Amphibians Rio Claro Farm

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Fbio MaffeiFlvio Kulaif Ubaid


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Bauru - So Paulo - BrazilEnglish version - 2014

RIO CLARO FARM LENIS PAULISTA SO PAULO BRAZIL

FbioMaffeiFlvio Kulaif Ubaid


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Cover:Design: Daniela Barreira

Coverboard:

Art : Flvia Soares MoraesLayout:

Daniel RazaboneFbio Maffei

Translation:Diogo Borges Provete

Cover: Itapotihyla langsdorffii

Credit of the images:Page 8 (Gymnophiona) - Janalee P. Caldwell

Page 8 (Caudata) - Paulo S. BernardePage 33 (right); 129; 136 (down) - Bruno T. M. Nascimento

Page 33 (up); 46 (down) - Guilherme M. MoyaPage 68 (spawn); 87 and 95 - Cesar A. B. Medolago

Page 97 - Mariana R. de Almeida

Copyright Canal6

Maffei, FbioAmphibians of Rio Claro Farm, Lenis Paulista, So Paulo,

Brazil / Fbio Maffei e Flvio Kulaif Ubaid. - Bauru, SP: Canal 6,2014.

146 p. ; 23 cm.

ISBN 978-85-7917-209-0 1. Amphibians - Habitat. 2. Rio Claro Farm - Lenis Paulista,

SP. I. Maffei, Fbio. II. Ubaid, Flvio Kulaif. III. Ttulo.

M187a

Rua Eng. Alpheu Jos Ribas Sampaio, 3-54

Jd. Infante Dom Henrique | CEP 17012-631 | Bauru, SPFone (14) 3313-7968 | www.canal6.com.br

Support:

A printed version of this book in portuguesewas funded by the company

Duratex S.A. (www.duratex.com.br)

Contact:[email protected]@gmail.com

Publishing:


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Preface The rst edition of this book, published in Portuguese in 2011, had the invaluable sup-port of Duratex S. A. The eldwork in Rio Claro Farm continued and now we are pleasedto release the second edition of the material in digital form and in English language. Thisnew edition includes 43 species of anurans recorded at Rio Claro Farm, with three ad-ditional species (Elachistocleis bicolor ,Pseudopaludicola mystacalis , andTrachycephalustyphonius). Distribution maps for each species in Brazil and the new updated points ofoccurrence in the farm were also included. Along with the release of this English ver-sion, was also launched the Interactive Guide of Amphibians of Rio Claro Farm, withcomplementary supplementary material to the book including audio and video of thespecies. More information at www.guiaanbios.com


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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the staff of the Rio Claro Farm for their hospitality and logistics duringeldwork. We also would like to thank Jos L. S. Maia, Angelica R. Coelho, Andreli C. Dalbe-to, Joo H. B. Bispo, and Adir Dias da Silva Jr. for their condence and support before, dur-ing, and after eldwork. Several distinguished researchers carefully read the nal version ofthe text: Itamar A. Martins, Rosangela A. M. Martinez, Elieth Floret Spirandelli-Cruz, DeniseC. Rossa-Feres, and Ulisses Caramaschi. Researchers Rogrio P. Bastos, Itamar A. Martins,Paulo S. Bernarde, and Andr Pansonato provided information about species distribution.

Reginaldo J. Donatelli and Ana Luiza Catalano proofread the text. We had the companyof colleagues during seven years and more than 60 eld trips, who made the work muchmore enjoyable: Roger F. Vicente, Guilherme M. Moya, Bruno T. M. Nascimento, Cesar A. B.Medolago, Caio C. Figueiredo, Guilherme F. Pereira, Marcelo P. de Barros, Domingos GarroneNeto, Silvio C. Almeida, Daniel C. Rolim, Conrado Dacax, Paulos S. Bernarde, Danilo Suricate,and William P. Costa. Rafael Oliveira made the logo in english. Fabio Andrade and Emerson Travaglini from Universo Insano for helpful with our guide interactive. We thanks the De-

partment of Zoology from Institute of Biosciences, So Paulo State University (UNESP) atBotucatu, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel) and theFoundation of the Institute of Biosciences (FUNDIBIO) supported this research. DuratexS.A. provided funding to the research.

Finally, our family provides constante support and God, for all moments!


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The amphibians .........................................................8Cerrado and Atlantic Forest ................................10Fieldwork ............. ............ ............. ............. ............. ... 11Natural Reserve Olavo Egydio Setbal ...........12Captions .....................................................................13

BufonidaeRhinella ornata. .......................................................14Rhinella schneideri .................................................17

CentrolenidaeVitreorana uranoscopa .........................................21

Hylidae Aplastodiscus perviridis .........................................24Dendropsophus anceps .........................................27Dendropsophus elianeae ......................................30Dendropsophus jimi ...............................................32Dendropsophus microps .......................................34Dendropsophus minutus ......................................36Dendropsophus nanus ..........................................39Dendropsophus sanborni .....................................42Hypsiboas albopunctatus .....................................44Hypsiboas caingua .................................................48Hypsiboas faber .......................................................51Hypsiboas lundii ......................................................55Hypsiboas prasinus .................................................59Itapotihyla langsdorffii ..........................................63Phyllomedusa tetraploidea ..................................67Scinax berthae .........................................................70Scinax fuscomarginatus ........................................72Scinax fuscovarius ..................................................76

HylidaeScinax similis ............................................................81Scinax squalirostris .................................................85Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii ........................... 87 Trachycephalus typhonius ....................................92

Leptodactylidae Adenomera bokermanni .......................................94 Leptodactylus furnarius ........................................96Leptodactylus fuscus ..............................................98Leptodactylus labyrinthicus ...............................101Leptodactylus latrans ..........................................105Leptodactylus mystaceus ....................................108Leptodactylus mystacinus ..................................110Leptodactylus podicipinus .................................112Physalaemus centralis .........................................115Physalaemus cuvieri .............................................118Physalaemus marmoratus ..................................121Physalaemus nattereri .........................................124Pseudopaludicola mystacalis.............................128

MicrohylidaeChiasmocleis albopunctata................................130Elachistocleis bicolor ............................................132Elachistocleis cesarii .............................................134

OdontophrynidaeOdontophrynus americanus ..............................137Proceratophrys moratoi ......................................140

References ...............................................................143Making of ................................................................ 144

Summary


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The amphibians The first amphibians evolved about 300 Mya and are currently a diverse groupwith approximately 7,200 species that hardly go unnoticed1. Amphibians ei-ther provoke an immediate interest and admiration or disgust and fright, fe-elings quickly converted into curiosity when their biology and behavior arecomprehended. They occur worldwide, except for the poles, deserts, and someoceanic islands. Extant amphibians are divided into three orders. The orderGymnophiona consists of caecilians. They are legless, aquatic or fossorial,

with currently 199 k nown species worldwide, of which on ly 32 occur in Brazil. The orderCaudata includes the salamanders, with more than 670 species, ofwhich only one occurs in the B razilian Amazon. However, recent studies gave afull species status to another taxon that occurs in the country. Most salaman-ders occur in the northern hemisphere. Salamanders are lizard-like animals,with locomotor members of the same size and a tail at all life stages. The orderAnura is the most diverse, with nearly 6,300 species. This order encompasses

913 species in Brazil, being the country with the greatest richness2

. They areknown as frogs, toads and treefrogs and have shor t body, no tail, and hind legsadapted for jumping. Surely, that tadpole we s aw as a child was an anuran - afrog! As most amphibians, anurans have two life stages. The first is a usuallyaquatic larval stage. Thesecond stage is when tadpoles complete metamor-phosis and move to terrestrial environments as adults. Anuran species varygreatly in size, with adults ranging form 1 cm in length to about 40 cm and 3Kg in weight. We all haveheard that endless noise in pools and swamps at t heedge of roads. This noise is the vocalization of male frogs, toads, and treefrogsused to attract females for reproduction. Anurans have a wide variety of repro-ductive modes, all with external fertil ization, except one.

Gymnophiona Caudata

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Like any other organism, amphibians play an important role in foodwebs, as predators , feeding on thousands of insects in a s ingle night , orbeing prey of many ar thropods, bi rds , mammals , rept i les , and even otheramphibians . Amphibians are a lso bioindicators of environmental qual i ty,due to their suscept ibi l i ty to cer ta in changes in terres t r ia l or aquat ic en-vironments. Like canaries in the coal mine, amphibian disappearance is as ign of environmental imbalance. Given their suscept ibi l i ty to environmen-

tal changes, many amphibian species are exper iencing decl ines and ext inc-t ions around the globe. Li t t le is k nown about these decl ines in Brazi l , butthe disappearance several species may preclude their formal descr ipt ion.Many amphibians have undergone decl ines in Central America , mainly dueto a fungus, which at tack the skin. This disease is cal led chytr idiomycosisand is caused by the fungusBat rachochyt r ium dendroba t id i s , which wasalready found in some Brazi l ian species , but s tudies are s t i l l under develo-

pment and the real consequences are not known yet . The So Paulo Stateharbors one of the r ichest and wel l -s tudied anuranfauna, wi th about 250species , or 31% of known amphibian r ichness in the country. High r ichnessand endemism is concentrated along the costal At lant ic Forest , wi th highhumidi ty and heterogeneous re l ief . Areas in the countryside of So PauloState are less species r ich, but have several endemic species , especial ly inthe Cerrado. Despi te the long his tory of research on amphibians in the SoPaulo State , several geographic gaps pers is t in the central par t of the s ta-te . This guide a ims to f i l l one of these gaps with informat ion on 43 speciesfrom two biomes.

Anura

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Cerrado

The Cerrado covers much of central Brazil, northeastern Paraguay,and eastern Bolivia. It is the second largest Brazilian vegetation for-mation, occupying 25% of the country, only smaller than the Amazon.

The vegetation of the Cerrado range from open (grasslands, camposujo, campo cerrado, and cerradosensu stricto) to forested forma-tions, such as the cerrado and gallery forests. It is considered oneof the 34 world hotspots, priority areas for conservation with manyendemic species and highly threatened. More than 50% of this biomehave been modified* and conservation areas cover only 2.2%. Recentstudies estimate that the Cerrado will disappear outside protected

areas by 2030 if the current development model is maintained. TheCerrado occupied originally about 14% of So Paulo State, but lessthan 1% still remains.

Atlantic Forest

The Atlantic Forest is the second largest rainforest in South Americaand also one of the 34 global hotspots. It covers about 1.5 millionkilometers along the Brazilian coast, extending westwards to Para-guay and Argentina, with a wide variety of relief, soil, and climate. The Atlantic Forest is extremely heterogeneous, encompassing largeblocks of forests, mangroves, salt marshes, mountain grasslands, androcky fields. This diverse mosaic of habitats harbors an enormous di-versity of animals and plants with high rates of endemism. The des-

truction of the Atlantic Forest began over 500 years, following Eu-ropean colonization of Brazil. The massive agricultural expansion inthe colonial period, followed by industrialization and urban develop-ment, drastically affected the forest, which is restricted today to only12% of their original extent**. There are only 15% of forest remnantsin So Paulo State, mostly concentrated in the Serra do Mar and Man-tiqueira ranges, coincidentally the most populous places in Brazil.

**www.sosma.org.br

*www.conservation.org.br/onde/cerrado

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Fieldwork

Natural Reserve Olavo Egydio Setbal

Native Vegetation

CerradoAtlantic Forest

Rio Claro Farm

Eucalyptus

3 30 6Km

N

The Rio Claro Farm extends over three cities: Lenis Pau-

lista, Avar, and Borebi in midwestern So Paulo, southe-astern Brazil. Sampling sites are in farms with eucalyptus plantations (Eucalyptus grandis and hybrids ofE . grandis x E . urophylla). The Rio Claro farm is the largest in the re-gion, and is bordered by other four farms: Piracema Farmin the north, Rio Pardo Farm in the west, Santa Tereza doPalmital Farm in the southeast, and Recreio Farm in thesouth, encompassing more than 23,000 ha. The area is lo-cated in the Western Plateau and is covered by Cerradovegetation, scattered with Semideciduous Atlantic Forest.Some sampling sites have typical grassland vegetationwhile other have dense and tall forest. The climate of thecentral part of So Paulo isCwa, according to the Kppensystem, characterized by high altitude tropical climate,with rainy summer and dry winter. The average tempera-ture in the warm months (October to March) is 22C and18C during the colder months (April to September), rea-ching 0C in June.

The average annual rainfall is 1.600 mm. The average ele-vation on the farm is 670 m a.s.l., with gently undulatedrelief. We sampled 22 different sites: farm ponds, marshes,streams, forests, grasslands, and temporary ponds. Weused pitfall traps in four sites. Most of sites had typicalopen formations, with permanent water bodies. The rich-ness is usually higher in these environments than in fo-rested areas. Only three sites are forested streams. Farmponds are built by blocking the water flow for the cons-truction of roads and the water level is controlled by adike. The water level in some farm ponds is below the wa-ter outlet, making the water body resembles a pool in thedry season. All reservoirs have riparian woody vegetationdownstream. Temporary ponds are usually formed aroundthese environments due to variations in the volume andvelocity of water flow. The largest distance between sitesis 20 km in east west and 15 km from north to south.

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Natural Reserve Olavo Egydio Setbal Olavo Egydio Setbal and Eudoro Villela assigned this as a protected area following theacquisition of the Rio Claro Farm in 1970, and transformed into RPPN (Private NaturalHeritage Reserve) in April 2008 by the Department of Environment of So Paulo State.It is one of the richest reserves in So Paulo and harbors rare and endangered species,such as the Black lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysopygus), the Puma (Puma concolor ),the Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), the Greater Naked-tailed Armadillo (Cabassous tatouay ),the King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa ), the Buff-fronted Owl ( Aegolius harris ii ), and LesserSeed-finch (Sporophila angolensis) in its 615 ha. Several biodiversity surveys have been

conducted since 1974 in partnership with universities and other institutions. The areais covered by semideciduous forest, characterized by trees that lose leaves in the driestseason. The reserve has many dense understory sites, with the canopy ranging from 15to 25 m, with Brazilian cedars (Cedrela fissilis) and emerging peroba-rosa ( Aspidosperma polyneuron ), reaching 30 m in height. The Rio Claro river crosses the RPPN, runningthrough about 7 km from east to west. Some sites are small wetlands, flooded by theriver. We surveyed 5 sites in RPPN and recorded 24 amphibian species.

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Captions

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

B u

f o n i d a e

O d o n t o p h r y n i d a e

C e n t r o l e n i d a e

H y

l i d a e

L e p t o d a c t y

l i d a e

M i c r o h y

l i d a e

Families

Months of occurrenceof the species

Places at the farm wherethe species was recorded

Biomes of occurrence of thespecies in So Paulo State

real size(1 bar = 1 cm )

forest forest edge open area edge of open area

Cerrado

Water:T = TemporaryS = SemipermanentP = Permanent

ST P

Atlantic Forest

height fromthe ground

13

States of occurrencein Brazil

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Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824)

Striped toad

Medium-sized toad that occurs mainlyin forested areas of southeastern Brazil.It is a very abundant species in the studyarea, recorded in 11 sites. Eggs are laidin paired jelly strings in lentic water bo-dies and small streams. Tadpoles are dark

and form schools on the margin of waterbodies. Males call during the winter, onthe ground, submersed, or on fallen logsalong the banks of water bodies at theforest edge. Rhinella ornata was rarelyfound in open areas in the study area.

P

B u f o n i d a e


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Rhinella ornataStriped toad

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Rhinella ornata

Striped toad

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(Werner, 1894)Cururu toad

This species is well known by the people,due to its occurrence in disturbed are-as, where it search for food (beetles andother arthropods) under lampposts. Itoccurs widely in open areas over SouthAmerica, except in the Andes, Amazon,

Caatinga, and in cold regions. It is a largespecies, reaching 20 cm in length, andhas a large venom gland behind the eyesand above the tympanum called paro-toid. Despite being a common species,we recorded few individuals in the studyarea, most of them moving on roads. Ma-

les call at the edge of farm ponds.

P

Rhinella schneideri B u

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Rhinella schneideri Cururu toad

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(Mller, 1924)Glass frog

This treefrog typically inhabits forestedstreams in southeastern and southernBrazil. It is rare in the region and the onlymember of the family in the countrysi-de of So Paulo. We recorded adults andegg clutches in a slow owing stream

with sandy bottom in the RPPN. It hasa peculiar reproductive mode in whichthe eggs are deposited on leaves han-ging above the water. Tadpoles fall intostreams after hatching. Individuals of thisspecies have a transparent belly, throughwhich organs and bones can be viewed.

The genus name alludes to this peculia-rity (vitreo = glass; rana = frog).

P

Vitreorana uranoscopa

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Vitreorana uranoscopaGlass frog

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Vitreorana uranoscopaGlass frog

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P

A. Lutz in B. Lutz, 1950Canebrake treefrog

This species have a unique red and whi-te iris and is widely distributed in southe-astern and southern, with few records incentral Brazil. It is rare and was found onlyat one site. Its vocalization is a short andpaused whistle that can be heard in the

rainy season from males on shrubs andferns between 1 and 2 m high. It inhabitsooded woodlands with ferruginous,slow flowing water. Despite occurringin forested habitats, it also inhabits openareas elsewhere.

Aplastodiscus perviridis

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Aplastodiscus perviridisCanebrake treefrog

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(A. Lutz, 1929)Zebra treefrog

It's called Zebra treefrog due to its stri-ped legs. Occupies open areas and fo-rest edges. It is endemic to the AtlanticForest, occurring from Bahia to Paran incoastal Brazil. It is a relatively large for ge-nus and abundant species in the study

area, with records in several sites. Malescall at intermediate height on bushesand cattails in lentic habitats. It is recor-ded in riparian forests along the Claroand Palmital rivers (southern boundaryof the Rio Claro Farm) at the peak of therainy season.

PS

Dendropsophus anceps

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Dendropsophus ancepsZebra treefrog

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Dendropsophus ancepsZebra treefrog

29


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(Napoli & Caramaschi, 2000)Eliane's treefrog

Males call from emergent vegetationthroughout the rainy season. It occursin southeastern and central Brazil. It wasrecorded only in three permanent pon-ds in open areas, but has already beenrecorded in temporary water bodies in

adjacent localities. It occurs in sympa-try and syntopy with other congenericspecies ( Dendropsophus nanus , D. jimi ,and D. minutus), but always in lowerabundance. The dorsum may vary fromyellow to light green.

Dendropsophus elianeae

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Dendropsophus elianeaeEliane's treefrog

31


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Dendropsophus jimi Cerrado treefrog

33


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Dendropsophus micropsNova Friburgo treefrog

35

Dendropsophus minutus


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(Peters, 1872)

Lesser treefrog

It is the most abundant species in the stu-dy area, occurring throughout the year,but most abundant in the summer. It oc-curs throughout Brazil and one of the mostcommon amphibians in South America. Itinhabits all types of open water bodies.

Males call usually on low vegetation, butalso from the ground. Its color varies fromlight yellow to dark brown, with some in-dividuals having irregular dark stripes withlight margins on the dorsum and legs.

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Dendropsophus minutusLesser treefrog

37



37/146

Dendropsophus minutusLesser treefrog

38

Dendropsophus nanus


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(Boulenger, 1889)Dwarf treefrog

The most common species in the studyarea occurs in almost all sampling sites.It is widely distributed in open areas andforest edges throughout Brazil. Malescall perched up to 1 m height on grassesand cattails. It also uses macrophytes and

emergent plant material as calling sites.It often forms choruses with more than300 calling males. It is morphologicallyvery similar to Dendropsophus sanborni ,but differ in vocalization.

Dendropsophus nanus

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Dendropsophus nanusDwarf treefrog

41

Dendropsophus sanborni


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(Schmidt, 1944)Sanborn's treefrog

Species very similar to D. nanus, fromwhich can be differentiated by the vocal-ization and the smaller size. Furthermore,males of D. sanborni have transparent vo-cal sacs, while that of D. nanus is yellow-ish. Males call throughout the rainy season

in open areas of So Paulo and southernBrazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.It is not very common in the study area,being abundant only in one site. Malescall perched on the marginal vegetationof farm ponds and permanent wetlands,along with other congeneric species ( D.nanus, D. minutus, and D. jimi ).

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42

Dendropsophus sanborni


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Sanborn's treefrog

43

Hypsiboas albopunctatus


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(Spix, 1824) Yellow-spotted treefrog

A very common species over centraland southern Brazil. Its vocalizationseems the call of a goat. Males call onthe margins of water bodies in open ar-eas, perched on shrubs and herbaceousvegetation (e.g., cattails). It is common

to hear calling males forming duets andtrios. It has a unique white band on thelower lip, and yellow spots on the innerthigh. In xed animals, these spots arewhite, hence the scientic name ( albo =white; punctatus = spotted). Some juve-niles are green.

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45/146

Hypsiboas albopunctatus Yellow-spotted treefrog

46


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Hypsiboas albopunctatus Yellow-spotted treefrog

47

(Carrizo 1991)Hypsiboas caingua


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(Carrizo, 1991)Striped treefrog

This species is found throughout theyear, with peaking abundance in thedry and cold months. Males call fromthe margins of farm ponds and streamsin open areas. It is common in Paraguayand Argentina, and cold regions in SoPaulo and southern Brazil. There are al-ways few calling males vocalizing distantfrom each other on grasses and shrubsup to 1 m height. There are individualswith a light green color pattern else-where.

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Hypsiboas cainguaStriped treefrog

49


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Hypsiboas cainguaStriped treefrog

50

Hypsiboas faber (Wied-Neuwied, 1821)


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( , )Smith frog

This species has a very characteristicvocalization that resembles the ham-mering of a blacksmith. It is very com-mon at the forest edges and open areasin southern and southeastern Brazil. Eggsare laid inside mud nests built by themale at the edge of water bodies, calledpots. Then, males call in these nests toattract females. Males also call on theground and perched on low vegetation.Males have a prepolex with a spine simi-lar to a thumb, which is used in combatswith other males. Its color varies frombeige to dark brown, with a dark longi-tudinal stripe on the dorsum.

PS

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Hypsiboas faber Smith frog

52


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Hypsiboas faber Smith frog

53


53/146

Hypsiboas faber

Smith frog

54

Hypsiboas lundii (Burmeister, 1856)

d f


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Lund's treefrog

This is a very common treefrog in thestudy area inhabiting forested habi-tats. It was recorded in 15 sites at lowabundance, except in the RPPN wheremany males call near to streams. Malescall perched high on trees or on muddyground, during the breeding season.Males of this species also build roundedmud nests, where females deposit eggs.Its vocalization is grave and resemblesa hoarse voice. The dorsum is marbledand the belly light, it has well-developedwebbing. It occurs in central and south-eastern Brazil.

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Hypsiboas lundii Lund's treefrog

56


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57



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58

(Burmeister, 1856)Burmeister's treefrog

Hypsiboas prasinus


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Burmeister s treefrog

This treefrog has two color patterns:green and brown. A single individualmay change in a short time from greento brown and vice versa, depending onenvironmental conditions. It is rare inthe study area and only a few individu-als were recorded in four sites. Males callboth perched on vegetation and oatingon the water what sounds like a cackling.It occurs in open areas and at the forestedge. The inner thighs are dark striped ona light violet background. Green morphshave a light stripe on the lateral. It is dis-tributed in southern and southeasternBrazil, from which it is the westernmostrecord in the State of So Paulo.

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59

Hypsiboas prasinusBurmeister's treefrog


59/146

Hy Bur

60


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siboas prasinuseister's treefrog

61


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(Dumril & Bibron, 1841)Ocellated treefrog

Itapotihyla langsdorffii


62/146

S P

g

The vocalization of this species resem-bles the beating of castanets. It is alsoknown as moss treefrog and is the largesttreefrog in the study area. Males call for afew days or rarely throughout the day atthe forest edge, perched between 1 and2 m high on trees. Occurs from Sergipeto Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil and partof Argentina and Paraguay. It has a whitemembrane around the cloaca. Its skin isvery warty covered with small glands. The vocal sac is lateral. Aggressive ter-ritorial dispute between males was ob-served in the study area.

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Itapotihyla langsdorffii Ocellated treefrog

64


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65


65/146


66

Pombal & Haddad, 1992Hidden walking leaf frog

Phyllomedusa tetraploidea


66/146

This treefrog slowly walks on the vegeta-tion similarly to a monkey. It has a whiteiris and a vertical pupil. It is very commonin the study area and was recorded evenin temporary ponds in eucalyptus planta-tions. It occurs throughout the states ofSo Paulo and southern in Brazil and also

in Argentina and Paraguay. Eggs are laid inthe center of leaves that are subsequentlyrolled and remain hanging over ponds orfarm dams. Then tadpoles hatch and fallinto the water to complete development.Males call perched at different heights ongrasses, shrubs, and trees throughout the

rainy season.

ST P

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Phyllomedusa tetraploideaHidden walking leaf frog

68


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Phyllomedusa tetraploideaHidden walking leaf frog

69


69/146

Scinax berthaeDwarf snouted treefrog


70/146

71

(A. Lutz, 1925)Brown-bordered snouted treefrog

Scinax fuscomarginatus


71/146

S P

This is a very common and abundanttreefrog in the study area. Males call onemergent vegetation in ponds and farmdams, with higher abundance in therainy season. It occurs in open areas inBrazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay.It has a distinctive coloration, with darklateral stripes and a white stripe belowthe eye. It usually forms choruses withmore than 200 males. Amplectant pairswere found after the rst summer rains.H y

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Scinax fuscomarginatusBrown-bordered snouted treefrog

73


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74


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75

(A. Lutz, 1925)Snouted treefrog

Thi f i h d h l d

Scinax fuscovarius


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S P

This treefrog withstands human-alteredenvironments and inhabits even bath-rooms, from which comes its popularname in Brazil. In the wild, it occurs in openareas and forest edges, calling through-out the rainy season. Males call perchedon shrubs, herbaceous vegetation, and on

the ground. It is widely distributed in Brazil,Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. Its coloris quite varied, ranging from brown to yel-lowish, with uniform dark spots in the dor-sum and thighs. It belongs to the Scinaxruber group, with pending identicationsin several Brazilian localities.

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Scinax fuscovariusSnouted treefrog

77


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78


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79



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80

Scinax similis(Cochran, 1952)Cochran's snouted treefrog

This species is very similar to Scinax


80/146

p yfuscovarius and also a member of theScinax ruber group, whose identica-tion is still controversial. It has manypolymorphs, ranging from light beigeand spotless to dark with small lightspots. It was recorded in only two sites

in the study area, including hu-man constructions. Males call fromherbaceous vegetation and shrubs onthe margin of ponds in open areas. Am-plectant pairs were found in novemberand december. Its vocalization is simi-lar to S. fuscovarius, differing mainly in

the temporal structure of notes.

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Scinax similisCochran's snouted treefrog

82


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83


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84

(A. Lutz, 1925)Striped snouted treefrog

Treefrog that inhabits open habitats,found in only two sites of grassland veg

Scinax squalirostris


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found in only two sites of grassland veg-etation in the study area. Males call fromherbaceous vegetation and shrubs below1 m in height. It has an elongated snout,dark lateral stripes across the dorsum,and a light stripe that runs from the nos-

tril through the eyes, reaching the cloaca.Most individuals were recorded after therst summer rains in lentic water bodies. Itoccurs in southern and southeastern Brazil,Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.

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85

Scinax squalirostrisStriped snouted treefrog


85/146

86

Lime treefrog

This is a very common and abundant spe-cies in the study area, but rare in the re-

Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii Toledo, Lingnau, Garcia &Haddad, 2007


86/146

y ,gion. Males call on oating vegetation andshrubs. It occurs in open areas, and espe-cially at forest edges. Calling males wererecorded throughout the year, with lowerabundance in winter. Males usually call

during the day on warm and rainy days. Itgeographical range includes the states ofSo Paulo, Paran, and Santa Catarina. It isthe only species of the genus occurring inthe countryside of the state.

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Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii Lime treefrog

88


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89


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91

(Linnaeus, 1758)Milky treefrog

Its common name refers to a secretion thatis released through the skin as a defensemechanism when the treefrog is handled

Trachycephalus typhonius


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S T

mechanism when the treefrog is handled. This species occurs widely in open areasand forests over South America. It has dou-ble vocal sacs and vocalizes on perches orwater surface. An explosive reproduction

was recorded after a heavy rain of summer.A striking feature of this species is its stripeddark and light brown members. This spe-cies was formerly referred to asT .venulosus in previous studies in the region.

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Heyer, 1973Bokermann's potter frog

The second smallest frog species in thestudy area have a vocalization resem-bling chirping crickets It occurs in the

Adenomera bokermanni


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bling chirping crickets. It occurs in thestates of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro,So Paulo, Paran, and Santa Catarina. Itis likely that different species are grou-ped under this name. It is gray with dark

spots on the dorsum and legs. Males callin the evening in open areas with densevegetation near the forest, usually withmud soil or slowly owing water, andcattail. It was recorded only at one site,at low abundance.

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94

Adenomera bokermanni Bokermann's potter frog


94/146

95

Sazima & Bokermann, 1978Potter foam frog

Its scientic name alludes to the nestthat resembles a clay oven, usually inwet or muddy areas. Its vocalization is

Leptodactylus furnarius


95/146

S

wet or muddy areas. Its vocalization iscomposed of small whistles sequenced,similar to L. mystacinus. It occurs in cen-tral, southeastern and southern Brazil,and Uruguay. Males call between gras-

ses in open areas. It has long legs, poin-ted snout, and striated dorsum. A dis-tinctive feature of this species is that thefourth toe is extremely long comparedto others.

L e p t o d a c t y l i d a e


96

Leptodactylus furnariusPotter foam frog


96/146

97

(Schneider, 1799) Fuscous frog

It occurs throughout open and distur-bed areas of South America east of theAndes, from Panama to Argentina. Eggs

Leptodactylus fuscus


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ST P

are laid in foam nests in undergroundchambers built by males. These nests aremade in early summer, before the rains.It is common to nd males calling next

to the entrance of nests. Its vocaliza-tion is a short whistle that can be heardthroughout the warm and wet season,peaking in abundance during the rstrains. It is overall brown, with a striatedand granulated dorsum.



98


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Leptodactylus fuscusFuscous frog

99


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Leptodactylus fuscusFuscous frog

100

Leptodactylus labyrinthicus(Spix, 1824)Pepper frog

The largest frog species in the region. Itscommon name alludes to the irritation, es-pecially in the eyes, when handled due tothe glands in the thighs It is used as food


100/146

P

the glands in the thighs. It is used as foodin various regions due to it size. Males havehypertrophied arms and spine-shapednuptial excrescences in the prepolex andin the thorax. It occurs in open areas in Bra-zil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina. Its vo-calization resembles the word one andcan be heard at great distances. It is a lar-ge carnivore. We once saw it swallowinga Eupemphix nattereri that was swimming.

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Leptodactylus labyrinthicusPepper frog

102


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103



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104

(Steffen, 1815)Butter frog

Formerly called L. ocellatus, this taxoncan be a species complex. It is the onlyspecies that was not recorded calling. Itis a large frog found on the margins of

Leptodactylus latrans


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g g gponds and wetlands. It has many darkocelli across the dorsum and an interor-bital spot. Adult males have robust armsand dark spines on the inner portion ofhands. It uses the arms to strike heavyblows when manipulated. It occurs inopen areas of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay,and Paraguay. It was recorded at lowabundance only at three sites.

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105

Leptodactylus latransButter frog


105/146

106


106/146

Leptodactylus latransButter frog

107


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108/146

Leptodactylus mystaceusBasin white-lipped frog

109

(Burmeister, 1861)Moustached frog

Common species in the study area occur-ring near farm ponds in open areas, road-side pools, and farm dams in eucalyptusplantations. Males call under herbaceousvegetation The vocalization consists of

Leptodactylus mystacinus


109/146

S P

vegetation. The vocalization consists ofshort and continuous whistles, similar to L.furnarius. It has a dark stripe above a lightstripe that runs from the snout to behindthe tympanum. The bodys lateral has darkstripes and small black spots. The tympa-num is quite evident. It is widely distribu-ted in Brazil, from southern Amazon, Uru-guay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Bolivia.



110


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Leptodactylus mystacinusMoustached frog

111

(Cope, 1862)Pointedbelly frog

It occurs throughout open areas in theBrazilian Cerrado, Argentina, Bolivia, Para-guay, and Uruguay. Males call in mud soilson the margin of farm ponds, in whichthey build small clay nests for egg laying

Leptodactylus podicipinus


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P

they build small clay nests for egg laying.Females care for foam nests with eggs du-ring the entire embryonic developmentto the metamorphosis of tadpoles. Its vo-calization resembles water drops fallingcontinously. It has a dark triangle-shapedinterocular blotch. Its distinctive feature isthe belly scattered with small white spots.Males have small dark spines on ngers.



112


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Leptodactylus podicipinusPointedbelly frog

113

Leptodactylus podicipinus Pointedbelly frog


113/146

Eupemphix nattereri Four eyed frog

114

Bokermann, 1962Central dwarf frog

A medium-sized species similar toPhysalaemus cuvieri , but larger and withdifferent vocalization. It has two smallocelli posteriorly on the dorsum. It oc-curs widely in the Cerrado in central

Physalaemus centralis


114/146


115

PT

and southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, andBolivia. Nests are made of foam on themargin of farm ponds and pools. Malescall perched in vegetation inside waterbodies or on oating vegetation. It wasrecorded in water bodies in open areasof Cerrado in the study area. Some indi-viduals occurred in temporary ponds ineucalyptus plantations.

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Physalaemus centralisCentral dwarf frog

116


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Physalaemus centralisCentral dwarf frog

117

Fitzinger, 1826Barker frog

It occurs throughout Brazil from sou-thern Amazon, Argentina, Paraguay, andBolivia commonly inhabiting human--modied areas. Its vocalization resem-bles a barking dog, from which comesi I h l

Physalaemus cuvieri


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its common name. It has many colormorphs, from beige without stains tospotted or marbled, and even individu-als with a green dorsum. The inner thighis reddish or orange. It is very commonand abundant in the study area. Malescall at night oating, but daily vocaliza-tions are common. White eggs are laidin foam nests.

PS



118


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Physalaemus cuvieri Barker frog

119


119/146

Physalaemus cuvieri Barker frog

120

(Reinhardt & Ltken, 1862)Marbled dwarf frog

Its dorsum is marbled, which gave it itsscientic name "marmoratus". It is widelydistributed, occurring from Bahia, centraland southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, andBolivia. Its vocalization resembles thesound of a racecar. It is an explosive bre-

Physalaemus marmoratus


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sound of a racecar. It is an explosive breeder and very abundant in open areas af-ter heavy rains. Like other species of thegenus in the study area, it lays eggs infoam nests. The clutch is laid on the wa-ter surface on the margin of farm pondsand pools or attached to emergent ve-getation. It has a large poison gland inthe sacral region.

PT

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Physalaemus marmoratusMarbled dwarf frog

122

Physalaemus marmoratusMarbled dwarf frog


122/146

123

Steindachner, 1863Four eyed frog

It occurs in open areas of the central,northeastern and southeastern Brazil, Pa-raguay, and Bolivia. This species was for-merly referred to as Eupemphix nattereri inprevious studies in the region. When in-dividuals feel threatened, they lower their

Physalaemus nattereri


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head and lift the pelvis, displaying twoblack ocelli in the inguinal region, whichare poison glands (harmless to humans). This defensive behavior against predatorsis called deimatic. It is an explosive bree-der, whose reproduction takes place du-ring or after rainy days. Males call on themargin of temporary ponds, where theeggs are laid in foam nests, but occasio-

nally also call in the margin of farm dams.

T

124


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125/146

Physalaemus nattereri Four eyed frog

126 126


126/146

Physalaemus nattereri Four eyed frog

127

(Cope, 1887)Moustached swamp frog

Species of this genus have problem-atic taxonomy and difficult diagnosis.Widely distributed in South America, oc-curring from Brazil to the east of Bolivia,through Paraguay and Argentina. Malescall throughout the rainy season in mudsoil in open areas Usually have crepuscu-

Pseudopaludicola mystacalis


127/146

soil in open areas. Usually have crepuscu-lar activity, sometimes calling both duringthe day or night in rainy days. It withstandshuman-altered habitats, such as pasture,sugar cane plantations, and other mono-cultures. It is a common species in the re-gion, but in the study area was recordedonly two times.


T


128


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(Boettger, 1885)White-spotted frog

Explosive breeder species, recorded afterrainy days in the margins of permanentand temporary pools in stands of eucalyp-tus. Like all members of this family, it isfossorial. Furthermore, it has an elongatedbody and smooth skin covered with whitespots. Males call oating in temporary po-

Chiasmocleis albopunctata


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spots. Males call oating in temporary pools or mud margins of farm ponds. Occursin the Pantanal and Cerrado of Brazil, Bo-livia, and Paraguay. During field activities,we observed a snake (Thamnodynasteshypoconia) preying upon C. albopunctata.

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Chiasmocleis albopunctataWhite-spotted frog

131

(Gurin-Mneville, 1838)Two-colored oval frog

Species similar to E . cesarii , mainly distin-guished by the belly coloration, yellow anduniform. This feature is also mentioned inits scientic name "bicolor ". It was recordedonce moving in open area. In other locali-ties, this species was observed vocalizingin water surface, always hanging on the

t t ti i h ll ddl

Elachistocleis bicolor


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S

emergent vegetation in shallow puddles.

Besides Brazil, it occurs in the southern partof the continent in Argentina, Bolivia, Para-guay, and Uruguay. It has some taxonomicproblems, cited as E . ovalis in older works.

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(Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920)Common oval frog

This species was formerly referred to asE. ovalis in previous studies in the region. The name E. cesarii was recently resurrec-ted to designate populations that occurin open areas of northeastern, central,and southeastern Brazil. The dorsum isdark gray with small white dots scatte-red throughout the body The belly has

Elachistocleis cesarii


133/146

PS

red throughout the body. The belly has

yellow spots and the posterior portion ofthe thigh has a longitudinal stripe yellowor orange. Its vocalization resembles abuzzer. It has an ovoid body and a cons-picuous dorsal fold. The clutch is a gela-tinous mass deposited on water surface.

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Elachistocleis cesarii Common oval frog

135


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(Dumril & Bibron, 1841)Common lesser escuerzo

This is an explosive breeder speciesfound in only two sites, which reprodu-ces in short periods during or after rains.It is common in southeastern and sou-thern Brazil, occurring also in Argentina,Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay. It inha-bits temporary or semipermanent waterbodies in open areas Calling males were

Odontophrynus americanus


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bodies in open areas. Calling males were

recorded only once after a heavy rain ina ooded area in open Cerrado. Someadults and tadpoles in several develop-mental stages were also recorded on apond margin.

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Odontophrynus americanusCommom lesser escuerzo

138


138/146

Odontophrynus americanusCommom lesser escuerzo

139

(Jim & Caramaschi, 1980)Cerrado little toad

Toad endemic to the Cerrado. Its des-crition was based on specimens fromBotucatu, and recorded later in Itirapi-na, So Carlos, Bauru, and Minas GeraisState. It was found in low abundance inthree sites in the study area. We heardits vocalizations for the rst more than400 m away. Males call in the evening,

Proceratophrys moratoi


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scattered in dry sandy grounds, nearclumps of Brachiaria sp. in open areasof Cerrado with springs surrounded byeucalyptus plantations.

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Proceratophrys moratoi Cerrado little toad

141


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Proceratophrys moratoi Cerrado little toad

142

BASTOS, R. P.; MOTTA, J. A. O.; LIMA, L. P. & GUIMARES, L. D. 2003. Anfbios da Floresta Nacional deGrfica e Editora. 82p.BEEBEE, T. J. C. 1996. Ecology and conservation of amphibians. London, Chapman & Hall. 224p.BERNARDE, P. S. 2012. Anfbios e Rpteis: Introduo ao Estudo da Herpetofauna Brasileira. Curitiba: Anolis B

COCHRAN, D. M. 1955. Frogs of Southeastern Brazil. U. S. National Museum Bulletin 206. 423p.CRUZ, C. A. G.; FEIO, R. N.; CARAMASCHI, U. & MURTA, R. 2009. Anfbios do Ibitipoca. Editora Bicho do MDUELLMAN, W. E. & TRUEB, L. 1994. Biology of Amphibians. Baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University PressFROST, D. R. 2011. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.5. American Museum of NUSA. Disponvel em: ht tp://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibiaHADDAD, C. F. B.; TOLEDO, L. F.; PRADO, C. P. A.; LOEBMANN, D.; GASPARINI, J. L. & SAZIMA, I. 201Diversidade e Biologia. 1. ed. So Paulo: Anolis Books, 2013. 543p.HEYER W R ; DONNELY M A ; McDIARMID R W ; HAYEK L C & FOSTER M S (Eds) Measuring a

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HEYER, W. R.; DONNELY, M. A.; McDIARMID, R. W.; HAYEK, L. C. & FOSTER, M. S. (Eds). Measuring aStandart Methods for Amphibians. Smithsonian Institution Press, 384p.HEYER, W. R.; RAND, A. S.; CRUZ, C. A. G.; PEIXOTO, O. L. & NELSON, C. E. 1990. Frogs of Boracia. ArqIZECKSOHN, E. & CARVALHO-E-SILVA, S. P. 2002. Anfbios do municpio do Rio de Janeiro. Editora UFRJ. 1 JIM, J. 1980. Aspec tos ecolgicos dos anfbios registrados na regio de Botucatu, So Paulo (Amphibia, AnurInstituto Biocincias, Universidade de So Paulo. 332p. JIM, J. 2002. Distribuio altitudinal e estudo de longa durao de anfbios da regio de Botucatu, Estado de So-Docncia. Instituto de Biocincias, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, 343p.KWET, A.; LINGNAU, R. & DI-BERNARDO, M. 2010. PrMata: Anfbios da Serra Gacha, sul do Brasil. 2. eder Universitt Tbingen, 148p.LIMA, A. P.; MAGNUSSON, W. E.; MENIN, M.; ERDTMANN, L. K.; RODRIGUES, D. J.; KELLER, C. & HAdolpho Ducke, Amaznia Central. Editora Atemma. 182p.LUTZ, B. 1973. Brazilian species ofHyla. Austin, University of Texas, 265p.RAMOS, A.D. & GASPARINI, J. L. 2004. Anfbios do Goiapaba-Au. Santo Antnio, Vitria, 75p.ROSSA-FERES, D. C.; SAWAYA, R. J.; FAIVOVICH, J.; GIOVANELLI, J. G. R.; BRASILEIRO, C. A.; SCHIESA

Anfbios do Estado de So Paulo, Brasil: conhecimento atual e perspectivas. Biota Neotropica. 11(1a)SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE HERPETOLOGIA. Brazilian amphibians - List of species. www.sbherpetologiaWELLS K. D. 2007. The ecology and behavior of amphibians. The University of Chicago, London. 1400p.

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Making ofShooting anurans is relatively easy, but requires pa-tience and attention. An important think in this typeof photography is to consider the biology, behavior,and ecology of the species you will shoot. Then, youcan save time in finding the species, and increasing thechances of getting good images. This knowledge alsoapplies to photos taken outside the natural environ-ment, for example, avoiding putting a toad perched ina tree. Each species has its own habitat, characteristics,behavior, and ecological requirements, and this shouldbe considered when taking the photo. Often, a morpho-


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logical detail may turn identification easier. The photoof the thigh of the Yellow-spotted treefrog (page 47) isan example. But taking the picture in the natural envi-ronment does not make it looks natural! This requiresa minimum of interference in the behavior of the frog.Better results may be obtained by avoid sudden mo-vements, doing little (or no) noise when approaching,

and do not directing the spotlight to the animal. It iscommon to use red filters in the lantern, which minimi-zes interference in animals behavior.

A useful tool for shooting calling males is the use ofplaybacks, which stimulates it to respond to vocaliza-tions of their own species. This feature is used in the

pictures on page 100, for example. The playback can bedone either with the aid of a speaker or just with yourown voice. It is also interesting to photograph all thedevelopmental stages of frogs, egg masses, tadpoles,and froglets. Better pictures of tadpoles can be obtai-ned by using a small aquarium, shooting through glass,as in the photo on page 139. Photos of the belly of thespecies (pages 22 and 64) are also made through glass.

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Another way to get photos of the belly is to photogra-ph animals in thanatosis. Some species when handledremain still when placed belly-up, as in the photos onpages 73 and 133. But care should be taken after han-dling animals, avoid putting your hands in the mouthand eyes due to toxins and other substances in the frogskin. It is difficult to get good pictures in a natural envi-ronment in some situations. In such cases, animals maybe transferred for an environment mimicking the natu-ral habitat of the species, as in t he pictures of pages 21and 87. This also applies to animals captured in pitfall


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traps. An interesting kind of image is pictures of theshadow of treefrogs projected on leaves. These photoscan be made by placing the light of a lantern from thetop down, as in the above right photo, and the bookcover. All photos taken during this study were madewith compact digital cameras. The photos on pages 21and 41 were made with a small simple camera. An im-

portant item is the macro function. Some cameras havea good macro, as in the photo on page 23. For macronight shots, an interesting feature is the use of a flashdiffuser that may be a paper or a white plastic, placedin front of the flash. It will dissipate the light, as thecover pictures.

Certainly, the quality of the equipment influencethe final result, but not always modern and expensi-ve equipment produce good images. Techniques andresources to photograph amphibians are simple andinexpensive and there is currently a wide variety ofequipment at affordable prices. Relatively simple equi-pment can produce excellent results, depending muchon photographers creativity and patience.

The research was conducted with the permissionof IBAMA/ICMBio - SISBIO: 16778-1 and 40639-1.

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www.guiaanbios.com

41 84 48 41species videos call s maps

Portuguese and English. Compatible with Windows and Mac.


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