiva e ativa

• RN depende:• LOCAL: histórico de uso do solo

• PAISAGEM:

➢Conservação dos remanescentes fl. maduras e fl. secundárias

➢Manejo da regeneração natural• Necessidade de estudos

c.jakovac@iis-rio.org

INDICADORES DE QUALIDADE DA RN

# Clear-cut events# Slash and burn

1 2

Fallow periodAge

HISTÓRICO DE USO DO SOLO

Dutrieux, Jakovac et al 2016

Number of cycles

CAPOEIRA DOMINADA POR CECROPIA SCYADOPHYLLA

FLORESTAS SECUNDÁRIAS DOMINADA POR VISMIA SPP

DETERMINANTES DA REGENERAÇÃO NATURALDispersão

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RA RN Floresta Capoeira

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Espécies anemocóricas

Espécies zoocóricas

Jakovac & Silva, em prep.

INDICADORES DE QUALIDADE DA RN

ASSINATURA ESPECTRAL

Índices da vegetação

Santos, Jakovac, et al in prep.

Figure 2 - Boxplots of the comparisons between Cecropia

and Vismia-dominated naturally regenerating forests, for

each vegetation index calculated from the Sentinel 2

multispectral image. Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01

‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Such results are associated to differences in the functional

characteristics of the dominant species. Vismia has a deep

crown with branches growing off from different heights of

the trunk and densely covered by leaves [13,14]. Cecropia,

on the other hand, has a shallow crown with branches

concentrated at the top of the trunk (Figure 4), which are

probably related to the lower values of indexes associated to

vegetation vigor and canopy structure. Species of the genus

Vismia have high concentration of carotenoids, mainly all-

trans-zeinoxanthin and all-trans-carotene [15], which make

their leaves redish colour and are associated with higher

values of CRI1. Cecropia leaves have higher concentration

of anthocyanin, which yielded higher values of ARI 1 and

ARI2. These specific characteristics of the dominance plants

also explain the difference between the indexes exclusively

based on green and red wavelengths (GRVI1, SR,

RedNDVI), indicating the high concentration of a specific

type of leaf pigment. Differences in the leaf structure could

also be responsible for the higher values of NDII and MSI in

Vismia NRF as its leaves bare glands densely spread over

the blade which could represent larger intercellular space

than in Cecropia leaves.

Figure 3 - Magnitude of the difference between groups of

naturally regenerating forests-NRF: Cecropia and Vismia-

dominated. The magnitude is the difference between

standardized mean values of each vegetation index for

Cecropia and Vismia NRFs. Higher values indicate greater

differences between the groups, positive values indicate

higher VI values in Vismia-dominated NRF and negative

values indicate higher VI in Cecropia-dominated NRF.

Figure 4 - Pictures of the leaves from Cecropia

sciadophylla (a) and Vismia japurensis (b) and crown

Figure 2 - Boxplots of the comparisons between Cecropia

and Vismia-dominated naturally regenerating forests, for

each vegetation index calculated from the Sentinel 2

multispectral image. Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01

‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1

Such results are associated to differences in the functional

characteristics of the dominant species. Vismia has a deep

crown with branches growing off from different heights of

the trunk and densely covered by leaves [13,14]. Cecropia,

on the other hand, has a shallow crown with branches

concentrated at the top of the trunk (Figure 4), which are

probably related to the lower values of indexes associated to

vegetation vigor and canopy structure. Species of the genus

Vismia have high concentration of carotenoids, mainly all-

trans-zeinoxanthin and all-trans-carotene [15], which make

their leaves redish colour and are associated with higher

values of CRI1. Cecropia leaves have higher concentration

of anthocyanin, which yielded higher values of ARI 1 and

ARI2. These specific characteristics of the dominance plants

also explain the difference between the indexes exclusively

based on green and red wavelengths (GRVI1, SR,

RedNDVI), indicating the high concentration of a specific

type of leaf pigment. Differences in the leaf structure could

also be responsible for the higher values of NDII and MSI in

Vismia NRF as its leaves bare glands densely spread over

the blade which could represent larger intercellular space

than in Cecropia leaves.

Figure 3 - Magnitude of the difference between groups of

naturally regenerating forests-NRF: Cecropia and Vismia-

dominated. The magnitude is the difference between

standardized mean values of each vegetation index for

Cecropia and Vismia NRFs. Higher values indicate greater

differences between the groups, positive values indicate

higher VI values in Vismia-dominated NRF and negative

values indicate higher VI in Cecropia-dominated NRF.

Figure 4 - Pictures of the leaves from Cecropia

sciadophylla (a) and Vismia japurensis (b) and crown

Sentinel 2Multispectral sensor

BAIXA intensidade de uso prévio ALTA intensidade de uso prévio

Densa regeneraçãoEstratificação verticalFormas de vida

Fungos decompositoresFoliço e humusCamada de raízes

Densa regeneraçãoDossel contínuo

DETERMINANTES DAS TAXAS DE RECUPERAÇÃO

Species richness

marginal r2 | conditional r2

Shannon diversity

Basal area

Density

Height

-0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1

Soil class : Soil texure

Soil texture

Sp. Comp 2

Amount of surrounding forest : Soil texture

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Soil class

Sp. Comp. 1 : Soil class

Sp. Comp. 1 : Soil fertility

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Sp. Comp. 1

Soil class : Soil texture

Surrounding forest : Soil texture

Soil fertility

Surrounding forest

Sp. Comp. 2 : Soil texture

Amount of surrounding forest

effect size of model coefficient

Significant factors

Jakovac & Konig, em prep.

240 iniciativas com SAF

INICIATIVAS DE RESTAURAÇÃO MAPEADAS: SAF