Aulas de ondas do supermed
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Transcript of Aulas de ondas do supermed
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Ondas
1) Definição: propagação de
energia sem transporte de matéria
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Trem de ondas se propagando
numa corda tensionada.
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Natureza das ondas
1) Ondas mecânicas: necessitam da
matéria para sua propagação.
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2) Ondas eletromagnéticas: são geradas por cargas
elétricas oscilantes, que emitem campos elétricos e
magnéticos perpendiculares entre si, que oscilam
em fase e são independentes da matéria, sendo
capazes, portanto, de se propagar no vácuo.
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Espectro eletromagnético
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Vibração e propagação 1) transversais
Vibração
Propagação
Vibração Propagação
2) longitudinais
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Ondas mistas (ondas na superfície da água)
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Ondas mistas (ondas na superfície da água)
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Classificação quanto ao nº de
dimensões de propagação
1) Unidimensionais Propagam-se
ao longo de
uma linha
Propagação
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2) Bidimensionais
x
y
Propagam-se
em um plano
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3) Tridimensionais
Propagam-se
no espaço
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Elementos de uma onda periódica
λ
A
λ
A
crista
vale λ: comprimento de onda
A: amplitude
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( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 )
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Outros elementos
1) Período ( T )
2) Frequência ( f )
fT
1=
Equação fundamental
das ondas
t
Sv
∆
∆=
Tv
λ=
fv .λ=
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Função de onda
y
x
F
0
P
( )txfy ,=
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Função de onda
−=
λπ
x
T
tAy 2cos.
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Velocidade de uma onda em
meios unidimensionais
TV
µ
Tv =
L
m
onde
=µ
:
µ: densidade linear da corda
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Fenômenos ondulatórios
Extremidade fixa Extremidade livre
1) reflexão
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2) Refração
Obs.: Ao mudar de meio, a frequência
da onda permanece inalterada.
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FundoRaso
λ1
λ2
v2
v1
f1 = f2
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3) Difração
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Difração
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4) Polarização (apenas ondas transversais)
Luz não polarizada
Polarizador 1 Polarizador 2
Luz polarizada
verticalmente
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Polarização da luz
Er
Er
Er
Br
Br
Br
Luz não polarizada
Er
Br
Luz polarizada
Er
Br
Er
Br
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5) Interferência
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ConstrutivaDestrutiva
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Ondas estacionárias
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Interferência
bidimensional
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Interferência : experiência de Young
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d
n.D
2.d.yλ =