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Appendix C

NAVAIDS Table


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Proposed Navigational Aids Equipment and Structures

Equipment Purpose Footprint Description Siting Criteria

RemoteTransmitter/Receiver(RTR)

Providescommunicationsbetween air trafficcontrol specialists andpilots in the terminalairspace.

Typical 140 feet by 140 feet site includesfour antenna towers and one equipmentbuilding, which may contain an enginegenerator.

Three siting criteria are surroundingterrain, ground conductivity, and ambientradio frequency noise.

Tactical AircraftControl and

Navigation (TACAN)at Very HighFrequencyOmnidirectionalRange (VOR)TACAN only (TACR)

TACAN providesOmnidirectional

azimuth informationprimarily for militaryusers of the national airspace and distanceinformation to allnational air spaceusers.

TACR has footprint similar to that ofVOR.

Same as for VOR.

Tower Building(TOWB)

Provides a supportstructure and/oraccommodation forsupplemental facilitiesfor an ATCT

Same as for ATCT. Same as for ATCT.

Visual ApproachSlope Indicator(VASI)

Provides visualapproach slopeinformation.

Footprint depends on configuration.AVASI can be two-bar or three-bar VASIsystem. Two-bar system light units are

arranged in bars called upwind (farthestfrom the threshold) and downwind(nearest to the threshold) bar. A VASI-2is a two-bar system consisting of twolight units, one unit in each bar. A VASI4 consists of four light units, two units ineach bar. A VASI-12 consists of twelvelight units, six light units in each bar.

Three-bar system light units are arrangedin bars called the upwind, middle, and

A two-light unit VASI can beaccommodated in a footprint with overalldimensions, in the case of two-bar VASIs,

of approximately four feet by 700 feet,plus 300 feet or minus 200 feet. Unitswith more box units would have the samelength dimensions, with spacing betweenboxes within the upwind bar anddownwind bar of sixteen feet, plus orminus six feet. Three-bar VASIs wouldencompass an additional length of 700

feet, plus 300 feet or minus 200 feet.All light units of the two-box, four-box,

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should be installed undergroundfor a minimum distance of 600 feetfrom the antenna. Overheadpower and control lines may beinstalled beyond 600 feet butshould be essentially radial to theantenna for a minimum distance of1200 feet.

Automatic SurfaceObservation System(ASOS)

ASOS providesweather observationsthat include:temperature, dew point,wind, altimeter setting,visibility, sky condition,and precipitation.

Specific footprint depends upon the typeof sensor, whether the airport hasprecision instrument runways, andwhether the sensors are on-airport or off-airport. Typically, sensors are on-airportand occupy an area of 50 feet by 50 feet.

ASOS sensor sighting must not violaterunway or taxiway object free areas,runway or taxiway safety areas, obstaclefree zones or instrument flight proceduressurfaces. Notwithstanding theseconstraints, sensor exposure shouldminimize or eliminate effects of manmadeor geographical obstructions. The towerused to mount the wind sensor is notconsidered an obstruction to the sensorcollection system, but it will (with theexception of the temperature, dew point,and pressure sensors) be at least 3meters away from other sensors.Sensors should be placed as far away as

practicable from cultivated land to reducecontamination by dust and dirt. It may benecessary to increase the heights ofsome sensors based on the averagemaximum show depth for the location.Specific siting information is in FAA Order6560.20B and in the U.S. Department ofCommerce/National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration Office of theFederal Coordinator for Meteorological

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Services and Supporting Researchstandard entitled Federal Standard forSiting Meteorological Sensors at

Airports FCM-S4-1987.

Airport Traffic ControlTower (ATCT)

Provides anobservation platformfrom which air trafficcontrollers direct air

and ground traffic forthe airport.

A typical ATCT site will range from 4 to 6acres. Additional land may be neededfor combined flight servicestations/towers.

There must be maximum visibilityof the airports traffic patterns.

There must be a clear,

unobstructed, and direct line of

sight to the approaches, to allrunways or landing areas, and toall runway and taxiway surfaces.

A tower penetrating an FAR Part77 surface is an obstruction to airnavigation. As such, it ispresumed to be a hazard to airnavigation until an FAA studydetermines otherwise.

The ATCT must not derogate the

signal generated by any existing orplanned electronic NAVAID or an

ATC facility.

The proposed site must be large

enough to accommodate current

and future building needs,including employee parkingspaces.

Glide Scope (GS) Radiates an electronicsignal from an antennaabove a reflectingsurface. The reflectedsignal travels to the

receiving antenna ofincoming aircraft. Pilot

Includes an antenna tower, a 10-foot x12-foot fiberglass equipment shelter, anda cleared and uniformly graded groundreflective plane for the broadcast signal.Tower height may be up to 65 feet,

depending on terrain and specific type ofglide slope system used. GS is

Glide slope is located on a line parallel tothe runway centerline. The glide slopemay be located on either side of therunway. Most reliable operation occurswhen it is on the side that provides the

least interference from buildings, powerlines, moving vehicles, and aircraft and

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uses the reflectedradiation signal to fly aprescribed angle ofdescent to the runway.

connected to the adjacent taxiway by apaved road. The ground reflective planemeasures approximately 300 feet x 1,200feet.

which has the greatest extent of smoothterrain outbound from the antennas.Glide slopes should be a minimum of 400feet from the runway centerline.

Localizer (LOC) Provides horizontalcourse guidance duringan approachprocedure. The

horizontal guidanceinformation indicates tothe pilot of incomingaircraft whether theaircraft is right of, leftof, or aligned with therunway centerline.

Antenna width may vary from 45.5 feet to105 feet (perpendicular to the runway).

A equipment shelter (typically 8 x 16) is

required to support the LOC. Category IIand III localizer systems include a farfield monitor.

Localizer is normally near the end of therunway opposite the desired approach.Minimum distance from the stop end ofthe runway is the greater of 600 feet or

the end of the runway safety area. Whensufficient area is available, the localizerwill be beyond 1000 feet from the stopend of the runway. Maximum standarddistance from the stop end of the runwayto the LOC is 2000 feet. The equipmentshelter must not be within 250 feet of theextended runway centerline and should

be within 30 degrees of the antennaslongitudinal axis. FFM is sited at theopposite end of the runway from thelocalizer, often near the inner or middlemarker.

Locator Outer Marker(LOM)

In precisionapproaches, there may

be an NDB collatedwith the OM. If so, themarker is referred to asthe locator outermarker (LOM).Indicates a position atwhich an aircraft at theappropriate altitude on

the localizer coursewould intercept runway

Same as for outer marker. The LOM is located at the outer markersite.

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glide slope, and thenon-directional beacon(NDB) radiates a signalwhich providesdirectional guidance toand from thetransmitting antenna.

Medium Intensity

Approach LightingSystem and Runway

Alignment IndicatorLights (MALSR)

Provides visual

information on runwayalignment, heightperception, rollguidance, andhorizontal referencesas the FAA standard forcategory I precisionlandings.

2400 feet in length when the glide slope

is 2.75 degrees or greater; 3000 feetwhen the glide slope is less than 2.75degrees. The approach light plane is400 feet wide centered on the extendedrunway centerline, runway alignmentindicator lights (RAIL) excepted. Theprimary plane of the RAIL extends 200feet beyond the last flashing light in the

RAIL and has a total width in the RAILportion of 100 feet.

The power and control station must be no

closer than 400 feet to the MALSRcenterline. Typically, this is located 1000feet from the runway threshold.

Outer Marker (OM) Indicates a position atwhich an aircraft at theappropriate altitude onthe localizer coursewould intercept runway

glide slope.

Compact marker beacon system consistsof a vertical stacked array antenna and asmall solid state transmitter with a batterypack standby power source designed formounting on a standard telephone pole.

If siting problems (e.g., prevalentvandalism) dictate need for a markerplot, a 6 foot by 6 foot plot will be used.Most solid-state markers are housed in atransportable shelter. The shelter isapproximately 6 by 6 or 8 by 8 feet. Afenced 16 by 18-foot plot is used forthese shelters.

4 to 7 nautical miles from threshold (withtolerance of 800 feet both longitudinaland lateral).

RemoteCommunicationsRCO

Providescommunication

Typically collocated, frequently withVOR.

Three siting criteria are surroundingterrain, ground conductivity, and ambient

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between pilots andAFSS for weather andflight plans.

radio frequency noise.

Runway EndIdentifier Lights(REIL)

Provides rapid andpositive identification ofthe end of a runway.

Each REIL light unit is typically mountedon a pad approximate dimensions ofthree feet by three feet.

Optimum location is 40 feet from eachrunway edge and in line with the existingrunway threshold lights. Light units maybe located laterally up to 75 feet from therunway edge and longitudinally up to 30

feet downwind and 100 feet upwind fromthe line of threshold lights.

Precision ApproachPath Indicator (PAPI)

Furnishes the pilot withvisual approach slopeinformation to provideguidance for safedescent.

Basic configuration consists of four lamphousing assemblies (LHAs) arranged ona single bar on a line perpendicular to therunway centerline.

LHAs are located on the left side of therunway, as viewed from the approachdirection. Where terrain, cross runways,or taxiways make this arrangementimpractical, the LHAs may be located onthe right side of the runway. The PAPI

must be sited and aimed so that it definesan approach path with adequateclearance over obstacles and a minimumthreshold crossing height. The PAPI istypically located approximately 1000 feetpast the runway threshold. The inboardLHAs shall be no closer than 50 feet fromthe runway edge or to other runways ortaxiways. The PAPI LHAs must have alateral separation of 30 feet, and thedistance between LHAs shall not vary bymore than one foot.

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