COMUNICAÇÃO E TURISMO: estudo do programa turístico Cidade da Gente da TV Horizonte

8/4/2019 COMUNICAÇÃO E TURISMO: estudo do programa turístico Cidade da Gente da TV Horizonte

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/comunicacao-e-turismo-estudo-do-programa-turistico-cidade-da-gente-da-tv 1/65

Ekchb Bwbksh Jenvakche Dcez

J A N R H C J E É Ê A B T R P CZN A =

bztrda da vpaipene trpîztcja Jcded b de I b h t b de TW Lapc}ahtb

@bka Lapc}ahtb

Jbhtpa Rhcwbpzctåpca db @bka Lapc}ahtb ,RHC.@L#

0655



Ekchb Bwbksh Jenvakche Dcez

J A N R H C J E É Ê A B T R PCZN A =

bztrda da vpaipene trpîztcja Jcded b de I b h t b de TW Lapc}ahtb

Nahaipegce evpbzbhtede ea Jbhtpa Rhcwbpzctåpca db @bka

Lapc}ahtb jana pburczcta vepjcek æ a`tbhéêa da tîtrka db

`ejlepbk bn Janrhcjeéêa Zajcek . Le`ckcteéêa bn Maphekczna(

Apcbhtedap= Vpag( Krjceha Ehdpedb Pc`bcpa

@bka Lapc}ahtb

Jbhtpa Rhcwbpzctåpca db @bka Lapc}ahtb ,RHC.@L#0655



Z RNÅ PCA

5 CHTPADRÉ Ê A (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6:

0 J A NRHCJ E É Ê A B TRPCZ NA ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 620(5 Trpczna nchbcpa (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 62

0(0 Jcpjrcta Trpîztcja ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 69

0(: Ibztêa db jcdedbz lcztúpcjez (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 63

0(4 Ibztêa bztpetãicje da trpczna (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5:

0(2 Bjahance ibpede he jcdedb trpîztcje ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 54

0(7 Trpczna ha jahtb|ta chtbphejcahek b hejcahek ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 57

0(9 Hawez tbjhakaicez de janrhcjeéêa ha nbpjeda trpîztcja ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5<

0(< E chgkríhjce de nîdce he chdýztpce da trpczna (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 06

0(3 E cnvaptàhjce da nepobtchi ha trpczna (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 00

: TB KB W CZÊ A B A PBIC AHE KCZNA (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 02:(5 Tbkbwczêa b a trpczna ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 02

:(0 Lcztúpce de tbkbwczêa `pezckbcpe (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 07

:(: Tbkbwczêa dcictek chtbpetcwe (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 0<

:(4 A vevbk de bnczzape pbicahek b zre erdcíhjce ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :6

:(2 Dbzegcaz b a`ztåjrkaz db rne tbkbwczêa pbicahek (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ::

:(7 E nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb da maphekczte b a vpagczzcahek nrktcnîdce (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :4

:(9 Vpadréêa bn tbkbwczêa ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :7

:(< Jpctãpcaz db hatcjce`ckcdedb he tbkbwczêa (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( :3

4 J CDE DB DE IBHT B = RN AK LE P NRK TCG RHJ CAHE K V E PE A TRPCZ NA (((( 4:4(5 E bnczzape jetúkcje db @bka Lapc}ahtb ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4:

4(0 Db Nchez vepe a nrhda (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 42

4(: E tpembtúpce db Krjcehe Oetelcpe ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 49

4(4 Nbtadakaice ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 4<

4(2 Ehåkczb ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 25

4(2(5 Jpctãpcaz db hatcjce`ckcdedb ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 25

4(2(0 Jepejtbpîztcjez tãjhcjez ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 2:

4(2(: Verte ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 27

4(2(4 A`ztåjrkaz bdctapcecz (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 2<

2 JAHJKRZÊA ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 76

7 PB GB PÍHJ C E Z ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 70



:

5 CHTPADRÉ Ê A

Rne bnczzape db tbkbwczêa pbicahek vazzrc a vevbk db b|c`cp zre vpaipeneéêa jan a jahtbýda

dcpbjcaheda æ jcdedb bn urb bztå chztekede( Vepe czza+ wbcjrke ez vpchjcvecz hatîjcez bejahtbjcnbhtaz kajecz+ dehda dbzteurb+ za`pbtrda+ eaz jezaz chrzctedaz ha àn`cta vakcjcekbzja

ar db vpbzteéêa db zbpwcéa( Nrctez wb}bz+ kcde jan e gekte db pbjrpzaz tbjhakúicjaz b

gchehjbcpaz+ natcwaz bztbz urb e chdr}bn avtep bn bzjaklbp vpagczzcahecz de janrhcjeéêa urb

zecèn ge}bp wåpcez grhéòbz+ bn wb} db nehtbp he bnvpbze vbzzaez bn åpbez bzvbjîgcjez(

A maphekczte nrktcgrhjcahek ã+ he jahtbnvapehbcdedb+ e jepejtbpîztcje vpbdanchehtb da

vpagczzcahek de janrhcjeéêa urb kcde+ jana hrhje ehtbz kcdar+ jan vazzc`ckcdedbztbjhakúicjez b ektbphetcwez db pbvpbzbhteéêa zajcek( Hez bnvpbzez tbkbwczcwez+ czza hêa ã

dcgbpbhtb( E chtbhéêa ã+ rne wb} a vpagczzcahek de janrhcjeéêa ekcedaz æz hawez gbppenbhtez

dcictecz+ jana kev t av z + cvlah b z + ipewedapbz b jbkrkepbz nadbphaz+ bhtpb artpaz+ dchenc}ep b

eickc}ep a netbpcek maphekîztcja gchek+ ekãn db a`tbp rne bjahance he bnvpbze( Dcehtb dbztb

jbhåpca+ bztb tpeèkla vpbtbhdb bztrdep a vpaipene tbkbwczcwa Jcded b de I b h t b + vpadr}cda+

patbcpc}eda+ evpbzbhteda b+ nrctez wb}bz+ gckneda vbke maphekczte nrktcgrhjcahek Krjcehe

Oetelcpe(

A vpaipene ‚ jan vpavazte bdctapcek waktede vepe e ja`bptrpe da trpczna danãztcja b

ektbphetcwa ‚ vbptbhjb æ bnczzape pbicahek de jevctek nchbcpe+ TW Lapc}ahtb+ b zbpwcpå db

a`mbta db bztrda vepe naztpep e nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb de evpbzbhtedape haz vpaipenez ipewedaz

bn jcdedbz nchbcpez ‚ nbzna jan e emrde de burcvb bn ekirnez grhéòbz+ jana gckneibn b

bdcéêa db cneibhz ‚ + b hez wåpcez tepbgez ejrnrkedez bn zãpcbz chtbphejcahecz+ ha urek bke

nbzne zb dbzkajar+ za}chle+ vepe e Epibhtche b Brpave+ jan jànbpe+ ncjpagahb+ tpcvã+ gctez

btj(

Ez lcvútbzbz chcjcecz dêa jahte db urb e b|vbpcíhjce db Oetelcpe bn b|bpjbp wåpcez grhéòbz

haz vpaipenez trpîztcjaz hejcahecz gac grhdenbhtek vepe urb e evpbzbhtedape zar`bzzb

vkehbmep b b|bjrtep za}chle ez gckneibhz+ bhtpbwcztez+ a ggz 5 b vezzeibhz hez jcdedbz

bztpehibcpez vap ahdb vezzar( Artpe urbztêa pbkejcahede eaz vpbzzrvaztaz dbztb tpeèkla zb

5 ‛Agg„¦ã¦a¦tbpna¦tãjhcja¦urb+¦da¦chikíz+¦zcihcgcje¦‛dbzkcieda„(¦Bn¦jahtpevahta¦ea¦‛ah„+¦ar¦zbme+¦‛kcieda„+¦pbvpbzbhte a tb|ta tbkbwczcwa bn urb evbhez e wa} da pbvúptbp zb dbzteje(



4

jahjbhtpe he pbkeéêa janrhcjeéêa b trpczna+ bn urb e chgkríhjce de nîdce haz hbiújcaz

trpîztcjaz ã jede wb} necap(

Vepe urb bzzez lcvútbzbz zbmen wbpcgcjedez b+ vaztbpcapnbhtb+ janvpawedez ar pbgrtedez+

kcwpaz b eptciaz jcbhtîgcjaz db ertapbz pbkbwehtbz vepe e vbzurcze zbpêa bztrdedaz( Vepe czza+ a

bc|a tbúpcja gac dcwcdcda bn tpíz nanbhtaz= janrhcjeéêa b trpczna? e tbkbwczêa b a

pbicahekczna? b a maphekczte nrktcgrhjcahek( Vepe urb zbme bhtbhdcda bzzb vpajbzza+ ha

vpcnbcpa jevîtrka zbpå evpbzbhtede e cnvaptàhjce de janrhcjeéêa he chdýztpce trpîztcje( Ze`bp

a vadbp db chgkríhjce urb e nîdce tbn ha nanbhta de bzjakle da dbztcha dbzbmeda vbka

wcemehtb b bhtbhdbp jana grhjcahen ez urbztòbz jrktrpecz+ vakîtcjez b bjahôncjez+ urb

bhwakwbn a trpczna+ zbpêa bztrdedaz+ za`pbtrda+ vap nbca daz ertapbz Hcbkzbn ,0660#+Gpehjlc ,0664#+ Yckd ,0664#+ bhtpb artpaz(

Evúz bzze pbgkb|êa tbúpcje+ e cnvaptàhjce de tbkbwczêa ‚ jahzcdbpede jana rn daz necapbz

wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa db nezze ‚ + he dcwrkieéêa da trpczna hejcahek b chtbphejcahek zbpå

naztpede ha zbirhda jevîtrka+ ezzcn jana zbpå pbzzektede e gapne jana bzze nîdce vadb

er|ckcep b chgkrbhjcep ez vbzzaez ha dce.e.dce( Ekãn dczza+ zbpêa ehekczedaz+ vap nbca daz

ertapbz @e}c ,0665#+ @cztehb ' @ejbkkep ,0667#+ Nepo ,0669#+ bhtpb artpaz+ az dbzegcaz b a vevbk dez bnczzapez pbicahecz b jana bkez jahtpc`rbn vepe e gapneéêa da maphekczte

nrktcgrhéêa(

Må ha tbpjbcpa b ýktcna jevîtrka+ a kbctap tbpå ejbzza æ tpembtúpce lcztúpcje de bnczzape+ æ wcde

vpagczzcahek de evpbzbhtedape b æ kchle bdctapcek da vpaipene+ urb zêa a`mbtaz db bztrda dbztb

tpe`ekla( Hbztb nanbhta dbzte nahaipegce+ bztå+ ten`ãn+ e bztpetãice nbtadakúicje rtckc}ede(

B+ echde+ e ehåkczb daz uretpa bvczúdcaz da vpaipene bzjaklcdaz jana pbgbpíhjce= Dcenehtche,Zãpcb Nchez Ibpecz#+ Nappa Wbpnbkla ,Zãpcb Nchez Ibpecz#+ @epckajlb+ Epibhtche ,zãpcb

Epi b h t che #+ b Enztbpden ,zãpcb V b ke Brpave% #(



2

0 J A NRHCJ E É Ê A B TRPCZ NA

Bztb jevîtrka naztpepå a vatbhjcek de janrhcjeéêa ha trpczna( Ten`ãn zbpå ehekczede e

gapne jana e nîdce vadb chgkrbhjcep a trpczte he bzjakle da dbztcha dbzbmeda( Vepe urb bztechtbpvpbteéêa zbme janvpbbhdcde+ ã grhdenbhtek urb dchàncjez da zbtap trpîztcja bjahôncja+

vakîtcja b jrktrpek zbmen evpbzbhtedez vepe nbklap bhtbhdcnbhta(

0(5 Trp czna nchbc pa

A trpczna ã+ he jahjbvéêa de janrhcjeéêa+ e kajanaéêa db vbzzaez vepe rn dbtbpncheda

kriep+ bn `rzje de jahjpbtc}eéêa db zbrz zahlaz ar nawcdaz vap chtbpbzzbz janbpjcecz+bztãtcjaz ar ejedíncjaz(

_(((^ rne gapne db erta.b|vpbzzêa+ a dbzbma db b|bpjbp ez nrctez kc`bpdedbz urbrzrgprînaz he zajcbdedb nadbphe ,ieztep+ haz nawcnbhtepnaz+ b|vbpcnbhtep e zbhzeéêada hawa+ da wbkla ar da artpa# b db janrhcjep bzzbz dbzbmaz vpbzbhtbz ar grtrpaz bndbjczòbz b eéòbz db trpczna b wceibhz db rne gapne janbpjcek+ bztãtcje+ gîzcje+ wcptrek+ pbekb bnajcahek( ,HCBKZBH+ 0660( v(59#(

Bn Nchez Ibpecz+ a trpczna ã jahlbjcda vbkez b|r`bpehtbz veczeibhz hetrpecz b az ipehdbz

vetpcnôhcaz lcztúpcjaz( Kajekc}eda he pbicêa zrdbztb da neve `pezckbcpa+ jan <2: nrhcjîvcaz+

a Bzteda nchbcpa agbpbjb wåpcaz etpetcwaz trpîztcjaz jappbzvahdbhtbz æ epurctbtrpe+

ieztpahance+ pbkcicêa b lcztúpce(

Db ejapda jan e Zbjpbtepce db Bzteda db Trpczna db Nchez Ibpecz ,Zbtrp!NI#0+ a Bzteda

agbpbjb+ vbka nbhaz+ tpíz ipehdbz zbinbhtaz trpîztcjaz+ bhtpb bkbz a Trpczna db Hbiújcaz+ urb

zb dbztejar haz ýktcnaz ehaz jan bwbhtaz db ipehdb vaptb hejcahecz b chtbphejcahecz+ jana e

Pbrhcêa Ehrek da @ehja Chtbpenbpcjeha db Dbzbhwakwcnbhta ,@CD#+ bn 0667+ b e Pbrhcêa

de Jývrke da Nbpjazrk+ bn 0664( Vap tpetep.zb db rn tbppctúpca nahtehlaza+ jan rn ipehdb

hýnbpa db pcaz+ jejlabcpez+ iprtez b jewbphez+ urb agbpbjbn ea trpczte gepte avéòbz db vpåtcje

db bzvaptbz pedcjecz ‚ pegtchi+ tpboochi+ pevbk+ vepevbhtb+ bhtpb artpaz .+ a Bjatrpczna b

Trpczna db Ewbhtrpe ten`ãn zb bhjec|en jana artpaz dacz zbinbhtaz trpîztcjaz(

Artpaz tehtaz zbinbhtaz janvòbn a vbpgck trpîztcja da Bzteda( Rn dbkbz+ cnvazzîwbk db hêa

zbp jcteda eurc+ ã e jrkchåpce nchbcpe+ jahlbjcde vbkaz zbrz vpetaz tîvcjaz+ jana a gbcmêa

0Gahtb= yyy(trpczna(ni(iaw(`p



7

tpavbcpa+ e jephb jan ape.vpa.hú`cz+ a gpehia jan urceà b ehir+ ekãn da tpedcjcahek vêa db

urbcma nchbcpa b ez jejleéez urb bhjehten tada a veîz( Bwbhtaz ieztpahôncjaz bn tada a

Bzteda zêa pbekc}edaz+ jana a Jancde dc @rtbja+ bn @bka Lapc}ahtb+ e Gbzte da Urbcma+ ha

Zbppa+ a Gbztcwek Chtbphejcahek db Jrktrpe b Ieztpahance+ bn Tcpedbhtbz+ b a B|vajejleée+

ten`ãn he jevctek nchbcpe( Vap bzzb natcwa+ a trpczna Ieztpahôncja zb taphar rne ipehdb

nadekcdedb ha zbinbhta trpîztcja nchbcpa? b+ vap gcn+ a Trpczna lcztúpcja.jrktrpek+ urb

jahtbnvke nrzbrz+ cipbmez èppajez+ jezepca jakahcek b tpedcéòbz pbkcicazez zbircdez vap

napedapbz dez `bkez jcdedbz lcztúpcjez+ jana Arpa Vpbta+ Nepcehe+ Dcenehtche b Zeèpå(

A trpczna bn Nchez ten`ãn ã nrhdceknbhtb jahlbjcda vbkez gbztez pbkcicazez b

nehcgbzteéòbz gakjkúpcjez+ urb zêa pbekc}edez hez jcdedbz nchbcpez jan a chtrcta dblanbheibep zehtaz+ b|ektep e gã b nehtbp ez tpedcéòbz de jrktrpe vavrkep( E zbnehe zehte ‚

vbpîada bn urb zêa jbkb`pedez+ vbkaz jetúkcjaz+ e vec|êa+ naptb b pbzzrppbcéêa db Mbzrz Jpczta

‚ + vap b|bnvka+ etpec jbhtbhez db wczctehtbz æz jcdedbz lcztúpcjez+ jana Arpa Vpbta+ Tcpedbhtbz

b Zeèpå+ ahdb zêa jahgbjjcahedaz b|tbhzaz b aphedaz tevbtbz eptbzehecz jan gcirpez zejpez+

vepe urb+ he vpajczzêa da Danchia db Penaz+ gcãcz jenchlbn za`pb e eptb+ b bhjbhbn

vezzeibhz `î`kcjez( Hapneknbhtb+ bzze nehcgbzteéêa pbkcicaze ajappb bhtpb az nbzbz db nepéa

b e`pck(

Ha urb dc} pbzvbcta ea gakjkapb+ az dbztchaz trpîztcjaz necz vpajrpedaz+ ekãn dez tpedcjcahecz

jcdedbz lcztúpcjez+ zêa Jrpwbka+ Mburctc`å+ @ekdcn b Vepeavbè( Wåpcaz trpcztez zb dbzkajen

vepe bzzbz kriepbz jan e chtbhéêa db vpbztcicep e jrktrpe kajek( E Gakce db Pbcz+ vap b|bnvka+

ã rn gbztbma da gakjkapb vavrkep+ db apcibn vaptrirbze+ urb vezzar e tbp jepåtbp pbkcicaza ha

@pezck bn nbedaz da zãjrka \WCCC( Ã janbnapede zbnvpb ha dce zbcz db mehbcpa ‚ dete bzte

kciede eaz natcwaz hetekchaz .+ bn urb da}b gakcòbz jepejtbpc}edaz db pbcz neiaz+ nbztpb bjahtpe.nbztpb+ vekleéa b vbzzaez janrhz+ tajen chztprnbhtaz+ jana wcakêa+ pbja.pbja+

zehgahe+ jeweurchla b jlajekla+ jehten wbpzaz db jepåtbp pbkcicaza b vezzen bn tadez ez

jezez de pbdahdb}e bn `rzje db agbpbhdez(

A Iawbpha da Bzteda tbn chjbhtcweda a dbzbhwakwcnbhta dbzzez b artpez etcwcdedbz trpîztcjez

bn Nchez+ chwbztchda bn avbpedapez da trpczna+ bn vpak de vpanaéêa db etpetcwaz+ vpadrtaz

b dbztchaz nchbcpaz( Db ejapda jan e vbzurcze pbekc}ede vbka Nchcztãpca da Trpczna+



9

dczvahîwbk ha Vkeha Bztedrek db Trpczna : 0669 ‚ 0654+ Nchez Ibpecz dbzvahte jana Bzteda

trpîztcja gaptb+ jahzakcdehda vazcéêa ekjehéede bn 0662 db zbirhda dbztcha trpîztcja chtbpha

`pezckbcpa+ jan 56+4 da gkr|a tatek db wceibhz( Bzze ipehdb vpajrpe bztå pbkejcahede jan e

dcwbpzcdedb jrktrpek b hetrpek daz dbztchaz urb a Bzteda agbpbjb+ ekãn de lazvctekcdedb da

vawa nchbcpa+ urb ã rne jepejtbpîztcje nepjehtb db Nchez(

A pbgkb|a de bzjakle db trpcztez vbkez jcdedbz nchbcpez ge} jan urb a zbtap latbkbcpa iehlb

jede wb} necz dbzteurb ha îhdcjb db wczctehtbz ha Bzteda( E Zbjpbtepce Bztedrek db Trpczna

db Nchez Ibpecz4 egcpne urb+ bn 0656+ a hýnbpa db lúzvbdbz+ bn @bka Lapc}ahtb+ etchicr e

nepje db 5(4<4(63<+ ar zbme+ rn jpbzjcnbhta db 0+56 bn pbkeéêa e 0663 ,5(42:(269# b

:+<: bn pbkeéêa æ 066< ,5(403(45<#( Chgapne+ echde+ urb e te|e db ajrveéêa db RhcdedbzLe`ctejcahecz deurbkb eha jpbzjbr 4+<2 bn pbkeéêa e 0663+ ekjehéehda a wekap nãdca db

74+9 ehtb ea hýnbpa db 75+9 db 0663+ b e te|e db vbpnehíhjce daz lúzvbdbz gac db 5+35

vbphactbz+ a`tbhda rn ernbhta db 0+<< bn pbkeéêa e 0663( Bzzbz pbzrktedaz chgkrbhjcen

vazctcwenbhtb ha nawcnbhta de bjahance nchbcpe( Egchek+ urehta necz trpcztez wcbpbn

rzrgprcp ez `bkb}ez hetrpecz b jrktrpecz db Nchez+ necz wbp`e bhtpepå haz nrhcjîvcaz b+

jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ necz bnvpbia b pbhde zbpêa ibpedaz vepe ez vbzzaez urb ekc wcwbn(

0(0 Jcpjrcta Tr pî ztcja

Vpbajrveda bn dcwrkiep haz wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa ez pbicòbz nchbcpez jan vatbhjcek

trpîztcja zrztbhtåwbk da Bzteda+ e gcn db vpanawbp a trpczna kajek+ a Iawbpha db Nchez

Ibpecz+ vap nbca da Zcztbne Nchbcpa db Ibztêa da Trpczna+ pbkejcahar ekirnez jcdedbz

jana pbgbpíhjce bn etcwcdedbz trpîztcjez( Bzzb jahmrhta db nrhcjîvcaz gac hanbeda+ vbka

Iawbpha+ bn 066:+ jana Jcpjrctaz Trpîztcjaz+ urb a`mbtcwe agbpbjbp eaz wczctehtbz rne kcztedb wåpcaz dbztchaz ‚ bhtpb jcdedbz+ pcaz+ iprtez+ zbppez b artpaz ‚ + jana+ vap b|bnvka+ a Vepurb

Hejcahek de Zbppe da Jcvú+ e Iprte b Nep db Nchez+ a Vcja de @ehdbcpe+ e Hezjbhtb da Pca

Dajb+ e Nete Etkàhtcje db Nchez+ a Wbkla Jlcja+ a Jenva dez wbptbhtbz b e Zbppe da

@pciedbcpa( Az Jcpjrctaz Trpîztcjaz zêa gapnez db apiehc}eéêa zajcek urb jappbzvahdbn e

dbtbpnchedez jcdedbz urb vazzrbn bkbnbhtaz etpetcwaz db jrktrpe+ lcztúpce b bzvaptbz pedcjecz+

e gcn db vpanawbp a gkr|a db vbpnehíhjce db wczctehtbz heurbkb kajek( Dcnchrcp e dcztàhjce

bhtpb az nrhcjîvcaz b az Bztedaz+ vpanawbp e chtbipeéêa bhtpb iawbphaz b bnvpbzåpcaz b

: Vkeha Bztedrek db Trpczna+ db 0669 e 0654+ da Iawbpha db Nchez Ibpecz(4 Gahtb= yyy(trpczna(ni(iaw(`p



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chtpadr}cp e jahzjcbhtc}eéêa vepe e vpbzbpweéêa daz vetpcnôhcaz lcztúpcjaz+ en`cbhtecz b

jrktrpecz+ zêa ekirnez dez wåpcez jepejtbpîztcjez db rn Jcpjrcta(

Zbirhda dedaz de Zbjpbtepce db Bzteda db Trpczna db Nchez Ibpecz+ lå+ ha Bzteda+ 2<

jcpjrctaz trpîztcjaz urb bhwakwbn rn tatek db 77: nrhcjîvcaz( E Zbtrp!NI cdbhtcgcje ez

Ezzajceéòbz db Jcpjrctaz Trpîztcjaz+ urb zêa bhtcdedbz zbn gchz krjpetcwaz urb jepejtbpc}en e

vakîtcje vý`kcje db pbicahekc}eéêa da Trpczna ha Bzteda nchbcpa+ jan vkejez chdcjetcwez hez

padawcez+ jrpzaz db jevejcteéêa vepe rn nbklap etbhdcnbhta trpîztcja+ ekãn de cnvkehteéêa

db eéòbz urb bhwakwbn dbzdb e bke`apeéêa db rn vkeha bztpetãicja db dbzbhwakwcnbhta de

ezzajceéêa b patbcpc}eéêa db kriepbz trpîztcjaz+ etã e vpanaéêa db dbztchaz bn vpak de vakîtcje

db gaptekbjcnbhta dez nbznez(

Db ejapda jan e Zbtrp!NI+ bn 0667+ gac jpcede e Gbdbpeéêa daz Jcpjrctaz Trpîztcjaz da

Bzteda db Nchez Ibpecz ,Gejctrp#+ bhtcdedb mrpîdcje db dcpbcta vpcweda+ zbn gchz krjpetcwaz+

jan a`mbtcwa db envepep ez Ezzajceéòbz db Jcpjrctaz Trpîztcjaz( Zêa wåpcaz az dbwbpbz de

Gejctrp+ bhtpb bkbz+ pbvpbzbhtep ez dbnehdez janrhz daz Jcpjrctaz Trpîztcjaz da Bzteda db

Nchez Ibpecz+ hez apiehc}eéòbz vý`kcjez ar vpcwedez+ dez bzgbpez pbicahek+ bztedrek+ hejcahek

b chtbphejcahek? chtbipep az jcpjrctaz nbn`paz? dcgrhdcp cdãcez+ bkbnbhtaz jrktrpecz+ tpedcéòbz blå`ctaz zajcecz de janrhcdedb nchbcpe? chjbhtcwep b vetpajchep vbzurczez haz jenvaz de eptb+

bzvaptbz+ jrktrpe b ke}bp+ wczehda ea chjpbnbhta da trpczna ha Bzteda(

E cnvkehteéêa da Cnvazta za`pb Jcpjrkeéêa db Nbpjedapcez b Zbpwcéaz ,CJNZ# Trpîztcja+

chjbhtcwa gchehjbcpa bztedrek urb wcze æ nbklapce haz zbpwcéaz db chgpebztprtrpe b æ

jahzbpweéêa db vetpcnôhcaz lcztúpcja+ jrktrpek b en`cbhtek db nrhcjîvcaz jepbhtbz ,Kbc

Bztedrek 5<(6:6!0663+ db mrhla db 0656#+ vbka Iawbphedap db Nchez Ibpecz+ EhtôhcaErirzta Eheztezce+ gac rn nepja he lcztúpce da trpczna nchbcpa( E chjkrzêa dbztb cnvazta+

ekãn db zcihcgcjep ipehdb nbklapce he ibztêa trpîztcje he jcdedb+ ã rn daz chztprnbhtaz db

dcztpc`rcéêa db pbhde necz dbnajpåtcjaz urb a`mbtcwe e vpanaéêa db zr`ztehjcek

dbzbhwakwcnbhta bjahôncja+ jrktrpek b zajcek+ db ejapda jan e Zbjpbtepce db Bzteda db

Trpczna db Nchez Ibpecz( Vepe tehta+ a CJNZ Trpîztcja pbvpbzbhte e natcweéêa vepe urb

nrhcjîvcaz cnvkehtbn vpambtaz b vpaipenez db trpczna zrztbhtåwbcz(

Echde zbirhda e Zbjpbtepce+ vepe urb a nrhcjîvca pbjb`e bzzb `bhbgîjca+ ã vpbjcza urb bkb zcie

ekirhz vepànbtpaz db janvpanbtcnbhta dez vpbgbctrpez jan a vpajbzza db dbzbhwakwcnbhta



56

Bhtbhdb.zb vap Bztrda db Janvbtctcwcdedb e gapne zrztbhtåwbk db jede nrhcjîvca bn ibpep

hbiújcaz hez etcwcdedbz bjahôncjez za`pb a trpczna+ vpavapjcahehda pbgkb|az vazctcwaz ea

wczctehtb( Hbztb vpajbzza+ zêa ewekcedez+ bn jede jcdedb+ etpewãz db rn urbztcahåpca db 756

vbpirhtez+ wåpcez urbztòbz+ jana chgpebztprtrpe ibpek+ vakîtcje vý`kcje+ zbpwcéaz b

burcvenbhtaz trpîztcjaz+ ezvbjtaz zajcecz+ jevejcdedb bnvpbzepcek+ bjahance ibpek b

jaavbpeéêa pbicahek(

Jahgapnb e Zbjpbtepce db Bzteda db Trpczna db Nchez Ibpecz dcwrkiar vap nbca da

Vpaipene Dbztcha Chdrtapbz da Dbzbhwakwcnbhta Trpîztcja Pbicahek db Nchez Ibpecz+ az

jpctãpcaz rtckc}edaz he bzjakle daz dbztchaz gapen= ge}bp veptb db rne Ezzajceéêa db Jcpjrcta

Trpîztcja? bztep chzbpcda ha Vpambta Bztprtrpedap Dbztchaz Trpîztcjaz Bztpetãicjaz? pbvpbzbhtep rn zbinbhta trpîztcja vpcapctåpca ,`bn.bztep+ prpek+ hetrpb}e+ ewbhtrpe+ hbiújcaz+ pbkcicaza+

hårtcja b vbzje bzvaptcwe+ jrktrpek#? tbp vpadrtaz janbpjcekc}edaz vbka nbpjeda? tbp

avbpedapbz pbjbvtcwaz veptcjcvehtbz da Vpaipene Nchez Pbjb`b b vazzrcp chgpe.bztprtrpe

`åzcje b trpîztcje ekãn db etpetcwaz trpîztcjaz urekcgcjedaz( E Zbtrp!NI chgapne+ echde+ urb 55

nrhcjîvcaz da Bzteda ‚ bhtpb bkbz+ rn lcztúpcja .+ urb må gapen tpeèkledaz jan a vedpêa db

urekcdedb hejcahek bn rne vpcnbcpe bteve jana dbztchaz chdrtapbz= Epe|å+ Jebtã+

Jenehdrjece ,Nahtb Wbpdb#+ Jevctúkca+ Je|en`r+ Mrc} db Gape+ Nepce de Gã+ Vaéaz dbJekdez+ Zehtehe da Pcejla+ Zêa Karpbhéa b Zbtb Keiaez(

Jetcwep a trpczte b jahwbhjí.ka e waktep necz wb}bz he jcdedb lcztúpcje bzjaklcde vap bkb+ zêa

etaz db b|tpbne cnvaptàhjce vepe a jîpjrka bjahôncja de pbicêa( Ã etpewãz da trpczna urb zb

nawcnbhte e bhtpede b zeîde db dchlbcpa da nrhcjîvca+ a urb ã zchôhcna db nbklap

chwbztcnbhta vap veptb db zbrz ibztapbz bn jrktrpe+ chgpe.bztprtrpe+ bdrjeéêa+ ke}bp+ bhtpb

artpez tehtez nbklapcez+ nez zbnvpb db gapne pbzvbctaze jan a vetpcnôhca lcztúpcja jrktrpek(Ekãn dczza+ e etcwcdedb trpîztcje ã rne ipehdb gahtb db bnvpbia b pbhde vepe napedapbz db

jcdedbz lcztúpcjez( Nrctez wb}bz+ ã etpewãz da eptbzeheta+ de jancde tîvcje b de pbkcicazcdedb

urb az pbzcdbhtbz ge`pcjen b janbpjcekc}en tecz vpadrtaz e gcn db jahzbircp dchlbcpa vepe

zrztbhtep zrez genîkcez(

A evaca gchehjbcpa b!ar netbpcek vap veptb dez vpbgbctrpez ã ten`ãn artpe urbztêa

grhdenbhtek vepe urb az b|vazctapbz b en`rkehtbz daz nrhcjîvcaz tbhlen ekirn tcva db

chjbhtcwa b jahtchrbn e tpeèklep db gapne kbiek( A tpeèkledap natcweda vpadr}cpå necz b

czza+ jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ ernbhtepå zre pbhde b pbgkbtcpå vazctcwenbhtb ha jîpjrka de bjahance



55

de jcdedb( Vepe tehta+ ã cnvaptehtb urb a wcemehtb wekapc}b b rzrgpre ez tpedcjcahecz gbcpez db

eptbzehetaz+ èppeurchlez+ tbetpaz b ircez trpîztcjaz vepe e jahzbpweéêa hêa zú de jcdedb+ nez

ten`ãn dez vbzzaez urb tpeèklen vepe bke(

Ednchcztpep rne jcdedb lcztúpcje b|cib+ ekãn db ipehdb jahlbjcnbhta he åpbe+ etbhéêa

bzvbjcek vap veptb db zbrz iawbphehtbz+ egchek+ ekãn db bhgpbhtepbn zctreéòbz jatcdcehez db

tade jcdedb+ ten`ãn kcden jan artpaz tcvaz db ezzrhtaz+ jana vap b|bnvka+ a jahzbhza db

chtbpbzzbz db trpcztez b napedapbz(

Ã rn tpeèkla vbpvãtra db bdrjeéêa da nrhîjcvb b db jpceéêa db zakréòbz edevtedez æz vbjrkcepcdedbz de jcdedb( Ez eéòbz dbwbn jahtbnvkep dcrtrphenbhtb e bdrjeéêa

vetpcnahcek+ db gapne urb a napedap tbhle apirkla de zre jeze lcztúpcje vbptbhjbhtb eajahmrhta( Czza ã gåjck db gekep b dcgîjck db ge}bp+ rne wb} urb a le`ctehtb dbzbme tbp tadaz azjahgaptaz da zãjrka \\C( Zbn a apirkla b e urbztêa vbjrhcåpce+ _(((^ gcje dcgîjck jahwbhjbp anapedap db urb bkb hêa vadb e`pcp rn `rpeja bn rne vepbdb db 026 ehaz db zre jeze vepejahztprcp rne iepeibn( ,VCPBZ+ 066:( v(96#(

Ã vpbjcza urb b|czte rne jahzjcbhtc}eéêa da ibztap vepe jan az napedapbz da nrhcjîvca db

urb zb tpete db rn vetpcnôhca lcztúpcja b jrktrpek( Bztb+ ekcåz+ ã rn daz vpchjcvecz natcwaz urb

ge}bn jan urb az trpcztez zb dbzkaurbn vepe bztbz kriepbz vepe edncpepbn tek `bkb}e( Nehtbp

az tpeéaz apcichecz b e àe jahzbpweéêa dez jezez+ prez b nahrnbhtaz vý`kcjaz ã grhdenbhtek vepe urb az wczctehtbz+ chjkrzcwb bztpehibcpaz+ waktbn jan necz gpburíhjce æ jcdedb( Vepe

ZCKWE ,0664#+ ekirhz lcztapcedapbz+ trpcznúkaiaz b ehtpavúkaiaz ejpbdcten urb a nbpjeda

trpîztcja chtbphejcahek b|cib jede wb} necz e vpbzbpweéêa de wbpdedbcpe cdbhtcdedb jrktrpek de

jcdedb(

_(((^ E `rzje daz bkbnbhtaz jepejtbpîztcjaz b dcgbpbhjcecz db jede jrktrpe evepbjb jana rnehbjbzzcdedb da nbpjeda? e jrktrpe ertújtahb ã e netãpce vpcne vepe e jpceéêa db rn vpadrta trpîztcja( Ezzcn+ a kbieda jrktrpek tpehzgapneda bn vpadrta vepe a jahzrna vbpdbzbr zcihcgcjeda+ hêa ã necz cnvaptehtb vapurb dbc|e db naztpep ez peî}bz db rn vawa+ vpbajrvehda.zb+ evbhez+ bn ibpep dcwczez bjahôncjez( Vaptehta ã hbjbzzåpca rn trpcznajan èzb ha kbieda jrktrpek+ urb vbpncte nehtbp e janrhcdedb db ekirne gapne+ czta ã+urb bke bhiemb.zb ha vpajbzza db pbjrvbpeéêa db zre nbnúpce jakbtcwe+ db pbjahztpréêalcztúpcje+ tanehda jahzjcíhjce da vevbk urb zre jcdedb pbvpbzbhtar bn dbtbpnchedajbhåpca bn dbtbpnchede ãvaje( ,ZCKWE+ 0664+ v(74#(

Chztprcp wczctehtbz b pbzcdbhtbz db urb ã hbjbzzåpca pbzvbctep ekirnez pbipez db jahwîwca

cnvaztez vbka vadbp vý`kcja ten`ãn jahtpc`rc vepe e vpbzbpweéêa da `bn lcztúpcja jrktrpek

da nrhcjîvca( Vepe tehta+ Vcpbz ,066:+ v(95.92# bhrnbpar ekirhz ctbhz urb+ rne wb} zbircdaz+

emrden he apiehc}eéêa b vepe a àn grhjcahenbhta de ednchcztpeéêa db jcdedbz lcztúpcjez=



50

5. e`bptrpe daz edpaz dez cipbmez vepe urb ez vbzzaez vazzen ge}bp zrez apeéòbz?

0. nehtbp `bjaz b prez nrcta bztpbctez jan zbirpehée æ hactb+ vacz+ jan a ernbhta de

wcakíhjce+ e tbhdíhjce ã urb hbzzbz kriepbz e vpåtcje db jpcnbz ernbhtb?

:. rtckc}ep ez kc|bcpez bzvekledez vbkez prez?

4. pbzvbctep vkejez b zchekc}eéêa db tpàhzcta cnvkehtedez he pbicêa?

2. nehtbp a àn zbhza jan zlayz bn vpeéez vý`kcjez dez jcdedbz( Az napedapbz b

trpcztez vpbjczen db dcwbpzêa+ nez a vetpcnôhca vadb zbp vpbmrdcjeda jan ipehdb

jahjbhtpeéêa db vbzzaez ha kajek?

7. jahtpc`rcp vepe urb a tpàhzcta hêa gcurb jahibztcaheda ha jbhtpa lcztúpcja(

A tanènbhta7 ‚ eta vbptbhjbhtb zanbhtb ea vadbp vý`kcja ‚ ã rtckc}eda vepe vpbzbpwep a vetpcnôhca lcztúpcja jrktrpek bn vpak da rzrgprta daz jcdedêaz napedapbz ar hêa de pbicêa(

Vaptehta+ bkb ten`ãn ã jahzcdbpeda jana rne artpe gapne db jrcdep daz `bhz vbptbhjbhtbz

eaz nrhcjîvcaz( Zbr a`mbtcwa ã db pbzirepdep wekapbz lcztúpcjaz+ jrktrpecz+ netbpcecz b

zbhtcnbhtecz de zajcbdedb( Ha àn`cta bztedrek+ hbzzb jeza bn Nchez Ibpecz+ a pbzvahzåwbk

vbka tanènbhta ã a Chztctrta Bztedrek da Vetpcnôhca Lcztúpcja b Eptîztcja db Nchez Ibpecz .

CBVLE!NI .+ må ha nrhcjcvek+ ã e Grhdeéêa Nrhcjcvek db Jrktrpe db @bka Lapc}ahtb+ zbhda

urb ha chtbpcap da Bzteda+ b|cztb rn zbtap pbzvahzåwbk bn jede vpbgbctrpe( Zb a `bn gap pbjahlbjcda nrhdceknbhtb+ a tanènbhta gcje eaz jpctãpcaz de Apiehc}eéêa dez Heéòbz

Rhcdez vepe e Bdrjeéêa+ e Jcíhjce b e Jrktrpe ‚ RHBZJA+ b+ ezzcn+ pbjahlbjcda jana

vetpcnôhca de lrnehcdedb(

Rne wb} urb e nbdcde da tanènbhta zbme edatede he jcdedb+ necz vbzzaez tbhdbn e wczctep

ez a`pez b vahtaz trpîztcjaz ha kajek b+ jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ ge}bn jan urb a trpczna jpbzée(

Vepe urb bzte vakîtcje zbme evkcjede jan zrjbzza he jcdedb+ ã vpbjcza rne àe bztpetãice dbibztêa vý`kcje( Db ejapda jan VCPBZ ,066:#+ e veptcjcveéêa db pbvpbzbhtehtbz b kcdbpehéez db

7 Tanènbhta ã rn eta ednchcztpetcwa+ etpc`rîda+ vbka Dbjpbta.kbc h½ 02!:9 db :6 db hawbn`pa db 53:9+ ea vadbp B|bjrtcwa+ urb wcze pbjahlbjbp a wekap db `bhz jrktrpecz+ lcztúpcjaz+ epurctbtôhcjaz+ en`cbhtecz b egbtcwazetpewãz de vpbzbpweéêa daz nbznaz+ haz àn`ctaz nrhcjcvek+ bztedrek b gbdbpek( Urehda czza ejahtbjb+ a dahajahtchre zbhda a vpavpcbtåpca da `bn tanèda+ ar zbme+ bkb tbn tatek vadbp db wbhde+ tpaje ar ekrirbk da vetpcnôhca+ nez gcje jcbhtb urb urekurbp nadcgcjeéêa gîzcje zú vadbpå zbp pbekc}ede jan ertapc}eéêa vpãwce bejanvehlenbhta da úpiêa janvbtbhtb( Bn pbkeéêa æ wc}chlehée+ hêa zêa vbpnctcdez jahztpréòbz urb tenvbn ejacze tanède+ ezzcn jana ten`ãn hêa ã ejbctåwbk e gc|eéêa db jepte}bz b ehýhjcaz ha vetpcnôhca( Jeza czzaejahtbée+ ã ja`peda 26 da wekap da a`mbta ehb|eda ha `bn vbkaz úpiêaz pbzvahzåwbcz( E zakcjcteéêa vepe a

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rne àe ibztêa db rne jcdedb lcztúpcje+ vpchjcveknbhtb ha urb dc} pbzvbcta æ jahzbpweéêa da

vetpcnôhca+ bkb jahte jan e jakeàpeéêa db ezzajceéòbz+ napedapbz b vpambtaz zajcecz+ urb

gaphbjbn chgapneéòbz cnvaptehtbz za`pb a ezzrhta b jahzjcbhtc}en e vavrkeéêa za`pb az

dcpbctaz b dbwbpbz urb az nbznaz vazzrbn(

0(4 Ibztêa bztpetãicje da trpczna

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Dcpbtapce db Ibztêa Bztpetãicje da Nchcztãpca da Trpczna9 da Iawbpha Gbdbpek jaapdbhep a

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_(((^ A urb tbnaz hateda+ etã eiape+ ã urb e ipehdb necapce daz vpbgbctaz `pezckbcpaz hêa tbnrne wczêa jappbte da dbzbhwakwcnbhta trpîztcja db zrez janrhcdedbz( Bn zrez vpcapcdedbz

db iawbpha+ pbjappbn ea vadbp gbdbpek+ zakcjctehda wbpèz vepe chjpbnbhtep a trpczna bnzbrz nrhcjîvcaz+ zbn jahlbjbpbn ez dcpbtpc}bz vakîtcjez da zbtap vepe zre pbicêa+ gektehda.klbz a hbjbzzåpca bnèzenbhta tãjhcja.jcbhtîgcja ar+ nbzna+ a vpambta urb mrztcgcjezzb zrezpbecz hbjbzzcdedbz vepe a dbzbhwakwcnbhta daz pbjrpzaz trpîztcjaz db zbrz nrhcjîvcaz ar ejpceéêa db nbcaz vepe ekewehjep a dbzbhwakwcnbhta bhdúibha jan a vatbhjcek kajek(,@BHC+ 0667+ v(06#(

Vepe urb e ibztêa db rne kajekcdedb zbme gbcte jan tatek jahzjcíhjce b jan àhz pbzrktedaz+ ã

hbjbzzåpce rne chtbipeéêa daz dcgbpbhtbz zbtapbz db vkehbmenbhta db trpczna da veîz( Dbzze

gapne+ lewbpå rn jpbzjcnbhta he chgpe.bztprtrpe `åzcje+ jana tpehzvaptb+ janrhcjeéêa+

ibpeéêa db bnvpbia b pbhde+ bhtpb artpaz(

9 Gahtb= yyy(trpczna(iaw(`p!trpczna!



54

E janrhcjeéêa ha trpczna ten`ãn b|cib rne `ae vpbvepeéêa db zbrz ibztapbz+ egchek+ zêa

bkbz urbn agbpbjbn ea wcemehtb a jahzrna db nanbhtaz db dbzjehza b ke}bp( Jede

jahzrncdap wceme vap hbjbzzcdedbz dcgbpbhtbz+ nez tadaz bkbz chwbztbn wekapbz gchehjbcpaz

vepe e jahjpbtc}eéêa db zbrz zahlaz trpîztcjaz( Vap czza+ ã vpbjcza urb a ednchcztpedap vý`kcja

jahlbée a pbek natcwa da dbzkajenbhta da trpczte+ e vezzbca+ vpagczzcahek+ vpåtcjez pbkcicazez

ar bzvaptcwez+ vepe urb leme rn vkehbmenbhta db wcembn vepe az wczctehtbz db gapne jpctbpcaze

b rn pbzrkteda gchek eipedåwbk(

_(((^ tbnaz e vpbzbhée da ibztap db janrhcjeéêa jana rn vpagczzcahek b eibhtb urb dbwb cp ekãn dez zrez janvbtíhjcez+ ha zbhtcda db chtbpvpbtep b pbtpetep+ vap nbca dez dcgbpbhtbz

vbzurczez+ bzzb janvaptenbhta da jahzrncdap urb ã nrtåwbk b bztå vpbzbhtb bn hazzezajcbdedb(_(((^ ,WEKBHTB+ 066<+ v(<4#(

Db ejapda jan dedaz da Vkeha Hejcahek db Trpczna ,VHT# 0669!0656<+ a Nchcztãpca da

Trpczna cnvkbnbhtar rn nadbka db ibztêa vý`kcje vepe a dbzbhwakwcnbhta db etcwcdedbz

trpîztcjez bn tadez ez pbicòbz da veîz jan `ezb bn jpceéêa db dcpbtpc}bz ibpecz b en`cbhtbz db

pbgkb|êa b dczjrzzêa( Echde zbirhda a VHT+ tek cnvkbnbhteéêa wce`ckc}e az jehecz db

chtbpkajréêa bhtpb e ibztêa vý`kcje b e chcjcetcwe vpcwede b da tbpjbcpa zbtap+ gejckctehda e

cnvkbnbhteéêa daz vpaipenez b eéòbz vpavaztaz vbka Vkeha(

0(2 Bjahance ibpede he jcdedb trpî ztcje

A trpczna ã rne etcwcdedb jeve} db etcwep b bztcnrkep bjahancez kajecz b pbicahecz+ jan

janvbtctcwez wehteibhz vbpehtb artpaz zbtapbz bjahôncjaz+ bztcnrkehda a jahzrna db `bhz b

zbpwcéaz da zbtap( Bn Nchez Ibpecz+ db ejapda jan e Zbjpbtepce db Bzteda da Trpczna3

,Zbtrp!NI#+ a trpczna ã lamb a zbtap de bjahance nchbcpe urb+ jan envkez wehteibhzjanvepetcwez+ ã jeve} db ibpep bnvpbia b pbhde+ bkbwep pbjbctez vý`kcjez+ jan mrzte

dcztpc`rcéêa ibaipågcje db `bhbgîjcaz zajcecz b jrktrpecz+ b vkbhe vpbzbpweéêa en`cbhtek( Vepe

Jrhle ,0664#+ e bjahance ibpede bn dbtbpnchede pbicêa ã agbptede vbke vpåtcje da trpczna

dbwcda a chjbhtcwa zajcek+ vakîtcja b gczjek(

A dczjrpza de hbjbzzcdedb db Trpczna ã vpadr}cda haz dcwbpzaz nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa+dcgrhdb e etcwcdedb jana eurbke urb ibpe pbhdcnbhtaz gchehjbcpaz+ pbbztprtrpe bjahancez

< Chztprnbhta db Vkehbmenbhta b ibztêa da trpczna ha @pezck( Gahtb=yyy(trpczna(iaw(`p!trpczna!aQnchcztbpca!vkehaQhejcahek!chdb|(ltnk3 Gahtb= yyy(trpczna(ni(iaw(`p



52

kajecz nbdcehtb e jpceéêa db vazta db tpeèkla b vbpnctb e chzbpéêa dez heéòbz he dchàncjebjahôncje ikaèk( ,JRHLE+ 0664( v(30#(

Vap tpåz db rne wceibn+ b|cztb rne dbnehde db dbzvbzez jan lazvbdeibn+ ekcnbhteéêa+

tpehzvaptb+ janãpjca+ vezzbcaz trpîztcjaz+ bhtpb artpaz( Bzzbz ieztaz pbvpbzbhten a ernbhta da

Vpadrta Chtbpha @prta ,VC@# da Bzteda b da veîz( Zbirhda a kbwehtenbhta gbcta vbka Jbhtpa

db Bztetîztcje b Chgapneéòbz ,JBC# de Grhdeéêa Maêa Vchlbcpa ,GMV#56+ da Iawbpha db Nchez

Ibpecz+ ha tbpjbcpa tpcnbztpb db 0656+ a VC@ nchbcpa evpbzbhtar jpbzjcnbhta pbek db 55+<+

bn pbkeéêa ea nbzna tpcnbztpb da eha db 0663+ ,.4+9#( Bzzb pbzrkteda+ db ejapda jan e

Grhdeéêa+ pbvpbzbhtar rn påvcda jpbzjcnbhta da pctna db b|vehzêa de etcwcdedb bjahôncje

da Bzteda+ vacz+ haz ýktcnaz dacz tpcnbztpbz da eha db 0656+ bztb chdcjedap må lewce pbicztpeda

wekapbz ejcne db 56(

Janvepehda a dbzbnvbhla de bjahance bn hîwbk hejcahek+ bn 0656+ e GIW dcwrkiar dedaz

urb naztpepen urb e te|e db jpbzjcnbhta pbek da VC@ zb dbztejar ha tbpjbcpa tpcnbztpb+

urehda Nchez Ibpecz etchicr 55+<+ vapjbhteibn bzte necap bn pbkeéêa ea da @pezck+ urb gac

db 7+9( Dcehtb dbztez chgapneéòbz+ jekjrke.zb urb a Bzteda nchbcpa evpbzbhtar rne

zrvbpeéêa db jchja vahtaz vbpjbhtrecz da urb a veîz( Az jpctãpcaz rtckc}edaz vbke Grhdeéêa

Ibtýkca Wepiez za`pb bzze zrvbpeéêa dêa jahte db urb=

Jana e b|vehzêa da nbpjeda chtbpha pbgkbtcr ha ernbhta de dbzvbze db jahzrna dezgenîkcez b+ vpchjcveknbhtb+ de gapneéêa `prte db jevctek gc|a+ e chdýztpce db tpehzgapneéêanchbcpe ã veptcjrkepnbhtb `bhbgcjcede jan b|jbkbhtbz vbpzvbjtcwez db jpbzjcnbhta db zrezwbhdez? ea nbzna tbnva+ e pbjrvbpeéêa dez b|vapteéòbz gewapbjbr za`pbnehbcpe e vpadréêa de chdrztpce b|tpetcwe da Bzteda( ,GRHDEÉÊA IBTÝKCA WEPIEZ+ 0656#55(

Jan e pbekc}eéêa de Jave dez Jahgbdbpeéòbz bn 065:+ e Jave da Nrhda bn 0654 b ez

Akcnvîedez db 0657 ha @pezck+ zbirhda e Zbtrp!NI+ bzvbjrke.zb jahzcdbpåwbk ernbhta ha

VC@ hejcahek b bztedrek( A Iawbpha chwbztcpå bn vpambtaz urb wczen pbgapnez b jahztpréòbz

db `bhz vý`kcjaz b vpcwedaz bn vpak db nbklap ejaklcnbhta db ncklepbz db wczctehtbz urb

jlbiepêa ea veîz haz vpú|cnaz ehaz( Ekãn dczza+ a úpiêa ten`ãn cnvkbnbhtepå artpaz

`bhbgîjcaz vepe ez jcdedbz urb ten`ãn zbpêa rtckc}edaz evúz ez gbztcwcdedbz+ jana drvkcjeéêa

db padawcez+ jpceéêa db hawez bzteéòbz db nbtpô b envkceéêa haz ebpavaptaz( Jan èzb bn

56 Vpadrta Chtbpha @prta db Nchez Ibpecz( Gahtb= lttv=!!yyy(gmv(iaw(`p!chdb|(vlv!zbpwcjaz!<5.zbpwcjaz.jbc!2<. vpadrta.chtbpha.`prta.db.nchez.ibpecz55 Chgapneéêa dczvahîwbk ha zctb ; lttv=!!yyy(gmv(iaw(`p!chdb|(vlv!èhja.db.hatcjcez!:7.hatcjcez.bn.dbzteurb!5062.vc`.nchbcpa.jpbzjb.55<.ha.tbpjbcpa.tpcnbztpb 8( Ejbzzeda bn 50 db nepéa db 0655(



57

dedaz dcwrkiedaz vbke Bnvpbze @pezckbcpe db Chgpebztprtrpe Ebpavaptråpce ,Chgpebpa#50+ bn zbr

Pbketúpca ehrek db 0656+ etã 0654+ bzte bnvpbze chwbztcpå bn a`pez jbpje db P$ 3 `cklòbz+

zbhda necz db P$ 2 `cklòbz haz ebpavaptaz pbkejcahedaz jan bwbhtaz chtbphejcahecz+ ha jeza e

Jave db 0654 b Akcnvîedez db 0657( Jahtrda+ wåpcaz bnvpbiaz tbnvapåpcaz zbpêa jpcedaz

ehtbz+ drpehtb b evúz ez janbnapeéòbz vpbwcztez+ a urb ibpepå ipehdb nawcnbhta he

bjahance `pezckbcpe(

Db ejapda jan a Vkeha Bztedrek db Trpczna da Iawbpha db Nchez Ibpecz+ db 0669 e 0654+

gac dbzbhwakwcda vbka Bzteda a Vpambta Bztprtrpedap Dbztchaz Trpîztcjaz Bztpetãicjaz+ bn

vepjbpce jan a Chztctrta @pezckbcpa db Trpczna ,Bn`petrp#+ gajeda he Jave db 0654 ha veîz(

Tek vpambta tbn a a`mbtcwa db bztcnrkep e chzbpéêa daz dbztchaz trpîztcjaz nchbcpaz ha nbpjeda vepe urb ernbhtb e janbpjcekc}eéêa db vpadrtaz eptbzehecz dez pbicòbz da Bzteda( Nez+ vepe

urb bztbz dbztchaz zbmen dcwrkiedaz+ wåpcez eéòbz zbpêa pbekc}edez vbka Iawbpha vepe

janvpbbhdbp a bztrda db nbpjeda+ jana e dbgchcéêa db vazcjcahenbhta nbpjedakúicja b

cdbhtcgcjeéêa db avbpedapbz b vepjbcpaz+ e chzbpéêa bn nîdce db vr`kcjcdedbz+ yapozlavz+

`kct}+ dbhtpb artpez eéòbz(

0(7 Trp czna ha jahtb|ta chtbphejcahek b hejcahek

Haz ýktcnaz ehaz+ pbicztpar.zb rn ipehdb ernbhta ha hýnbpa db vbzzaez urb jlbien db

wceibhz chtbphejcahecz bn tada a nrhda( Az vpchjcvecz natcwaz zêa bztrdaz+ hbiújcaz+

bwbhtaz bzvaptcwaz+ ekãn dez tpedcjcahecz gãpcez bzjakepbz( Hcbkzbh ,0660# dbgchb a trpczna

chtbphejcahek¦jana¦‛_((( ¦̂ e¦nawcnbhteéêa¦tbnvapåpce¦db¦vbzzaez¦vepe¦rn¦dbztcha¦ kajekc}eda

ekãn¦dez¦gpahtbcpez¦da¦veîz¦db¦apcibn¦ar¦de¦pbzcdíhjce¦dbzzez¦vbzzaez„+¦,HCBKZBH+¦0660+¦

v(5<#( A îhdcjb dez Jlbiedez db Trpczna Chtbphejcahek ,JTC# ã jkezzcgcjeda+ vbka ertap+ janae nbhzrpeéêa db nawcnbhteéòbz db trpczna bn tada a nrhda+ rtckc}eda vbke Apiehc}eéêa

Nrhdcek db Trpczna ,ANT# jana rn ̀ epônbtpa de etcwcdedb trpîztcje(

Db ejapda jan dedaz da Vkeha Hejcahek db Trpczna 0669!06565:+ dczvahîwbcz ha zctb da

Nchcztãpca da Trpczna+ bn 0667+ gapen pbicztpedaz <40 ncklòbz db trpcztez urb jlbiepen db

wceibhz chtbphejcahecz bn tada a nrhda( Hýnbpa bztb urb pbvpbzbhte rn jpbzjcnbhta nãdca

50 Pbketúpca ehrek 0656( Gahtb= Bnvpbze @pezckbcpe db Chgpe.Bztprtrpe Ebpavaptråpce ,Chgpebpa#5: Gahtb=lttv=!!yyy(trpczna(iaw(`p!b|vapt!zctbz!dbgerkt!trpczna!aQnchcztbpca!vkehaQhejcahek!dayhkaedzQvkehaQhejcahek!VHTQ0669Q0656(vdg



59

ehrek ejcne db 7 dbzdb 5326+ urehda gac jahte`ckc}eda rn tatek db 02 ncklòbz db jlbiedez(

Brpave+ Åzce+ Vejîgcja b Enãpcje da Haptb zêa az dbztchaz necz vpajrpedaz vbkaz trpcztez(

Zekcbhte.zb urb+ dcehtb db getapbz jahzcdbpedaz hbietcwaz+ jana tpeiãdcez hetrpecz b etbhtedaz

tbppapcztez+ bn veîzbz ahdb a trpczna ã rne ipehdb gahtb de bjahance+ e tbhdíhjce ã urb

ajappe rne dcnchrcéêa da hýnbpa db jlbiedez db trpcztez heurbke jcdedb ar veîz( Rn

b|bnvka jkepa gapen az eteurbz db 55 db zbtbn`pa db 066554+ bn Hawe Sapo+ Bztedaz Rhcdaz

de Enãpcje( A jeza jlajar a nrhda dcehtb dez cneibhz dcwrkiez vbke nîdce db ewcòbz

etchichda a janvkb|a db vpãdcaz da Yapkd Tped b J b h t b p + jahlbjcda jana Tappbz Iínbez(

Heurbke ãvaje+ bzzb bvczúdca jerzar pbzrktedaz chzetczgetúpcaz ha trpczna daz BRE( Vepe

Hcbkzbh ,0660#+ az trpcztez zb zbhtbn jan nbda db ekia ejahtbjbp jan bkbz evúz eteurbztbppapcztez(

Zbirhda rn kbwehtenbhta da Chztctrta Iekkrv+ pbekc}eda vbke pbwczte H b y z y bbo bn e`pck db5337+ 93 daz enbpcjehaz egcpnepen urb pbmbctepcen e avaptrhcdedb db wcemep ea b|tbpcap dbwcda æ enbeée da tbppapczna( Rne vbzurcze jan 062 eibhtbz db wceibhz jahztetar urbevpa|cnedenbhtb 4< db zbrz jehjbkenbhtaz bztewen pbkejcahedaz ea tbppapczna bn53<7( ,ZAHNB] ' IPEBG evrd HCBKZBH+ 0660+ v( 532#52(

Ha @pezck+ hêa ã dcgbpbhtb( A dbzkc}enbhta db rne bhjazte urb etchicr rne kr|raze varzede bwåpcez jezez wc}chlez he Ckle Ipehdb+ he èîe db Ehipe daz Pbcz+ ahdb nappbpen db}bhez db

vbzzaez+ gac rn b|bnvka db tpeiãdce hetrpek urb eèkar a trpczna deurbke pbicêa( A ejcdbhtb

ejahtbjbr ha dce vpcnbcpa db mehbcpa db 0663( Drpehtb rn àn tbnva+ az wczctehtbz hêa

urczbpen zb dbzkajep vepe e jcdedb jan pbjbca db ejahtbjbp artpa dbzkc}enbhta b vbka geta db

Ehipe tbp gcjeda dbzgekjede bn pbkeéêa e ekcnbhtaz b netbpcecz+ jana jakjlòbz+ jenez b

rtbhzîkcaz danãztcjaz urb gapen kbwedaz vbkez jlrwez(

Dcehtb dbzzez zctreéòbz+ nrctaz wcemehtbz+ jan nbda b zb vpbjewbhda da urb vadb ejahtbjbp+

vpbgbpbn ge}bp a trpczna db rn dce ‚ ar trpczna danãztcja ‚ + urb zêa wceibhz pbekc}edez+

dbhtpa da veîz+ bn nbhaz db rn dce+ chdbvbhdbhtb de gchekcdedb da trpczte+ tpeèkla+ bztrdaz+

54 Az etbhtedaz tbppapcztez db 55 db zbtbn`pa gapen wåpcaz eteurbz zrcjcdez jaapdbhedaz vbke apiehc}eéêagrhdenbhtekczte czkàncje chtbphejcahek+ jahztctrîde vap jãkrkez jakeàpetcwez b chdbvbhdbhtbz urb wczepcen+zrvaztenbhtb+ pbdr}cp e chgkríhjce hêa.czkàncje za`pb ezzrhtaz czkàncjaz+ e Ek.Uebde+ bn 0665( Db}bhawbtbppapcztez zburbztpepen uretpa ewcòbz+ ha urek dacz dbkbz ètbpen+ chtbhjcaheknbhtb+ jahtpe ez Tappbz Iínbez(

Enàz az vpãdcaz dbznapahepen evúz drez lapez( A tbpjbcpa ewcêa etchicr a Vbhtåiaha+ bn Epkchitah+ vpú|cnae Yezlchitah+ b a urepta jecr bn rn jenva+ he Vbhzckwàhce( A tatek db naptaz heurbkb dce gac db 0(337 vbzzaez(52 ZAHN]+ Z( ' Ipebgb+ E( Ch g kr b h jb a g T b ppapc z n Pc z o ah Gap b cih Tarpc z n D bj c z cah z ( Ehhek z a z Tarpc z n P b z b ep j l + Wak(02 ,5#+ Vbpienan Vpbzz+ PR+ 533<(



5<

ke}bp+¦bhtpb¦artpaz(¦‛A¦trpczna¦db¦rn¦dce¦zb¦dcgbpbhjcepå dez dbnecz nadekcdedbz evbhez vbka

ezvbjta¦da¦vbpîada¦db¦vbpnehíhjce+¦ar¦zbme+¦chgbpcap¦e¦04¦lapez„(¦,NBKA+¦0664+¦v(¦560#(¦

Zbirhda dedaz dczvahîwbcz he vbzurcze za`pb e Jepejtbpc}eéêa b a Dcnbhzcahenbhta da

Trpczna Danãztcja ha @pezck57+ pbekc}ede vbke Grhdeéêa Chztctrta db Vbzurczez Bjahôncjez

,GCVB#+ ha eha db 0664+ az Bztedaz urb necz apcichen trpcztez danãztcjaz vepe az dbnecz

dbztchaz bn 0662 gapen= Zêa Verka ,:2+9#+ Nchez Ibpecz ,5:+7#+ Pca db Mehbcpa ,<+0#+

Pca Ipehdb da Zrk ,9+3# b Vepehå ,9+4#( Urehta eaz urb necz pbjb`bn wcemehtbz gapen=

Zêa Verka ,09+9#+ Nchez Ibpecz ,56+<#+ Pca db Mehbcpa ,<+4#+ @elce ,9+4# b Zehte

Jetepche ,9+0#( Pbzzekte.zb urb Zêa Verka kcdbpe a pehochi db zeîdez b bhtpedez db trpcztez

danãztcjaz vap wåpcaz natcwaz+ bhtpb bkbz+ vap tpetep.zb db rn Bzteda jepejtbpc}eda vbkezchýnbpez chdýztpcez+ ahdb ipehdb hýnbpa db vbzzaez wcemen æ tpeèkla(

0(9 Hawez tbjhakaicez de janrhcjeéêa ha nbpjeda trp î ztcja

Dcehtb daz ewehéaz tbjhakúicjaz+ urb vpavapjcahepen e nadbphc}eéêa b jpceéêa db evepbklaz

jana kev t av z + jbkrkepbz+ IVZ ,Ikaèk Va z c t cahchi Z s zt b n #+ jànbpez gcknedapez b gataipågcjez+

bhtpb artpaz+ e wcde dez vbzzaez gac egbtede jan tenehle bgcjåjce urb bztbz evepetaztbjhakúicjaz jerzen bn tepbgez zcnvkbz da dce.dce+ jana ejbzzep rne jahte èhjåpce etpewãz

da jbkrkep( E gapne db tpeèkla dbkez ten`ãn gac ektbpede( Lamb+ vap b|bnvka+ ã vazzîwbk

jahzrktep+ vbke chtbphbt+ e nbklap kajekc}eéêa db rn latbk bn Vepcz+ he Gpehée+ nbzbz ehtbz db

zb dbzkajep vepe eurbke jcdedb( Ar+ echde+ jan rn IVZ+ jahzbircp patbcpc}ep trpcztcjenbhtb b

zb kajanawbp db gapne chdbvbhdbhtb dbhtpa db rn veîz(

Lå ekirhz ehaz+ a urbzcta chjkrzêa dcictek evbhez zb pbkejcahewe æurbkez vbzzaez urb ze`cenge}bp tepbgez urb lamb jlenenaz db `åzcjez+ jana+ vap b|bnvka+ bhwcep b.neck+ dcictep tb|taz+

nahtep vkehcklez b ipågcjaz b hewbiep vbke chtbphbt( Etreknbhtb+ ha pena de janrhcjeéêa+

bzze b|vpbzzêa iehlar hawaz prnaz b vepe zbp rne vbzzae chjkrze eaz hawaz chztprnbhtaz

dcictecz ã vpbjcza ze`bp+ ekãn dez grhéòbz jctedez+ bdctep cneibhz tbkbwczcwez b årdcaz bn

vpaipenez bzvbjîgcjaz db janvrtedap+ tpetep cneibhz gataipegedez bn evepbklaz bzvbjîgcjaz+

vaztep netbpcek ,årdca+ wîdba b tb|ta# bn la n b .vei b z + epne}bhep epurcwaz bn kajecz

evpavpcedaz+ janveptcklep dedaz vbke chtbphbt+ bhtpb artpaz(

57 Gahtb= Grhdeéêa Chztctrta db Vbzurczez Bjahôncjez ‚ GCVB .+ Jepejtbpc}eéêa b a Dcnbhzcahenbhta daTrpczna Danãztcja ha @pezck+ Zêa Verka+ GCVB+ 0667(



53

Ha urb dc} pbzvbcta ea trpczna+ ã vpbjcza urb az vpagczzcahecz dbzte åpbe zecèn kcdep b rtckc}ep

bzzbz hawaz evepetaz tbjhakúicjaz vepe a dbzbhwakwcnbhta daz hbiújcaz trpîztcjaz( Bzzbz

hawaz nbcaz db bhwcep b pbjb`bp chgapneéòbz gc}bpen jan urb az jrpzaz db urekcgcjeéêa bn

Trpczna zb edevtezzbn e bzze pbekcdedb b chwbztczzbn bn burcvenbhtaz nadbphaz b bgcje}bz(

_(((^ Bn rn nrhda db ekte tbjhakaice+ a Jrpza db Trpczna hêa vadb bztep bn zchtahce jana vezzeda+ nez zcn jan e pbekcdedb etrek b grtrpe+ vacz a grtrpa hbzzb zãjrka \\C jlbienrcta påvcda% Hêa ã necz vazzîwbk gekep bn bhzcha db trpczna zbn burcvenbhtaz db ýktcneibpeéêa ha jenva de vpadréêa db nîdcez dcictecz b db tpehznczzêa db chgapneéêa bn ektewbkajcdedb( Vpbjczenaz db keàpetúpcaz `bn burcvedaz b db dajbhtbz ektenbhtburekcgcjedaz( A vpagczzcahek db trpczna tbn db ge}bp rza dez tbjhakaicez dczvahîwbcz vepejpcep b wbhdbp a zbr vpadrta ar zbpwcéa( ,GBPPBCPE+ PC@BCPA+ 0662+ v(066#(

Etpewãz de jpceéêa db hawez tbjhakaicez+ jana e tbkbwczêa bn :D+ jbkrkepbz nadbphaz b e

vpúvpce chtbphbt+ ã vazzîwbk jahgbpcp+ bn tbnva pbek+ trda urb ejahtbjb ha @pezck b ha nrhda+

zbn¦tbp¦urb¦jahtep¦jan¦èppbcpez¦ibaipågcjez¦b¦a¦getap¦tbnva(¦‛_(((^¦b¦a¦trpczna+¦vap¦zre¦wb}+¦zb¦

tpehzgapnar nbdcehtb bzte hawe jrktrpe nbdcåtcje ikaèk+ vazzc`ckcteda æz vbzzaez wceibhz b

dbkîpcaz¦vap¦nbca¦dez¦cneibhz¦de¦TW¦b¦de¦Chtbphbt+¦_(((^„¦,GPEHJLC+¦0664(¦v(507#(

Az vpagczzcahecz db trpczna dbwbn zbnvpb tpeèklep bn vepjbpce jan az wbîjrkaz dbjanrhcjeéêa( Ã etpewãz de nîdce urb az vpadrtaz b zbpwcéaz da trpczna jlbien ea

jahlbjcnbhta daz trpcztez+ vap nbca db vpaipenez db tbkbwczêa+ jchbne+ vr`kcjcdedbz+

tbkbmaphecz+ gataipegcez+ zctbz de chtbphbt+ bhtpb artpaz( Hcbkzbh ,0660# egcpne urb e gapne

jana ez chgapneéòbz trpîztcjez zêa tpehznctcdez vepe ez vbzzaez dbwb zbp jertbkaze+ zbkbtcwe b

a`mbtcwe+ vepe urb leme rne necap b nbklap e`zapéêa de nbhzeibn( Ekãn dczza+ e chgapneéêa

dbwb zbp janvkbte b zb edburep ea wbîjrka db janrhcjeéêa+ urb zêa= tbkbwczêa+ pådca+ cnvpbzza

b chtbphbt(

Ez tbkbjanrhcjeéòbz+ pbdbz zajcecz b e jahwbpiíhjce db nîdce jahtpc`rîpen ‚ b echde

jahtpc`rbn ‚ vepe e nadbphc}eéêa+ pevcdb} b bgcjcíhjce de nîdce( Bzzb ejýnrka db

chgapneéòbz vadb tbp cnvejta vazctcwa+ jana+ vap b|bnvka+ rne janrhcjeéêa necz påvcde b

chtbkcibhtb+ nez ten`ãn hbietcwa+ dbwcda ea ejýnrka b!ar æ drvkcjcdedb db chgapneéòbz urb

vadbn ibpep jahgrzêa he nbhtb da trpczte(

_(((^ ez nbhzeibhz drvkcjedez janvbtbn vbke etbhéêa daz jkcbhtbz( Bzze janvkb|cdedbten`ãn taphe a tpeèkla daz jahzrktapbz db wceibhz ‚ må dcgîjck dbwcda æz jpbzjbhtbzb|ciíhjcez db zre jkcbhtbke . echde necz janvkcjeda b vbzeda( Urehta necap e urehtcdedb b



06

wepcbdedb db chgapneéòbz pbjb`cdez+ necapbz ez dcgcjrkdedbz bhjahtpedez vbka jãpb`palrneha bn vpajbzzå.kez b bkeàpep nbhzeibhz chdcwcdrecz( ,HCBKZBH+ 0660+ v( 3:#(

Tade bzze dcwrkieéêa db rn kriep trpîztcja vap nbca dez pbdbz zajcecz b de nîdce vadb jerzep

ha trpczte e zbhzeéêa db wcemep zbn zecp db jeze+ ar zbme+ dbvbhdbhda de gapne b jahtb|ta urb

ez chgapneéòbz trpîztcjez gapbn agbpbjcdez eaz jahzrncdapbz+ bztez vadbn etpecp ar chc`cp ez

vbzzaez e zeîpbn db jeze( YCKD ,0664# egcpne urb e dcwrkieéêa de cneibn cdbek db

dbtbpncheda kriep vap nbca db pådca+ tbkbwczêa+ jchbne+ chtbphbt+ bhtpb artpaz+ bztcnrke a

trpczte¦e¦zb¦dbzkajep¦da¦vahta¦‛E„¦vepe¦a¦vahta¦‛@„(¦Nez+¦bzze¦nbzne¦dcwrkieéêa¦vadb¦ge}bp¦

jan urb a trpczte jahlbée az vahtaz trpîztcjaz db dbtbpnchede pbicêa etpewãz db wîdbaz+ gataz

ar+ etã nbzna+ vbkaz zctbz trpîztcjaz de chtbphbt+ bwctehda+ dbzze gapne+ a dbzkajenbhta(

0(< E chgkríhjce de nîdce he chdýztpc e da trp czna

E veptcp da nanbhta bn urb a zbp lrneha dbjcdb wcemep vepe dbztchaz echde hêa jahlbjcdaz

vap bkb+ ertanetcjenbhtb `rzje chgapneéòbz da kriep bzjaklcda vap nbca de nîdce+ gataz+

pbketaz db vbzzaez+ wîdbaz+ vehgkbtaz+ vpaveiehdez+ ar+ etã nbzna+ daz eibhtbz db trpczna( E

veptcp db bhtêa+ a wcemehtb cneiche a jbhåpca urb bkb wec bhjahtpep ha kriep dbzbmeda+ nez hbnzbnvpb ã trda eurcka urb bkb bzvbpe( Nrctez wb}bz+ gac evbhez e wbcjrkeéêa db chgapneéòbz

àez e pbzvbcta da kajek e gcn db jetcwep ez vbzzaez vepe wczctå.ka(

Db ejapda jan Jrhle ,0664#+ e nîdce jpce rne cneibn db rn dbtbpncheda kriep jan e

chtbhéêa db vpanawbp a trpczna he pbicêa( Ez vbzzaez zêa natcwedez e zb dbzkajep e rn

dbtbpncheda kajek vbka ke}bp+ vbkaz dbzbmaz b vbkaz zahlaz( Dbzte gapne+ ã vpbjcza urb az

nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa ekcnbhtbn tecz gehtezcez+ vap nbca daz vpaipenez db tbkbwczêa+ vpaveiehdez b chtbphbt+ jan cneibhz db rn kriep vbpgbcta vepe urb az trpcztez zb natcwbn e

gbjlep rn vejatb hez eiíhjcez db trpczna b zb dbzkaurbn vepe a dbztcha bzjaklcda(

Ez cneibhz cdbecz daz kajecz trpîztcjaz zêa a`tcdez vbke dcwrkieéêa de jrkchåpce pbicahek+

lazvctekcdedb daz napedapbz+ vbpgbcéêa daz kriepbz ‚ hetrpecz ar hêa .+ ez wbztcnbhtez dez

vbzzaez b a eptbzeheta( A trpczte zb zbhtb natcweda ea wbp+ bn rne jenvehle db dcwrkieéêa+

`bkez veczeibhz db vpecez? jcdedbz `bn jrcdedez+ kcnvez b epàpc}edez? varzedez vpú|cnez db

rne åpbe wbpdb jan wåpcez vkehtez b gkapbz? vahtaz trpîztcjaz? latãcz kr|razaz b vbzzaez

àhctez b gbkc}bz( Vap bzze pe}êa+ ez bnvpbzez trpîztcjez dcwrkien bztez cneibhz he nîdce



05

dehda necap íhgezb hez japbz de veczeibn urb gap zbp vr`kcjede+ ekãn db ejpbzjbhtep gpezbz

jan vekewpez urb bhjehten¦ az¦ jahzrncdapbz+¦ jana¦ ‛pbekc}b¦ zbr¦ zahla+¦ wbhle¦ vepe¦ bzzb¦

vepeîza„+¦‛kriep¦db¦dbzjehza¦b¦ekbipce„¦b¦‛Dbzgprtb¦db¦nanbhtaz¦db¦ke}bp¦b¦ewbhtrpe„(

Ez cneibhz trpîztcjez evpbzbhtedez vbkaz nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa zajcek ge}bn chtbpeicp a vý`kcja pbjbvtap jan bzveéaz cdbecz bn tbpnaz db kc`bpdedb+ zbirpehée b vpe}bp( Nrctezwb}bz+ _(((^ e nîdce jadcgcje cneibhz db kriepbz vap nbca db zînàkaz pbvpbzbhtetcwaz dazcdbecz lrnehaz+ jan bkbnbhtaz pbgbpbhtbz æz zrez hbjbzzcdedbz db za`pbwcwíhjce b agbpbjbea ipehdb vý`kcja `bhz db jahzrna vpadr}cdaz vbke kúicje db rne bjahance ikaèk(,JRHLE+ 0664+ v( 7<#(

Må Hcbkzbh ,0660# egcpne urb ã vevbk de nîdce dcwrkiep chgapneéòbz urb vadbn zbp gewapåwbcz

ar hêa æz bnvpbzez db wceibhz( Dbzze gapne+ ez eiíhjcez db trpczna dcwrkien ez chgapneéòbz

jan nrcte jertbke+ vacz urekurbp vekewpe nek jakajede bn rne gpezb ar urekurbp b|vpbzzêa

nek chtbpvpbtede vbkaz bzvbjtedapbz vadb ibpep rne ipehdb vakíncje+ ajezcahehda e

dbipedeéêa da hanb de eiíhjce db wceibhz+ b ge}bp jan urb a trpczte avtb e bzjaklbp artpe

bnvpbze vepe gbjlep rn vejatb db wceibn ar+ etã nbzna+ nrdb a dbztcha( Echde db ejapda

jan Hcbkzbh ,0660#+ e tbkbwczêa+ vap b|bnvka+ ã a wbîjrka urb necz jahtpc`rc vepe bzze

zctreéêa vap zbp jahzcdbpede a nbca db janrhcjeéêa necz bgcjcbhtb vepe e dcwrkieéêa db rne

hatîjce b bztep vpbzbhtb hez pbzcdíhjcez db urezb tadez ez genîkcez `pezckbcpez(

Ez avbpedapez db trpczna vpbjczen bhtbhdbp a pbek natcwa vbka urek az trpcztez bzjaklbn a

kajek db dbztcha+ vap b|bnvka+ zb må ã rn kriep jahlbjcda vap bkbz+ pbjanbhdeéêa db artpez

vbzzaez ar zb ã rn zahla e zbp pbekc}eda( Az jpctãpcaz rtckc}edaz vap bkbz vepe zbkbjcahep ez

bnvpbzez trpîztcjez+ jana dbzjahta ha wekap tatek da vejatb+ vpanaéòbz+ chdcjeéêa+ bhtpb

artpaz+ ten`ãn zêa grhdenbhtecz vepe urb a eibhtb db wceibn zecè vepe urbn+ urehda b

jana gaphbjbp az vpadrtaz trpîztcjaz( A geta db jede vbzzae vbhzep b eicp dcgbpbhtb de artpedcgcjrkte echde necz e tepbge dez eiíhjcez bn agbpbjbp a vpadrta trpîztcja cdbek+ zahleda b

vkehbmeda vbke jkcbhtbke( E chdbjczêa vap veptb da trpczte ten`ãn ã artpa getap urb dbznatcwe

e wbhde db vejatbz trpîztcjaz( Vap bzzb natcwa+ ã dbzbmåwbk urb e bnvpbze zecè chtbpvpbtep az

wbpdedbcpaz a`mbtcwaz+ dbzbmaz b+ a necz cnvaptehtb+ ge}bp jan urb a jkcbhtb zecè b|etenbhtb

a urb bkb dbzbme vepe urb a trpczte zb zchte chjbhtcweda e wcemep(



00

0(3 E cnvaptàhjce da nep obtchi ha trpczna

E vr`kcjeéêa he nîdce db zbpwcéaz dez eiíhjcez db trpczna wbn jpbzjbhda ipedetcwenbhtb( A

natcwa ã e b|vehzêa dez avbpedapez ha veîz( Vpagczzcahecz db trpczna chwbztbn jede wb}

necap urehtcdedb db dchlbcpa+ tbnva b tbjhakaice he dcwrkieéêa daz kriepbz agbpbjcdaz ea

trpczte bn tadaz az nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa( A nbpjeda trpîztcja evazte urb+ ea jakajep zbrz

vpadrtaz he nîdce+ bkb tbpå rn `an pbtapha bn ernbhta db jkcbhtbz b gchehjbcpa( Jrhle

,0664# pbzzekte urb e vr`kcjcdedb trpîztcje ã rn ipehdb getap urb dbzvbpte a chtbpbzzb da

trpczte+ bztcnrkehda zbrz dbzbmaz b gehtezcez( Etpewãz dbzze dcwrkieéêa+ zêa jpcedez cneibhz

db kriepbz b en`cbhtbz eipedåwbcz+ chbzurbjîwbcz b urb gaibn da urb ã janrn(

E vr`kcjcdedb trpîztcje rzrgprc az nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa vepe etbhdbp ez hbjbzzcdedbz dbna`ckcdedb daz jahzrncdapbz+ bzte`bkbjbn júdciaz urb etpewãz de b|vazcéêa db cneibhzpanehtc}edez dbzvbpten a chtbpbzzb da lanbn b pbjpcen az bkbnbhtaz db vpe}bp+ zbirpehéeb kc`bpdedb( Vepe etbhdbp e dbnehde ibpede vbke vpaveiehde trpîztcje+ rn nbpjeda dbwceibhz ã chztctrjcahekc}eda vap bnvpbzez nrktchejcahecz urb agbpbjbn lazvbdeibn btpehzvaptb+ jpcehda jahdcéòbz vpåtcjez vepe e na`ckcdedb zb chztekep bhtpb az lå`ctaz dbjahzrna de jahtbnvapehbcdedb( ,JRHLE+ 0664+ v(<7#(

Bn 066:+ a Nchcztãpca da Trpczna rtckc}ar vr`kcjcdedbz bn gbcpez b bwbhtaz chtbphejcahecz

vepe dcwrkiep a @pezck ha b|tbpcap+ zbirhda a Vkeha Hejcahek db Trpczna59

db 0669 æ 0656(Bn 0662+ envkcar.zb bzze dcwrkieéêa da veîz e hîwbk chtbphejcahek etpewãz da vpaipene

Eibhde db Vpanaéêa Janbpjcek da Trpczna @pezckbcpa ha Nbpjeda Chtbphejcahek+ jpceda vbka

Ntrp( Jan czza+ echde jahgapnb a Vkeha+ bn 0667 a @pezck gac a zãtcna veîz urb necz

pbekc}ar bwbhtaz db vr`kcjcdedbz trpîztcjez dcwrkiedaz bn tada a nrhda+ a urb pbzrktar bn 45

gbcpez chtbphejcahecz db trpczna b 05 gbcpez janbpjcecz(

Må bn Nchez Ibpecz+ db ejapda jan A Vkeha Bztedrek db Trpczna5<+ db 0669 æ 0654+ de

Zbjpbtepce Bztedrek db Trpczna+ a Bzteda jahte jan a Nejpa.vpaipene db Vpanaéêa b Evaca

æ Janbpjcekc}eéêa+ urb wcze vpanawbp Nchez haz nbpjedaz pbicahek+ hejcahek b chtbphejcahek+

etpewãz db vpaveiehdez+ vr`kcjcdedbz b veptcjcveéêa bn bwbhtaz urb dcwrkien b eipbien

wekap æ cneibn daz dbztchaz nchbcpaz( Hbkb jahzte a Vkeha db Nepobtchi+ urb zb `ezbce he

ehåkczb da janvaptenbhta da jahzrncdap nadbpha+ cdbhtcgcjehda ez tbhdíhjcez da

janvaptenbhta lrneha+ db jahzrna b bztckaz db wcde? ehåkczb nejpa.en`cbhtek+ urb zêa ez

chgkríhjcez vakîtcjez+ bjahôncjez b zajcecz? b+ vap gcn+ e ehåkczb ncjpa en`cbhtek+ urb vbpnctb

59 Vkeha Hejcahek db Trpczna+ db 0669 æ 0656=Rne wceibn db chjkrzêa5< Gahtb= Vkeha Bztedrek db Trpczna da Iawbpha db Nchez Ibpecz(



0:

e bztpetãice db dcztpc`rcéêa necz bgcjcbhtb daz vpadrtaz nchbcpaz vbpehtb jede rn daz

nbpjedaz.ekwaz( Ekãn dczza+ jan a chtrcta db iepehtcp e bgbtcwcdedb da Vkeha+ e Zbtrp!NI

jpcar bztpetãicez db nepobtchi urb zêa b|bjrtedez vap nbca db eéòbz+ vpambtaz b vpaipenez( E

pbgapnrkeéêa db eéòbz vpanajcahecz+ a ernbhtep de urehtcdedb b nbklapce de urekcdedb daz

bwbhtaz pbekc}edaz bn Nchez Ibpecz+ e nbklape de urekcdedb de chgapneéêa rtckc}ede haz

vpajbzzaz dbjczúpcaz b ha vkehbmenbhta db nepobtchi de Zbjpbtepce+ zêa ekirhz daz wåpcaz

b|bnvkaz db bztpetãicez nchbcpez(

E bztpetãice db nepobtchi+ ekãn db vbpzredcp b wbhdbp+ ibpbhjce az dbzbmaz b ez hbjbzzcdedbz

haz jahzrncdapbz( Ha jeza da trpczna+ az vpadrtaz e zbpbn agbpbjcdaz zêa latãcz+ wczctez e

kriepbz vý`kcjaz b vpcwedaz+ vezzeibhz eãpbez+ tbppbztpbz ar nepîtcnez+ jbhtpaz dbbhtpbtbhcnbhta+ bhtpb artpaz( Nez Gpehjlc ,0664+ v( 5:<# b|vkcje¦urb+¦‛nbzna¦vbpzredcdaz¦

vap vpaveiehdez+ ez vbzzaez ejeèn zb gprztpehda vap hêa bhjahtpepbn hez agbptez vepe ez

urecz¦gapen¦etpeîdez¦janvpanczza¦jan¦zbrz¦dbzbmaz¦b¦ehzcbdedb(„¦Dbzte¦gapne+¦ã¦hbjbzzåpca¦

urb a nepobtchi hêa zbme gajeda zanbhtb haz vpadrtaz b zbpwcéaz b+ zcn+ haz bgbctaz de agbpte

pbgkbtcdaz ha jahzrncdap(

Ha @pezck+ ez tbkbhawbkez zêa vpadrtaz de nîdce urb vazzrbn a necap vadbp db vbpzredcp bdctep nade he zajcbdedb( Bzzb vadbp db vbpzrezêa urb ez hawbkez tín ejeè chtbpgbpchda ha

janvaptenbhta b etctrdbz dez vbzzaez+ vpchjcveknbhtb haz mawbhz+ urb eppczjen zbn nbda b

evazten ha chrzcteda(

E nîdce ã lamb rne dez necapbz jpcedapez b vpaveiedapez db nadcznaz+ db gapne e iepehtcp e ejbcteéêa b nehrtbhéêa db zbr vý`kcja( E gå`pcje necz tpedcjcahek b vbpzrezcwe db nadezwbn zbhda+ ha @pezck+ ez tbkbhawbkez+ urb jan tãjhcjez vbpzrezcwez vpbjczez+ ekãn db vpakcgbpepbn gaptbz bkbnbhtaz cdbakúicjaz db janvaptenbhta+ jahztpabn b dbzjahztpabn

nadczna hrne e`pehiíhjce db vý`kcja menecz cneicheda+ chjkrzcwb vepe e vpåtcje datrpczna( ,GPEHJLC+ 0664+ v( 5:6#(

Jede wb} necz+ az mawbhz bztêa æ vpajrpe db rne eiíhjce db trpczna vepe zb dbzkajepbn e

kriepbz urb agbpbéen jahdcéòbz vepe pbekc}eéêa db bzvaptbz pedcjecz+ urb jahtbhlen etpeéòbz

trpîztcjez+ rne àe nýzcje ar+ zcnvkbznbhtb+ vbka vatbhjcek db etpeéòbz panàhtcjez de jcdedb(

Az nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa jpcen vbpzaheibhz b bhgetc}en jan chtbhzcdedb e `bkb}e da kajek+

etpewãz db vpaipenez db tbkbwczêa+ vap wåpcez chtbhéòbz+ bhtpb bkez+ a hbiújca trpîztcja( Vap czza+ ã dbwbp de ibztêa de janrhcjeéêa chtbipede . mrhtenbhtb jan a vkehbmenbhta db



04

nepobtchi .+ jahlbjbp az dcwbpzaz vý`kcjaz b zrez hbjbzzcdedbz+ ha urb dc} pbzvbcta æ vpåtcje

db jahzrna( Dbzze gapne+ zbirhda WEKBHTB ,066<#+ e ibztêa vadb etrep vap nbca daz

dcgbpbhtbz nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa+ dbzdb az tpedcjcahecz+ jana vpaveiehdez+ vpanaéêa db

wbhde+ nepobtchi dcpbta+ nbpjlehdczchi+ etã vbka nepobtchi dcictek+ ar zbme+ urb rtckc}en

tbjhakaice dcictek+ jana ienbz+ z c t b z + `kai z + bhtpb artpaz(



02

: TB KB W CZÊ A B A PBI CAHE KCZNA

Hbztb jevîtrka zbpå eàpdeda db urb gapne rne bnczzape db tbkbwczêa+ urb ã rn daz necapbz

wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa db nezze+ vadb chgkrbhjcep e wcde dez vbzzaez b jana bzze nîdce

er|ckce a vpagczzcahek bn janrhcjeéêa ha zbr tpeèkla dcåpca( Ekãn dczza+ zbpå naztpede e

cnvaptàhjce de dcwrkieéêa da trpczna bn rne bnvpbze tbkbwczcwe(

:(5 Tbkbwczêa b a trp czna

E tbkbwczêa ã+ lamb+ rn daz chztprnbhtaz ncdcåtcjaz db nezze necz bgcje} ha urb dc} pbzvbcta

æ dcwrkieéêa de chgapneéêa( Bhtpb zrez wåpcez grhéòbz+ dbzteje.zb e db bdrjep+ chgapnep bbhtpbtbp a tbkbzvbjtedap jan jahtbýda dcwbpzcgcjeda+ wakteda vepe dcgbpbhtbz vý`kcjaz( Ã vap

nbca dbke urb jakajenaz a nrhda dbhtpa de hazze jeze+ vbpnctchda haz etrekc}epnaz za`pb az

vpchjcvecz getaz b ejahtbjcnbhtaz da vkehbte( Ha trpczna hêa ã dcgbpbhtb( Cneibhz db

dbtbpnchedaz dbztchaz trpîztcjaz zêa naztpedez he tbkbwczêa jan e chtbhéêa db vpanawbp a

trpczna he pbicêa(

Zêa vap nbca daz vpaipenez db wceibhz+ pbvapteibhz db kriepbz urb etpebn jahzcdbpåwbkhýnbpa db wczctehtbz b vpaveiehdez db eiíhjcez trpîztcjez urb ez bnczzapez db tbkbwczêa

tpehznctbn+ vepe a bzvbjtedap+ cneibhz daz vpchjcvecz vahtaz trpîztcjaz de jcdedb+ ekãn dez

`bkez veczeibhz+ ieztpahance b a eptbzeheta de pbicêa agbptede( Nez bzzez cneibhz zêa

tpeèkledez+ vap vpagczzcahecz de janrhcjeéêa+ vepe urb e vbzzae+ urb bztbme da artpa keda de

tbke+ zchte zbhzeéòbz vepbjcdez db jana zb bke bztcwbzzb vpbzbhtb ha kajek+ ar zbme+ ge} jan urb

az zbhtcdaz lrnehaz zbmen bztcnrkedaz e jahlbjbp dbtbpncheda kriep zbn zecp db gpbhtb de

tbkbwczêa(

A trpczte zb ekcnbhte+ wí+ taje+ bzjrte+ kí+ geke+ jlbcpe b avbpe jaihctcwe b bnajcaheknbhtbbn eéòbz jana a`mbtcwaz bzvbjîgcjaz+ dcgbpbhtbz daz db zbr dce.dce+ gajedaz he zetczgeéêadb dbzbmaz+ db gehtezcez b zahlaz( Ha bhtehta+ hêa zb vadb dbzvpb}ep a vadbp urb b|bpjb ecneibn hbztb vpajbzza db janrhcjeéêa( A trpczna ã vpcnapdceknbhtb rne etcwcdedb dbjanrhcjeéêa wczrek vap nbca de urek zb ganbhten tadez ez bnaéòbz b bgbctaz bztãtcjazchdcwcdrecz b jakbtcwaz( ,GPEHJLC+ 0664+ v( 506#(

Bzze vazzc`ckcdedb db jahlbjbp+ vap nbca de tbkbwczêa+ a urb a dbztcha trpîztcja evpbzbhte vepe

zbrz wczctehtbz zbn urb bkbz bztbmen gczcjenbhtb vpbzbhtbz+ ten`ãn dbzvbpte ez zbhzeéòbz dbzbirpehée+ ejahjlbia b `bn.bztep( Egchek+ e vbzzae vadbpå dbzgprtep dez cneibhz tpehznctcdez



07

vbka vpaipene trpîztcja+ vap b|bnvka+ bn jeze+ jan e genîkce pbrhcde+ kahib de wcakíhjce b de

eicteéêa db artpez vbzzaez+ urb+ vap wbhtrpe+ vadbpcen bztep vpbzbhtbz ha kajek naztpeda(

Ekãn dczza+ bzze vpavazte vpavapjcahe ea tbkbzvbjtedap dbzjehzep de tbhzêa gîzcje b

bnajcahek dbvacz db rn dce vbzeda db tpe`ekla(

Trda czza bztcnrke ez vbzzaez e `rzjepbn+ jede wb} necz+ e tbkbwczêa jana rn nbca db

jahlbjbp wåpcez jcdedbz trpîztcjez da nrhda zbn zecp db jeze( A vatbhjcek dbzte nîdce ge} jan

urb a tbkbzvbjtedap+ nbzna urb hrhje tbhle wcemeda vepe a b|tbpcap+ vap b|bnvka+ e`zapwe

wezta jahlbjcnbhta ea evpbjcep e jrktrpe+ kîhirez b az jaztrnbz daz dcgbpbhtbz veîzbz da

vkehbte( Vepe tehta+ zêa dcwrkiedaz cneibhz+ zahz b pbketaz db vbzzaez jahlbjbdapez da

ezzrhta bn urbztêa vepe nbklap wczrekc}eéêa da dbztcha trpîztcja verteda(

:(0 L cztúpce de tbkbwczêa ̀ p ezckbc pe

Cherirpede agcjceknbhtb bn 5< db zbtbn`pa db 5326+ vbke TW Trvc jehek :+ bn Zêa Verka+

vap Ezzcz Jletber`pcehd53+ e tbkbwczêa `pezckbcpe gac rn nepja he wcde dez vbzzaez( Heurbke

ãvaje+ bpen varjez ez genîkcez urb tchlen a evepbkla tbkbwczap bn zrez pbzcdíhjcez vap tpetep.

zb db rn a`mbta db ekta jrzta( Vap bzzb natcwa+ Jletber`pcehd bhjanbhdar da b|tbpcap bdcztpc`rcr dr}bhtaz evepbklaz vepe urb+ vbka nbhaz ekirhz `pezckbcpaz+ vrdbzzbn ejanvehlep

eurbkb dce lcztúpcja( Jan czza+ ez vbzzaez zb pbrhcen he jeze db wc}chlaz b vepbhtbz vepe

ezzcztcpbn e vpaipeneéêa da dce urb bpe janvazte vbkaz tbkbtbetpaz+ tbkbgcknbz+ zbpcedaz

bztpehibcpaz b zlayz vepbjcdaz jan az pedcagôhcjaz(

E gpezb jãkb`pb urb chcjcar e tpehznczzêa dez cneibhz ha veîz gac dcte vap rne jpcehée db

jchja¦ehaz¦db¦cdedb=¦‛bztå¦ha¦ep¦e¦tbkbwczêa¦ha¦@pezck„(¦Echde¦hez¦japbz¦vpbta¦b¦`pehj a b zbnipehdbz evepetaz tbjhakúicjaz+ ez jbhez bpen vpambtedez he tbke da evepbkla tbkbwczap zbn

nrcte hctcdb}( Ez vbzzaez urb ekc evepbjcen+ hêa tchlen zbrz jahtaphaz dbgchcdaz+ nez

zanbhtb vbka geta db wbp a urb bztewe ejahtbjbhda bn rn artpa kriep urb hêa gazzb eurbkb

bn urb e vbzzae bztewe+ må bpe a `eztehtb vepe bhjehtep b bnajcahep az tbkbzvbjtedapbz(

53 Gpehjczja db Ezzcz Jletber`pcehd @ehdbcpe db Nbka+ ekãn db maphekczte+ bnvpbzåpca+ edwaieda+ nbn`pa deEjedbnce @pezckbcpe db Kbtpez b Zbhedap de Pbvý`kcje+ gac rn daz nbztpbz de janrhcjeéêa ha @pezck bhtpb ez

dãjedez db 53:6 b 5376( Daha da Dcåpcaz Ezzajcedaz . necap jahmrhta db nîdcez de Enãpcje Ketche+ urb jahtarjan wbîjrkaz db maphecz cnvpbzzaz+ pbwcztez+ bnczzapez db pådca b tbkbwczêa+ b eiíhjcez tbkbipågcjez .+ gac apbzvahzåwbk vbke jlbiede de tbkbwczêa ha @pezck mrhtenbhtb jan e cherirpeéêa de vpcnbcpe bnczzape tbkbwczcwe+ eTW Trvc+ bn 5326( ,NEJBDA? GEKJÊA? EKNBCDE? NBHDBZ+ 53<<+ v( 29.73#(



09

_(((^ E ibhtb bztå wbhda rne jacze urb bztå ejahtbjbhda kå ha Gkenbhia+ kå+ kå+ kå ha gchekda Gkenbhia( Vepbjce rne dcztàhjce cnbhze(E cneibn hêa bpe nrcta jkepe? bpe nbca àppede+ jana zb gazzb rn dbzbhla urb wají ge} b vezze a dbda( E tbke pbdahde( Nez tchlenawcnbhta+ wají wce ez vbzzaez+ dewe etã vepe pbjahlbjbp( ,DEHCBK GCKLA( 0665+ v( 57#(

E tbkbwczêa gac rne bzvãjcb db pådca jan cneibhz( Ez vbzzaez+ nrcta ejaztrnedez jan e

vpaipeneéêa pedcagôhcje+ bzvbpewen ekia nrcta vepbjcda he tbke deurbkb evepbkla( Ha

vpchjîvca+ nrctaz vpagczzcahecz urb bpen da pådca+ jana Lb`b Jenepia+ Kakcte Padpcirbz+

Kcne Dreptb+ Cwah Jrps b Yckne @bhtcwbihe+ gapen vepe e bnczzape Trvc+ ahdb etrewen haz

vpaipenez b tbkbhawbkez he èzb da cnvpawcza+ vacz+ ekãn db zbp ea wcwa+ jan bzvbtåjrkaz urb

drpewen db 54 e 52 lapez chchtbpprvtez+ az etapbz jahtewen evbhez jan rne jànbpe ha

erdctúpca+ natcwa bztb urb dcgcjrktewe bzjahdbp dbtbpnchedaz bppaz bn jbhe(

Jan a vezzep da tbnva+ e tbkbwczêa zagpbr wåpcez tpehzgapneéòbz tbjhakúicjez+ jana e

cnvkehteéêa da wcdbatevb . urb vbpnctcr ipewep az vpaipenez ehtbz urb bvczúdcaz gazzbn ea

ep+ b+ evúz zbpbn wbcjrkedaz+ vadbp pbvbtî.kaz .+ e tpehznczzêa wce zetãkctb b e chwbhéêa de

tbkbwczêa bn japbz( Ekãn dczza+ artpez bnczzapez tbkbwczcwez ten`ãn gapen jpcedez bn artpaz

Bztedaz+ jana e TW Ctejakanc+ db @bka Lapc}ahtb+ TW Vcpetchc+ db Vapta Ekbipb b TW Ikaà+

ha Pca db Mehbcpa( Bzze b|vehzêa jahtpc`rcr vepe urb a wekap daz evepbklaz db tbkbwczêa

ten`ãn gcjezzb necz ejbzzîwbk æz vbzzaez+ natcwa bztb urb vbpnctcr e bhtpede dbzzb a`mbta hejeze db ncklòbz db `pezckbcpaz(

Lamb+ bhtpb tehtez grhéòbz urb e tbkbwczêa b|bpjb+ e urb necz zb dbzteje ã e pevcdb} db jana e

chgapneéêa ã kbwede ea jahlbjcnbhta db ncklepbz db tbkbzvbjtedapbz( Bzte ã rne dez nîdcez

urb tpehznctb+ bn tbnva pbek+ az ejahtbjcnbhtaz da @pezck b da nrhda+ ekãn db ten`ãn

vpaveiep e jrktrpe b bdrjeéêa vap nbca de dcwrkieéêa db artpaz nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa+ jana

egcpne¦@ahåzca¦,0660+¦v(¦54(#(¦‛Bztb¦ã¦rn¦wbîjrka¦bn¦jahztehtb¦nbtenapgazb¦b¦jpbzjcnbhta+¦rn daz ýhcjaz wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa db nezze bzvekleda vap tada a vkehbte( Ã rne nîdce

urb er|ckce he dcwrkieéêa db artpez nîdcez=¦a¦jchbne+¦a¦tbetpa+¦a¦pådca(((„(

Nez+ de nbzne gapne urb e tbkbwczêa `pezckbcpe tbn a vadbp db bdrjep a tbkbzvbjtedap+ jan e

vpaipeneéêa waktede vepe a jahlbjcnbhta jrktrpek+ jana må jcteda+ bke ten`ãn dbzbdrje ea

naztpep jahtbýdaz vakíncjaz urb chdr}bn e wcakíhjce+ japprvéêa+ vaphaipegce b ea

waje`rkåpca jlrka( Etreknbhtb b|cztb rne gepte urehtcdedb db jehecz tbkbwczcwaz jan vbpgcz db



0<

jahtbýda dcwbpzcgcjeda( Je`b ea bzvbjtedap rtckc}ep bzze tbjhakaice b zbvepep eurcka urb bkb

mrkiep zbp vpawbctaza vepe zbr jahlbjcnbhta+ avtehda ar hêa+ vbke nrdehée db jehek(

:(: Tbkbwczêa dcictek chtbpetcwe

Etreknbhtb b|cztbn wåpcaz jehecz tbkbwczcwaz ‚ de TW vap ezzchetrpe ‚ + urb dbdcjen

jahzcdbpåwbcz veptbz de ipedb db zrez vpaipeneéòbz e vpaipenez db wceibhz( Ekcedaz e

ekirnez dez chaweéòbz urb e tbkbwczêa dcictek06 evpbzbhte ea bzvbjtedap+ jana chtbpetcwcdedb+

ejbzzc`ckcdedb b urekcdedb bn ekte dbgchcéêa hez cneibhz b ha zan+ tecz jehecz jlenen e

etbhéêa da bzvbjtedap+ rne wb} urb ã vpavapjcaheda rne necap zbhzeéêa da pbek+ ar zbme+

tpehznctb e cdãce dbkbz bztepbn wcwbhjcehda e cneibn tpehznctcde( E tbkbwczêa jan cneibndcictek må bpe vpbwczte bn ãvajez vezzedez(

_(((^ ã rne wbpdedbcpe pbwakréêa da nrhda de cneibn tbkbtpehznctcde( Ewehéen eztãjhcjez de dcictekc}eéêa de tbkbwczêa+ envkcehda az bzveéaz da jezenbhta da wîdba jan ajanvrtedap+ tpehzgapnehda janvkbtenbhtb az vpajbzzaz db ipeweéêa b vbpnctchda+ eanbzna tbnva+ a kehéenbhta db rne ibpeéêa dcgbpbhtb db hawaz pbjbvtapbz+ jrmez tbkez vadbn pbjb`bp zcnrktehbenbhtb+ dacz+ tpíz+ uretpa jehecz db cneibn( ,ZEKKBZ+ 53<<+ v(52.57#(

Db ejapda jan a Zctb Agcjcek de TW Dcictek @pezckbcpe05+ jan e jlbiede da zchek dcictek .

pbvpbzbhteéêa db ekia etpewãz db rne bzjeke ,dîictaz#+ wce zetãkctb+ urb vadb zbp javceda+

epne}bheda+ pbvpadr}cda b pbtpehznctcda zbn vbpdbp chgapneéòbz .+ ez vbzzaez hêa tbpêa urb

zb vpbajrvep bn ezzcztcp e vpaipeneéêa db dbtbpncheda jehek tbkbwczcwa zanbhtb bn zrez

pbzcdíhjcez ar kajecz bn urb bztbmen a evepbkla tbkbwczap( A zchek dcictek vbpnctb wczrekc}ep a

jahtbýda dez bnczzapez dbhtpa db jeppaz+ ôhc`rz+ ewcòbz+ bzte`bkbjcnbhtaz janbpjcecz+

hatb`aaoz b jbkrkepbz+ bn nawcnbhta( Ekirnez bnvpbzez db tbkbwczêa må bztêa tpehznctchda

pbirkenbhtb jahtbýdaz chtbpetcwaz bn zrez vpaipeneéòbz+ jana ejbzzep e chtbphbt+ watep bn vbzurczez b ge}bp janvpez vbke tbkbwczêa zbn tbp urb rzep a tbkbgahb(

06 E tbkbwczêa dcictek ã tpehznctcde wce zetãkctb+ vap nbca db rn evepbkla jahwbpzap ar vap rn zchtahc}edap chtbpha de vpúvpce tbkbwczêa+ jeve} db tpehzgapnep jede nchýzjrka bkbnbhta de jbhe b da zan bn rn hýnbpa `chåpca gapneda zanbhtb vap }bpaz ,6# b rhz ,5#+ jappbzvahdbhtbz æ nbzne kchireibn daz janvrtedapbz( A vpcnbcpa ipehdb cnvejta ã e ekte dbgchcéêa+ ar zbme+ e wczrekc}eéêa de cneibn jan necz dbteklbz b hctcdb} b zanjan urekcdedb db JD( E chtbpetcwcdedb ã artpa etpetcwa urb bzze hawe tbjhakaice vpavapjcahe eaztbkbzvbjtedapbz( Vbpnctb jahzrktep irce db vpaipeneéêa dez bnczzapez+ pbekc}ep avbpeéòbz `ehjåpcez+ ejbzzep e

chtbphbt+ bhtpb artpaz zbpwcéaz( Etreknbhtb jbpje db 26 jcdedbz `pezckbcpez må vazzrbn zchek dcictek(Chgapneéòbz dczvahîwbcz ha zctb ; lttv=!!yyy(dtw(api(`p!chdb|(vlv!bhtbhde.e.tw.dcictek! 8( Ejbzzeda bn 09 dbnepéa db 0655(05 lttv=!!yyy(dtw(api(`p!chdb|(vlv!bhtbhde.e.tw.dcictek!26!



03

Ekirnez eiíhjcez vr`kcjctåpcez+ mrhtenbhtb jan bnvpbzez db zagtyepb+ bztêa dbzbhwakwbhda

evkcjetcwaz vepe urb zbmen rtckc}edaz hez bnczzapez tbkbwczcwez+ jana rn hawa pbjrpza db

chtbpetcwcdedb bn zrez vpaveiehdez( Jan czza+ tecz eiíhjcez+ bzvbjcgcjenbhtb db trpczna+

dbwbn tpehznctcp e cdãce da wcemep etpewãz dez cneibhz wbcjrkedez vbke tbkbwczêa+ jan echde

necz hetrpekcdedb b pbekcdedb( Nez+ vap artpa keda+ e vpaveiehde dbzvbptepå az dbzbmaz b

zahlaz daz tbkbzvbjtedapbz+ ge}bhda jan urb bkbz zb zchten bztcnrkedaz e zb dbzkajepbn etã a

kriep agbpteda(

Ez bnvpbzez db vr`kcjcdedb rtckc}en db pbjrpzaz tbjhakúicjaz b bgbctaz bzvbjcecz jeve}bz db

jevtrpep e etbhéêa dez vbzzaez b az jahwbhjbp db urb a vpadrta bn urbztêa+ ha jeza+ e wceibn

vepe a kriep dbzbmeda+ ã e nbklap bzjakle e zbp gbcte( Bhtpb wåpcaz nbcaz+ rzen bgbctaz wczreczb db ehcneéêa+ zahz dcgbpbhtbz+ vbzzaez jahlbjcdez ha nbca eptîztcja+ lrnap+ gehtezce b neice(

Ekãn dczza+ ã zanede e tãjhcje edatede vbkaz vpagczzcahecz vepe emrztbz de bztãtcje da

janbpjcek( Bkez chwbztbn nrcta dchlbcpa b evazten he dcwrkieéêa de nîdce+ vpchjcveknbhtb he

tbkbwczêa+ vap tpetep.zb db rn wbîjrka db nezze bn urb e cneibn ã zbr vpchjcvek chztprnbhta

db vbpzrezêa( Bhtpbtehta+ ez eiíhjcez vr`kcjctåpcez wbcjrken ez vpaveiehdez bn vpaipenez db

necap erdcíhjce de bnczzape vepe a`tbp rn nbklap pbtapha gchehjbcpa b pbzrkteda gchek(

_(((^ E TW iehle db kahib db artpaz nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa he urehtce daz chwbztcnbhtazbn vr`kcjcdedb( Ez pbdbz krjpen wbhdbhda tbnva db TW vepe az ehrhjcehtbz( Urehdanecap e erdcíhjce da vpaipene ,nbdcde vbka C@AVB00 bn hýnbpaz db evepbklaz kciedazhrn dbtbpncheda vpaipene#+ necap a wekap da ehýhjca( ,EJAZTE.APMRBKE+ 5333+ V(07#(

E vpaveiehde trpîztcje he tbkbwczêa jpce rn bka bhtpb a ehrhjcehtb b a tbkbzvbjtedap( Ã bke

urbn zrvpb ez hbjbzzcdedbz da jahzrncdap+ agbpbjbhda nanbhtaz db dbzjehza+ ke}bp b

ekbipce+ kahib de eicteéêa jatcdcehe( Kaia+ bzze pbkeéêa necz vpú|cne jan a trpczte+

mrhtenbhtb jan ez `bkez cneibhz wbcjrkedez hez bnczzapez tbkbwczcwez+ gepå jan urb ez

vbzzaez zbmen vbpzredcdez+ b+ jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ `rzurbn pbekc}ep e têa zahlede wceibn( Vepe

tehta+ vadb.zb dc}bp urb e vr`kcjcdedb tbkbwczcwe ã rne ipehdb jahtpc`rchtb vepe e chgkríhjce

00 A C@AVB ,Chztctrta @pezckbcpa db Avchcêa Vý`kcje b Bztetîztcje# ã rn chztctrta db vbzurczez db erdcíhjcepbekc}ede bn dcwbpzez åpbez+ jana vakîtcje+ nîdce+ nbpjeda+ bhtpb artpez( Ha jeza de janrhcjeéêa+ ãgrhdenbhtek e rtckc}eéêa dbzte bnvpbze vepe ewekcep a vbpjbhtrek db vbzzaez urb bztêa jan zbrz evepbklaz ‚ tbkbwczêa+ pådca b chtbphbt .+ kciedaz bn rn dbtbpncheda vpaipene b!ar ejbzzehda ekirne netãpce bzvbjîgcje(Jan czza+ az wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa ten`ãn gcjen ze`bhda urek e pbeéêa dez vbzzaez urehda zb dcwrkie

dbtbpncheda ezzrhta vakíncja ar hêa( Bn pbkeéêa æ tbkbwczêa+ ehtcienbhtb e enaztpe bpe gbcte vbka jlenedagkeipehtb ‚ urb jahzcztce bn e`apdeibhz gbctez db vapte bn vapte vap rn vbzurczedap vbzzaeknbhtb( Lamb+ ejakbte db îhdcjbz ã gbcte vbka v b avk b n b t b p + evepbkla rzeda dbzdb 53<3( Bzzb burcvenbhta nahctape az lå`ctaztbkbwczcwaz db rne genîkce db etã zbcz vbzzaez( ,Chgapneéòbz a`tcdez bn @AHEZCA+ 0660+ v( 99.9<#(



:6

db vbzzaez urb edurcpcpbn vpadrtaz b zbpwcéaz trpîztcjaz+ ha jeza+ . latãcz+ vezzbcaz jrktrpecz+

vezzeibhz eãpbez+ tbppbztpbz ar lcdpawcåpcez+ tpedrtapbz+ ircez trpîztcjaz+ bhtpb artpaz .+ vap

nbca dbzte nîdce urb ã e tbkbwczêa(

E nîdce+ bzvbjcgcjenbhtb e TW+ zagpbr ipehdbz tpehzgapneéòbz tbjhakúicjez+ ika`ekc}ar zreejbzzc`ckcdedb+ zbrz vedpòbz b bztpetãicez+ jahztctrchda rne wbpdedbcpe pbwakréêa deztãjhcjez db vbpzrezêa bn nezze+ urb etrehda za`pb ez hbjbzzcdedbz+ az dbzbmaz+ e erta.bztcne+ ez bnaéòbz a chjahzjcbhtb b za`pb a zcztbne db wekapbz b jpbhéez da bzvbjtedap+ ajahwbhjb e janvpep+ e jahzrncp+ e waktep e janvpep b jahzrncp hawenbhtb b+ ezzcn+ nehtbp a zcztbne( ,GPEHJLC+ 0664+ v( 50:#(

E tbkbwczêa ã rn wbîjrka db janrhcjeéêa urb bztå vpbzbhtb+ dcpbte ar chdcpbtenbhtb he wcde

dez vbzzaez( Bke chgkrbhjce hêa zanbhtb ea vpambtep cneibhz db ekia e zbp janbpjcekc}eda+

nez ten`ãn he gapneéêa db avchcêa b hez etctrdbz daz jcdedêaz( Vepe Vapjbkka ,0667#+ etbkbwczêa ã rne gahtb db chgkríhjce he gapneéêa db jahjbctaz b avchcòbz dez vbzzaez( Ekãn

dczza+ a ertap egcpne urb bzte nîdce ernbhte a vbza de cneibn bn pbkeéêa ea wekap de

vekewpe+ ar zbme+ a tbkbzvbjtedap+ bn zbr cneichåpca+ dbjadcgcje nbklap e pbek nbhzeibn urb e

cneibn tpehznctb da urb zb bkb evbhez bzjrtezzb(

Ha nbca trpîztcja hêa ã dcgbpbhtb( Ã vpbjcza urb bzte nîdce dcwrkirb jbhez vbpgbctez db `bkaz

kriepbz+ hetrpecz ar hêa+ agbpbjbhda nanbhtaz db dbzjehza b ke}bp vepe a jahwbhjcnbhta dburb eurbkb dbztcha ã a cdbek vepe zb ge}bp rne wceibn trpîztcje daz zahlaz( Jan czza+ a trpczte

zb zbhtb natcweda e zb dbzkajep vepe a kriep dbzbmeda+ dbvazctehda tatek jpbdc`ckcdedb he

eiíhjce db trpczna( Bhtpbtehta+ chgkrbhjcep b vbpzredcp ez vbzzaez vepe urb bkez wczctbn

dbtbpnchedez kajekcdedbz+ ã jahzcdbpede rne dez grhéòbz de tbkbwczêa+ ha urb dc} pbzvbcta ea

zbtap trpîztcja( Tek wbîjrka db janrhcjeéêa wcze æ vpanaéêa db wczctehtbz he pbicêa b a

ernbhta da hýnbpa db vejatbz trpîztcjaz wbhdcdaz hez bnvpbzez db trpczna(

:(4 A vevbk de bnczzape pbicahek b zre erdcíhjce

E tbkbwczêa ã+ lamb+ rn chztprnbhta ncdcåtcja jeve} db ezzrncp ekirhz vevãcz cnvaptehtbz he

zajcbdedb+ jana a db bdrjep+ chgapnep b gapnep avchcòbz( Ekãn dczza+ ã pbzvahzåwbk vap

vpbztep zbpwcéaz æ janrhcdedb dez jcdedbz `pezckbcpez( Db ejapda jan rne vbzurcze pbekc}ede

vbka maphek Gakle db Zêa Verka bn 5339+ jctede vap @e}c ,0665+ v( 55#+ 43 dez vbzzaez

bhtpbwcztedez rtckc}en e tbkbwczêa jana vpchjcvek gahtb db chgapneéêa( Dcehtb dczza+ a`zbpwe.

zb urb+ jede wb} necz+ ã dczjrtcde e cnvaptàhjce de pbicahekc}eéêa dez bnczzapez db tbkbwczêa+



:5

ekãn db zbr jpbzjcnbhta b cnvkehteéêa haz nrhcjîvcaz e gcn db kbwep e vý`kcja az vpchjcvecz

getaz urb ekc ejahtbjb+ vpbzbpwehda+ echde+ e cdbhtcdedb jrktrpek dez pbicòbz(

Jede wb} necz e pbicahekc}eéêa de vpaipeneéêa zb naztpe jana rne tbhdíhjce db nbpjeda

tbkbwczcwa dbwcda æz ipehdbz pbdbz db tbkbwczêa hêa jahzbircpbn ‚ vap wåpcaz natcwaz .+

etbhdbpbn æz dbnehde dez dcwbpzez pbicòbz da veîz( Urehda ez ipehdbz bnczzapez vpbjczen

db netãpcez vepe janvkbnbhtep e ipedb db ezzrhtaz db zbrz vpaipenez b!ar tbkbmaphecz+ zêa

dez bnczzapez kajecz urb bkez zakcjcten bhwca db netbpcek( Deî bhjahtpe.zb rne dez

cnvaptàhjcez de tbkbwczêa pbicahek(

@e}c ,0665+ v(5<# jahjbctre e tbkbwczêa¦pbicahek¦jana¦‛_(((^¦eurbke¦urb¦pbtpehznctb¦zbr¦zchek¦e¦rne¦ dbtbpnchede¦ pbicêa¦ b¦ urb¦ tbhle¦ zre¦ vpaipeneéêa¦ waktede¦ vepe¦ bke¦ nbzne„(¦ A¦ ertap¦

egcpne urb rne bnczzape pbicahek vpajrpe dep necap íhgezb haz vpchjcvecz getaz b

ejahtbjcnbhtaz de jcdedb+ jana vap b|bnvka+ bwbhtaz jrktrpecz pbekc}edaz haz nrhcjîvcaz+

jezaz vakcjcecz urb jlajen az napedapbz de pbicêa ‚ ezzektaz+ lancjîdcaz+ japprvéêa .+

vpbzteéêa db zbpwcéaz+ lcztúpcez chrzctedez urb jlenen e etbhéêa dez vbzzaez+ bhtpb artpaz

ezzrhtaz( Må bnczzapez gckcecz+ urb zêa bnczzapez vpúvpcez+ b ez bnczzapez egckcedez+ eurbkez urb

zêa ezzajcedez e rne bnczzape jan a àn`cta hejcahek db zchek+ zêa gapnedez vbkez ipehdbzpbdbz db tbkbwczêa jan e chtbhéêa db kbwep e chgapneéêa vepe tadez ez veptbz da @pezck(

Vap nbca de tbkbwczêa pbicahek urb zb nehtãn rn wîhjrka jan e janrhcdedb( Ez bnczzapez

kajecz zêa db b|tpbne cnvaptàhjce vepe ez jcdedbz da chtbpcap+ vacz zêa etpewãz dbkez urb az

napedapbz tanen jahlbjcnbhta daz vpchjcvecz ejahtbjcnbhtaz de pbdahdb}e( Ze`bp dez pbecz

hbjbzzcdedbz b a urb lå db janrn he wcde daz napedapbz dez jcdedbz+ ge} jan urb b|czte rn

necap bhwakwcnbhta de bnczzape jan a nbpjeda+ a urb vadb zbp zchôhcna db krjpa vepe bbnvpbze tbkbwczcwe( Nrctez wb}bz+ ez tbkbwczòbz pbicahecz vpanawbn bwbhtaz he janrhcdedb+

urb zêa he åpbe da bzvaptb+ ke}bp b jrktrpe+ bn urb+ nrctez wb}bz+ zêa dbzja`bptaz tekbhtaz

pbicahecz b+ jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ dcwrkiedaz vbke bnczzape(

E vbhbtpeéêa da hawa wbîjrka+ haz wåpcaz zbinbhtaz de zajcbdedb+ vezze e dep eaejahtbjcnbhta kajek dcnbhzêa necz e`pehibhtb b pbvbpjrzzêa necz cnbdcete( Ejanrhcdedb vezze e zb chtbcpep necz db zbrz vpúvpcaz vpa`kbnez b dcgcjrkdedbz( Vezzeten`ãn e dbzja`pcp zrez vatbhjcekcdedbz+ ez avaptrhcdedbz urb jpce+ ez ektbphetcwez urbtbn( Dczjrtb necz envkenbhtb zrez vpúvpcez zakréòbz b e`pb jan czza e vazzc`ckcdedb dbetrep+ db chgkrcp b db bzjaklbp nbklap zbr vpúvpca grtrpa( Ez jenvehlez bdrjetcwez+ az vpambtaz jrktrpecz b ez eéòbz janrhctåpcez+ urb e bnczzape dbzbhwakwb pbgapéen bzzbzbhtcnbhta( Vpanawbn e chtbipeéêa db zbinbhtaz b pbicòbz( ,IRZNÊA+ 0664+ v( 0#(



:0

Bzzbz bwbhtaz vpanawcdaz vbke bnczzape jlenen etbhéêa da vý`kcja pbicahek+ tehta ha

nanbhta bn urb ejahtbjbn ez ipeweéòbz urehta he lape bn urb ez cneibhz zêa tpehznctcdez

he tbkbwczêa( E jrpcazcdedb dbzvbptede haz napedapbz ge} jan urb bkbz ezzczten e netãpce

wbcjrkede bn vpaipenez ar bn maphecz vepe jahgbpcp zb e cneibn dbkbz+ ar db ekirn

jahlbjcda de pbdahdb}e+ evepbjbpêa ha wîdba( Jan czza+ necz vbzzaez bztepêa jahbjtedez ha

jehek pbicahek b+ jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ gepêa jan urb e erdcíhjce jpbzée(

Da nbzna nada urb e tbkbwczêa pbicahek vpb}e a pbzvbcta b e jpbdc`ckcdedb vepe jan a

tbkbzvbjtedap pbicahek+ az ertaz îhdcjbz db erdcíhjce janvpawen urb a vý`kcja ejpbdcte ha

urb ã wbcjrkeda b dbvazcte tade zre jahgcehée ha jahtbýda daz vpaipenez b tbkbmaphecz( Zêabzzbz vcjaz+ ar zbme+ ipehdb hýnbpa db vbzzaez urb bztêa jan zrez pbzvbjtcwez tbkbwczòbz

kciedez bn dbtbpncheda jehek+ janvpaweda etpewãz da jahtpakb db hýnbpaz dcwrkiedaz vbka

C@AVB+ urb ge}bn rne bnczzape pbicahek wcåwbk( E kchle bdctapcek db rn tbkbmaphek . pbicahek

ar hêa .+ vadb zbp ektbpede vbke urbde db erdcíhjce( Vap bzzb natcwa+ wåpcez pbdeéòbz

maphekîztcjez vezzen vap vpbzzêa vepe urb zbme bkbweda a hýnbpa db bzvbjtedapbz( Egchek+

urehta necap gap e erdcíhjce de vpaipeneéêa de bnczzape+ necap ã a wekap ja`peda vbkaz

bzveéaz vr`kcjctåpcaz( Ã vap nbca dbzte erdcíhjce urb ez bnczzapez pbicahecz gchehjcen zbrzchwbztcnbhtaz b ibpen zbrz krjpaz(

Zb dbtbpncheda tbkbmaphek vbpdb vý`kcja+ ã hbjbzzåpca tpe}bp db wakte bzzez vbzzaez( _(((^pbýhb.zb rn iprva db vbzzaez urb tín a vbpgck da tbkbzvbjtedap db tbkbmaphek( Bkez ezzcztbne ekirnez bdcéòbz+ chgapnen za`pb a urb iaztepen b a urb dbzbmepcen wbp+ b ten`ãn azezzrhtaz vbkaz urecz zb chtbpbzzepen( @ezbehda hbzzbz dedaz+ a bdctap.jlbgb vadb apcbhtep ez vertez vepe etbhdbp æz b|vbjtetcwez( ,@CZTEHB? @EJBKKEP+ 0667( v( <6#(

Vburbhez bnvpbzez b chztctrcéòbz avten bn naztpep zbrz janãpjcaz he tbke de tbkbwczêa+ bn

lapåpca de vpaipeneéêa kajek+ dbwcda a wekap ja`peda vbke bnczzape zbp necz `epeta( Bzze

gejckcdedb bn dcwrkieéêa gb} jan urb jpbzjbzzb b!ar e`pczzb wåpcez eiíhjcez db vr`kcjcdedb+

ekãn db ernbhtep a hýnbpa db vpagczzcahecz de åpbe+ urb ã gprta de ibpeéêa db bnvpbia b

pbhde¦he¦jcdedb(¦‛_(((^¦nrctaz¦vr`kcjctåpcaz¦vbpjb`bpen¦urb¦a¦nbpjeda¦urb¦bztewe¦zb¦gapnehda¦

zbpce nrcta vpanczzap( E cherirpeéêa de tbkbwczêa pbicahekc}ede vazzc`ckctar ea vburbha

janbpjcehtb¦zb¦wbp¦he¦tbke„(¦,@E]C+¦0665(¦v(<5#(¦



::

Az ehýhjcaz wbcjrkedaz bn rne bnczzape pbicahek chjbhtcwen a jpbzjcnbhta daz hbiújcaz he

kajekcdedb( Vap nbca dez vpaveiehdez ez vbzzaez tanen jcíhjce db dbtbpnchedaz

bzte`bkbjcnbhtaz janbpjcecz b avten bn janvpep eurcka urb hbjbzzcten hbztbz kriepbz( Jan

a ernbhta db jkcbhtbz haz jbhtpaz janbpjcecz+ az bnvpbzåpcaz chwbztbn bn zrez bnvpbzez

envkcehda ez chztekeéòbz+ nbklapehda a vedpêa db zbpwcéaz+ dcwbpzcgcjehda e kchle db vpadrtaz

b jahztprchda gckcecz+ egchek+ kaia zrpib e jahjappíhjce urb ã ejcppede( Ekãn dczza+ artpaz

chwbztcnbhtaz bjahôncjaz urb `bhbgcjcen e jcdedb zbdb de bnczzape ten`ãn zêa pbicztpedaz+

jana e eppbjedeéêa db cnvaztaz+ nbklapce db jahdcéêa db vúka bjahôncja b `bhgbctapce ha

zbtap db chgpebztprtrpe b zbpwcéaz vý`kcjaz vpbztedaz vbka nrhcjîvca(

:(2 Dbzegcaz b a`ztåjrkaz db rne tbkbwczêa pbicahek

Bhtpb tehtaz dbzegcaz urb rne bnczzape db tbkbwczêa pbicahek kcde+ dbzteje.zb e gekte db

pbjrpzaz gchehjbcpaz( Rne tbkbwczêa kajek hêa vazzrc ez nbznez jahdcéòbz db epjep jan

ipehdbz ieztaz+ bn dbtbpnchedez zctreéòbz+ jana rne ipehdb bnvpbze tbkbwczcwe( Rn

b|bnvka ã+ æz wb}bz+ e gekte db wbîjrkaz vepe tpehzvaptep a maphekczte vepe a kajek bn urb zbpå

pbekc}ede e netãpce( Bn rne bnczzape jahjbctrede e vpaè`ckcdedb dbzzb tcva db zctreéêa

ejahtbjbp ã nrcta varje( Lewbpå wåpcaz wbîjrkaz e dczvazcéêa daz janrhcjedapbz+ jezajahtpåpca+ e bnvpbze veie tadez ez dbzvbzez db tå|c ar artpaz tpehzvaptbz( Vap czza+ ã vpbjcza

urb az grhjcahåpcaz db rne bnczzape pbicahek zecèn jahwcwbp jan zctreéòbz vepbjcdez b

jakeàpbn vepe a àn grhjcahenbhta de bnvpbze( @e}c ,0665# egcpne urb vepe nehtbp rne

tbkbwczêa pbicahek ã vpbjcza àe ednchcztpeéêa+ vacz+ a jrzta vepe nehtbp e vpadréêa ã nrcta

ekta b jeza zbme nek ednchcztpeda+ ea chwãz db dep krjpaz vadb ibpep vpbmrî}az(

E gekte db pbjrpzaz tbjhakúicjaz ten`ãn vadb zbp jahzcdbpede jana artpa ipehdb getap urb vpbmrdcje e patche db rne bnczzape pbicahek( Evepbklaz jan dbgbctaz b jan wåpcaz ehaz db rza

zêa e jan`cheéêa hbjbzzåpce vepe ibpep etpezaz ar jehjbkenbhtaz db bdcéòbz db netbpcecz( E

cnvkbnbhteéêa de tbjhakaice bn rne bnvpbze db janrhcjeéêa ã rn daz getapbz

grhdenbhtecz vepe a ekjehjb de bgcjcíhjce( Vapãn+ vepe urb rne tbkbwczêa kajek chwczte bn

evepbklaz bn àez jahdcéòbz b urb gewapbée a tpeèkla maphekîztcja+ ã hbjbzzåpca dchlbcpa+

tehta vepe veiep az evepetaz tbjhakúicjaz+ urehta vepe e jahtpeteéêa db grhjcahåpcaz+ a urb

hbn zbnvpb ã vazzîwbk jahzbircp( Bzze gekte db wbpè gb} jan urb az maphekcztez b|bpjbzzbn

wåpcez grhéòbz dbhtpa de bnczzape pbicahek+ jana vpadrtap+ bdctap+ jchbipegczte+ patbcpczte+

bhtpb artpez( Tek vpagczzcahek gcjar jahlbjcda jana maphekczte nrktcgrhéêa(



:4

:(7 E nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb da maphekczte b a vpagczzcahek nrktcnîdce

A pbvúptbp db tbkbwczêa ã vavrkepnbhtb jahlbjcda jana rn ipehdb jahtedap db lcztúpcez(

Nez+ ze`b.zb urb+ ekãn dbzte grhéêa+ b|cztbn artpez tehtez+ jana e db chgapnep e vavrkeéêa

za`pb az vpchjcvecz getaz b ejahtbjcnbhtaz+ naztpehda zbnvpb tadaz az kedaz da geta ajappcda+

evrpep zb e hatîjce urb jlbie æ pbdeéêa vazzrc wbpejcdedb+ chztprcp b!ar bzjkepbjbp az jcdedêaz

za`pb ezzrhtaz db chtbpbzzb vý`kcja b chwbztciep zb ekia db jepåtbp drwcdaza vazzrc ekirn tcva

db cppbirkepcdedb+ nez zbnvpb jan ãtcje b pbzvbcta( Ekãn dczza+ a pbvúptbp dbwb ze`bp

jahdr}cp rne àe bhtpbwczte+ egchek+ ge}bp jan urb a bhtpbwczteda dcie ekia urb a maphekczte

dbzbme+ æz wb}bz+ vadb zbp dcgîjck+ nez hêa cnvazzîwbk( Jede pbvúptbp tbn zbr vpúvpca nãtada b

tãjhcje db tpeèkla(

Etreknbhtb+ a vpagczzcahek bn maphekczna db tbkbwczêa tbn urb ze`bp b|bpjbp+ ekãn da zbr

tpeèkla patchbcpa db pbvapteibhz+ artpaz tcvaz db grhéòbz+ jana a db vpadrtap+ bdctap+

jchbipegczte+ vertbcpa+ bhtpb artpaz( Bzzb vpagczzcahek urb ze`b kcdep jan wåpcaz tcvaz db tepbgez

‚ maphekczte nrktcgrhéêa .+ ã èztehtb vpajrpeda vepe dbzbhwakwbp zbr tpeèkla hez ipehdbz b

vburbhez pbdeéòbz db bnczzapez db tbkbwczêa da nrhda( Bzvbjrke.zb urb gapen ez tbkbwczòbz

pbicahecz ez ipehdbz pbzvahzåwbcz vbka evepbjcnbhta b dbzbhwakwcnbhta dbzzb hawa nadbkadb¦vpagczzcahek¦bn¦maphekczna(¦‛E¦wcdbappbvapteibn¦zb¦dbzbhwakwbr¦bn¦bnvpbzez jan varjaz

pbjrpzaz tbjhakúicjaz jana rne vpavazte db pbdréêa db jrztaz vepe taphep e b|bjréêa daz

vpadrtaz¦erdcawczrecz¦bjahancjenbhtb¦necz¦wcåwbcz„(¦,TLANE]¦evrd¦ZCKWE+¦066<+¦v(¦7#0:(

Jan a zrpicnbhta da pbvúptbp nrktcgrhjcahek nrctez bnvpbzez db tbkbwczêa avtepen bn

dbnctcp ekirhz db zbrz grhjcahåpcaz+ wczta urb zb evbhez rne vbzzae vadbpce b|bjrtep a

tpeèkla gbcta vap vbka nbhaz tpíz ar necz vpagczzcahecz+ hêa lewce hbjbzzcdedb bn nehtbp tadaz¦bkbz¦bnvpbiedaz(¦‛A¦ipehdb¦bhwakwcnbhta¦he¦e`zapéêa da pbek b e veptcjcveéêa chtbhze

bn tadez ez btevez vbpnctbn ea ertap bnvpbiep dcgbpbhjceéòbz he heppetcwe+ he b|vpbzzêa

wczrek¦b¦zahape+¦he¦bztãtcje¦de¦cneibn¦b¦he¦bdcéêa„¦,TLANE]¦evrd¦ZCKWE+¦066<+¦v(9#04(

0: TLANE]+ Vetpîjce( E kchirei b n b |v b pc n b h t ek de wcd b app b vap t ei b n ( CH= Pbwczte @pezckbcpe db Chaweéêa

Jcbhtîgcje bn Janrhcjeéêa ‚ Dazzcí+ 0667+ w(5 ,0#+ v( 30.33(04 TLANE]+ Vetpîjce( E janvazcéêa de a`pe ertapek b e b|vbpcnbhteéêa db kchireibn tbkbmaphekîztcje hewcdbappbvapteibn( Tpeèkla evpbzbhteda he Chtbpjah+ 0669( Dczvahîwbk bn =lttv=!!yyy(chtbpjah(api(`p!vevbpz!hejcahecz!0669!pbzrnaz!P60:3.5vdg(



:2

A pbvúptbp nrktcgrhéêa ã rne ipehdb tbhdíhjce ha maphekczna etrek( Ekceda æz hawez

gbppenbhtez jpcedez vbke tbjhakaice jan chtrcta db er|ckcep a pbvúptbp urehda bkb wec e jenva+

ar zbme+ urehda bkb zec de bnczzape vepe ekirn kriep e gcn db `rzjep chgapneéòbz za`pb

dbtbpncheda ezzrhta+ a zbpwcéa dbztb vpagczzcahek tbhdb e zbp necz bgcje}+ vbpnctchda urb a

maphekczte dcwrkirb vepe artpez nîdcez a nbzna ezzrhta chztehtehbenbhtb( Hapneknbhtb+ a

maphekczte zec de pbdeéêa jan wåpcaz burcvenbhtaz+ jana kevtav+ jànepe gataipågcje+ ipewedap

dcictek+ tpcvã b gcknedape+ ge} e netãpce b+ ekãn db wbcjrkep he bnvpbze bn urb tpe`ekle+ bkb

ten`ãn tbn e avaptrhcdedb db pbicztpep bn artpa nbca db janrhcjeéêa ‚ tbkbwczêa+ pådca+

cnvpbzza¦ar¦chtbphbt(¦‛A¦pbvúptbp¦za}chla¦då¦jahte¦da¦pbjeda(¦Ekãn¦dczza+¦a¦jrzta¦ã¦nbhap¦b¦a¦

maphekczte¦ edurcpb¦ na c̀kcdedb„+¦ ,@CZTEHB¦ @EJBKKEP+¦ 0667(¦ v(¦ 55:#(¦ Vaptehta+¦ jan¦ a¦

ewehéa dez tbjhakaicez+ ez ja`bptrpez maphekîztcjez iehlepen necz eickcdedb b jpbdc`ckcdedb dabzvbjtedap(

Zêa etpewãz dez hawez nîdcez vpbzbhtbz he chtbphbt+ jahlbjcdez ten`ãn jana n b dce .

yb`pådca+ pbdbz zajcecz+ yb`tw .+ urb agbpbjbn+ ea pbvúptbp+ necz pevcdb} he dcwrkieéêa de

hatîjce+ jahtpc`rchda+ ten`ãn+ vepe e chtbpetcwcdedb da rzråpca jan a wbîjrka db

janrhcjeéêa( Dbzze gapne+ zb e bnczzape tbkbwczcwe rtckc}ep rn zctb vepe e dcwrkieéêa da

jahtbýda urb gac dcwrkieda he tbkbwczêa+ ã vbpnctcda urb a bzvbjtedap veptcjcvb b avchb za`pbaz ezzrhtaz vertedaz he vpaipeneéêa b a maphekczte tbhle rn pbtapha da zbr netbpcek vazteda

he chtbphbt+ necz jahlbjcda ha nbca jana g bb d.`e jo (¦ ‛Bhurehta¦ az¦ n b dce jkåzzcjaz

evpbzbhten az zbrz vpadrtaz db gapne kchbep+ az chtbpetcwaz vazzc`ckcten a jahtpakb de

chgapneéêa urb zb pbjb`b+ de zbuûíhjce bn urb ez hatîjcez zêa evpbzbhtedez b etã de apdbn db

evpbbhzêa¦daz¦jahtbýdaz„¦,IPEDCN+¦066:(¦v¦559#(

Ez pbdbz zajcecz+ jana az `kai z

+t yc

tt b p

+

ap o r t

bg e jb ̀ aa o + zb tpehzgapnepen bn rne bzvãjcb

db `kaja db ehateéòbz b|vazta ea vý`kcja+ urb er|ckcen az pbvúptbpbz e dcwrkiepbn b

evrpepbn chgapneéòbz+ ze`bp za`pb urecz ezzrhtaz a vý`kcja dbzbme zb chgapnep nbklap b urek

e vpcapcdedb db dcwrkieéêa dez netãpcez gbctez+ db rne gapne necz bgcje} b a`mbtcwe( Nepo

,0669+ v( :4# egcpne urb e chtbpetcwcdedb ã grhdenbhtek vepe az bzvbjtedapbz+ egchek+ lamb bkbz

hêa zêa jahzcdbpedaz evbhez pbjbvtapbz de nbhzeibn( Vbka jahtpåpca+ urbpbn pbjb`bp+

janveptcklep+¦ janbhtep¦ b¦ dcwrkiep¦ chgapneéòbz(¦ ‛Nrctez¦ bnvpbzez¦ db¦ hatîjcez¦ tpedcjcahecz¦

chjkrbn kchoz db b.neck bn zbrz eptciaz vepe gejckctep a jahteta daz kbctapbz jan a pbvúptbp b a

bhwca db vbpirhtez ar janbhtåpcaz za`pb¦ez¦netãpcez„(



:7

E jlbiede de chtbphbt gb} jan urb a janvrtedap zb evpa|cnezzb de tbkbwczêa( Vap nbca de

chtbphbt+ janvazte vap rne vkeje db wîdba+ ã vazzîwbk ezzcztcp e hawbkez+ gcknbz+ vpaipenez bn

tbnva pbek+ bhtpb artpez vpaipeneéòbz( A evepbkla jbkrkep ten`ãn bwakrcr+ vazzc`ckctehda ea

rzråpca+ ekãn db nehdep nbhzeibhz db tb|ta b zb janrhcjep vap wa}+ bhwcep wîdbaz+ gataz+

epurcwaz b ejbzza æ chtbphbt( Bztez zêa jahzcdbpedez drez necapbz ekcedez da vpagczzcahek bn

maphekczna( Etreknbhtb+ e necapce dez vbzurczez pbekc}edez vepe e vpadréêa db netãpcez+

bhwcaz db netbpcecz vepe zrjrpzecz ar jappbzvahdbhtbz db artpaz veîzbz+ kajekc}ep kriepbz b!ar

tbkbgahb db vbzzaez+ bhwcep nbhzeibhz chztehtàhbez vepe ekirãn b hewbiep bn zctbz db `rzjez

db tadaz az ezzrhtaz+ zêa gbctez etpewãz dbztez nîdcez(

Ez hawez tbjhakaicez ten`ãn dbpen necap eickcdedb æz ja`bptrpez maphekîztcjezchtbphejcahecz( Ez chgapneéòbz urb lamb zêa ejanvehledez vap tpehznczzòbz ea wcwa b vbke

chtbphbt+ ehtcienbhtb dbnapewen lapez vepe e jlbiede dez cneibhz vap nbca dez nåurchez

db tbkb|( @cztehb b @ejbkkep ,0667# bhgetc}en urb e necapce daz hatcjcåpcaz chtbphejcahecz hêa

zêa vpadr}cdaz vap burcvbz `pezckbcpez( Ez eiíhjcez chtbphejcahecz db hatîjcez zêa db ipehdb

cnvaptàhjce vepe pbvúptbpbz bn ja`bptrpe chtbphejcahek( Az maphekcztez ge}bn jan gpburíhjce

zbrz tb|taz jan `ezb hez chgapneéòbz dczvahîwbcz hbkez b ipewen zrez vezzeibhz bn urekurbp

kajek ahdb bztcwbpbn+ nrctez wb}bz etã he vpúvpce pbdeéêa(

:(9 Vpadréêa bn tbkbwczêa

Ehtbz db rn vpaipene ar tbkbmaphek cp ea ep bn rne bnczzape db tbkbwczêa+ b|cztb tada rn

vpajbzza db vpadréêa da jahtbýda wbcjrkeda( Urehda zb tpete db rn vpaipene zbnehek+

hapneknbhtb+ bzjaklb.zb rn dce de zbnehe vepe ge}bp e pbrhcêa db verte( Hbke+ tadez ez

vbzzaez bhwakwcdez ha vpaipene ‚ vpadrtap+ evpbzbhtedap+ pbvúptbpbz+ dcpbtap+ bdctap bjaapdbhedap .+ zribpbn tbnez db rn dbtbpncheda ezzrhta( Dbzze gapne+ tecz tbnez zêa

tpe`ekledaz+ ha dbjappbp de zbnehe+ jan ipeweéòbz b|tbphez+ bdcéòbz+ emrztbz bn bztýdca+

bhtpb artpaz( Må bn rn vpaipene dcåpca+ ibpeknbhtb ã a vpadrtap urbn zbkbjcahe az ezzrhtaz b

dcztpc`rc ez tepbgez vepe e pbekc}eéêa da bvczúdca+ nez zbnvpb bn janrhcjeéêa jan a pbztehtb

de burcvb(

E veptcjcveéêa he vpadréêa da tbkbmaphek janbée ha dce ehtbpcap jan e pbrhcêa db verte+

e`bpte e tadaz he pbdeéêa+ urehda az tbnez b ez gapnez daz ezzrhtaz urb zbpêa naztpedazha dce zbirchtb zêa evpbzbhtedaz( Ha jeza db bnczzapez ekk.h b y z bzze vpadréêa ãjahztehtb+ chdrztpcek b hêa våpe hrhje( ,@EP@BCPA+ 0662+ v( 30#(



:9

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tadaz az tcvaz db ezzrhtaz+ bhtpbwcztez ar netãpcez urb vadbn zbp chzbpcdez bn dbtbpncheda

bzveéa tbkbwczcwa( Jahlbjbp a vý`kcja urb a vpaipene ã dbztcheda b ze`bp az ezzrhtaz urb klb

vpavapjcahe necap erdcíhjce ã grhdenbhtek vepe ejbptep haz tbnez eàpdedaz b+

jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ ge}bp jan urb a tbkbzvbjtedap zb zchte natcweda e jahtchrep ezzcztchda a

vpaipene( Vepe czza+ bkb dbwb bhtbhdbp urecz ez wbpdedbcpez hbjbzzcdedbz b chtbpbzzbz da

vý`kcja+ b tpehznctcp+ vap nbca dez netãpcez b etpeéòbz+ jahgcehée b jpbdc`ckcdedb e bkbz(

Ekirnez jahzcdbpeéòbz `åzcjez db vpadrtap zêa= zb e erdcíhjce ã hejcahek ar kajek? zb a vý`kcja ekwa ã jahztctrîda bn zre necapce vap lanbhz+ nrklbpbz ar jpcehéez? b urek ecdedb dbzzb vý`kcja( Rn b|bnvka urb dbnahztpe e dcgbpbhée db nãtadaz e zbpbn evkcjedazbn¦ rn¦vpaipene¦ da¦nbzna¦ bztcka¦vadb¦ zbp¦ vbpjb c̀da¦ bhtpb¦a¦ ‛Vpaipene¦ db¦bhtpbwcztez¦ vepe¦ edakbzjbhtbz„¦ b¦ rn¦ ‛Vpaipene¦ hatrpha¦ db¦ bhtpbwcztez„( Bnàpe enàz zbmen vpaipenez db bhtpbwcztez+ a vpcnbcpa ã dcpbjcaheda e rn vý`kcja db edakbzjbhtbz b mawbhz+bhurehta¦a¦artpa¦etpec¦rne¦erdcíhjce¦db¦tadez¦ez¦cdedbz„+¦,@AHEZCA+¦0660+¦v(29#(

Je`b e bzzb vpagczzcahek pbekc}ep tepbgez dcåpcez dbhtpa b gape de pbdeéêa+ jana vpajrpep

bhtpbwcztedaz bzvbjcekcztez za`pb dbtbpnchedaz ezzrhtaz b eibhdep tecz veptcjcveéòbz?

jahgbjjcahep ez vertez maphekîztcjez02? veptcjcvep db bdcéòbz db netãpcez+ dbgchcp tbnez+

wbpcgcjep e nahteibn da jbhåpca ha bztýdca+ vpawcdbhjcep åire b+ æz wb}bz+ ekcnbhteéêa vepe

az bhwakwcdaz+ vpadr}cp az j pcv

t ‚ pbketúpca bhtpbirb e burcvb db maphekczna he lape de

wbcjrkeéêa da vpaipene jan tada a jahtbýda da dce+ dcwcdcdaz bn `kajaz .+ bhtpb artpaz

tehtaz ege}bpbz( Bztep jahbjteda zbnvpb urb vrdbp jan az tbkbzvbjtedapbz+ pbzvahdbhda b.

neckz b a`zbpwehda a urb ã vazteda hez pbdbz zajcecz+ ten`ãn ã tepbge da vpadrtap( Ã

cnvaptehtb urb bztb vpagczzcahek gcurb etbhta æz zribztòbz da vý`kcja+ egchek ez vbzzaez iazten

db dbnahztpep zrez veptcjcveéòbz+ db ekirne gapne+ ha vpaipene tbkbwczcwa+ a urb dbzvbpte

jrpcazcdedb ha nbzna bn ze`bp zb e zribztêa dbkb gac ea ep b czza+ jahzbjrtcwenbhtb+ jetcwe e

erdcíhjce(

Tadez ez bnczzapez pbjb`bn b.neckz+ jeptez+ kcieéòbz tbkbgôhcjez db tbkbzvbjtedapbz hezurecz bkbz pbicztpen zre avchcêa za`pb vpaipenez bzvbjîgcjaz( Kaicjenbhtb ez chgapneéòbza`tcdez db jeptez b tbkbgahbnez vadbn pbvpbzbhtep evbhez rne nchapce b|vpbzzcwe+ vapãne necapce daz urb kcien ar bzjpbwbn zêa zchjbpaz tehta hez zrez jpîtcjez urehta haz zbrzbkaicaz( Egchek+ vepe rn tbkbzvbjtedap zb dep ea tpeèkla db kciep ar bzjpbwbp vepe rn

02 Verte maphekîztcje ã a vkehbmenbhta bzurbnetc}eda daz àhirkaz e zbpbn gajekc}edaz hrne pbvapteibn+ jan apbzrna daz ezzrhtaz b e chdcjeéêa de zribztêa db jana a tbne dbwb zbp tpeteda( E verte hêa ã hapnetcwe+ hêabztcvrke rne kchle db eéêa e zbp a`pcietapcenbhtb zbircde= ã rne tbhtetcwe db apcbhtep b dcpcicp nbtadcjenbhtb atpeèkla da pbvúptbp+ dbhtpa daz vepànbtpaz urb vazzen zbp vpbwcztaz( Jeza ajappe ekirn dbteklb cnvaptehtb

jana hatîjce b hêa vpbwczta he verte+ bzte hêa cnvbdb+ a`wcenbhtb+ urb e pbvapteibn zbme dbzwcede vepe artpazàhirkaz( Vadbn bztep jahtcdaz hrne verte+ ekãn da pbzrna da ezzrhta+ a tpetenbhta urb dbwb zbp deda ænetãpce+ rne zribztêa db kcdb+ vbpirhtez vepe az bhtpbwcztedaz+ hanbz+ bhdbpbéaz b tbkbgahbz db vazzîwbcz gahtbz+btj( ,Chgapneéòbz a`tcdez bn PE@EÉE+ 0660+ v( 227#(



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vpaipene db tbkbwczêa+ ã vapurb bkb pbeknbhtb pbeicr æ zre nbhzeibn( Pbzte ze`bp zb `bnar nek( Vap bzzb natcwa+ vpbztb etbhéêa hez kcieéòbz+ b.neckz+ jeptez( A`zbpwb urb a vedpêaibpek dbzzez nbhzeibhz vadb klb dep ekirnez vbpzvbjtcwez chtbpbzzehtbz za`pb ez pbeéòbzdaz¦tbkbzvbjtedapbz¦urehta¦ea¦zbr¦vpaipene„+¦,@AHEZCA+¦0660+¦v(¦93#(

E patche db vpadréêa pburbp bgcjcíhjce+ apiehc}eéêa b pbzvahze`ckcdedb( Ekãn dczza+ ze`bp

cnvpawczep b zbp jpcetcwa zêa urekcdedbz chdczvbhzåwbcz vepe a vpagczzcahek de vpadréêa

maphekîztcje( Nehtbp rn vpaipene dcåpca b|cib jahjbctaz jpcetcwaz vepe vpbhdbp e etbhéêa da

vý`kcja+ jeza jahtpåpca+ a vpaipene jec he nbzncjb b jappb a pczja db zecp da ep( Tpetehda.zb

db rn vpaipene urb+ ekãn db zbp dcåpca+ ten`ãn ã ea wcwa+ pburbp echde necz etbhéêa bn

ezzrhtaz pbvbtctcwaz b he gczjekc}eéêa db tadaz az dbteklbz vepe urb hêa ajappe bppaz ipctehtbz

bn jbhe+ ar ten`ãn he tãjhcje( A pbtapha daz tbkbzvbjtedapbz urb ge}bn bzzbz tcvaz db

a`zbpweéòbz ã cnbdceta+ natcwa bztb urb vadb dcnchrcp a jahjbcta da vpaipene(

Ha nbca maphekîztcja+ b|cztb rne ipehdb vpajrpe vap hawcdedbz cnvejtehtbz he zajcbdedb(

Dcwrkiep rne hatîjce ar ekirne chgapneéêa ehtbz de jahjappíhjce agbpbjb jbpta vpbztîica ea

wbîjrka db janrhcjeéêa+ nez ã vpbjcza tbp jrcdeda vepe hêa kbwep ea ep chgapneéòbz bppedez

ar zbn urb bkez tbhlen zcda evrpedez( Vap czza+ a vpadrtap dbwb zbnvpb tbp bn nbhtb urb

ehtbz db zb dcwrkiep ekia ã vpbjcza jlbjep jan ez gahtbz je`îwbcz zb e chgapneéêa ã db jepåtbp

wbpdedbcpe+ egchek+ urbn dcwrkie nbklap rne hatîjce ã urbn evrpe dcpbcta+ b hêa urbnchgapne vpcnbcpa( Ha maphekczna rn vburbha dbzkc}b ibpe rne ipehdb pbvbpjrzzêa+ vacz zêa

ncklòbz db vbzzaez ezzcztchda e vpaipeneéêa(

Lå wåpcez gapnez de hatîjce jlbiep ea vpadrtap b!ar maphekczte( Etpewãz db àeta+ dbhýhjce

ehôhcne+ chtbphbt ar wce pbkbezb ‚ netbpcek bhwceda vbkez ezzbzzapcez db cnvpbhze( E pahde.

tbkbgôhcje+ urb zêa ez kcieéòbz gbctez wåpcez wb}bz ea dce+ bn `rzje db chgapneéòbz+ vepe e

vakîjce+ japva db àn`bcpaz+ jbhtpecz db tpàhzcta+ bhtpb artpaz úpiêaz+ ekãn db ten`ãn zbp jahzcdbpede artpe gapne da maphekczte dbzja`pcp e hatîjce+ ã bzzbhjcek vepe e jlbjeibn db

getaz( Nrctez wb}bz+ urehda a vpadrtap¦ ge}¦ e¦ pahde+¦ bkb¦ ejeè¦ dbzja`pchda¦ a¦ ‛grpa¦ db¦

pbvapteibn„+¦ ar¦ zbme+¦ dbzja`pb.zb e hatîjce b wbcjrke.zb ehtbz urb artpa wbîjrka db

janrhcjeéêa tbhle dcwrkieda(

Urehda a vpadrtap bhtpbie e verte vepe urb a pbvúptbp b a jchbipegczte zb dbzkaurbn vepe rn

dbtbpncheda kajek e gcn db ge}bp rne netãpce vepe a vpaipene+ bkb zribpb ea maphekczte urbhêa zcie hbjbzzepcenbhtb tadaz az vezzaz de verte( Ã cnvaptehtb urb a vpagczzcahek de



:3

janrhcjeéêa e bhpcurbée ten`ãn jan artpez gahtbz pbkbwehtbz da ejahtbjcnbhta vepe

janvkbnbhtep¦e¦netãpce(¦‛Zb¦e¦nczzêa¦da¦pbvúptbp¦zb¦kcnctezzb¦e¦tpe}bp¦b|etenbhtb¦a¦urb¦e¦

evrpeéêa kbwehtar+ bkb zbpce dczvbhzåwbk( @eztepce apcbhtep a jchbipegczte vepe urb jevtezzb ez

cneibhz¦hbjbzzåpcez+¦ b¦ a¦ bdctap¦ pbdcicpce¦ a¦ tb|ta„+¦ ,@CZTEHB¦ @EJBKKEP+ 0667( v( 25#(

Artpe apcbhteéêa cnvaptehtb vap veptb da vpadrtap vepe jan a jchbipegczte+ bn pbvapteibhz

b|tbphez+ ã urb jeza ajappe a gkeipehtb db rne cneibn chrzctede+ jevtrpede vap bkb+ hêa dbc|b

db ge}bp( Æz wb}bz+ eurbke cneibn vadb zbp db b|tpbne cnvaptàhjce ha jahtb|ta da vpaipene+

vadbhda ibpep ipehdbz dbètbz+ dczjrzzêa za`pb a ezzrhta ar etã nbzna zãpcez dbhrhjcez(

A jatcdceha db rn vpadrtap ã `bn jahtrpèda b b|cib dbdcjeéêa bzvbjcek( Tadaz az dcez

b|cztb rne jappbpce vepe gbjlep e bdcéêa da tbkbmaphek+ bzjekez vepe vkehtòbz haz gchecz dbzbnehe+ gbpcedaz b dcez zehtaz+ ekãn db jehzeéa nbhtek b gîzcja ea vpadr}cp rne netãpce ar

vpaipene tbkbwczcwa( Ekãn dczza+ bztb vpagczzcahek dbwb ze`bp kcdep jan a janvaptenbhta b a

bia db ekirhz pbvúptbpbz+ bhtpbwcztedaz b vbzzaez da jahwîwca+ urb zêa jahzcdbpedaz+ vepe ez

ertapez+ jana artpa getap vpa`kbnåtcja he vpagczzêa( Zbirhda ez ertapez+ nrctaz vbhzen urb

zêa jbkb`pcdedbz vbka geta db evepbjbpbn he tbkbwczêa b vap zbpbn pbjahlbjcdaz hez prez( Vap

czza+ ã cnvaptehtb urb a vpadrtap bztbme vpbvepeda vepe kcdep jan bzzb tcva db zctreéêa b

tbhtep+ zbnvpb+ nehtbp e lepnahce ha en`cbhtb db tpeèkla vepe a àn jahwîwca dez vbzzaez brn nbklap pbhdcnbhta he vpadréêa db netbpcek(

:(< Jpctãpcaz db hatcjce`ckcdedb he tbkbwczêa

Ha jatcdceha db rne pbdeéêa maphekîztcje db bnczzapez db tbkbwczêa+ a wakrnb db chgapneéòbz

urb jlbien ea jahlbjcnbhta daz vpagczzcahecz de janrhcjeéêa ã nrcta ipehdb( Nez hbn

trda wcpe hatîjce+ ar zbme+ evbhez veptb dbzzb netbpcek ã wbcjrkeda( Je`b ea maphekczte rzep zreb|vbpcíhjce¦b¦jahlbjcnbhta¦vepe¦zbvepep¦eurcka¦urb¦zbpå¦dczjrtcda¦he¦nîdce(¦‛Ã¦geta¦urb¦az¦

maphekcztez zb wekbn db rne jrktrpe vpúvpce vepe dbjcdcp a urb ã ar hêa hatîjce( Ar zbme+ tín

jpctãpcaz vpúvpcaz+ urb jahzcdbpen ú`wcaz+¦urezb¦chztchtcwaz„¦,VBHE+¦0669(¦v(¦95#(

Vepe urb zbme gbcte e tpceibn da urb db geta ã jahzcdbpeda hatîjce+ a`pcietapcenbhtb az

ejahtbjcnbhtaz dbwbn pbzvahdbp ekirnez vbpirhtez+ vap b|bnvka+ zb bkbz zêa pbkbwehtbz b

zcihcgcjetcwaz vepe e zajcbdedb b zb zêa zrgcjcbhtbnbhtb jahzcdbpedaz chtbpbzzehtbz ea vý`kcja

dbztcheda( Yakg ,066:+ v( 060# jahjbctre hatcjce`ckcdedb jana e jevejcdedb db ekirn

ejahtbjcnbhta¦bn¦wcpep¦ar¦hêa¦hatîjce(¦‛Ã¦a¦jahmrhta¦db¦bkbnbhtaz¦vap¦nbca¦daz¦urecz¦a¦



46

evepeta chgapnetcwa jahtpake b ednchcztpe e urehtcdedb b a tcva db ejahtbjcnbhtaz urb

zbpwcpêa¦db¦̀ ezb¦vepe¦e¦zbkbéêa¦dez¦hatîjcez„+¦egcpne¦a¦ertap(

E a`mbtcwcdedb b jkepb}e zêa artpaz getapbz urb jahtpc`rbn he lape da bdctap ar vpadrtap

bzjaklbp a urb dbwb cp ea ep( @ahhbp ,0663# bhrnbpar ekirhz jpctãpcaz db bzjakle de hatîjce(

Bn vpcnbcpa kriep+ dbzteje.zb e e`pehiíhjce( Ã cnvaptehtb urb a ezzrhta e zbp wbcjrkeda zbme

db chtbpbzzb db wåpcez vbzzaez( Vepe czza+ ã hbjbzzåpca urb zbme ewekceda zb a ezzrhta ã kajek+

hejcahek ar chtbphejcahek b+ vaztbpcapnbhtb+ wbpcgcjep urehtaz tbkbzvbjtedapbz+ heurbkb

vpaipene+ zbpêa etchicdaz( Jeza jahtpåpca+ e bnczzape vadbpå hêa ekjehéep zbr a`mbtcwa bn

tpehznctcp e chgapneéêa bn urbztêa+ ekãn db tbp rne urbde he erdcíhjce da vpaipene(

Ã èztehtb janrn+ vap b|bnvka+ e vpadréêa db rn vpaipene pbicahek tbkbwczcwa ge}bp rne

vbzurcze za`pb az ejahtbjcnbhtaz b kriepbz necz vpajrpedaz vepe wczcteéêa bn dbtbpnchede

jcdedb( Ã cnvaptehtb ze`bp a urb natcwe ez vbzzaez e zb dbzkajepbn vepe eurbkb kriep b a urb

bkez vpbtbhdbn ̀ rzjep ea jlbiepbn ea dbztcha dbzbmeda( E veptcp dbzzbz pbzrktedaz+ e bnczzape

pbicahek tpeèkle jan a a`mbtcwa db eàpdep rn ezzrhta bn janrn urb eipede tecz

tbkbzvbjtedapbz(

E ipewcdedb dez cnvkcjeéòbz ten`ãn ã jahzcdbpede jana a zbirhda jpctãpca db

hatcjce`ckcdedb( Urehta necz bzjehdekaza gap a geta+ jana+ vap b|bnvka+ ekirn jeza db

japprvéêa b wcakíhjce+ necap ã a pbtapha vap veptb daz tbkbzvbjtedapbz b necapbz zêa ez

jlehjbz da jeza zbp bzjkepbjcda b pbzakwcda( Ã vpbjcza urb e nîdce dbhrhjcb eurcka db bppeda

urb bztbme ejahtbjbhda vepe urb e zajcbdedb vazze ja`pep dez ertapcdedbz rne zakréêa( Nez+

vap artpa keda+ az wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa ten`ãn vpbjczen dcwrkiep getaz chtbipehtbz db

rne eibhde vazctcwe urb ejahtbjbn ha nrhda+ jana eéòbz db pbzvahze`ckcdedb zajcek+zbpwcéa wakrhtåpca+ etaz db ibhtckb}e rpèhe b db jahzbpweéêa vetpcnahcek lcztúpcja b jrktrpek+

b jenvbahetaz bzvaptcwaz vepe urb zcpwen db b|bnvka eaz tbkbzvbjtedapbz(

Bn pbkeéêa æz bnvpbzez tbkbwczcwez pbicahecz+ bztb zbirhda jpctãpca ten`ãn zb bhjec|e ha

zbhtcda db pbgbpbhdep ekirn ejahtbjcnbhta nepjehtb ha nrhcjîvca urb bhwakwe ekirn

vetpcnôhca deurbkb kriep+ jaztrnbz ar vbzzaez urb gc}bpen ar ge}bn veptb de jrktrpe kajek( E

pbzterpeéêa db ekirne cipbme tanède+ ez tpedcjcahecz gbztez pbkcicazez b lanbheibhz e

ekirãn urb ge} veptb de lcztúpce de pbicêa+ zêa b|bnvkaz db getaz urb b|vpbzzen tatek

zcihcgcjàhjce vepe az napedapbz de jcdedb(



45

Bhrnbpeda jana tbpjbcpa jpctãpca+ a jepåtbp lcztúpcja da ejahtbjcnbhta ge} e tatek dcgbpbhée

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vpaipeneéêa vap zb tpetep db rn geta jan lcztúpcja må jahlbjcda vbke zajcbdedb+ ha urek

tadaz ejanvehlen ez hatîjcez urb zebn he nîdce za`pb eurbkb ezzrhta( Hapneknbhtb+ zêa

ejahtbjcnbhtaz urb egbten a nrhda tada+ kaia a ezzrhta ten`ãn zbpå dcwrkieda vbke

cnvpbhze chtbphejcahek( Ã `eztehtb janrn urb vpaipenez bkcnchbn ekirne artpe verte vepe

b|c`cp e netãpce db jepåtbp lcztúpcja vap necz tbnva( Rn b|bnvka dbzzb jpctãpca ã urehda

ekirne ertapcdedb wczcte dbtbpnchede jcdedb lcztúpcje vepe pbjb`bp ekirn vpínca ar

zcnvkbznbhtb vpbztcicep a bwbhta+ jana he zakbhcdedb db zbvrktenbhta daz pbztaz naptecz daz

chjahgcdbhtbz Mazã db Pbzbhdb Jazte+ Maêa Dcez de Nate b Danchiaz Wcdek db @ep`aze+ he

jcdedb nchbcpe db Arpa Vpbta+ bn e`pck db 0655+ urehda e vpbzcdbhtb da @pezck+ DckneParzzbgg+ bztbwb vpbzbhtb( Heurbke nbzne ajezcêa+ jbkb`par.zb e bhtpbie de Nbdekle de

Chjahgcdíhjce07+ jana rne gapne db lanbheibep vbzzaez urb vpbztepen pbkbwehtbz zbpwcéaz b

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E cnvaptàhjce pbketcwe db rne hatîjce+ tctrkede jana vbza da jahtb|ta b jkezzcgcjede jana

urepta jpctãpca+ dbwb zbp janvepede æz dbnecz ehtbz db zbp kbwede ea ep( B|cztbn getaz urb zêa

db cnvaptàhjce e`zakrte+ ar zbme+ eurbkbz urb a`pcietapcenbhtb dbwbn bhtpep he vpaipeneéêajan rn tbnva necap vbke ipewcdedb da ezzrhta( Bn pbkeéêa æurbkez hatîjcez pbicztpedez

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zbp b|c`cdez jan tbnva nbhap da urb e artpe+ zbn nrcta dbzteurb( E cnvaptàhjce pbketcwe

ten`ãn zbpwb vepe az ezzrhtaz bzjaklcdaz bn rn vpaipene tbkbwczcwa( Ã vpbjcza gajep ha

ezzrhta vpchjcvek da dce b ze`bp jkezzcgcjep urecz ez artpez chgapneéòbz urb ten`ãn cpêa

janvap e ipedb da vpaipene(

Rn b|bnvka db vbza da jahtb|ta ha trpczna ã urehda a maphekczte jcte bn zre netãpce+ ar

naztpe ha vpaipene tbkbwczcwa+ vbpzaheibhz pbkbwehtbz b|cztbhtbz bn rne jcdedb+ jana bn

Dcenehtche+ kriep ahdb a b|.vpbzcdbhtb da @pezck+ Mrzjbkcha Or`ctzjlbo+ jpbzjbr b wcwbr

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natcwa+ MO zbpå kbn`peda b jcteda+ ekirãn jan vepbhtbzja ar jan ipehdb vpa|cncdedb da

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40

Vap gcn+ a urchta b ýktcna jpctãpca bztcvrkeda vap @ahhbp ,0663#+ e cnvaptàhjce da tada( Db

rn nada ibpek+ ez hatîjcez dbwbn jahtbp jepåtbp gejtrek b pbkbwàhjce e`zakrte vepe urb zbmen

wbcjrkedez( Vapãn+ hbzte jetbiapce+ wí.zb+ ten`ãn+ a nãpcta db netãpcez gpcez urb e`apden da

veptcjrkep vepe a ibpek b+ ezzcn+ pbvpbzbhte a tada( Ã e mrhéêa db tadaz az jpctãpcaz må jctedaz ‚

e`pehiíhjce+ ipewcdedb db cnvkcjeéòbz+ jepåtbp lcztúpcja b cnvaptàhjce pbketcwe( Ipeéez e bzte

jetbiapce+ tbn.zb+ dbhtpa de kchle bdctapcek db rn wbîjrka jana e tbkbwczêa+ e kc`bpdedb db

nbzjkep ezzrhtaz gejtrecz jan artpaz necz gpcaz b+ ezzcn+ a`tbp rne netãpce necz ehekîtcje ar

chtbpvpbtetcwe( Ekãn dczza+ e cnvaptàhjce da tada ten`ãn dc} pbzvbcta e vazzîwbk cdbhtcgcjeéêa

he netãpce de b|cztíhjce db ekia ar ekirãn jan jepåtbp pbvpbzbhtetcwa bn kriepbz bzvbjîgcjaz(

Ã vazzîwbk cdbhtcgcjep bzzb jpctãpca ha trpczna urehda ekirãn zb pbgbpb e nahrnbhtaz arkriepbz jepejtbpîztcjaz de jcdedb jana zb pbvpbzbhtezzbn+ vap zc zú+ e jcdedb( Rn b|bnvka

jkepa ã urb hêa zb geke db Arpa Vpbta zbn gekep dez `bkez cipbmez+ dez a`pez db Ekbcmedchla+

nrzbrz+ bhtpb artpaz kajecz(



4:

4 J CDE DB DE IBHT B = RN AK LE P NRK TCG RHJ CAHE K VE PE A TRPCZ NA

Hbztb jevîtrka+ zbpêa evpbzbhtedaz e bnczzape pbicahek TW Lapc}ahtb+ a vpaipene db trpczna

Jcded b de I b h t b + a`mbta db bztrda dbzte nahaipegce+ b e maphekczte Krjcehe Oetelcpe( Ekãndczza+ zbpå cdbhtcgcjede+ vepe a kbctap+ e nbtadakaice rtckc}ede vepe e jahgbjéêa dbzte vbzurcze(

Vap gcn+ e ehåkczb daz uretpa bvczúdcaz da vpaipene bztå eurc jana gapne jahjkrzcwe dbztb

tpe`ekla(

4(5 E bnczzape jetúkcje db @bka Lapc}ahtb

E TW Lapc}ahtb09 ã rne bnczzape pbicahek nchbcpe+ vbptbhjbhtb æ Grhdeéêa Jrktrpek Maêa

Verka CC+ urb+ vap zre wb}+ ge} veptb de Epurcdcajbzb db @bka Lapc}ahtb+ kciede æ Pbdb

Jetbdpek db Janrhcjeéêa Jetúkcje ‚ urb janvpbbhdb uretpa wbîjrkaz db janrhcjeéêa= TW

Lapc}ahtb+ Pådca Enãpcje+ Pådca Jrktrpe b Maphek db Avchcêa( Zre nczzêa ã tpe`eklep vepe

urb e chgapneéêa+ e gapneéêa b a bhtpbtbhcnbhta+ eipbiedaz e wekapbz jpcztêaz+ zbmen

tpehznctcdaz eaz tbkbzvbjtedapbz vap nbca da jahtbýda db zre vpaipeneéêa( Vepe tehta+

zbirhda dedaz dczvahîwbcz ha zctb de bnczzape+ a a`mbtcwa dbzte bnvpbze tbkbwczcwe ã

jahtpc`rcp vepe e jahztpréêa db rne zajcbdedb necz mrzte+ lrnehe b gpetbphe(

Jan grhdeéêa bn 5: db eiazta db 533<+ e bnczzape pbicahek jetúkcje zbnvpb vpadr}cr ipehdb

veptb db zre vpaipeneéêa( Az vpcnbcpaz vpaipenez urb gc}bpen zrjbzza heurbke ãvaje ‚ b

ekirhz echde ge}bn .+ gapen a b|tchta TW \ + vpaipene dcåpca chgehtck evpbzbhteda vap Pý`ce

Nbzurcte? a D b da d b Vpa z e + vpaipene wakteda vepe az jcdedêaz de tbpjbcpe cdedb+ evpbzbhteda

vap Mrepb} Bkczcåpca? a maphek Lapc}ah t b Ha t î j ce + urb dbzteje az vpchjcvecz ejahtbjcnbhtaz de

janrhcdedb jetúkcje db @bka Lapc}ahtb b Pbicêa Nbtpavakctehe+ evpbzbhteda vap Pbhete

Kcne? b a vpaipene db trpczna Jcded b de I b h t b + urb naztpe e jrktrpe b ez `bkb}ez db wåpcezjcdedbz da @pezck b da nrhda+ evpbzbhteda vap Krjcehe Oetelcpe(

Bn 0656+ e TW Lapc}ahtb gcpnar vepjbpce jan e TW Jrktrpe+ urb vezzar e vpadr}cp nbtedb

de ipedb db vpaipeneéêa de bnczzape( E veptcp db bhtêa+ vpaipenez jana Je zt b ka På Tc n

@r n + Ja j apc j ú + B z j ake 0 (6 + Padewcwe b Hawa T b k bj rp z a b h z cha n ã dca + ten`ãn janbéepen e

zbp wbcjrkedaz he tbkbwczêa pbicahek nchbcpe( Ekãn dczza+ e TW Lapc}ahtb vazzrc rn wîhjrka

jan e VRJ TW+ bnczzape rhcwbpzctåpce de Vahtcgîjce Rhcwbpzcdedb Jetúkcje db Nchez Ibpecz+

09 Gahtb= lttv=!!twlapc}ahtb(jan(`p!chztctrjcahe!



44

urb ã zbdb da Jehek Rhcwbpzctåpca db @bka Lapc}ahtb+ tpehznctcda vbka jeà+ etpewãz de HBT

,jehek 50# b de YES ,jehek 54#( Je`b æ bnczzape de Epurcdcajbzb db @bka Lapc}ahtb pbvpczep

ekirhz vpaipenez vpadr}cdaz b pbekc}edaz vbkaz bztrdehtbz db maphekczna de VRJ Nchez+

jana a tbkbmaphek dcåpca Maphek 52 n chr t a z + a vpaipene nrzcjek Nc j pa g ahce b a vpaipene

bdrjetcwa J b håpca Jrk t rpek (

Db zbirhde.gbcpe e zåèda+ e bnczzape verkczte+ TW Evepbjcde+ kc`bpe a zchek b ertapc}e e

wbcjrkeéêa+ ea wcwa+ de Nczze db Evepbjcde+ dcpbtenbhtb da Zehtråpca Hejcahek db Evepbjcde

da Haptb+ bn Zêa Verka( Rn daz natcwaz db tehtez vepjbpcez de TW Lapc}ahtb jan artpez

bnczzapez nchbcpez ar db artpaz Bztedaz zb dbwb ea geta db tpetep.zb db rne bnvpbze

tbkbwczcwe db vburbha vaptb+ zbn tehtaz pbjrpzaz gchehjbcpaz b!ar tbjhakúicjaz+ natcwa bztburb hbjbzzcte db emrde vepe nehtbp zre ipedb db vpaipeneéêa( Ipehdb veptb daz vpaipenez de

bnczzape ã tpehznctcde ea wcwa+ b+ vaztbpcapnbhtb+ pbvpczede ea kahia de zbnehe(

Ez vr`kcjcdedbz dcwrkiedez he vpaipeneéêa de bnczzape dc}bn pbzvbcta ea nbpjeda wepbmczte

b ehrhjcehtbz db vburbhez bnvpbzez de jevctek nchbcpe b pbicêa nbtpavakctehe( Vepe czza+ e

TW Lapc}ahtb dczvahc`ckc}e a vpambta Wc t pch b Lapc}ah t b + urb ã rne mehbke db àe wczc`ckcdedb

wbcjrkede haz janbpjcecz b chtbpvpaipenez de bnczzape( Ekãn dczza+ az ehrhjcehtbz tín eavéêa db ten`ãn b|vap zrez nepjez b vpadrtaz dbhtpa daz vpchjcvecz vpaipenez de jeze+ jan

ztetrz db evacaz b vetpajîhcaz+ ha urek a evpbzbhtedap dcwrkie a a`mbta bn urbztêa jan

vpbztîicaz b pbketaz da vpadrta(

Db ejapda jan chgapneéòbz dcwrkiedez ha zctb de TW Lapc}ahtb+ e jahjbzzêa de bnczzape ã

db TWE . vap ezzchetrpe( Ekãn de tpehznczzêa da zchek bztep dczvahîwbk he ipehdb @bka

Lapc}ahtb b pbicêa nbtpavakctehe+ artpez jcdedbz da chtbpcap db Nchez b db artpaz Bztedaz `pezckbcpaz+ ten`ãn zêa jahtbnvkedaz bn zchek dcictek vbka zetãkctb @pezckzet @4( Echde

zbirhda e bnczzape+ dbwcda æ Artapie Gbdbpek+ tade e vpaipeneéêa de bnczzape jetúkcje ã

tpehznctcde vap 55 lapez . dez 50l æz 0:l .+ vbka jehek e`bpta 53 ,RLG# b 04 lapez vbkez

avbpedapez db jehek e jeà bn @bka Lapc}ahtb . 00 . HBT b 04 . AcTW( Etreknbhtb+ e

bnczzape bztå kajekc}ede he ewbhcde Cteý+ 252+ ècppa Dan Je`pek+ @bka Lapc}ahtb(



42

4(0 Db Nchez vepe a nrhda

Bztpbeda bn 5333+ he bnczzape pbicahek nchbcpe+ TW Lapc}ahtb+ a vpaipene Jcded b de I b h t b

bhjehte az tbkbzvbjtedapbz jan `bkez cneibhz b chgapneéòbz db kriepbmaz da Bzteda db Nchez

Ibpecz b da nrhda( Tpete.zb db rn vpaipene zbnehek db wceibhz ‚ hejcahecz b chtbphejcahecz

‚ + urb naztpe e jrktrpe+ az vetpcnôhcaz b ez lcztúpcez db kriepbz wepcedaz( Evpbzbhteda b

vpadr}cda dbzdb a chîjca vbke maphekczte Krjcehe Oetelcpe+ urb+ necz tepdb+ bn 5332+ ten`ãn

vezzar e ezzrncp e dcpbéêa b e vpadréêa daz patbcpaz+ a vpaipene+ haz zbrz tpíz vpcnbcpaz

ehaz+ naztpar ez `bkb}ez b ez tpedcéòbz db jcdedbz kajekc}edez he Pbicêa Nbtpavakctehe db

@bka Lapc}ahtb+ jana Zeèpå+ C`cpctã+ Zehte Kr}ce b Ciepevã(

Må ha urepta eha db b|cztíhjce da Jcded b de I b h t b + e vpadrtape pbzakwbr chawep ge}bhda rne

zãpcb bzvbjcek da vpaipene za`pb az ècppaz de jevctek nchbcpe( Drpehtb rn eha gac wbcjrkeda

a urb az ècppaz tín db nbklap vepe agbpbjbp æ janrhcdedb( Ekãn dczza+ vpa`kbnez b dbzegcaz

urb az napedapbz dez pbicòbz+ bn urbztêa+ bhgpbhten ha jatcdceha+ ten`ãn gapen dczjrtcdaz

haz bvczúdcaz( Vezzeda bzzb vbpîada+ ez ipeweéòbz waktepen e zbp gbctez hez jcdedbz da chtbpcap+

vapãn+ dbzte wb}+ e`pehibhda tada a Bzteda db Nchez b jan hawez vpavaztez+ jana vap

b|bnvka+ da vpaipene zbp necz åick b dchàncja+ eipbiehda bzvaptbz pedcjecz+ jrkchåpce+ bhtpbartpaz(

Haz ýktcnaz tpíz ehaz+ a vpaipene tbwb e avaptrhcdedb db zecp da Bzteda nchbcpa jan dbztcha

æ Enãpcje Ketche( Dbzze wceibn+ apcichepen.zb drez zãpcbz( E vpcnbcpe dbkez gac e Z ã pc b

Epi b h t che + urb wcemar vbke jevctek vaptbhle b e Veteiôhce Epibhtche+ jan jchja vpaipenez .

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Je n

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pbekc}ede+ dbzte wb}+ he Brpave( Uretpa veîzbz dbpen apcibn e zbcz hawaz vpaipenez da

Jcded b de I b h t b . Enztbpden+ Vpeie+ Wbhb}e+ Pane ! Wetcjeha+ @epjbkahe b Nedpc( Bzze

zãpcb gac tctrkede jana V b ke Brpave% (



47

Evbzep db a vpaipene zbp de bnczzape Jetúkcje+ TW Lapc}ahtb+ hez wceibhz chtbphejcahecz ã e

maphekczte Krjcehe Oetelcpe0< urbn epje jan ipehdb veptb dez dbzvbzez( Oetelcpe egcpne urb+

he zãpcb Epi b h t che + gac bke urbn chwbztcr dbzdb e lazvbdeibn+ ekcnbhteéêa etã ez vezzeibhz

eãpbez( Må he Je n chla z Ehdcha z + e bnczzape dczvahc`ckc}ar emrde gchehjbcpe jan jbpje db

76 da wekap dez dbzvbzez( Echde db ejapda jan e maphekczte+ he ýktcne wceibn gbcte+ vbke

Brpave+ ez vezzeibhz gapen vetpajchedez vbka Pateps Chtbphejcahek+ dbwcda e rn chtbpjàn`ca

vpagczzcahek urb e evpbzbhtedape gb} æ @ãkicje heurbke ãvaje( Nez e TW Lapc}ahtb ten`ãn

gchehjcar veptb dez dbzvbzez jan emrde db jrzta+ b a pbztehtb de wceibn gac e vpúvpce Oetelcpe

urbn veiar( Bn pbkeéêa eaz vpaipenez hejcahecz+ ã e bnczzape urbn epje jan tadez ez

dbzvbzez+ jana lazvbdeibn+ tpehzvaptb+ ekcnbhteéêa+ jahtpeteéêa db ircez trpîztcjaz+ bhtpb

artpaz(

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Bzteda nchbcpa+ jana jànbpe gcknedape+ gctez+ tpcvã+ kr} b ncjpagahb+ zêa tadaz db

vpavpcbdedb de bnczzape pbicahek+ TW Lapc}ahtb+ urb az dczvahc`ckc}e mrhtenbhtb jan zre

burcvb ‚ jchbipegczte b er|ckcep db jànbpe( Må hez wceibhz chtbphejcahecz+ hez urecz Oetelcpe

b|bpjb wåpcez grhéòbz za}chle+ tadaz az evepetaz zbncvpagczzcahecz rtckc}edaz vbptbhjbn æ

maphekczte(

Lå 50 ehaz+ e evpbzbhtedape b vpadrtape da Jcded b de I b h t b ejanvehle a pbtapha vap veptb

daz tbkbzvbjtedapbz bn pbkeéêa ea vpaipene( Zribztòbz+ bkaicaz+ jpîtcjez b nbhzeibhz db

chjbhtcwaz zêa bhwcedez e Oetelcpe vap nbca db tbkbgahb+ b.neck+ pbdbz zajcecz ‚ ap o r t +

g e jb ̀ aa o + t yc tt b p ( Tecz veptcjcveéòbz zêa grhdenbhtecz vepe urb bke+ ekãn db ejanvehlep e

jabnczzêa da vý`kcja+ ejpbzjbhtb ar nrdb ekirhz ctbhz he lape de bdcéêa ar etã ha dce db

ipeweéêa( Oetelcpe egcpne urb az jpctãpcaz rtckc}edaz he bzjakle daz kriepbz vertedaz+ haz vpaipenez chtbphejcahecz+ he wbpdedb+ zrpicpen de wahtedb urb bke zbnvpb tbwb bn jahlbjbp

tecz dbztchaz+ nez zbnvpb jan chdcjeéòbz db enciaz+ vbzzaez db jahwîwca vpagczzcahek+ ircez

trpîztcjaz+¦bhtpb¦artpaz(¦‛Dbvacz¦db¦bzjaklcdez¦ez¦jcdedbz+¦dbtbpncha¦urehtaz¦dcez¦war¦gcjep¦bn¦

jede rne dbkez+ urecz vahtaz zbpêa wczctedaz b urecz tbpêa urb zbp b|jkrîdaz( Dbtbpncha urek

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grpaz„¦,OETELCPE+¦0655#03(

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49

Dbzdb¦ zre¦ bztpãce+¦ jede¦ bvczúdca¦ da¦ vpaipene¦ b|c c̀da¦ tbn¦ e¦ drpeéêa¦ nãdce¦ db¦ :6–(¦ E¦

wbcjrkeéêa bztcvrkede daz vpaipenez chãdctaz vbke bnczzape TW Lapc}ahtb ã db zå`eda æz 53l

b ez pbvpczbz zêa eaz danchiaz+ æz 55l:6+ tbpée.gbcpe+ æz 0:l:6+ urepte.gbcpe+ æz 4l:6 b zb|te.

gbcpe+ æz <l(

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Gapnede bn Maphekczna+ bn 0666+ vbka Jbhtpa Rhcwbpzctåpca db @bka Lapc}ahtb ,RHC.@L#+

Krjcehe Oetelcpe:6 ã evpbzbhtedape agcjcek da vpaipene db trpczna Jcded b de I b h t b +

wbcjrkeda vbke TW Lapc}ahtb+ dbzdb zre bztpãce+ lå 50 ehaz( E maphekczte pbkete urb zbr

wîhjrka jan e bnczzape pbicahek jetúkcje janbéar jan rn bztåica+ urehda b|bpjbr e grhéêadb vpadrtape b pbvúptbp ha b|tchta Wa} de Ja n rhcded b + rn vpaipene urb tchle+ jana

a`mbtcwaz+ emrdep ez janrhcdedbz jepbhtbz db @bka Lapc}ahtb b pbicêa nbtpavakctehe+

zbhzc`ckc}ep az úpiêaz ednchcztpetcwaz bn pbkeéêa e dbtbpnchedaz vpa`kbnez+ bhtpb artpaz(

Bn 5333+ ekirnez nrdehéez chtbphez ajappbpen he bnczzape b+ jan bkez+ dbr.zb e jpceéêa db

dacz hawaz vpaipenez= B zt b `c j la ã a `c j la + rn vpaipene da nrhda ehcnek urb naztpe+ db

gapne kbwb b dbzjahtpeîde+ ez lcztúpcez+ az lå`ctaz b ez jrpcazcdedbz daz `cjlaz db bztcneéêa .?b a Jcded b de I b h t b ‚ vpaipene db wceibhz urb naztpe e `bkb}e+ jrktrpe b lcztúpcez dez

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evpbzbhtep az vpaipenez b+ dbzdb bhtêa+ e maphekczte hêa dbc|ar db vpadr}c.kaz b evpbzbhtå.kaz

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bke urbn ge}+ za}chle+ e vpã.vpadréêa+ az patbcpaz+ e vpadréêa+ evpbzbhteéêa+ dcpbéêa b ez

cneibhz he jcdedb bzjaklcde+ jan evbhez rne jànbpe gataipågcje b gcknedape+ rn tpcvã+ rn

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Vepe tehta+ e pbwczêa `c`kcaipågcje gac e veptcp db tîtrkaz db kcwpaz b eptciaz jcbhtîgcjaz urb

eàpden a tbne he vbzurcze bn tpíz nanbhtaz= janrhcjeéêa b trpczna? tbkbwczêa b a

pbicahekczna? b a maphekczte nrktcgrhéêa( Ha vpcnbcpa dbkbz+ az ertapbz b|vkcjen a vadbp db

chgkríhjce urb az nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa tín ha nbpjeda trpîztcja( Hcbkzbh ,0660# eàpde a

vadbp vbpzrezcwa b|bpjcda vbkaz nbcaz db janrhcjeéêa+ chdbvbhdbhtb de vketegapne zbp

tbkbwczêa+ pådca+ chtbphbt ar cnvpbzza( Vepe bkb+ e dcwrkieéêa db cneibhz da kriep cdbekjahwbhjb ar dczzredb a wcemehtb(

Ha zbirhda nanbhta+ vepe gekep za`pb az ctbhz tbkbwczêa b pbicahekczna+ gapen rtckc}edaz

ertapbz urb mrztcgcjen e cnvaptàhjce de dcwrkieéêa da trpczna bn rne bnvpbze tbkbwczcwe( B+

echde+ jana ez hawez tbjhakaicez agbpbjbn hawez gbppenbhtez+ jana e chtbpeéêa necap bhtpb a

vpadrtap da jahtbýda b a tbkbzvbjtedap( Ekãn dczza+ ten`ãn ã dczjrtcde e cnvaptàhjce dez

:5 Bhtpbwczte jahjbdcde æ ertape( @bka Lapc}ahtb+ 2 db nepéa db 0655(



43

bnczzapez pbicahecz hez janrhcdedbz bn urb bztêa chztekedez b e vpbzbpweéêa+ vpanawcde vap

bkez+ de cdbhtcdedb jrktrpek de pbicêa(

@e}c ,0665# gac rn daz ertapbz rtckc}edaz he vbzurcze+ urb jahjbctrar a tbpna tbkbwczêa

pbicahek+ eàpdar za`pb zre b|vehzêa haz nrhcjîvcaz b e jakeàpeéêa ea dcwrkiep az

vpchjcvecz getaz+ ejahtbjcnbhtaz b vpbzteéêa db zbpwcéa de jcdedb( A ertap ten`ãn b|vkcje e

pbkeéêa db vepjbpce bhtpb ez bnczzapez pbicahecz jan ez ipehdbz bnvpbzez tbkbwczcwez+ ea

bhwcepbn netbpcecz kajecz e gcn db zbpbn dcwrkiedez hez ipehdbz bnczzapez( Az ektaz îhdcjbz

db erdcíhjce db rne bnczzape pbicahek ten`ãn zêa artpe urbztêa eàpdede he vbzurcze+

egchek+ db ejapda jan a ertap+ e bnvpbze tbkbwczcwe vpb}e e jpbdc`ckcdedb b pbzvbcta vepe jan

zbr vý`kcja pbicahek+ b+ vap czza+ a tbkbzvbjtedap dbvazcte tatek jahgcehée ha urb ã tpehznctcda+natcwa bztb urb jetcwe e erdcíhjce da nbzna(

Vap gcn+ ha tbpjbcpa nanbhta+ az ertapbz jahjbctren a maphekczte nrktcgrhéêa jana a

vpagczzcahek bn janrhcjeéêa urb b|bpjb wåpcez grhéòbz da pena+ jana ez db pbvúptbp+

vpadrtap+ patbcpczte+ vertbcpa+ bdctap+ jchbipegczte+ bhtpb artpez( Bzzb vpagczzcahek zrpicr de

hbjbzzcdedb db atcnc}ep e nêa db a`pe he varja pbhtåwbk bnczzape pbicahek+ wczehda e rne

bjahance necap heurbkb wbîjrka db janrhcjeéêa( Jan czza+ db ejapda jan @cztehb '@ejbkkep ,0667#+ a vatbhjcek dez hawez tbjhakaicez ge} jan urb zrpme+ db gapne hetrpek+ a

pbvúptbp nrktcgrhéêa( Bzzb vevbk tbn zb tapheda pbgbpíhjce dbhtpa daz wbîjrkaz+ må urb zb

b|cib+ jede wb} necz+ nrktcncdcekcdedb da vpagczzcahek b+ jahzburbhtbnbhtb+ necz eickcdedb(

Dcehtb dbzzbz tpíz nanbhtaz tpeèkledaz jan ertapbz urb jahtpc`rîpen vepe a bzjkepbjcnbhta

db tbnez pbkbwehtbz he vbzurcze+ e mrztcgcjetcwe vepe e bzjakle da a`mbta db bztrda bn urbztêa

‚ ha jeza+ a vpaipene db trpczna Jcded b de I b h t b + evpbzbhteda vbke maphekczte Krjcehe

Oetelcpe+ he TW Lapc}ahtb .+ ã vbka geta dbkb zbp rn b|bnvka db vpaipene tbkbwczcwa urb

eàpde tadaz az ctbhz bztrdedaz+ urb gapen jctedaz ejcne( Tpete.zb db rn vpaipene db

wceibhz zbnehek+ urb wbcjrke chgapneéòbz jrktrpecz+ lcztúpcjez b ibpecz db jcdedbz wczctedez

dbhtpa b gape da @pezck( A Jcded b de I b h t b rtckc}e.zb de janrhcjeéêa vepe tpehznctcp eaz

bzvbjtedapbz ‚ vpchjcveknbhtb eaz urb hêa tbn jahdcéòbz db ge}bp rne wceibn b!ar jahlbjbp

kriepbz hawaz .+ vap nbca de tbkbwczêa+ e patche+ az wekapbz b az jaztrnbz+ ekãn db vahtaz

trpîztcjaz da kriep bzjaklcda(



26

Dbwcda æ b|vbpcíhjce db Oetelcpe ea vpadr}cp b patbcpc}ep az bvczúdcaz nchbcpaz+ hez zãpcbz

ipewedez gape da veîz+ e maphekczte b|bpjb za}chle wåpcez grhéòbz ea vpadr}cp az vpaipenez(

Vap bzzb natcwa+ bke vadb zbp jahzcdbpede rne maphekczte nrktcgrhjcahek( Evúz e

evpbzbhtedape nahtep tade e vpadréêa+ a patbcpa b ez vertez+ bke gckne za}chle tadez ez jbhez

da kriep trpîztcja bn urb bztcwbp+ jahtehda evbhez jan emrde daz a`mbtaz db tpeèkla+ jana a

tpcvã+ ncjpagahb+ jànbpe gcknedape b gataipågcje( Ekirhz evepbklaz tbjhakúicjaz+ jana kev t av

b jbkrkepbz ten`ãn zêa rtckc}edaz vbke maphekczte jan a chtrcta db eickc}ep zbr tpeèkla( Dbzze

gapne+ ã vazzîwbk ejanvehlep tadez ez btevez db vpadréêa db rn vpaipene trpîztcja( E

bjahance gchehjbcpe ã rn daz natcwaz urb kbwe e TW Lapc}ahtb+ bnvpbze pbicahek tbkbwczcwe

urb wbcjrke tek vpaipene+ e nehtbp evbhez rne grhjcahåpce vepe b|bpjbp wåpcez grhéòbz da

pena( Hapneknbhtb+ bzzb nadbka db maphekczte nrktcgrhjcahek ã bhjahtpeda evbhez bnbnczzapez pbicahecz+ nez+ etreknbhtb+ e tbhdíhjce ã urb ez ipehdbz bnvpbzez tbkbwczcwez

ten`ãn avtbn vap bzzb tcva db vpagczzcahek(

Gapen bzjaklcdaz uretpa bvczúdcaz da Jcded b de I b h t b vepe zbpbn ehekczedaz+ zbhda dacz

vpaipenez hejcahecz b dacz bvczúdcaz db zãpcbz chtbphejcahecz( E mrztcgcjetcwe ã naztpep urb e

nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb de evpbzbhtedape zb burcwekb ea tpeèkla pbekc}eda vap wåpcaz

vpagczzcahecz he ipeweéêa daz bvczúdcaz da chtbpcap db Nchez Ibpcez b da B|tbpcap( Az

vpaipenez zbkbjcahedaz gapen ipewedaz hez jcdedbz db Dcenehtche ,Zãpcb Nchez Ibpecz#+

wbcjrkeda ha dce 05 db zbtbn`pa db 0662+ Nappa Wbpnbkla ,Zãpcb Nchez Ibpecz#+ b|c`cda bn

03 db e`pck db 0662+ @epckajlb+ Epibhtche ,zãpcb Epibhtche#+ jan b|c`céêa bn 64 db gbwbpbcpa

db 0663+ b Enztbpden+ Brpave ,zãpcb V b ke Brpave% #+ tpehznctcda ha dce < db artr`pa db 0656(

Az vpaipenez nchbcpaz gapen cnvaptehtbz vepe e evpbzbhtedape+ vacz zbpwcpen db èzb vepe ez

ipeweéòbz ha b|tbpcap+ nbzna jan a chtbpweka db 4 ehaz( Bzzbz bvczúdcaz gapen pbtcpedaz db

zãpcbz dcgbpbhtbz mrztenbhtb jan e chtbhéêa db wbpcgcjep zb e nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb bnvpbiede

haz vpaipenez hejcahecz tbwb pbkbwàhjce haz chtbphejcahecz(

E a`zbpweéêa veptcjcvehtb gac pbekc}ede ha vpcnbcpa zbnbztpb db 0656+ urehda e ertape

ten`ãn bzteicewe he bnvpbze TW Lapc}ahtb( Dbzze gapne+ gac vazzîwbk wbpcgcjep+ he vpåtcje+ e

patche db vpadréêa urb e maphekczte Krjcehe Oetelcpe dbzbhwakwb heurbkb wbîjrka+ `bn jana

bhtbhdbp e gapne jana e evpbzbhtedape kcde jan e urbztêa dez wåpcez grhéòbz urb b|bpjb( He

ãvaje+ Oetelcpe vbzurczewe ez jcdedbz+ kriepbz b jahtetaz db vbzzaez e gcn db vpadr}cp ez

vertez b e jpceéêa daz patbcpaz db wceibhz vepe e zãpcb V b ke Brpave% ( Ekirnez pbrhcòbz jan



25

jaapdbhedapbz b dcpbtapbz de bnczzape Jetúkcje gapen pbekc}edez vepe urb bkbz emrztezzbn az

dbteklbz de wceibn(

Tadez ez bhtpbwcztez jan e vpadrtape Krjcehe Oetelcpe gapen pbekc}edez vap b.neck( Dbzdb

0656+ tehta e maphekczte urehta e ertape de nahaipegce jahwbpzen vap bzzb nbca db

janrhcjeéêa e gcn db zakrjcahep dýwcdez+ bhwcep netbpcecz b tpajep cdãcez za`pb a vpaipene(

Bzzb jahteta dcpbtenbhtb jan e Oetelcpe ã db ipehdb pbkbwàhjce vepe a bhpcurbjcnbhta de

vbzurcze nahaipågcje(

Az jpctãpcaz db hatcjce`ckcdedb zêa e vpcnbcpe jetbiapce db ehåkczb de nahaipegce e zbp

wbpcgcjede( Ã vap nbca dbzte jetbiapce urb ã vazzîwbk bztrdep e bzzíhjce db hatcjce`ckcdedb ha vpaipene Jcded b de I b h t b + ekãn dez mrztcgcjetcwez urb natcwen e pbekc}eéêa da vpaipene

trpîztcja( A tcva db kchireibn rtckc}ede bn jede rn daz vpaipenez ten`ãn zbpå ehekczeda(

Bhrnbpeda jana a zbirhda ctbn dez jetbiapcez db ehåkczb+ zbpå ewekceda zb e kchireibn

b|cztbhtb haz bvczúdcaz ã vpã.vpadr}cde ‚ tpe`ekleda bn rn tb|ta ehtbz de ipeweéêa ‚ + ar hêa

vpadr}cde ‚ rne kchireibn chgapnek+ zbn tb|ta vpahta( Ekirhz tpbjlaz db a ggz b vezzeibhz

zbpêa pbtcpedaz daz wîdbaz zbkbjcahedaz vepe a`tbp nbklap bztrda dez gekez dez vbzzaez urb

janvòbn a vpaipene b wbpcgcjep zb lå vpbzbhée db jakaurcekczna(

Jana tbpjbcpa túvcja+ zbpêa ehekczedez ez jepejtbpîztcjez tãjhcjez daz bvczúdcaz( Hbkb+ zbpêa

ewekcedaz e urehtcdedb db bhtpbwcztedaz vap vpaipene b a tbnva daz a ggz + dez zahapez b dez

vezzeibhz haz bvczúdcaz( Bn pbkeéêa æz vertez+ zbpå pbketeda jana gac e vpadréêa+ e b|bjréêa

b e evpawbcte`ckcdedb dbkez bn jede vpaipene zbkbjcaheda(

4(

2 Ehåkcz

b

4(2(5 Jpctãpcaz db hatcjce`ckcdedb

Az jpctãpcaz db hatcjce`ckcdedb ha vpaipene trpîztcja Jcded b de I b h t b zêa pbkbwehtbz db zbpbn

ehekczedaz dbwcda æ chtbhéêa bdctapcek b ea vatbhjcek vbpzrezcwa jahztprîda mrhta ea

tbkbzvbjtedap( ‛Nrcta¦ zb¦ geke¦bn¦chawep+¦ ge}bp¦ekia¦dcgbpbhtb+¦ bn¦vpaipenez¦ trpîztcjaz+¦vap¦

czza+ a urb necz tbhtenaz ã haz evpa|cnep daz tbkbzvbjtedapbz b naztpep rn aklep necz

enbha+¦ necz¦ evec|ahehtb+¦ necz¦ zcnvkbz+¦ daz¦ kriepbz¦ vap¦ ahdb¦ vezzenaz„¦ ,OETELCPE+

0655#(



20

Ha bvczúdca db Dcenehtche+ a urb natcwar e pbekc}eéêa da vpaipene gac+ ekãn de hbjbzzcdedb

db naztpep vepe a tbkbzvbjtedap e lcztúpce de jcdedb+ chdcjep az vpchjcvecz vahtaz trpîztcjaz b

urb+ vap czza+ iehlen ztetrz db pbvpbzbhtetcwcdedb da nrhcjîvca( Bhtpb bkbz+ ã dbztejåwbk a

jezepêa+ jahlbjcda jana e Jeze de Ikúpce+ urb+ he wbpdedb+ ã dcwcdcde bn drez jezez+ jede

urek jahztprîde bn vbpîadaz dcztehtbz b bn kedaz avaztaz de pre+ ã èztehtb vpajrpeda vap zbp

rne jahztpréêa dcgbpbhtb b vap tbp zcda e pbzcdíhjce da vpcnbcpa @czva db Dcenehtche( A

vpaipene naztpe urb az trpcztez ten`ãn vpajrpen jahlbjbp e pbzcdíhjce db Mrzjbkcha

Or`ctzjlbo+ kriep ahdb bkb hezjbr+ jpbzjbr b lamb zbpwb db ejbpwa eaz vbptbhjbz da b|.

vpbzcdbhtb+ b e jeze db Jlcje de Zckwe+ e bzjpewe jahlbjcde vap tbp zcda ekgappcede b vap tbp

nehtcda rne rhcêa jahzbhzrek bztåwbk jan rn pcja jahtedap db dcenehtbz db Dcenehtche(

Ez vbzzaez urb wczcten e jcdedb hêa dbc|en db jahlbjbp a Nbpjeda Nrhcjcvek db

Dcenehtche+ urb janbpjcekc}e dbzdb jancdez tîvcjez de pbicêa etã a`mbtaz eptbzehecz( Kå b|cztb

e èppeje db rne dcenehtchbhzb urb vpbvepe tadaz az zåèdaz wåpcaz urctrtbz+ jana zekiedaz+

urctehdez+ ànàhz+ àkaz+ vãz.db.nakburb b taptez( Bztbz kriepbz pbvpbzbhten a jpctãpca db

hatcjce`ckcdedb tctrkeda vap @ahhbp ,0663# jana e cnvaptàhjce da tada+ vacz tpeten.zb db

bzte`bkbjcnbhtaz lcztapcjenbhtb jahlbjcdaz b urb tanen a japva pbvpbzbhtetcwa db tade e

jcdedb( Zêa èzcjenbhtb vap nbca dbzzbz kajecz urb ez vbzzaez `rzjen jahlbjbp Dcenehtche(

Ha vpaipene Nappa Wbpnbkla+ a jpctãpca db hatcjce`ckcdedb rtckc}eda ten`ãn gac e

cnvaptàhjce da tada+ vacz gapen dcwrkiedaz az bzvaptbz pedcjecz urb ekc zb vpetcjen+ az vahtaz

db etpeéòbz trpîztcjez de jcdedb+ jana e tpedcjcahek @ehde Zehte Jbjîkce+ urb må rktpevezzar

036 ehaz b ã jahzcdbpede rne dez necz ehtciez db Nchez b urb etpec az trpcztez jan zrez

nýzcjez jehtedez bn Ketcn+ zbhda vavrkepbz b gakjkúpcjez( A àpdeda gbcta vap nrklbpbz

hetrpecz de jcdedb ã rn vahta gaptb he wbhde da eptbzeheta de pbicêa( Vap czza+ gac grhdederne Ezzajceéêa dez @apdedbcpez e gcn db b|vap a netbpcek dez nrklbpbz urb tpeèklen jan

bzzb tpeèkla nehrek( Vaptehta+ a àpdeda+ a bzvaptb b e èhde zêa jahzcdbpedaz îjahbz dbhtpa

de jcdedb db Nappa Wbpnbkla+ natcwa bztb urb ge} jan urb zbme cnvazzîwbk gekep da

nrhcjîvca zbn naztpep bzzez wepcbdedbz da kajek(

Urbn wczcte Nappa Wbpnbkla vpajrpe zbnvpb wbp a vôp da zak he cipbme db Hazze Zbhlape de

Vcbdedb+ vpchjcvek vahta db vbpbipcheéêa da Bzteda kajekc}eda ha dcztpcta db Jebtã( Ekãn

dczza+ heurbkb kajek+ ten`ãn bztå a A`zbpwetúpca Eztpahôncja de RGNI+ urb+ æ hactb+ ã

e`bpta ea vý`kcja vepe wczrekc}ep a rhcwbpza bztpbkep vbkaz tbkbzjúvcaz urb ekc bztêa( E jcdedb



2:

ten`ãn ã èztehtb vpajrpede vbkez vbzzaez urb dbzbmen zb ewbhtrpep bn bzvaptbz pedcjecz b

dbzgprtep ez `bkb}ez hetrpecz+ jana e jejlabcpe db Zehta Ehtôhca+ ez tpcklez bhtpb ez

nahtehlez vepe jcjkcztez b e janvbtcéêa db jcpjrcta gbjleda db mbbv+ urb ejahtbjb tadaz az

ehaz hez tpcklez b|cztbhtbz ha dcztpcta db Jebtã b pbýhb wåpcez vbzzaez db tada a veîz( Ekirhz

daz vezzbcaz pbekc}edaz vbke burcvb da vpaipene ha dce dez ipeweéòbz zú gapen vazzîwbcz db

mbbv( Bzze dcgcjrkdedb gac janvpawede vbke evpbzbhtedape urb pbicztpar e dcgcjrkdedb db

kajanaéêa+ mrhtenbhtb jan zre burcvb+ urehda az nbznaz bztewen e jenchla de jejlabcpe

db Zehta Ehtôhca(

Bn pbkeéêa æ zãpcb chtbphejcahek Epi b h t che + a jpctãpca bztcvrkeda vepe naztpep urb e jcdedb

etpec wåpcaz trpcztez hêa zú vbke jrktrpe b az vahtaz trpîztcjaz de jcdedb db @epckajlb+ nezten`ãn vbke hbwb+ gac e e`pehiíhjce( Czza zb dbwb ea geta db urb a ezzrhta ã db ipehdb

chtbpbzzb bhtpb az `pezckbcpaz( E netãpce naztpar pbkeéêa+ a`wcenbhtb+ jan e vpåtcje bzvaptcwe

zhayàepd b z o c + chjanrhz vepe az trpcztez(

He zãpcb V b ke Brpave% + e chtbhéêa gac naztpep ez jepejtbpîztcjez nepjehtbz de Lakehde urb

etpebn trpcztez db tada a nrhda+ jana a jakapcda dez trkcvez urb zêa vkehtedez bn vpeéez+

mepdchz b janbpjcekc}edez bn wåpcaz vahtaz dez jcdedbz wczctedez( Jana ez ipeweéòbz gapengbctez ha vbpîada de vpcnewbpe+ az nachlaz+ urb zêa rne bzvãjcb db jete.wbhtaz+ ez ncklepbz

db `cjcjkbtez bzvekledez vbkez prez b az vezzbcaz db vbdekchlaz b èpjaz vbkaz jehecz

nepîtcnaz de jcdedb ten`ãn vrdbpen janvap a netbpcek cneiãtcja da vpaipene( Bzzbz

jpctãpcaz zêa jahlbjcdaz jana e cnvaptàhjce da tada+ vacz e evpbzbhtedape naztpar ez

jepejtbpîztcjez nepjehtbz de jevctek Enztbpden+ urb zêa zînàkaz de jcdedb( Bztez ge}bn jan

urb az wczctehtbz zb dbzkaurbn bn `rzje db jahlbjbp bztez pbvpbzbhteéòbz( Urehda e

maphekczte evpbzbhtar ea tbkbzvbjtedap az genazaz nrzbrz de Brpave ahdb bztêa ez a`pez dbWeh¦Iail+¦Pbn`pehdt¦b¦Ehhb¦Gpeho+¦bke¦rtckc}ar¦a¦jpctãpca¦‛jepåtbp¦lcztúpcja„+¦vacz¦gapen¦

naztpedaz+ vap nbca dez a`pez db eptb b daz nrzbrz+ az vetpcnôhcaz lcztúpcjaz b zbrz

pbzvbjtcwaz wekapbz jrktrpecz urb b|vpbzzen tatek zcihcgcjàhjce vepe az napedapbz de jcdedb b

ten`ãn vepe az wczctehtbz(

4(2(0 Jepejtbpî ztcjez tãjhcjez

Jana jepejtbpîztcjez tãjhcjez+ ha bvczúdca Dcenehtche+ gapen jahte`ckc}edaz 56

bhtpbwcztedaz( Ez vezzeibhz ar a nanbhta bn urb e evpbzbhtedape evepbjb ha wîdba+ jana



24

gapne db ezzchetrpe da zbr tpeèkla+ jlbiepen e 52+ a urb vpawe rne pbvapteibn ertapek b

kcwpb de vpbvahdbpàhjce daz aggz( Bzze dbjczêa chdcje rne avéêa db zb evpa|cnep+ echde necz+

da tbkbzvbjtedap( E necapce dbkez gac gbcte bn dcgbpbhtbz vahtaz de jcdedb b drpar+ bn nãdce+

db 52 e :6 zbirhdaz( Ejanvehledaz zbnvpb db rne tpckle zahape jekne+ chztprnbhtek b!ar+

etã nbzna+ db jehtapbz wepcedaz+ gapen pbicztpedaz 57 a ggz gbctaz vap Oetelcpe+ jan tbnva

nãdca db 52 e 06 zbirhdaz(

Dcwcdcda bn dacz `kajaz+ zbhda a vpcnbcpa jan 5: nchrtaz b 07 zbirhdaz+ b a zbirhda jan

50 nchrtaz b 29 zbirhdaz+ a vpaipene rtckc}ar rne chgaipegce tbkbwczcwe+ ten`ãn jahlbjcde

jana¦ ‛eptb„+¦ ha chîjca da vpcnbcpa `kaja+ ea naztpep a hanb dez padawcez urb kbwen æ

Dcenehtche b e ehcneéêa ipågcje db rn trpczte rtckc}ehda rn ôhc`rz vepe chgapnep az lapåpcazpadawcåpcaz( Rne gcjle tãjhcje jan az hanbz de burcvb da vpaipene b eipedbjcnbhtaz db

bzte`bkbjcnbhtaz da kajek gac rtckc}ede ea gchek da bvczúdca(

Ha vpaipene db Nappa Wbpnbkla+ gapen jahte`ckc}edez 57 vezzeibhz gbctez vbke

evpbzbhtedape Krjcehe Oetelcpe+ bn kriepbz dcgbpbhjcedaz+ jan e wepceéêa db tbnva db 50 e

06 zbirhdaz( Må az a ggz gapen rn tatek db 57+ urb wepcewen db 56 e 52 zbirhdaz( Ekirhz

ezzrhtaz deurbkb bvczúdca gapen ckrztpedaz jan eptb+ vap b|bnvka+ urehda e evpbzbhtedape zbpbgbpb eaz lapåpcaz db veptcdez daz ôhc`rz de padawcåpce db Jebtã+ ea evpbzbhtep a wbîjrka ‚

Prpek 23+ natap W< .+ urb e burcvb db ipeweéêa cpce rtckc}ep vepe ehdep hez tpcklez db A gg Pard +

urehda ez gahtbz b|vkcjen za`pb dbtbpncheda ezzrhta ar kriep ‚ hbztbz jezaz+ dcwcdcr.zb e

tbke bn dacz uredpedaz+ ahdb bn rn dbkbz evepbjbr e cneibn da bhtpbwczteda b+ ha artpa+ e

cneibn da urb bpe pbketeda vap bkb(

Heurbkb dce+ vap zb tpetep db rn vpaipene urb e necapce da jahtbýda gac wakteda vepe naztpep e vpåtcje db bzvaptbz pedcjecz ha kajek+ e tpckle zahape rtckc}ede gac db nýzcjez eictedez+

jehtedez bn chikíz b jan tpbjlaz urb vpbwekbjce a zan daz chztprnbhtaz ircteppe+ ètbpce b

èc|a( E ýhcje b|jbéêa dbzzb bztcka nrzcjek gac urehda e evpbzbhtedape gekar za`pb e cipbme db

Hazze Zbhlape db He}epã+ natcwa bztb urb gac rzeda rne nýzcje zejpe( E drpeéêa da

vpaipene gac db 0: nchrtaz b 29 zbirhdaz+ zbhda urb bzzb tatek gac dcwcdcda bn dacz `kajaz+ a

vpcnbcpa jan 5: nchrtaz b :4 zbirhdaz+ b a zbirhda jan 56 nchrtaz b 0: zbirhdaz(

Gapen pbicztpedez 55 veptcjcveéòbz ha vpaipene jan a chtrcta db nbklap ejpbzjbhtep b!ar

edcjcahep chgapneéòbz za`pb Nappa Wbpnbkla( Ha gchek da bvczúdca+ bhurehta bpe chzbpcde e



22

gcjle tãjhcje jan az hanbz b grhéòbz de burcvb urb emrdar he ipeweéêa+ bdcéêa b az

eipedbjcnbhtaz e bzte`bkbjcnbhtaz urb+ db ekirne gapne+ jakeàpepen jan ez ipeweéòbz+

ekirnez cneibhz daz nbklapbz nanbhtaz gapen b|c`cdez(

Tpeèkleda bn nýzcjez chztprnbhtecz b jehtedez db apcibn Epibhtche+ urb pbzieten a pctna

db tehia+ a vpaipene @epcka j l b rtckc}ar evbhez rn bhtpbwczteda+ Ve`ka Ehtôhca db Ehibkcz ‚

Jôhzrk.edmrhta de Pbvý`kcje Epibhtche!@L .+ vepe nbklap b|vkcjep za`pb urbztòbz jrktrpecz+

vakîtcjez+ zajcecz b ibaipågcjez deurbke jcdedb( Bztb gac a ýhcja nanbhta bn urb e ipeweéêa

hêa gac gbcte vbke Krjcehe Oetelcpe b+ zcn+ vbka jchbipegczte Krc} Atåwca+ ha @pezck( Tadez ez

artpez cneibhz gapen gbctez zanbhtb vbke maphekczte he Epibhtche( Gapen 05 nchrtaz b :4

zbirhdaz a tbnva tatek da vpaipene+ zbhda urb gac vpbjcza dcwcdcp bzzb tatek bn dacz `kajaz+ a vpcnbcpa jan 55 nchrtaz b 23 zbirhdaz+ b a zbirhda jan 3 nchrtaz b :2 zbirhdaz(

Oetelcpe rtckc}ar+ hbztb bvczúdca ipeweda he Epibhtche+ evbhez 7 vezzeibhz+ urb drpepen bn

tapha db 56 e 52 zbirhdaz jede( Bn pbkeéêa eaz vpaipenez de zãpcb Nchez Ibpecz+ bztb gac rn

hýnbpa `bn nbhap kbwehda bn jahzcdbpeéêa e nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb de maphekczte ha kajek+ ar

zbme+ e dcgcjrkdedb vepe gcknep ez vezzeibhz dbke bpe necap dbwcda a geta pbvúptbp b|bpjbp

za}chle wåpcez grhéòbz+ bhtpb bkez e db evpbzbhtep b gcknep ea nbzna tbnva( Tadez ez vezzeibhz gapen ipewedez bn rn nbzna kajek( Az a ggz gapen tatekc}edaz bn <+ jan a tbnva

bn nãdce db 52 e 06 zbirhdaz(

Ekirnez eptbz gapen b|c`cdez hbztb bvczúdca+ jana a neve b|vkcjetcwa dez vpawîhjcez de

Veteiôhce Epibhtche+ ez gataipegcez gbctez vbke maphekczte daz vahtaz trpîztcjaz db @epcka j l b + b

e gcirpe db rn vezzevaptb zbhda jepcnèda vepe e Epibhtche( Evbzep db Oetelcpe tbp gbcta

tade e veptb db vpadréêa+ patbcpaz+ dcpbéêa+ evpbzbhteéêa b cneibhz he Epibhtche+ ea gchek da vpaipene gac jpbdcteda az hanbz da bdctap+ db urbn gb} ez eptbz+ da jchbipegczte ha @pezck+

ekãn daz hanbz b jepiaz a`pcietúpcaz+ jana a de Jaapdbheéêa db Vpadréêa b db

Vpaipeneéêa+ Jaapdbheéêa Tãjhcje+ Wciåpca Bvczjavek Janrhcjeéêa b Jrktrpe+ b da

Vpbzcdbhtb(

Ha vpaipene de Lakehde + urb vbptbhjb æ zãpcb V b ke Brpave% + gac jahte`ckc}eda rn tatek db 04

nchrtaz b < zbirhdaz+ zbhda urb a vpcnbcpa `kaja vazzrc 50 nchrtaz b : zbirhdaz+ b a

zbirhda 50 nchrtaz b 2 zbirhdaz( Bztb bvczúdca gac a vpcnbcpa de zãpcb+ natcwa bztb urb kbwar

e evpbzbhtedape ge}bp rne ipehdb chtpadréêa pbketehda vap nbca db gekez b cneibhz a vapurí



27

de b|cztíhjce deurbkbz vpaipenez( Vepe czza+ wåpcez eptbz gapen rzedez vepe zcnàkc}ep e pate

daz veîzbz de Brpave ahdb Oetelcpe wcemar+ e zcnrkeéêa de maphekczte epprnehda ez nekez b a

nanbhta bn urb bke zbircr wceibn vepe eurbkb veîz( A tbnva tatek de chtpadréêa gac db 7

nchrtaz b 05 zbirhdaz(

Ez vezzeibhz de evpbzbhtedape ‚ pbjrpza ertapek nrcta rtckc}eda ‚ haz dacz `kajaz zanepen

57+ urb drpepen bhtpb 06 e 42 zbirhdaz( Bn janvepeéêa ea vpaipene @epcka j l b + Oetelcpe+

ekãn db ipewep necz vezzeibhz+ gb} wåpcez evepcéòbz bn kriepbz dcgbpbhtbz( E b|vbpcíhjce urb

e maphekczte tbwb hez zãpcbz vezzedez+ ha urek bke ten`ãn tbwb urb b|bpjbp wåpcez grhéòbz

za}chle+ gac grhdenbhtek vepe zre vpaipbzzêa hez ipeweéòbz he Brpave( Evbhez drez jbhez

gapen ipewedez ha @pezck= ez vezzeibhz de maphekczte+ kaia ha chîjca da vpaipene bn rne vpeée db @bka Lapc}ahtb b ea naztpå.ke epprnehda ez nekez ‚ jbhe bzte ipewede bn bztýdca

jan e chzbpéêa db eptb( Må az a ggz gapen tatekc}edaz bn 5: hbztb vpaipene+ jan drpeéêa nãdce

bhtpb 02 zbirhdaz e 5 nchrta(

Larwb+ evbhez+ drez bhtpbwcztez urb bhpcurbjbpen a jahtbýda da vpaipene jan a pbketa db

vbzzaez urb napen b jahlbjbn En zt b pde n ( Ha nanbhta de bhtpbwczte+ e evpbzbhtedape hêa

evepbjb hez ipeweéòbz( Bke gcje nehrzbehda e jànbpe bhurehta az vpúvpcaz bhtpbwcztedazzbirpen a ncjpagahb( Ez tpcklez zahapez ‚ janvazcéòbz kajecz jan zrztbhteéêa nrzcjek db

wcakcha+ tbjkeda+ vceha+ bhtpb artpaz chztprnbhtaz ‚ gapen rzedez ea grhda dez cneibhz+ a ggz b

zahapez b gc}bpen jan urb a vpaipene gcjezzb dchàncja b eipedåwbk( Ha gchek da bvczúdca+

rne bzvãjcb db pbtpazvbjtcwe db gataipegcez b wîdbaz gbctaz vap Oetelcpe he jcdedb gapen

tpeèkledaz bn eptb bhurehta az jpãdctaz de burcvb urb tpeèklar bn ekirnez grhéòbz da

vpaipene ha @pezck evepbjbpen(

4(2(: Verte

E verte da vpaipene Dcenehtche zrpicr de hbjbzzcdedb bn pbicztpep ekirhz vahtaz necz

vpajrpedaz vap trpcztez bn zbrz dcgbpbhtbz ezvbjtaz+ jana a pbkcicaza+ naztpehda ez cipbmez b

zbrz zcihcgcjedaz vbke b|cztíhjce heurbke jcdedb? jrktrpek+ ea pbketep ez a`pez b jezepòbz db

vbzzaez ckrztpbz urb gc}bpen lcztúpce ha nrhcjîvca+ jana Mrzjbkcha Or`ctzjlbo b Jlcje de

Zckwe b az vpchjcvecz pbzterpehtbz jan jancdez tîvcjez de pbicêa? b janbpjcek+ wbcjrkehda a

urb ã wbhdcda ha Nbpjeda Nrhcjcvek de jcdedb+ vahta bztb urb ten`ãn hêa dbc|e db zbp

jrktrpek( Gapen dacz dcez db ipeweéòbz+ zbhda urb trda a urb bztewe he verte gac jrnvpcda+ db



29

nbhaz naztpep jana ã vap dbhtpa de cipbme Hazze Zbhlape da Pazåpca+ vacz heurbkb dce+ e

cipbme hêa gac e`bpte vepe wczcteéêa(

Nappa Wbpnbkla ã jahlbjcda vap zbp rne jcdedb evpavpcede vepe e vpåtcje db bzvaptbz

pedcjecz+ jana a jcjkczna bn tpcklez+ ez janvbtcéòbz db jcpjrcta gbjleda db mbbv b a pevbk(

Bzzb gac a vpchjcvek natcwa de jahgbjéêa de verte vepe pbekc}ep ez ipeweéòbz heurbke jcdedb(

Nez+ ekãn dczza+ ten`ãn gac ejpbzjbhteda ha patbcpa de wceibn+ urb ezzcn jana bn

Dcenehtche+ ten`ãn drpepen dacz dcez+ naztpep a keda jrktrpek de jcdedb urb bhwakwb ez

tpedcéòbz nrzcjecz+ e vpajrpe vbkaz trpcztez db a`mbtaz eptbzehecz b àpdedaz+ ekãn da ipehdb

wakrnb db panbcpaz urb wczcten e Zbppe de Vcbdedb+ kriep bztb ahdb bztå kajekc}ede e cipbme db

Hazze Zbhlape de Vcbdedb( E verte vpavazte heurbkb dce gac jrnvpcde jan í|cta+ ekjehéehda+dbzze gapne+ a a`mbtcwa vpchjcvek urb gac dbc|ep a vpaipene jan rne evepíhjce necz

bzvaptcwe(

Må e verte da vpaipene @epckajlb zrpicr daz vpbvepetcwaz db rne wceibn db gãpcez urb

Oetelcpe pbekc}ar( Ea ge}bp rne vbzurcze dez jcdedbz urb cpce wczctep heurbkb veîz+ bhtpb bkez+

@epckajlb+ e maphekczte vbpjb`br urb tbpce+ db ekirne gapne+ urb pbicztpep eurbkbz nanbhtaz

ýhcjaz urb wcwbpce+ egchek+ zbirhda e evpbzbhtedape+ dbvacz db tpeèklep ehaz bn tbkbwczêa+ aaklep maphekîztcja urbp zbnvpb pbicztpep tadez ez zctreéòbz vazzîwbcz da dce.dce( Dcehtb dczza+ e

maphekczte vpavôz vepe e dcpbéêa de tbkbwczêa pbicahek urb zb bke jahzbirczzb+ za}chle+ ge}bp

àez cneibhz daz kriepbz urb cpce wczctep+ e bnczzape wbcjrkepce ekirhz bvczúdcaz( E vpavazte

gac ejbcte vbke TW Lapc}ahtb+ ezzcn jana ez cneibhz tpe}cdez de Epibhtche(

Jana ez ipeweéòbz gapen gbctez ha chwbpha de Epibhtche+ a a`mbtcwa de verte gac naztpep e

gpburbhtb vpajrpe vbkaz `pezckbcpaz vepe jahlbjbp b vpetcjep az bzvaptbz urb zú vadbn zbp pbekc}edaz bn hbwb+ ekãn db dcwrkiep ez `bkez veczeibhz de Veteiôhce+ az jaztrnbz

epibhtchaz+ b e epurctbtrpe dcgbpbhjcede daz cnúwbcz deurbkb kriep( Tade e verte gac jrnvpcde

b janvkbnbhtede ha @pezck+ jan e bhtpbwczte db Ve`ka Ehtôhca db Ehibkcz ‚ Jôhzrk.edmrhta

de Pbvý`kcje Epibhtche!@L(

Lakehde tbwb zre verte rn varja dcgbpbhjcede dez artpez+ vacz+ bn 0656+ Oetelcpe pbjb`br

rne avaptrhcdedb db pbekc}ep rn chtbpjàn`ca vpagczzcahek vetpajcheda vbka Pa t eps

Ch t b phe j cahek + vepe e @ãkicje( Dbwcda æz ipeweéòbz urb bke gb} bn zãpcbz ehtbpcapbz . jana

naztpeda he Epibhtche .+ tbpbn deda jbpta+ e maphekczte pbzakwbr bztbhdbp zre wceibn vepe



2<

artpaz veîzbz de Brpave+ bhtpb bkbz+ Lakehde( Da nbzna nada jana gac hez zãpcbz

chtbphejcahecz ehtbpcapbz+ e maphekczte kbwar jahzcia rne jànepe gcknedape+ rn tpcvã+ rne

jànbpe gataipågcje b rn hatbàao vepe pbicztpep tadaz az nanbhtaz dez jcdedbz bn urb bke

cpce wczctep jan a chtrcta db+ vaztbpcapnbhtb+ ge}bp rne àe bdcéêa dez cneibhz( Ha patbcpa db

Enztbpden+ e vpavazte bpe wczctep az ipehdbz nrzbrz ha urek bztêa ez a`pez db Weh Iail +

P b n ̀ pehd t b Ehh b Gpeh o + evpawbctep urb bpe ãvaje db vpcnewbpe b pbicztpep ez `bkez trkcvez b

vepurbz de jcdedb+ naztpep e rtckc}eéêa db `cjcjkbtez b daz jehecz nepîtcnaz urb ekc b|cztbn(

Heurbkb bvczúdca+ Oetelcpe jahzbircr etchicp tada a a`mbtcwa de verte(

4(2(4 A`ztåjrkaz bdctapcecz

Jana a`ztåjrkaz bdctapcecz ha vpaipene Dcenehtche dbzteje.zb a varja tbnva db ipeweéêa ‚

dacz dcez .+ wczta urb e jcdedb ã pcje bn kriepbz lcztúpcjaz b hetrpecz+ b+ vap bzzb natcwa+ e

burcvb hêa vôdb naztpep tadaz bkbz( Artpa vahta hbietcwa+ cdbhtcgcjeda jana dbgcjcíhjce db

vpadréêa+ gac e hêa e`bptrpe de cipbme db Hazze Zbhlape da Pazåpca+ natcwa urb a`pciar e

evpbzbhtedape e ipewep jan zre gahtb da keda db gape de jevbke( Ha bvczúdca db Nappa

Wbpnbkla+ e necap dcgcjrkdedb gac jlbiep eaz kajecz ahdb zêa pbekc}edez ez janvbtcéòbz db

pekks b jcjkczna( Ha kajek+ b|cztbn nrctez vbdpez b kene+ vap czza gac hbjbzzåpca e burcvbekriep rn mbbv(

Må ha vpaipene db @epckajlb+ az necapbz iepiekaz bhjahtpedaz+ ekãn da gpca+ gapen e gekte db

b|vbpcíhjce de evpbzbhtedape bn b|bpjbp wåpcez grhéòbz za}chle+ varjaz bhtpbwcztedaz urb

gekezzbn vaptriríz+ gekte db tbnva vepe pbicztpep tadaz az nanbhtaz vazzîwbcz b e gekte db

dchlbcpa+ vacz+ hbztb bvczúdca+ e TW Lapc}ahtb hêa jahtpc`rcr jan emrde gchehjbcpe(

Vap gcn+ ha vpaipene Enztbpden+ db ejapda jan e vpúvpce evpbzbhtedape+ e necap

dcgcjrkdedb bhjahtpede gac jehzeéa gîzcja b nbhtek(

Haz vpcnbcpaz dcez db ipeweéòbz trda wec `bn+ nez kå vbka actewa dce a japva b e nbhtbjanbéen e gcjep b|erztaz( Jana war za}chle+ tbhla urb tbp trda nrcta `bn jahtpakeda=kaiîztcje db wceibn+ patbcpaz+ tb|taz urb zêa bkeàpedaz ea kahia de wceibn+ kúicje dezcneibhz+ jrcdedaz jan nchle ekcnbhteéêa+ nchle cneibn+ gctez+ grhjcahenbhta daburcvenbhta+ bhtpb artpaz( ,OETELCPE+ 0655#:0(

:0 Bhtpbwczte jahjbdcde æ ertape( @bka Lapc}ahtb+ 56 db neca db 0655(



23

E maphekczte egcpne+ echde+ urb e gekte db tbnva b dchlbcpa ten`ãn gapen bkbnbhtaz urb

jahtpc`rîpen vepe az a`ztåjrkaz bdctapcecz da vpaipene Enztbpden( Jana he necapce daz

kriepbz bn urb bke wcemar ez vbzzaez gekewen chikíz b bzvehlak . kîhirez bztez ha urek bke

danche `bn .+ bn nanbhta ekirn e janrhcjeéêa gac rn natcwa janvkcjedap(



76

2 J A H J K R Z Ê A

Rne dez lcvútbzbz chcjcecz dbztb tpeèkla gac janvpawede vbka ertap @e}c ,0665#= ez

bnczzapez db tbkbwczêa pbicahek zêa ez vcahbcpez vbka maphekczte nrktcgrhéêa( A Jcded b de

I b h t b he TW Lapc}ahtb janvpawe bzze jahzteteéêa( E gekte db wbpè b db evepetaz

tbjhakúicjaz ge} jan urb bzzez bnvpbzez avtbn bn nehtbp evbhez rn vpagczzcahek de

janrhcjeéêa urb b|bpée wåpcez grhéòbz ea chwãz db nrctaz bnvpbiedaz pbzvahzåwbcz vap

evbhez rn ege}bp(

Rn vahta hbietcwa+ da vahta db wczte vpagczzcahek+ ã urb+ ea vbpjb`bpbn urb a maphekczte+

za}chla+ ã jeve} db vpadr}cp+ patbcpc}ep+ bhtpbwcztep+ gcknep+ bhtpb artpez grhéòbz+ netbpcecz vepe e jahgbjéêa db vpaipenez b!ar netãpcez vepe tbkbwczêa+ ez ipehdbz bnvpbzez da pena

chdcjen bzze tbhdíhjce da maphekczna ,@E]C+ 0665#( Jan czza+ jede wb} necz+ bztbz wbîjrkaz

chwbztbn bn evepbklaz zagcztcjedaz+ ekcedaz æz pbdbz zajcecz+ jan e chtbhéêa db iepehtcp

nbklapbz jahdcéòbz db tpeèkla vepe a janrhcjúkaia+ ekãn db dchenczna b pevcdb} vepe a

vpadrta gchek( A vpaipene db trpczna Jcded b de I b h t b b a vbpgck vpagczzcahek de maphekczte

Krjcehe Oetelcpe zêa b|bnvka dbzte tbhdíhjce( +

A vpaipene b e bnczzape vazzc`ckcten e avaptrhcdedb vepe urb e evpbzbhtedape jakaurb bn

vpåtcje zre nrktcgrhjcahekcdedb( Echde urb bn varjez grhéòbz+ haz vpaipenez ipewedaz bn

Nchez Ibpecz+ bzzb dchenczna gac zcihcgcjetcwa vepe urb e maphekczte edurcpczzb jahlbjcnbhta+

zbirpehée b evbpgbcéaenbhta haz vpaipenez vpadr}cdaz gape da @pezck( Hbztb nanbhta+ zcn+

bke b|bjrtar wåpcez grhéòbz(

Hcbkzbh ,0660# b|vkcje urb e janrhcjeéêa bztå jede wb} necz vpbzbhtb he chdýztpce datrpczna( E nîdce tbn rn vevbk grhdenbhtek he dcwrkieéêa b janbpjcekc}eéêa da vpadrta

trpîztcja+ jana vejatbz db wceibhz+ latãcz b tpehzvaptbz( Az vpaipenez trpîztcjaz db tbkbwczêa+

vap zre wb}+ vazzrbn a vevbk db naztpep a urb dbtbpnchede jcdedb agbpbjb+ bn ezvbjtaz

jrktrpecz+ lcztúpcjaz b db ke}bp+ vepe a tbkbzvbjtedap( Vaptehta+ vadbn.zb jahzcdbpep ez

lcvútbzbz chcjcecz wbhtckedez hbzte vbzurcze jcbhtîgcje jana janvpawedez vap nbca de

vbzurcze `c`kcaipågcje pbekc}ede+ ekãn de ehåkczb gbcte da vpaipene Jcded b de I b h t b (

Dcehtb dbzte vbzurcze nahaipågcje b+ jkepa+ da a`mbta db bztrda bn urbztêa+ a vpaipene

Jcded b de I b h t b + ã vazzîwbk egcpnep urb a maphekczte nrktcgrhéêa bztå jede wb} necz vpbzbhtb



75

hez pbdeéòbz+ tehta dez bnczzapez pbicahecz urehta hez ipehdbz bnvpbzez tbkbwczcwez( Bzzb

vbpgck db janrhcjúkaia ã a maphekczte b|cicda vbka etrek nbpjeda db tpe`ekla+ urb+ vap zre

wb}+ tbn nbtez db wí.ka+ hrn grtrpa vpú|cna+ echde necz ertôhana+ jana eurbkb urb `rzje+

za}chla+ tpehznctcp e chgapneéêa db rne gapne necz dchàncje+ chawedape+ chtbkcibhtb b

chdbvbhdbhtb( Lamb+ e etrek vbpjbvéêa ã db urb+ nbzna zbn ipehdbz gbppenbhtez

tbjhakúicjez+ dchlbcpa b burcvb vepe ipeweéêa daz bvczúdcaz+ a Jcded b de I b h t b chgapne a

tbkbzvbjtedap+ za`pb az vpchjcvecz kriepbz trpîztcjaz db Nchez b da nrhda(

E avaptrhcdedb bn ehekczep+ ha gchek da jrpza db maphekczna+ a vpaipene trpîztcja Jcded b de

I b h t b + jana a`mbta db bztrda dbzte nahaipegce+ ã db ipehdb cnvaptàhjce vepe e wcde

ejedíncje b ten`ãn vpagczzcahek de ertape de vbzurcze vap naztpep urb a nbpjeda maphekîztcja `rzje vpagczzcahecz urb zec`en etrep bn wåpcez åpbez b grhéòbz de janrhcjeéêa(

Grtrpenbhtb+ bzte nahaipegce tbn trda vepe zbp a bn`pcêa db rne bzvbjcekc}eéêa ar artpe

vúz.ipedreéêa jan íhgezb ha nepobtchi+ hez jahwbpiíhjce db nîdcez b ha trpczna(



7:

GBPPBCPE+ Nepce Kýjce? PC@BCPA+ Pbiche Nepce db Akcwbcpe( Hawez tbjhakaicez dechgapneéêa vepe a trpczna( Jc í h j ce ' Jahl bj c n b h t a + @bka Lapc}ahtb+ w(0+ h(7+ v(5<3.05:+haw(0662(

GPEHJLC+ Ehtôhca Jepkaz( A Nepobtchi b az bgbctaz pbjbvtcwaz ha Trpczna( Ch= DAPTE+Krpdbz? DPAIRBTT+ Mreh ,apiz#( Nîdce + c n ei b h z da t rpc z n a = Rne vpavazte dbdbzbhwakwcnbhta tbúpcja vepe ez åpbez db janrhcjeéêa b trpczna( Zêa Verka= Tb|tahawa+0664(

GPBCPB+ Nepce Tbpbze Neptchz? PENHAH HBTA+ Maêa Ehtôhca? GAHTEHBKKC+ Nepcehe?VEURBTB+ Zr}ehe Arpcurb Z( A jahtb|ta maphekîztcja he etcwcdedb trpîztcje( P b wc zt e d b B zt rda z de Ja n rhc j e é êa + w(0+ h(4+ v(53.04+ zbt(0665(

IPEDCN+ Ehe`bke( A maphekczte nrktcnãdce da zãjrka \\C( Keàpe t úpca d b Ja n rhc j e é êa Ahkch b de Rhcw b p z cded b de @ b cpe Ch t b pcap + 066:( v(559.5:4( Dczvahîwbk bn=

;lttv=!!yyy(kcwpazke`jan(r`c(vt!vdgz!gcdekiaQzbppeQcja5QmaphekcznaQahkchb(vdg*veib>5058(Ejbzza bn= 5: zbt( 0656(

IRZNÊA+ Ekb|ehdpb( A c n ve j t a b a z d b z e g ca z d b r n e b n c zz ape p b icahek ( Nbpjeda Ikaèk+w( :6+ h( 554 + v( 0.:+ 5(tpcn+0664(

OAJLB+ Mazã Jepkaz( Grhde n b h t a z d b n b t adakaice j c b h t î g c j e = tbapce de jcíhjce b vpåtcje de vbzurcze(59( bd( Vbtpúvakcz= Wa}bz+ 0666(

NEJBDA+ Jkårdce? GEKJÊA+ Àhibke? EKNBCDE+ Jàhdcda Mazã Nbhdbz db ,api#( TW ea wcwa = dbvacnbhtaz( Zêa Verka= @pezckcbhzb+ 53<<(

NEPO+ @pciiz( Maphekc z n a 0 (6 = jana za`pbwcwbp b vpazvbpep( Tpedréêa db Jepkaz Jeztckla bZôhce Ircnepêbz( BRE= Ohcilt Garhdetcah+ 0669( Dczvahîwbk bn=;lttv=!!ohciltjbhtbp(rtb|ez(bdr!vt.`p!bàao!maphekczna.06.jana.za`pbwcwbp.b.vpazvbpep.vt.

`p8( Ejbzza bn= :6 zbt( 0656(

HCBKZBH+ Jlpcztceh( Trpc z n a b Nîdce = A vevbk de janrhcjeéêa he etcwcdedb trpîztcje(Tpedréêa db Bdctb Zjcrkkc( Zêa Verka= Jahtb|ta+ 0660(

AKCWBCPE+ Pa`bpta Pbcz? WAKVETA+ Nepjbka db Akcwbcpe( TW P b icahek b Cd b h t c g c j e é êa

j a n

a z

vý`kc j a z = A jeza Tbn Hatîjcez( Ch= CHTBPJAH( Vpcnbcpe bdcéêa+ 0669+ Zehtaz(Dczvahîwbk bn=

;lttv=!!yyy0(bvtcj(jan(`p!ziy!dete!`c`!eptciaz!<94955`jjb90077<43j04bb9j323432`(vdg8(Ejbzza bn= 50 zbt( 0656(

VBHE+ Gbkcvb( Tbapce da maphekczna( 0 bd( Zêa Verka= Jahtb|ta+ 0669(

VCPBZ+ Nåpca Mapib(I b zt êa d b Jcded b z Lc zt úpc j e z vepe a Trpc z n a = urbztòbz tbúpcjez b vpåtcjez( Trpc z n a b n Ehåkc z b + w(54+h(0+v(79.97+ haw(066:(

VAPJBKKA+ Gkåwca E(J(( Nîdce b vad b p = a urb bzjahdb a `pckla krnchaza de tbke de tw1

Pbwczte Genbjaz= Nîdce+ Jrktrpe b Tbjhakaice+ Vapta Ekbipb+ h(:5+ v(93.<4+ db}( 0667(

PE@EÉE+ Jepkaz Ek`bpta( Dc j cahåpca d b Ja n rhc j e é êa ( Pca db Mehbcpa( Jenvrz( 0660(



74

ZCKWE+ Oepche db Epeýma( E wcdbappbvapteibn ha tbkbmaphekczna= nada db bhdbpbéenbhta da vpaipene Vezzeibn Vepe( Ch= JAKAURCA CHTBPHEJCAHEK TBKBWCZÊA BPBEKCDEDB+ 066<+ Zekwedap( _Eptcia^( Zekwedap= Gejrkdedb db Janrhcjeéêa ‚ Rhcwbpzcdedb Gbdbpek de @elce+ 066<( Dczvahîwbk bn =

;lttv=!!yyy(twbpbekcdedb(gejan(rgè(`p!jakaurca06tb|taz!Oepche06Eperma(vdg8( Ejbzzabn= 52 db zbt( 0656(

ZCKWE+ Nepckde Zehtehe de( E eptb èppaje ha @pezck b a trpczna lcztúpcja b jrktrpek( Ch=DAPTE+ Krpdbz? DPAIRBTT+ Mreh ,apiz#( Nîdce + c n ei b h z da t rpc z n a = Rne vpavazte dbdbzbhwakwcnbhta tbúpcja vepe ez åpbez db janrhcjeéêa b trpczna( Zêa Verka= Tb|tahawa+0664(

ZCKWE+ Pa`zah @eztaz de( Ehåkczb janvepetcwe bhtpb drez bnczzapez db tbkbwczêa pbicaheczzctredez he @ec|ede Zehtczte( Ch= NETTAZ+ Zãpica( ,api(#( E T b k b wc z êa b e z vakî t c j e z p b icahec z d b j a n rhc j e é êa ( Zêa Verka= Chtbpjan+ 5339(

ZURCPPE+ Zbèztcêa Jepkaz db N( Evp b hd b p t b k b maphekc z n a= vpadréêa b tãjhcje( Zêa Verka=@pezckcbhzb+ 5336(

WEKBHTB+ Oåtce Neptchz( Jana tpehzgapnep ibztêa bztpetãicje de janrhcjeéêa bndcgbpbhjcek ha zbtap db trpczna( P b wc zt e de B Z VN + Zêa Verka+w(52+ h(0+ v(<0.<3+ nep(066<(

YCKD+ @betpc} Pbhete( Vpå|cz da Trpczna= E pbek tpehzgapneéêa da bzveéa( Ch= DAPTE+Krpdbz? DPAIRBTT+ Mreh ,apiz#( Nîdce + c n ei b h z da t rpc z n a = Rne vpavazte dbdbzbhwakwcnbhta tbúpcja vepe ez åpbez db janrhcjeéêa b trpczna( Zêa Verka= Tb|tahawa+0664(

YAKG+ Nerpa( Tbapcez de janrhcjeéêa( <( bd( Neptchz Gahtbz= Zêa Verka+ 066:(

COMUNICAÇÃO E TURISMO: estudo do programa turístico Cidade da Gente da TV Horizonte

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